So, the development of science and technology is designed to serve as a solution to the problems of the country's socio-economic progress and is one of the highest priorities. Russian Federation.

The basis for the development of science and technology are:

• scientific and technical complex, which is a set of organizations of various organizational and production forms and forms of ownership, carrying out scientific and technical activities and training of scientists, including highly qualified personnel;
• fundamental science with recognized world-class scientific achievements, as well as a developed education system;
• the most important applied research and development, industrial potential, unique production technologies, scientific and technical groundwork;
• highly qualified staff of scientists and specialists, information infrastructure, logistical and experimental base;
• experience in concentrating efforts on solving complex scientific, technical and technological problems of national development;
• rich natural raw materials, developed transport and communication infrastructure.

The most important directions of the state policy in the field of science and technology development are the following.

• 1. Development of fundamental science, the most important applied research and development.
• 2. Improvement of state regulation in the field of science and technology development.
• 3. Formation of the national innovation system.
• 4. Increasing the efficiency of using the results of scientific and scientific and technical activities.
• 5. Preservation and development of human resources scientific and technical complex.
• 6. Integration of science and education.
• 7. Development of international scientific and technical cooperation.

Priority directions of the policy of the Russian Federation in

areas of scientific and technological development of the national economy are determined by the Strategy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of science and innovation for the period up to 2010 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy), developed in accordance with the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation and developing the provisions of the Basic Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology development for the period up to 2010 and beyond, approved by the President of the Russian Federation.

This Strategy is designed to comprehensively and purposefully direct the efforts of the state, private business and civil society institutions to ensure the dynamic development of the Russian Federation in the field of science and innovation. The strategy defines a system of interrelated tasks, deadlines and resources targeted programs, individual projects and non-program activities. In this regard, the following main tasks stand out:

• creation of a competitive research and development sector, including conditions for its expanded reproduction;
• creation of an effective national innovation system;
• development of institutions for the use and protection of intellectual property rights;
• modernization of the economy based on technological innovations.

The Strategy proposes a set of specific measures and target indicators for each task. Let's focus on each task and list the activities that seem to be key.

The solution of the first task - the creation of a competitive research and development sector - should first of all radically increase the effectiveness and competitiveness of domestic fundamental and applied science. The Strategy highlights the special role Russian Academy Sciences (RAS), the entire academic community in determining the priority tasks of fundamental research and their results.

The main activities in this area include the concentration of resources in priority areas that ensure the implementation of the competitive advantages of the Russian research and development sector in the world market; reforming scientific organizations and increasing their capitalization, restructuring the public sector of research and development; ensuring the integration of scientific and educational potentials.

The main results of the implementation of these measures will be an increase in the share of extrabudgetary funds in domestic spending on research and development; strengthening the prestige of Russian science, including the influx of young personnel into the scientific field; growth of budget security of workers in the academic sector of science.

The second task is the creation of an effective innovation infrastructure and the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the innovation sphere. It is important to implement measures to create favorable conditions for the development of small innovative businesses and innovative infrastructure, primarily the further development of financial institutions that ensure the continuity of financing business projects at all stages of the innovation cycle, primarily seed and venture technology funds; technological infrastructure, including technology and innovation zones, technology parks, innovation and technology centers, business incubators, engineering centers, technology transfer centers, etc.

The second task is closely related to the third task - the development of institutions for the use and protection of intellectual property rights. The main measures in this area include the improvement of the regulatory framework, in particular the regulatory consolidation of a rational procedure for acquiring rights to the results of scientific and technical activities created at the expense of the budget. Activation innovation activities and the creation of a civilized market for objects of intellectual property are possible only if coordinated systemic changes and additions are made to the regulatory legal acts of various industries aimed at stimulating innovation.

The main results of solving the second and third tasks will be an increase in patent activity, capitalization scientific results; strengthening the role of small and medium-sized businesses in the field of science and innovation; a significant expansion of the scope of activities of funds that make direct and venture investments in companies in high-tech sectors.

