For Russian science, the 1990s became a period of crisis, which resulted in the lack of demand for scientific developments and the low level of innovative activity of domestic enterprises.

The volume of fixed assets for 1990 - 1999 in the scientific and technical sphere decreased by more than three times.

The level of innovation activity (the share of innovation-active enterprises in the total number of them in industry) in 1999 was 6.2 percent. The share of innovative products in the total volume of industrial output in 1999 was 3.5 percent, and the share of innovation costs was 1.06 percent.

One of the most acute problems of science is the personnel problem. Average age researchers with advanced degrees approached retirement. Every year, only 3.5 thousand young specialists are fixed in science. The decline in the quality parameters of scientific personnel is primarily based on the low level of remuneration in science.

The main goal of the state policy in the field of science in the medium term will be the preservation and development of the accumulated scientific potential by strengthening the staff, improving the mechanisms for financing science.

Particular attention should be paid to supporting basic science and innovation in areas such as maintaining national security, development of the social sphere, solution environmental issues, improvement of public administration.

Reforming the scientific and technical sphere will cover the sphere of science management, institutions, organizations and institutions of the public sector of science. The completion of the restructuring will make it possible to lay the foundations for a new institutional structure of the public sector of science, namely:

to unite state organizations with related topics in large intersectoral structures of the federal level;

ensure closer integration of scientific and educational spheres;

transfer part of scientific organizations to the jurisdiction of the regions;

corporatize or privatize scientific organizations that are not included in the public sector of science.

The reform of academic science will be aimed at preserving the main core of fundamental science by reducing the management bodies, the number of subordinate organizations and the number of their employees, as well as creating conditions for the adaptation of the academic sector of science to market conditions and attraction of additional sources of financing. It is necessary to take measures to strengthen the integration of academic scientific organizations and educational institutions in order to develop research in priority areas and meet the staffing needs of fundamental science and scientific complexes of high-tech industries.

The system of state scientific centers (SSC) needs to be reorganized on the basis of integration with academic science and higher education, on the one hand, and production, on the other hand, in order to create competitive science-intensive products based on world-class fundamental and exploratory research.

The immediate task of personnel policy in the field of science is to retain the talented part of the scientific staff.

The main measures to attract and retain young people in science in modern conditions associated with the creation of attractive conditions for work, creative and social growth. This implies an increase in wages, further development of support programs for scientific schools, state scholarships.

In the short term, attention should be focused on supporting scientific developments in the following areas:

Information Technology and electronics;

production technologies;

The restructuring of the economic mechanism, the widespread dissemination of the principles of cost accounting in enterprises and organizations in the second half of the 1980s. significantly influenced the position of scientific organizations. An attempt was made to introduce economic methods into the management of science: research and development began to be considered as a commodity, the rights of scientific organizations were expanded in choosing topics and areas of research, using their own financial resources, and setting contractual prices for scientific and technical products and services.
In general, expenditures on the scientific sphere in 1989 increased 1.5 times compared to 1986, but the effectiveness, innovation activity, and technical level of new technology samples continued to decline: the number of inventions used for the first time decreased by 21%, and the number of created samples new technology - by 34%, the share of developments corresponding to the level of the best foreign analogues, decreased from 33.9% to 24.4%.
Could not demonstrate their advantages and created in the second half of the 1980s. intersectoral scientific and technical complexes (ISTC), conceived as a new progressive form of integration of science and production, focused on reducing the cycle of "development - creation - distribution" of new types of equipment, technologies and materials.
new types of equipment, technologies and materials.
According to departmental subordination, MNTKs were subdivided into academic (12% of the total), sectoral (61%), and complex dual subordination (17%). At MNTK
"Eye Microsurgery", for example, there were about 50 organizations of 15 ministries and departments (Ministry of Health, Minpribor, Minkhimprom, Academy of Sciences, etc.). More than 70 enterprises supplied raw materials and parts for the pilot plant for the production of optical instruments and instruments. Scientific and technical priorities were developed by the parent organization - the Research Institute of Eye Microsurgery. Expert assessment of the level of developments of the IRTC "Eye Microsurgery" testifies to the huge potential of this team: 75% of the developments corresponded to the world level, 20% - exceeded it.
ISTCs were aimed at obtaining concrete practical results. Thus, MNTK Antikor developed technologies using non-toxic electrolytes in galvanic production; MNTK "Robot" intended to create a prototype robot for work in automated factories, MNTK "Geos" introduced computerized technologies for geological exploration into production.
MNTK and other scientific organizations that emerged in the late 1980s. (engineering centers, innovative organizations, scientific and technical cooperatives, technoparks) had great potential, but there were a number of restrictive factors that nullified the efforts of initiative organizers. So, inflation 1989-1990. led to a significant reduction in the demand of enterprises for scientific and technical products. The disruption of the planned system of distribution of material and technical resources had a negative impact on the processes taking place in science. For the supplier enterprises, it turned out to be more profitable to produce consumer goods, rather than unique and labor-intensive laboratory equipment. Due to the reduction in imports, scientific organizations were in dire need of chemical reagents and unique devices that formed the basis of new technologies.
The situation became even more complicated after the adoption in 1991 of the Law of the RSFSR on the enterprise and entrepreneurial activity. As a result, experimental bases began to emerge from research and production associations, thereby violating the unified scientific and production cycle. Absence legal protection intellectual property has stimulated free, unregulated privatization of the results of intellectual developments performed in public institutions.

