Weight on Jupiter: Physics

The most common mistake is to assume that high resolution tools provide more accurate results. High resolution does not necessarily mean high level. Let's imagine walking up to Jupiter for a moment with our friend and two weights: a modern heavyweight and a more traditional two-handed weapon. If we climb both of the latter, each on a different plate, the balance hangs on the strongest, as on Earth. Apparently, nothing has changed, but, having risen to the classical weighing, we understand that our weight on Jupiter is very different from that on Earth.

The weight of a body is the value of the gravitational force acting on its mass. Mass depends only on the quality and quantity of matter, which in question. So mass is the same everywhere we are, and why a heavier object than another on earth is also on Jupiter. On the other hand, weight - under the influence of the gravitational force - is a variable entity.

Weight = mass due to gravity. Therefore, we usually refer to "weight" as the force with which the Earth attracts us. This is a phenomenon in which bodies attract each other with a force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them.

Since the Earth is slightly fractured at the poles, the distance between a point on the Earth's surface and the center of the Earth is different depending on whether it is at the equator or the poles. That's why the poles weigh more than the equator. Our weight on Jupiter is therefore 2.5 times that of Earth.

A densimeter is an instrument that allows you to measure the density of a body. The underlying principle of the densitometer is Archimedes' theorem, which states that every body immersed in a fluid receives a vertical push from the bottom to the maximum, equal to the intensity, to the mass of the displaced fluid.

There are two types of density meter: constant weight and constant volume. The former is more direct to use, while the latter provides greater accuracy at the expense of convenience. The most commonly used densitometers, as well as those supplied in brewing kits, are constant weight. The evolution of joint density should be able to assess the progress of beer fermentation. At this point, simply read the value scale, which refers to the liquid level on the value scale printed directly on the meters.

How to do it in order to get the best fit? Regarding the temperature, we need to adjust our measurement according to the actual temperature at which it is performed according to the parameters given in the table on the right. To solve the problem of foam due to the presence of carbon dioxide, which can change the correct density up to 4 degrees, you can go to "thaw" or use the technical term "decarbonate", you need beer.

It is enough to have two cans of canned food, in which it is necessary to refuse the need to release the carbon dioxide contained in it; The procedure should be repeated about twenty times. Once these operations have been completed, one should be ready to measure with the densitometer and release the measurement without the formation of carbon dioxide and therefore as reliably as possible. It should be noted, however, that decarbonization is not an essential operation, since the error of 4 points is positive anyway, so it has the only possible effect of delaying bottling, which does not preclude the good performance of our beer.

A refractometer, unlike a density meter, is an optical measuring device, which, using the refractive index of a substance, determines its density. The main advantage of a refractometer is to make measurements with only a drop of the test substance, which allows you to make several measurements without large beer leaks. In addition to using the drop as a sample, it greatly facilitates the cooling of the sample itself.

Measurements made with a refractometer are in Brix. Brix corresponds to 1 part solid in 99 parts solution. Below we show a refractometer sample glass sample and how the measurement scale shows. To make the measurement as accurate as possible, we must also take into account that the sample we will be measuring at the end of the fermentation contains alcohol, which affects the degree of refraction of the sample to be measured.

Instead, this is where things get complicated. You made accounts without a host! The physical examination consists of assessing the color of the urine, its odour, foam and turbidity. An important part of the physical examination is the determination of pH, density and osmolality. For a functional examination, the volume of urine must be measured for exactly certain period time.

The daily volume of urine is highly dependent on fluid intake and diet.

• Muscle burns necrosis of muscle inflammation.
• Kidney disease Outbreaks of urinary disorders.

Determination of urine density

The density of urine is indirectly determined by the concentration of cations using diagnostic strips. The strip indication zone contains a suitable polyelectrolyte as an ion exchanger and an acid-base indicator bromthymol blue. An acid-labeled acid indicator, denoted acid, which is in an alkaline form, is released by the acid. Acidification is accompanied by a color change of bromthymol blue. The disadvantage is that screening does not take into account non-electrolyte substances such as glucose, protein, urea, creatinine and some others.

Generally, the higher the volume of urine, the lower the density and volume of the lower urine. From this rule, there are conditions under which osmotic diuresis occurs: for example, in diabetes mellitus, the volume of urine is larger with a higher specific gravity. Density determination allows the evaluation of the renal concentration of the kidneys. Highly concentrated urine indicates a significant decrease in circulating plasma volume.

If the urine concentrate is unable to concentrate, a low concentrated urine with a low specific gravity is excreted; We are talking about hypostenoria. The patient eliminates the same amount solids with higher water consumption. Extremely dilute urine can be a sign of a kidney disorder, such as diabetes insipidus or side effects of certain medications. The combination of hypostenuria and polyuria indicates damage to the renal tubular system.

When comparing two variables, osmolality reflects total concentration the substance of all the solutes, while the density is their total mass concentration. Therefore, in a simplified way, osmolality will be more dependent on changes in the concentration of small molecular weight substances, while the presence of protein in the urine will be more dependent on density.

Brain osmolality depends on the dilution and concentration capabilities of the kidneys. If the osmolality of the urine is about the same as the osmolality of the blood, it is isosomal urine. Hyperosmolar urine refers to urine with a higher osmolality than blood.

Theoretically, we can imagine that the final urine arises from the isomolar glomerular filtrate to which the renal tubules are added, or, on the other hand, is resorbed into pure, so-called free-flowing water. Osmometers are used to accurately determine osmolality. They use dissolved particles to influence some properties of the solution.

Reduce the solidification point of the solution; increase the boiling point of the solution; Reduce the vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution. The magnitude of the change in the above values ​​depends on the concentration of osmotically active substances in the measured solution, and osmometers record these changes with great accuracy. As a rule, a decrease in the pour point is found.

Orientation by calculation from relative density

This calculation fails if the urine contains a high concentration of other substances that are physiologically present in a lower order, such as those with severe glucosuria or ketonuria. If the urine contains protein or sugar, the relative gravity must be corrected first.

Study of kidney concentration

Weakened capacity for kidney failure is one of the first signs of kidney disease. We explore it in the following way. This value indicates a good concentration of kidneys, and if successful, we do not continue further research. The epinephrine test measures the ability of the distal tubule and collecting duct to respond to adiuretin by producing concave urine. It is characterized by an enhanced antidiuretic effect, while other pharmacological effects are suppressed. The patient collects urine at four one-hour intervals and measures the osmolality of individual urine samples. If it exceeds the value indicated in the table, this indicates a good concentration of the kidneys and the test is over. Together with urine, blood and serum osmolality are collected. From the values ​​of osmolality in urine and serum, we calculate the osmotic index, which more accurately reflects the concentration of the kidneys. We first examine the osmolality in the morning urine sample. . Another possibility is the evaluation of urine osmolality under conditions of varying lengths of liquids, which is currently rarely performed.

The concentration ability of the kidneys is disturbed mainly in diseases affecting the renal tubules and interstitium, when the countercurrent concentration gradient is disturbed. The dilution capacity of the kidneys can be examined after loading with distilled water. The test reflects the ability to produce urine with an osmolality significantly lower than that of serum.

In glomerular filtrates, the pH is the same as in plasma. Passage through the renal tubular system leads to acidification of urination.

• Associated with anions present, such as phosphates.
• Like the ammonium cation, which is the most important system.