The fourth task is the modernization of the economy based on technological innovations. On the one hand, the solution of this problem involves the technological modernization of economic sectors based on advanced technologies and integration with world technological complexes in the interests of ensuring global competitiveness and forming in the future an innovation market for the Russian research and development sector. The accelerated modernization of industries is an imperative, it is necessary to promote all its forms: the development of corporate R&D; import of advanced technologies; orders to the Russian specialized research and development sector, primarily within the framework of public-private partnerships. It is necessary to bring to the potential consumer information about the ongoing research work of the public sector of science, to promote the participation of business in the selection of technological priorities, to develop technical regulation measures, a policy of long-term contracts in the framework of public procurement, including defense orders, to coordinate plans for the technological modernization of state corporations.

The most important direction is to stimulate demand in the business sector for innovation. Attribution to the cost of corporate R&D expenses is one of the incentive measures. Further development of tax instruments to stimulate innovation, including on the basis of advanced foreign experience, is of fundamental importance for the development of this area of ​​innovation.

On the other hand, solving the problem of modernizing the economy on the basis of technological innovations provides for the formation and implementation of national priorities for technological development within the framework of sectoral targeted programs of a technological profile. Market orientation is relevant here; developed system of public-private partnership; support for regional innovation clusters.

The proposals of the Strategy are based on the amount of funding for civilian research and development, determined at joint meetings of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation and the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on Science and High Technologies, and provide for the necessary expenses to support the innovation infrastructure.

The main principles of financing the implementation of the Strategy are the outpacing growth of budget expenditures on fundamental research as an unconditional obligation of the state and the development of key elements of the innovation infrastructure. In relation to applied developments in general, taking into account all sources of funding for the activities of the Strategy, a significant proportion of the funds will go to the implementation of national priorities for technological development.

Relevant activities and resources are defined in the Strategy for the period up to 2010, but the effects from the implementation of the Strategy are of a longer-term nature, and therefore the Strategy contains estimates for the period up to 2015. The most important conditions for the implementation of strategic priorities are Firstly, a steady increase in domestic spending on research and development in the case of the implementation of the Strategy with an increase in the share of extrabudgetary funds in these costs and the share of the sector higher education; secondly, ensuring the influx of young personnel into the field of science, increasing the share of publications by Russian authors in leading scientific journals; thirdly, dynamic growth specific gravity organizations carrying out technological innovations, as well as an increase in the share of innovative industrial products in the total volume of its sales. At the same time, these indicators are expected to receive values ​​that are typical for foreign countries with developed innovation systems.

The approach proposed in the Strategy for solving the systemic problem of the development of national science and technology will allow:

• 1) create a basis for sustainable economic growth in the medium and long term;
• 2) create conditions for growth in all sectors of the economy that use the results of intellectual activity;
• 3) demonstrate the possibilities of the national economy based on knowledge using the example of specific projects and programs;
• 4) improve the quality of "human capital".

Innovative activity carried out in the innovation management system "state - society - science - technology - economics - education" includes a wide range of work both in the field of state innovation policy, and on the creation and development of science-intensive and resource-saving technologies, the effective use of acquired licenses , know-how, etc. These relationships play a system-forming role, which contributes to the impact on the development of innovation and its effectiveness. The possibility of investment activity is determined by a set of direct and feedback links between various stages of the innovation cycle, producers and consumers of knowledge, organizations, the market, the state, etc., both within national boundaries and on a global scale.

In the innovation sector of the domestic economy, there is still no necessary “critical mass” of funding from various sources, “Private investment in Russia is only 0.5 percent of GDP, and state spending on science and innovation (according to various estimates) is 1.5 to 2 percent . This is very little. In China, private investment is as much as 8 percent of GDP. In the US, it is 5 percent of GDP, and total spending on innovation exceeds 10 percent.” On the other hand, 50 percent of the total investment in Russia goes to the raw materials industry, while it is necessary that these 50 percent or 90 billion dollars a year go to innovation.

There is a disproportion between fundamental, applied research and development, there is no sufficient infrastructure and stable links between the main links of the innovation system - higher education institutions, scientific organizations, small innovative organizations (SIOs) and large companies.