The destructive processes in science were exacerbated by the Law on Corporate Income Taxes (1991), which deprived scientific and technical organizations of the opportunity to update the material and technical base and conduct research at their own expense.
With the collapse of the USSR, the established ties and contacts were disrupted, and an integral scientific space was destroyed. Many advanced institutes that carried out research in the field of fundamental science, unique scientific installations (the Baikonur cosmodrome, the Crimean and Armenian observatories) ended up outside the territory of Russia.
In the context of the formation of a new Russian statehood, scientists still have the opportunity to realize their creative abilities. And the Constitution adopted in 1993 Russian Federation laid the legal basis for the rights and freedoms of citizens, property relations, entrepreneurial activity.
The centralized order for research and development gradually began to be replaced by a market system for generating demand, and the influence of industrial associations, enterprises, and local authorities increased.
In the 1990s Russian science got real chances to enter the international technology market. Scientists from Russia began to take part in international projects, many of them worked under contract abroad. Scientific and technical enterprises with the participation of foreign capital were created in the country.
In accordance with the classification adopted in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), four main sectors can be distinguished in the structure of the scientific potential of the Russian Federation: state, business, higher education and private non-profit. The public sector (57.8%) includes more than 1,000 scientific organizations, including the Russian Academy of Sciences. The institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences remain traditionally the leading centers of fundamental research of global importance.
The business sector (29.4%) consists of more than 2,300 market-oriented scientific organizations specializing in applied research and development. The formation of the business sector is associated with the processes of privatization, the withdrawal of many branch scientific organizations from direct subordination to ministries and departments, joining industrial associations, concerns, technology parks. Almost a quarter of the country's scientific personnel is employed in this sector.
Only 54% of Russian universities conducted research and development in 1996, so the higher education sector in the overall structure scientific field country is just over 12%.
New for Russia is the private non-profit sector of science (0.2%). The number of scientific organizations included in it is still insignificant. In 1991-1995 more than 60 new public academies of sciences have emerged, many of which have regional branches and are united in the Union of Scientific Societies.
Budget funds remain the main source of funding for science, most of which is spent on the so-called basic funding. Budget allocations for these purposes in 1995 amounted to 462 trillion rubles (about 80% of their total volume). The desire to compensate for the inflationary rise in the cost of living required savings in material costs. The continuing rise in prices for equipment and materials, tariffs for heat and electricity, communication services, rent and security of premises has led to the fact that scientific organizations have practically stopped purchasing instruments, reagents, and scientific and technical information.
Approximately one third of the total civilian science budget falls on academic institutes and universities, of which almost 25% are received by the institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, second only to scientific organizations of the defense complex. The distribution is carried out in 18 areas, including: research in the field of physics and astronomy, general and technical chemistry, information technology, socio-political and environmental work, etc.
The scientific and technical sphere has become less dependent on the state and administration. Russian scientists have received guarantees of copyright protection for the intellectual products they create: they can receive autonomous funding from non-state sources to conduct research on their chosen topics.
The competitive distribution of budgetary funds, which is carried out by the established in last years science support funds (Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russian Humanitarian science fund, Foundation for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere). The funds are distributed in the form of grants for financing scientific projects carried out by small teams or individual scientists, as well as for the development of the material and technical base and information systems, publishing, organization scientific conferences and expeditions, to create centers for the collective use of unique instruments and equipment.