At present, Russia is inferior to most developed countries in terms of both innovation activity and technological development in general. This statement can be illustrated by the data in Table. 2.1, which characterizes the level of costs for research and development in Russia and a number of foreign countries.

Table 2.1.

Expenses for research and development in Russia and foreign countries, 2002

Source: Science of Russia in numbers: 2003. Stat. Sat. -M.: TsISN, 2003. - 198s.

Purchasing power parity of national currencies.

The share of industry in the financing of Russian science today is 20.7% (in the USA - 68.5%, in Sweden - 67.7%, in Japan - 72.6%). Surpassing developed countries in terms of the number of scientists (138 people employed in research and development per 10 thousand employed in the economy, while in the US this figure is 86 people, and in the EU on average 65 people), Russia is last years significantly behind them in terms of technological development. Currently, seven highly developed countries account for about 80-90% of science-intensive products and almost all of their exports. The share of Russia is only 0.3 %. The G7 countries have 46 out of 50 macrotechnologies available in the world. Of these technologies, 22 are controlled by the US, 8-10 by Germany, 7 by Japan, 3-5 each by the UK and France, and 1 each by Sweden, Norway, Italy and Switzerland. Russia currently retains control over only one (according to some estimates - two: the production of nuclear energy and space exploration) macro-technologies.

The deepening technological lag behind advanced industrial and new industrial countries is also manifested in the fact that in recent years Russia has a negative balance in technology trade with foreign countries (Table 2.2.). A positive balance is observed in trade with third world countries, or with the CIS countries, often acquiring technologies that lag behind the world level.

Table 2.2.

Russian technology trade with foreign countries in 2002

East: Science of Russia in numbers: 2003.

The structure of technology trade transactions is dominated by engineering services and R&D results, which are the most difficult to commercialize. A positive balance was noted only in the category of patents for inventions, which indicates that Russia retains scientific priority in a number of areas (Table 2.3.).

Table 2.3

Russia's technology trade with foreign countries by category of agreements in 2002

Source: Science of Russia in numbers: 2003.

Russian statistics show that the share of scientific research in the export of technologies is expanding, and the share of intellectual property (hereinafter referred to as IP) in their import is increasing. Thus, the profile of a supplier of ideas (i.e., figuratively speaking, “intellectual raw materials”) and a consumer of ready-made technologies is becoming characteristic of Russia in the global market.

Russia's presence in the international market of science-intensive products is very insignificant: its share is, according to various estimates, from 0.35 to 1%. This is lower than the indicators not only of the developed countries of the world, but also of the developing countries of Asia. In the structure of trade turnover, the share of agreements, the subjects of which were patents, patent licenses and trademarks, accounts for no more than 2% of exports and 10% of imports of technologies. If we talk about the competitiveness of the Russian research and development sector in the global market, it should be noted that we mainly occupy the sector of a knowledge provider, while the business sector shows a demand for ready-made technologies.

If you pay attention to the age structure of the technologies used (Fig. 2.1.), then mechanical engineering is the only industry in which the share of new and latest technologies exceeds 60%. In general, the share of obsolete and outdated technologies in industry is high.

Figure 2.1. Return structure used in industry

technologies

In this case, the inevitable conclusion is that the advanced technologies created in the country often do not find application in industry, and are not exported to industrialized countries, which reduces both the technological potential and the competitiveness of the economy as a whole.

A quote from an article by Professor V. M. Simchera would be appropriate here: In the field of innovation, we have no competition because there is no such competition between manufacturers. Moreover, there is no trace of it between the same imported and domestic products. Both autonomous, non-interchangeable, and, therefore, non-competitive markets for production, products, goods, services, investments, and innovations will coexist in Russia as parallel for a long time to come. 49% of Russian companies do not conduct any innovative activity at all, while there are practically no organizations in the world that would not specifically engage in it.

In a competitive environment, each organization is forced and, therefore, obliged to engage in innovative activities. An increase in competition by 1% means an increase in innovation activity by 3%. Competition pushes innovation forward, it is their locomotive. Since half of the domestic organizations can produce and sell products without any competitors, the situation is developing. Why invent something, change, break? If you don't want to invent - lag behind!