Since 1995, a program of emergency support for leading scientists began to operate in the Russian Federation, since 1996 - competitions to provide support to leading scientists and scientific schools. In 1995, about 20% of all appropriations allocated by the federal budget for science were directed to the implementation of promising scientific and technical problems of great importance for the economy and the social sphere.
Support for fundamentally important areas in the development of science and technology contributes to the gradual concentration of limited budgetary resources on key issues. And the distribution in priority areas through the system of grants introduces an element of competition and contributes to the formation of new market mechanisms.
The assertion that personnel in the scientific field plays a decisive role is indisputable. Over the years of reforms, the number of people employed in research and development has more than halved. The process of reducing the number of scientific personnel of various categories was uneven. At the first stage, in 1989-1991, the release affected laboratory assistants and support staff to a greater extent. This was due to attempts to save research teams and reduce overhead costs. The reduction affected the efficiency of the work of scientists who were forced to combine research work performing technical functions.
The reduction of scientific and research personnel is directly related to the peculiarities of demand in the labor market, the presence of wide opportunities for scientists in the field of entrepreneurship. Highly qualified scientists could find high-paying, promising jobs relatively easily. In conditions when wage arrears, transfers to part-time work, forced vacations at the initiative of the administration have become a mass phenomenon, many scientists have actually become engaged in other activities. According to available estimates, the share of RAS scientists permanently working in private firms increased in 1992-1993. from 35 to 45%, and taking into account part-time employees in commercial structures, it approached 80%.
One of the reasons for the reduction of scientific personnel is the low level of wages. Already since the early 1990s. a situation has arisen where the level of wages in science does not exceed 75% of the national average. Moreover, the wage system does not stimulate the employment of young scientists, so the proportion of researchers under the age of 40 at RAS institutes decreased over 1992-1994. from 42 to 37%. Approximately 44% of doctors of sciences in the Russian Academy of Sciences are people of retirement age.
The dynamics of the personnel potential of science is also significantly influenced by the international migration of scientists: emigration or going abroad to work on a contract basis. The number of emigrant scientists does not exceed 0.5% of the total outflow of personnel from the field of research and development, however, this phenomenon, as a rule, affects highly qualified and promising specialists.
Russia's participation in international scientific and technical cooperation opened up the opportunity for scientists to go to work on contracts. If in 1991-1992 more than 1,700 RAS researchers (2.8% of the total number) were on long-term business trips, then already in 1993 - more than 2.5 thousand (3.1%). The bulk of employees working abroad are specialists in the field of general and nuclear physics, astronomy, general and technical chemistry, biology. This testifies to the high competitiveness of Russian scientists, but at the same time it also causes some concern.
In the 1990s there was a further decline in the performance of scientific organizations. If in 1991 52.2 thousand copyright certificates for inventions were issued, then in 1995 - only 25.8 thousand patents. The export of technology from Russia is many times inferior in volume to the leading industrial countries. Its distinctive feature is the predominance of unprotectable types of intellectual property, which are much less valuable from a commercial point of view.
Under these conditions, the importance of state regulation in the field of science is of paramount importance, it has a direct impact on macroeconomic indicators and the structure of social production, social stability, the state of environment, competitiveness of the economy, national security, etc. AT modern world society's ability to progress depends increasingly on its ability to renew itself.
The doctrine of the development of Russian science approved in 1996 and the Law on Science and Science and Technology Policy adopted in the same year became the basis for the implementation of the state scientific policy. The most important principles of the state scientific policy are: the priority of the domestic scientific potential; freedom of scientific creativity, consistent democratization of the scientific sphere, openness and publicity in the formation and implementation of scientific policy; stimulation of the development of fundamental research; preservation and development of leading domestic scientific schools; creation of conditions for healthy competition and entrepreneurship in the field of science and technology, stimulation and support innovation activities; creation of conditions for the organization of scientific research and development in order to ensure the necessary defense capability and national security of the country; integration of science and education, development of an integral system for training qualified scientific personnel at all levels; protection of intellectual property rights; increase in prestige scientific work, creation of decent living conditions for scientists; protection of the rights and interests of Russian scientists abroad, etc.
In the period of transition from an administrative-command economy to market relations, the role of state regulation in the field of science has increased significantly. A number of measures were taken to support the scientific and technical potential of the country. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 17, 1995 “On State Support for the Development of Science and Scientific and Technical Developments” provided for measures to improve the financial condition of scientific organizations, set a 3% amount of federal budget expenditures for scientific research for civilian purposes, and developed a program of innovative activities in the regions.
The next step to mitigate the crisis in the field of science was the development of the “Interdepartmental Program of Measures to Regulate the Migration of Scientific and Scientific and Technical Personnel”, the establishment of state scholarships for outstanding scientists and talented young scientists, the establishment of 100 annual presidential grants to support research, the deferment from conscription for active military service of young specialists of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
For the legal regulation of the sphere of science, a whole package of legislative acts and federal laws has been developed: “On the status of a scientific worker”, “On a scientific organization”, “On the status of a science city”, etc. The Law of the Russian Federation “On Copyright”, the Patent Law and a number of other documents are devoted to the issues of intellectual property and the patent-licensing system. The objects of legal protection are scientific publications, inventions, industrial designs, trademarks and service marks. The country has established the Federal Institute for Certification and Evaluation of Intellectual Property.
The state also stimulates scientific activity with the help of tax incentives, soft loans, financial leasing, that is, intermediary operations to allocate funds for the purchase of equipment from the manufacturer with subsequent transfer to legal entities and individuals for temporary use for a fixed fee. An effective measure is the state insurance of risky (venture) entrepreneurship in exchange for a part of the shares that guarantee the state's participation in the profits if the project is successful. A number of incentives for innovation activities are included in the interuniversity scientific and technical program “Support for small business and new economic structures in science and scientific service” high school».
The main task of state policy is the transition from a mobilization to an innovative type of society, that is, a society with attitudes towards change, development, and expansion of human influence on social and economic processes. New public organizations- The Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, the Union of Scientists, the Union of Scientific and Engineering Societies.
In 1995, the Advisory Council on Science and Technology Policy was established under the President of the Russian Federation, the main tasks of which are: informing the President about the situation in the science and technology field in the country and abroad; development of proposals for a strategy in this area and the formation of priority areas; analysis and examination of draft legislative acts on scientific and technical issues, which are bought for the conclusion of the president, etc. The main body coordinating the activities of ministries and departments in the scientific and technical field is
Government Commission for Science and Technology Policy. Regional issues are coordinated by the Interdepartmental Council for Regional Science and Technology Policy, which reviews projects proposed by local administrations for federal funding.
Due to the limited resources that society can allocate to the development of science, the problem of determining state priorities remains relevant. The choice is dictated by both world practice and the specifics of the country's development. The list approved by the Government Commission in July 1996 includes, in addition to fundamental research, seven areas: information technology and electrical engineering; production technologies; new materials and chemical products; technology of biological and living systems; transport; fuel and energy; ecology and rational nature management.
Particular attention is paid to fundamental scientific research. The RAS has developed 19 programs that provide for the development of natural, technical, social and humanities. Attention is drawn, in particular, to the development of a transition to a market economy, solving the problems of social, political and spiritual renewal of society.
State support for the most important scientific directions, teams and individual scientists gave some positive results. There are scientific organizations in Russia, the results of which have received international recognition. In the Obninsk branch of the Scientific Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry. L.Ya. Karpov created and mastered the production of effective radiopharmaceuticals. The State Research Center "Applied Chemistry" has developed an appropriate technology and, based on it, the production of ozone-friendly freons necessary to prevent the destruction of the ozone layer has begun. The Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, together with the joint-stock company Biopreparat, is actively working on the creation of genetically engineered human insulin, which is not inferior to imported analogues. The Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences has created an optical-television measuring complex that makes it possible to predict the failure of loaded structures before the appearance of microcracks.
lncheskie properties of specific activity. This makes them interchangeable in nuclear technology, geology, medicine, etc.
The current state of Russian science makes it possible to judge the presence of potential reserves and to hope for future discoveries and achievements.

State science and technology policy

State scientific and technical policy - component socio-economic policy, which expresses the attitude of the state to scientific and scientific-technical activities, determines the goals, directions, forms of activity of state authorities in the field of science, technology and the implementation of the achievements of science and technology.

Scientific and technical policy has become an important element of the domestic and foreign policy of the state. In the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which includes most of the developed capitalist countries, surveys of R&D organization practices are conducted in order to develop a scientific and technological strategy.

The objectives of scientific and technical policy are: state support for national science; stimulating the development of its priority areas of national importance; providing conditions for the introduction and effective use of scientific achievements in the field of production.

The ultimate goal of scientific and technological policy is to ensure economic growth and competitiveness of the country in the world market, solve social problems, and ensure economic security.

The degree and forms of state intervention in the development of science, its applied use depend on many factors: the stage of economic development; socio-economic internal and external conditions economic policy pursued by the government as a whole.

Separate manifestations of state regulation of scientific and technological development were observed as early as the 19th century, when the governments of developed countries protected their science by law, assisted universities in conducting scientific research, and took care of the growth of scientific personnel. In modern conditions, when the international division of labor is deepening, the internationalization of economic life is taking place and, at the same time, the competition between countries is intensifying, the problem of developing national scientific and technical potential comes to the fore. And state support in the field of R&D is becoming one of the decisive factors in its development.

According to American experts, without appropriate state support for the scientific sphere in the 21st century, the country's economic security may be seriously tested in such areas as high-power computing, biotechnology and genetic engineering, and new types of weapons.