One of the most profitable and almost closed areas of entrepreneurship is the technology business. As practice shows, the introduction of new technologies into production makes it possible to make a qualitative breakthrough in the world market of goods and services. But what if in our country 90% of domestic innovations have a payback period of more than 10 years, the world norm is 2.5 years?

The demand of business entities for research and development in Russia is still low. But according to Minister A. Fursenko, even this demand is met by Russian scientific organizations only half. During 2001-2003. the share of technology imports in the volume of costs for their acquisition (at own expense) was approximately 46%. This suggests that there are reserves for expanding demand for domestic research and development even now. But the realization of demand is possible only with a significant increase in the quality of domestic developments in the form of technologies ready for production.

In the 1980s-1990s. in developed countries, the growth rates of knowledge-intensive industries were on average 1.5-2 times higher than in industry as a whole, and this indicates that in developed countries the high-tech complex determines economic growth and “pulls” the rest of the economy with it , forcing her to adapt to high technology.

In the group of high-tech industries with technologies " high level» usually includes production that ensures the release of a science-intensive product designed for the mass consumer. There are four high-tech industries in OECD countries: aerospace, computers and office equipment, electronics and communications equipment, and pharmaceuticals. World experience convinces us that there is no alternative to the innovative way of development. The creation, introduction and wide distribution of new products, services, technological processes are becoming key factors in the growth of production volumes, employment, investment, foreign trade turnover, improving product quality, saving labor and material costs, improving the organization of production and increasing its efficiency. All this predetermines the competitiveness of organizations and their products in the domestic and world markets, improves the socio-economic situation in the country. That is why in the XXI century. The most important condition for the accelerated progress of socio-economic development is an effective innovation policy, since the dynamic socio-economic development of many countries of the world has finally begun to be based solely on innovation, the consequences of which have become strategically important. And in the face of change, innovation is especially in demand.

The basis of the status of the countries of the world community is no longer the power of the armed forces, economic indicators (poor and rich countries, industrial and agricultural, etc.), but the ability to produce and implement high technologies. From this point of view, countries are divided into raw materials, commodity-producing, technology-producing and scientific knowledge-producing and high-tech countries.

The latter group includes countries that are simultaneously world economic, technological, scientific and military leaders. This complex of industries represents a strategy of advanced frontiers, since the development and state support of high technologies are becoming the most urgent not only economic, but also political task.

The innovative ability of the country's economy is determined by the ability to create and distribute innovations in all its areas. The specificity of innovations as a commodity is such that, on the one hand, the need for them is formed under the influence of supply and demand, and on the other hand, the need for it arises in a competitive environment. Here it would be appropriate to recall that in the Japanese innovation system, in 80 percent of the case, business raises questions.

Of particular importance in Russia is the creation of an atmosphere that stimulates the search for and development of new technologies. The upcoming entry of Russia into the WTO poses a dilemma for our country: either open the Russian market for goods from other WTO countries, curtail domestic production and become a real market for any products of other foreign countries - WTO members, or already now focus on the introduction of new technologies and the production of high-tech goods competitive on the world market . WTO rules prohibit direct state support for industries and companies, but in practice such support is carried out using hidden forms of subsidies. There is no such experience in Russia and we can ruin own production or fall under various kinds of sanctions. It is on how the science-intensive subjects of the Federation will form and implement their regional policy in the field of innovation, use their scientific and industrial potential, which will largely determine which path the development of the economic potential of all of Russia will take.

For example, let's give the main directions of fundamental and complex applied research in the field of architecture, urban planning, construction science and construction production of the RAASN, which boil down to solving five main complex problems:

Implementation of the program "Housing in Russia", including the development of the concept of resettlement, new basic architectural and construction solutions for residential buildings and building structure, efficient and energy-efficient structural and engineering systems;

Reconstruction of the existing production potential in order to bring it in line with the requirements of a market economy;

Environmental resuscitation humanized environment;

Ensuring the reliability of existing and newly created facilities, taking into account natural and man-made impacts;

Development of design solutions for buildings and structures of a new generation that meet social, aesthetic and functional requirements, including dynamically developing technologies, industrial production and ensure minimal energy consumption during operation.