Within the framework of integration unions, an interstate scientific and technical policy is being developed. Typical is the EU policy in the field of fundamental research, applied development, in particular technical standardization, technology, information, etc.

The state scientific and technical policy can act as:

Active, moderate or passive;

Restrained, giving scope to market processes;

Protectionist towards domestic scientific complex or extremely open to foreign science and technology;

Based on their own scientific potential or on borrowing foreign ideas and technologies;

Highly selective or frontal, all-encompassing;

With a pronounced priority of fundamental and strategic applied research or with a priority of applied R&D and implementation work.

The real state science and technology policy combines these alternative forms, depending on the current situation, the actual state of the economy and the activity of the scientific community.

An example of a highly effective science and technology policy is the measures taken by the Japanese government to restore the economy after the Second World War.

The development of science and technology on its own required colossal costs and, most importantly, many years, which threatened with a serious economic lag. For 30 years, since 1949, Japan has acquired a total of 34 thousand licenses and patents from Western colleagues, which were creatively refined by the Japanese and, most importantly, quickly introduced into production.

As a result, the creation of scientific and technical potential cost Japan only 78 billion dollars, and the scientists met it in the shortest possible time. The effectiveness of such a strategy is estimated from 400% - in general, to 1800% - in individual industries.

Today, Japanese science occupies a leading position in the field of new technologies. Taking into account the experience of the past, the country uses most of its developments to improve the quality of life of people and protect the environment. New, environmentally friendly engines for cars, robots and effective medicines are being created and improved to make life easier for disabled citizens, energy carriers and valuable metals are being saved and reused.

The need for state regulation of science is associated with the peculiarities of scientific "production" and its products. Among them - the unpredictability of the economic results of scientific research, the difficulty of making a profit even from commercially viable projects with existing systems of copyright protection. The main thing is that the market is not able to provide an adequate investment of resources in science - the so-called "market failure". The main task of the state in such a situation is the development and implementation of measures to compensate for the “market failure”, reduce the risk associated with scientific research and other facts of the innovation process.

In practice, three main schemes are implemented to overcome the noted "weakness" of the market mechanism:

Direct participation of the state in the production of knowledge through the organization of large laboratories that are funded by the budget and provide the results free of charge to a wide range of potential users. Typically, such laboratories are engaged in solving problems of defense, energy, healthcare, and agriculture. A variation of this form of participation can be considered state funding of research in laboratories or research centers of the private sector in the event that they fulfill a state order (usually for the production of weapons systems or space technology).

Provision of gratuitous subsidies for fundamental scientific research to scientists outside state laboratories (mainly at universities). The condition for receiving subsidies is full reporting on the progress of research, open publication of the results, i.e. waiver of special rights to acquired knowledge.

Providing tax incentives or subsidies to private businesses that invest in research and development.

In the first two cases, the volume and structure of spending on science are a direct result of state policy, in the third case, the economic responsibility for the development of science, their scale and priorities lies entirely with private sector companies and the state does not directly claim these results.

The use of state budget funds is the main financial instrument of the scientific and technological policy of developed countries. The state budget almost completely finances fundamental science at universities, research of a defense nature and under contracts in the private sector, as well as the creation of the most complex and expensive experimental facilities of "big science" (accelerators, telescopes, space stations, etc.).

The share of spending on science in the total amount of budget spending over the past 20 years has been fairly stable: 6-7% in the USA, 4-5% in France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, 3-3.5% in Japan.

The main recipients of budget funds can be not only public laboratories or universities, which is typical for Japan, Germany, Canada, but also private sector companies, as is the case in the United States.

The interaction of the private and public sectors, the transfer of funds from the budget to corporations are provided by a number of organizational mechanisms, the development and implementation of which involves the legislative and executive branches of government, the offices of ministries, agencies and special departments. The main instrument for placing state orders for research projects, which are usually an integral part of federal programs, are contracts and projects. Both of these instruments in the US, for example, are part of the federal contract system.

The federal contract system performs the function of the main instrument for organizing and managing the state market for goods and services, regulating economic activity more than 22,000 various state bodies or its representatives acting as customers of these goods and services. It is through this economic, extremely competitive mechanism that the American state has a decisive influence on the regulation of the economy, accelerating the pace of scientific and technical progress and updating the fixed assets of corporations - state contractors, on state support for R&D and training of personnel, the formation of a uniform "geography" of industrial, military-technical and scientific and technical potential and implementation of a unified patent and licensing policy of the state.

Improving the efficiency of the use of budgetary funds goes in different directions. One of them, popular in many developed countries, is the redistribution of the scientific budget in favor of small innovative companies. The historically established concentration of budgetary funds in a limited number of large corporations is seen as a factor in slowing down scientific and technological progress.