As studies by scientists from the Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences (RAACS) have shown, a feature of the use of innovations in the construction industry is the high risk of investing compared to other industries. The risk manifests itself not only in the process of developing new materials and technologies with predetermined properties, but also in the sale of finished products - buildings and structures for various purposes.

One cannot but agree with Minister A. Fursenko that Russia's global competitiveness, based on domestic technologies, is achievable with a concentration of efforts that contribute to the retention and development of positions where we are strong today - in the creation of weapons, the nuclear and space industries, in information technology , nanoindustry, in the development of new materials and some other areas. To this end, large federal target programs with the participation of business should be created. Their task is to use the potential of the research and development sector to effectively implement national technological development priorities, while at the same time turning this sector into a manufacturing industry of the “new economy”.

On the other hand, it is impossible not to notice that in order to implement the innovative programs necessary for our country, the current volume and current format of investment growth is not enough, the professor is convinced. Both in essence and in scale, this today requires a completely different rethought format, a new generation of them. In this rethought format, the country, in a new calculation, will require a trillion or more US dollars of investment per year. At the same time, we emphasize that new generation investments are focused primarily, and not in the residual version, on innovation.

Today our country has 180 billion dollars a year for all investments. Moreover, half of them, as you know, are largely wasted in the raw materials industries, 16 percent settled in real estate, 20 percent - in individual buildings. Only 14 percent remain, of which 2 for science and innovation and only 0.7 percent for engineering.

The question is, is it possible, on such a truncated base, with a 2.7 percent of the total increase in investments, to seriously innovate, and at the same time also claim an elite place in the world tabloids of investment ranks? Of course not. In order to change the situation, it is necessary not only to multiply, but by orders of magnitude (by orders of magnitude, that is, 10, 100 times) to increase innovative investments, bringing them closer in volume to world levels. Is it possible to do this today? Obviously not. And therefore, naturally, we need to change the country, to improve effective management in the country instead of the current inefficient one, which is not done overnight.

Which exit? We need selection, including, probably, first of all, the innovations themselves. We need a factorial analysis of them according to the criterion of effectiveness. And not to talk about “everything and everything”, but to build some kind of small program that is possible for Russia, and hit on this point. Then we will start moving forward.

The experience of countries with developed economies shows that they finance only developments in which there is a tandem "research institution - small innovative organization" and a real prospect of creating a science-intensive product and selling it on the market. It is advisable to apply a similar method in our country, especially since there are already sprouts of such a trend, bringing positive results in the field of commercialization of new technologies. Small innovative business in our conditions is exactly the tool that can make a qualitative breakthrough in the introduction of new technologies.

Using foreign experience, as domestic experts testify, Russia could well compete for 17 macro technologies out of those 50-55 that determine the potential of developed countries. Abroad, the production of science-intensive products is provided by only 50-55 macrotechnologies. The seven most developed countries, possessing 46 macrotechnologies, hold 80% of this market. The United States annually receives about 700 billion dollars from the export of science-intensive products, Germany - 530, Japan - 400 billion dollars. Today, the question is: either the reduction in the economic, industrial and production potential of the country will be compensated at the advanced scientific, technical, technological level, which will require a sharp increase in innovation activity, or the country will hopelessly lag behind not only in terms of output, but also in terms of its technological capabilities. , will lag behind forever in all types of its development from highly developed countries.

Back in 2004, during a joint meeting of the Presidium of the State Council and the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the President of Russia stated that the main task in the economic sphere is to remove our country from the oil needle and finally recreate an industry that is competitive on the world market, and this can be done only for technology commercialization account. It is necessary to get rid of obsolete and obsolete non-competitive industries and create an economic environment that is receptive to both innovation and new technologies. An environment that will allow Russia to take its rightful place in the global market. But in 2008 at an expanded meeting of the State Council of the Russian Federation (February 8, 2008), the president admitted that Russia "has not managed to get away from the energy and raw material development scenario", which threatens to "secure our role as a raw materials appendage of the world economy", and that if "we continue to act like this ”, then “we will come to a deadlock”, “we will not be able to ensure either the security of the country or its normal development”, “we will endanger its very existence” .

The creation of a national innovation system is put forward among the top priorities of the socio-economic policy of the Russian state, i.e. we are talking on the modernization of the economy based on innovation. And to achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of major tasks, one of which is to sharply increase the innovation capacity of the economy and stimulate innovation. The main goals of the state innovation policy should be the creation of economic, legal and organizational conditions for innovation, ensuring the growth of competitiveness industrial policy and solving problems of socio-economic development.

To this end, the “super-ambitious” task of “Russia becoming one of the world’s technological leaders” was set (which is coupled with no less ambitious goal setting of “at least a fourfold increase” in the productivity of social labor and bringing the share of the “middle class” in the population to 60-70%) .4

Any drafted plan for the implementation of an important state problem should include not only the development of a concept or program in this area, but also imply an answer to the question: what is the outcome? But if we talk about the program for the development of science and technology, then it does not mean generalized formulations, but specific definitions and measures: what do we plan to allocate financial resources for and what return will we get for the country's budget as a result of the sale of a particular science-intensive product.

Currently, there are more than 400 normative acts of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, to some extent using the concepts of innovation and innovation activity, but in their own interpretation. This points to the need for a unifying, consolidating federal law on innovation.

Particular emphasis in the development of science and stimulation of innovation was made by Federal Law No. 122-FZ of August 22, 2004, which amended more than 150 federal laws. In particular, his Art. 80 canceled the existing R&D financing scheme in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, i.e., now the financing of fundamental science is carried out only from the federal budget. And this means that at the legislative level there has been a delimitation of powers in this area: the federal center will finance fundamental research and exercise control over the targeted use of funds.

Budget allocations for fundamental research are based on two main principles:

First principle consists in the concentration of federal budget resources to finance R&D in key areas, which means:

Expanded reproduction of fundamental knowledge; increasing the level of "human capital" - one of the main competitive advantages of Russia;

Implementation of applied developments in a limited number of priority areas to ensure their competitiveness, including increasing the capitalization of the results obtained;

Creation of an innovative infrastructure that ensures the transformation of knowledge into a market product for the implementation of national technological development priorities.

Second principle– use of the mechanism of public-private partnership. It is assumed that part of applied developments and the creation of innovative infrastructure should be carried out with the participation of business, and technological modernization should be carried out mainly by business itself.

But Russia's transition to an innovative economy, and without it the country has no future, is not possible without an effective state policy in the field of science and innovation development. It should be noted that a strategy has been developed to comprehensively and purposefully direct the efforts of the state, private business and civil society institutions to ensure the dynamic development of the Russian Federation in the field of science and innovation for the period up to 2010 and beyond.

The purpose of the Strategy is to resolve the systemic contradiction - the pace of development and the structure of the Russian research and development sector do not meet the needs national security and growing demand from the business sector for advanced technologies.

The strategy defines a system of target programs, individual projects and non-program activities that are interconnected in terms of tasks, deadlines and resources.

In this regard, the following main tasks stand out:

Creation of a competitive research and development sector, including conditions for its expanded reproduction;

Creation of an effective national innovation system;

Development of institutions for the use and protection of IP rights;

Modernization of the economy based on technological innovations.

The Strategy proposes a set of specific measures and target indicators for each task. Let's dwell on each task and list the activities that, according to Minister A. Fursenko, are key.

The solution of the first task should first of all radically increase the effectiveness and competitiveness of the research and development sector.

The Strategy notes the special role of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the entire academic community in determining the priority tasks of fundamental research. However, in our opinion, the responsibility for the development of fundamental science, ensuring the effectiveness of budget spending should be meaningful. It is necessary to vigorously implement the program adopted by the Interdepartmental Commission on Science and Innovation Policy to modernize the functions, structure and funding mechanisms of the academic sector of science. First of all, the transition since 2006 from cost management to results management in the field of fundamental science.