Tax incentives as a form of state support for science have been used relatively recently. Raise specific gravity incentives that provide a favorable innovation climate is a general trend. The main advantage of tax support is that incentives are provided not in advance, but as an incentive for real innovation.

The main principle of the Western system is that tax incentives are not granted to scientific organizations, but to enterprises and investors. Benefits plus competition ensure high demand for research and innovation. Regular review of benefits allows the state to purposefully stimulate innovative activity in priority sectors, to influence not only the structure and number of scientific and innovative organizations, but most importantly, the structure of production.

Of great importance for the development and implementation of an effective state scientific and technological policy is the theory of cyclical economic development, including the theory of cyclical technological revolutions, developed by many domestic and foreign experts. In today's environment, among the integral set of factors, economic science singles out innovative factors (new equipment, new materials, new technologies, new organization of production and labor, new motivation). Their most complete and effective use allows the economic system to achieve the maximum cumulative result.

These factors show the greatest transformative potential when they are used in the economic system of any level in a certain ratio and their action is supported by other factors (investment, intellectual, entrepreneurial and human resources, innovative management, regulatory framework, etc.). An analysis of the various states of the results of scientific and technical activities shows that all of them can be subdivided into the main phases of the scientific and reproduction cycle.

Recently, in the leading industrialized countries, a new scientific and technical (or technological) policy has been actively formed, including a coordinated set of actions on the part of the state, private business and the education system to improve the mechanism and accelerate the development and dissemination of critical technologies as the basis of economic and national security. .

Most characteristic features of this policy are:

Strengthening state regulation of R&D in the field of critical technologies and the creation in this regard of single ministries coordinating the development of science, industry and foreign trade for the purpose of closer linking of scientific and technical and industrial development;

Development of general technological principles of critical technologies as a key stage of the innovation process in modern conditions;

Stable or increasing public funding of fundamental research as the basis for long-term technological and economic development. Priority funding for areas that determine the development of critical technologies;

Moving towards an increasingly even distribution of research institutions throughout the country in order to promote regional economic development and widespread critical technologies. The use of such organizational forms as technopolises, science parks, etc.;

Orientation of the military R&D system towards the development of "dual use" technologies. Replacing military standards with "dual use" standards used in the creation of both military and civilian products;

Improving the training system in order to meet the needs of the industry in qualified engineering and technical personnel.

An important area of ​​science and technology policy is measures aimed at stimulating research and development (R&D) .

Thus, we can conclude that the scientific and technical policy is an integral part of the state policy, necessary for the implementation of projects on regulation and development scientific activity states. There are three main mechanisms of state influence on science: direct participation in the creation scientific knowledge, financing of scientific activity, tax benefits.

An analysis of the mechanisms of scientific and technological policy in Western countries does not allow us to draw unambiguous conclusions about which practice is the most effective. Each state, using a set of tools, solves its own, often unique tasks, the range of which is very wide - from strengthening the country's defense might to increasing the competitiveness of individual industries. What is common is the search for a rational combination of budget subsidies and tax incentives.

Summarizing the above in the first chapter, one can determine the essence of science and scientific activity in the state. Science is an important component of the development of society and the economy of the state, its development directly affects the development of production, contributing to economic growth in the country. Being the productive force of society, science forms technological structures that make up a set of technologies characteristic of a certain level of production development. The change in technological patterns occurs cyclically, with a change in the level of technology development, this factor determines the cyclicality of the economy in the long term.

The totality of the means of production and use of new knowledge forms the national scientific potential. The effectiveness of the functioning of the scientific potential determines the quality of scientific activity in the state. The state itself influences science in the country through scientific and technical policy. This state policy is extremely important for the development of the national economy.

The state has a set of various measures to regulate the scientific potential, but the main ones are the budget and tax policy in the field of science.

Public policy in the field of education is a purposeful activity government agencies in the field of education. The fundamental principles, ideas on which all the activities of state bodies are based, aimed at the effective regulation of educational relations, their development, improvement, are called the principles of state policy in the field of education.

The Law on Education proclaims basic principles of public policy in the field of education (general principles):

· the humanistic nature of education, the priority of universal values, human life and health, the free development of the individual; education of citizenship, diligence, respect for human rights and freedoms, love for the environment, Motherland, family;

· the unity of the federal cultural and educational space; protection and development by the education system of national cultures, regional cultural traditions and characteristics in a multinational state;

general accessibility of education, the adaptability of the education system to the levels and characteristics of the development and training of students and pupils;

· the secular nature of education in state and municipal educational institutions;

• freedom and pluralism in education;

· democratic, state-public nature of education management; autonomy of educational institutions;

The Federal Law "On Higher and Postgraduate Education" highlights the following principles inherent in the field of higher and postgraduate education vocational education(special principles):

Continuity and succession of the education process;

· integration of the system of higher and postgraduate professional education of the Russian Federation while maintaining and developing the achievements and traditions of Russian higher education in the world system of higher education;

· competitiveness and publicity in determining the priority areas for the development of science, technology, technology, as well as the training of specialists, retraining and advanced training of workers;

· state support for the training of specialists, priority areas of scientific research in the field of higher and postgraduate professional education;

The Russian state has declared the field of education a priority. The main directions for the development of education are outlined in the national project "Education", the primary task of which is to give the education system a new impetus to move forward.

The implementation of the project involves several aspects. First, it will help to identify possible "growth points". The state will stimulate innovative programs, encourage the best teachers, to pay grants to talented young scientists, that is, to rely on leaders and disseminate their experience. Secondly, the project involves the introduction of new management mechanisms to make the educational system more transparent and receptive to the demands of society. Finally, significant changes will affect the financing mechanisms of educational institutions. Budgetary funds for the implementation of development programs will be sent directly to schools, and new system remuneration of teachers is focused on stimulating the quality and effectiveness of pedagogical work. Various components of the national project reinforce each other, directing the educational system towards common goals from different sides, providing systemic shifts.

The state ensures the priority development of higher and postgraduate professional education through:

1) funding from the federal budget for training in federal state educational institutions of higher professional education for at least one hundred and seventy students for every ten thousand people living in the Russian Federation;

2) expanding the access of citizens of the Russian Federation to higher education;

3) providing students (students, graduate students, doctoral students and other categories of students) in the state system of higher and postgraduate professional education with state scholarships, places in hostels, other measures social support in accordance with the law;

4) creating conditions for equal accessibility of higher and postgraduate professional education;

5) creating conditions for the integration of higher and postgraduate professional education and science. Federal Law No. 308-FZ of December 1, 2007 “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” to the Law on higher education Article 2.1 "Integration of higher and postgraduate professional education and science" was introduced, which provides for the forms of such integration:

1) conducting scientific research and experimental development by higher educational institutions at the expense of grants or other sources of funding;

2) involvement by higher educational institutions of employees of scientific organizations and scientific organizations of employees of higher educational institutions on a contractual basis to participate in educational and (or) scientific activities;

3) implementation by higher educational institutions and scientific organizations of joint scientific and educational projects, scientific research and experimental development, as well as other joint activities on a contractual basis;

4) implementation by scientific organizations of educational programs of postgraduate professional education, as well as educational programs of additional professional education;

5) creation on the basis of higher educational institutions by scientific organizations of laboratories carrying out scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities, in the manner established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation;

6) creation by higher educational institutions on the basis of scientific organizations of departments that carry out the educational process, in the manner established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.

In 2000 was adopted National Doctrine of Education in the Russian Federation, which established the priority of education in state policy, the strategy and main directions of its development, outlined the need to modernize the Russian education system. The relevance of the modernization of the education sector is determined by the urgent need for integration into the global educational space. The modernization of education is a large-scale program of the state, carried out with the active assistance of society. It should lead to the achievement of a new quality Russian education, which is determined primarily by its compliance with current and future needs modern life countries . The "National Doctrine of the Development of Education in Russia" outlines the main tasks of the state in the field of education. It includes 43 positions reflecting a wide variety of partial management goals and objectives. However, all these tasks are not brought into a single system and relate to various entities within the state, belonging to both the legislative and executive branches of government and to different levels of government and government.

In 2001, it was adopted The concept of modernization of Russian education for the period up to 2010 defining the main directions, stages and measures for the implementation of educational policy, updating the content of education and improving the mechanisms for monitoring its quality, ensuring economic independence, restructuring the organization of pedagogical science, overcoming its isolation from the demands of modern society and bringing the legal framework of the education sector in line with modernization tasks.

In 2004 adopted Priority directions of development of the educational system of the Russian Federation. In accordance with them, the key positions for the development of domestic education are indicated:

Improving the quality of vocational education;

· ensuring the availability of quality general education. The need to equalize the starting opportunities for children from different social groups and strata of the population indicates the expediency of creating conditions for mass education older children preschool age("preschool education"), to ensure accessibility additional education children, focused on the formation of the success of the child, the development of his individual abilities. Profile education should be mainly focused on expanding the opportunities for students to choose individual educational trajectories;

· Development of a modern system of continuing professional education. Lifelong education should provide each person with an institutional opportunity to form an individual educational trajectory and receive the professional training that he needs for further professional, career and personal growth. The development of this system will ensure greater susceptibility of education to external demands, including from the labor market.

For the development of a modern system of continuous professional education, it is necessary:

· ensure the expansion of the number of organizations providing educational services in the field of vocational education and training;

· to create conditions for the dissemination of social and professional mechanisms for attestation and accreditation of educational programs;

· increase the role of public institutions in the management of education;

· to form a nationwide system for assessing the quality of education received by a citizen and educational programs being implemented;

create conditions for ensuring educational mobility of students;

raising investment attractiveness education;

transition to the principles of per capita financing and the formation of an efficient market educational services.

When introducing normative per capita financing, two tasks have to be solved simultaneously:

First– to optimize the network of educational institutions, to optimize the occupancy of classes in order to increase the efficiency of budget expenditures. There is not enough money in education to finance a huge network of institutions with a small number of students. Funds are needed to raise the salaries of educators and to cover educational expenses, since the quality of education depends on this.

Second- not to worsen the financing of the educational process, to maintain, where necessary due to socio-economic reasons, a network of small schools (in order to locality not "died", but possibly had points of growth). Moreover, many measures are currently being taken to improve the demographic situation (including in rural areas).

The implementation of priority areas for the development of the education system of the Russian Federation on the basis of a strategic partnership between the state, society and business will create conditions for the effective inclusion of education in the processes of improving the welfare of citizens, preserving social stability, development of civil society institutions and ensuring sustainable socio-economic development.

In 2005 it was adopted Federal Program for the Development of Education for 2006-2010. The Federal Target Program for the Development of Education was adopted in order to implement priority areas for the development of the educational system of the Russian Federation, improve the content and technologies of education, develop a system for ensuring the quality of educational services, improve management efficiency and improve economic mechanisms in the field of education in accordance with the current legislation.

It is designed to concretize the state policy in the field of education for the medium term, and defines as its main goal "the development of the education system in the interests of the formation of a harmoniously developed, socially active, creative personality and as one of the factors of economic and social progress of society on the basis of the priority of education proclaimed by the Russian Federation .

The main goals and objectives of the program are specified in regional programs that take into account the socio-economic, national-cultural, demographic, environmental and other parameters of the region, region, territory and are aimed at solving problems that are within the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. As part of the modernization of Russian society, the program aims to develop the education system based on modern achievements in science and practice.

· The priority national project "Education", initiated by the President of the Russian Federation in 2005, includes the following areas: "Support and development of the best samples of domestic education", "Introduction of modern educational technologies"," Creation of national universities and world-class business schools "," Increasing the level educational work in schools” and “Development of the vocational training system in the army”.

The national project provides for several complementary approaches. First, the identification and support of "points of growth". The state stimulates institutions and entire regions that implement innovative programs and projects, encourages the best teachers, pays bonuses to talented youth - that is, it relies on leaders and promotes the dissemination of their experience. The state encourages those who can and want to work - this applies to schoolchildren, university students, and teachers. Support is given to the most effective and in-demand educational practices - examples of quality education that ensures progress and professional success.

Secondly, a number of areas of the project are aimed at ensuring accessibility, leveling the conditions for obtaining education.

The state is interested in achieving the modern quality of education and its universal accessibility. However, the state policy in the field of education should have scientific rationale- only in this case education will be in most meet the needs of the individual, family, society, state, effectively use budgetary funds, will be more competitive in the world markets for educational services.

The theoretical substantiation of the functioning and development of the education sector in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century can be conventionally called the General Theory of the Functioning and Development of the Education System. It consists of at least the following particular theories: the theory of pedagogy; theory of education; sociology of education; philosophy of education; educational law; economics of education; history of education; psychology of education; education management.

In order to carry out coordinated actions aimed at the development of education in the country, the Government of the Russian Federation, by Decree No. 751 of October 4, 2000, approved the National Doctrine of Education in the Russian Federation. This doctrine, as a legal document that gives legal form to the ideas developed by particular theories, has not yet taken its intended place in state policy in the field of education for the following reasons: the state doctrine was supposed to become an expression of a general theory of the functioning and development of the education system. Such a result was not achieved due to the fact that all particular theories explaining the education system were not generalized; the doctrine was not given the form of a federal law; The theory of educational law has not yet received sufficient development.

Lecture #2

Topic: educational law in the Russian legal system.

Educational law and educational legislation, their relationship.

Educational law as a branch of law: concept, subject, method and system.

Educational law as a branch of legislation.

Systematization of educational legislation. Educational Code of the Russian Federation.