The main activities include:

Concentration of resources in priority areas that ensure the realization of the competitive advantages of the Russian research and development sector in the world market;

Reforming scientific organizations and increasing their capitalization, restructuring the public research and development sector;

Ensuring the integration of scientific and educational potentials.

The main results of the implementation of these measures will be:

Increasing the share of extrabudgetary funds in domestic spending on research and development;

Strengthening the prestige of Russian science, including the influx of young personnel into the scientific field;

Growth of budget security of workers in the academic sector of science: in 2008 not less than 750 thousand rubles. per person per year (at the same time, the average monthly salary in the academic sector should be at least 30 thousand rubles). Speaking about this sector of science, one should keep in mind not only RAS institutes, but also other organizations active in fundamental research.

The second task is to create an effective innovation infrastructure and development of small and middle entrepreneurship in innovation sphere.

It is important to implement measures to create favorable conditions for the development of small innovative businesses and innovative infrastructure, primarily the further development of:

Financial institutions that ensure the continuity of financing of business projects at all stages of the innovation cycle, primarily seed and venture technology funds;

Technological infrastructure, including technology and innovation zones, technology parks, innovation and technology centers, business incubators, engineering centers, technology transfer centers, etc.;

The third task is closely related to the second one – the development of institutions for the use and protection of IP rights.

The main measures in this area include the improvement of the regulatory framework, in particular the regulatory consolidation of a rational procedure for acquiring rights to the results of scientific and technical activities (hereinafter referred to as RNTD), created at the expense of the budget. At the same time, it should be noted that there is already movement in this direction - the Government of the Russian Federation recently approved the Regulation on securing and transferring to business entities the rights to R&D received at the expense of the federal budget. However, the intensification of innovation activity and the creation of a civilized market for IP objects will only be possible if coordinated systemic changes and additions are made to the regulatory legal acts of various industries aimed at stimulating innovation activity.

The main results of solving the second and third tasks will be:

Increasing patent activity, capitalization of scientific results;

Strengthening the role of small and medium-sized businesses in the field of science and innovation;

A significant expansion of the scope of activities of funds that make direct and venture capital investments in companies in high-tech sectors.

The fourth task is the modernization of the economy based on technological innovations. On the one hand, this is the technological modernization of economic sectors based on advanced technologies and integration with world technological complexes in the interests of ensuring global competitiveness and forming in the future an innovation market for the Russian research and development sector. Accelerated modernization of industries is an imperative, it is necessary to promote all its forms: the development of corporate R&D; import of advanced technologies; orders to the Russian specialized research and development sector, primarily within the framework of public-private partnerships. It is necessary to bring to the potential consumer information about the ongoing research work of the public sector of science, to promote the participation of business in the selection of technological priorities, to develop technical regulation measures, a policy of long-term contracts in the framework of public procurement, including defense orders, to coordinate plans for the technological modernization of state corporations.

The most important direction is to stimulate demand in the business sector for innovation. Attribution to the cost of R&D expenses of companies is one of the incentive measures. In this regard, the adopted tax innovations that came into effect in 2006 are topical. Further development of tax instruments to stimulate innovation, including on the basis of advanced foreign experience, is of fundamental importance.

On the other hand, this is the formation and implementation of national priorities for technological development within the framework of sectoral targeted programs of a technological profile. The following are relevant here: market orientation, a developed system of public-private partnerships, and support for regional innovation clusters. Search promising directions, including within the framework of the proven mechanism of "megaprojects", which has been repeatedly reported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. Now there is a transition to the implementation of large-scale investment projects.

Within the framework of projects (the implementation period is three to five years), a full innovation cycle is carried out. Currently, the Russian Ministry of Education and Science is financing nine projects, six of them since 2003, the rest since the end of 2004. The volume of budget financing is 2,760 million rubles, including in 2005 - 939 million rubles, at the expense of off-budget financing - 3,310 million rubles, including in 2005 - 1,172.5 million rubles.

The implementation of the proposed measures will make it possible to achieve an increase in innovative activity in the economy, an increase in the share of innovative products both in the total volume of sales of industrial products and in their exports.

The basis for clarifying the activities of the existing federal target programs of a technological profile and the formation of new targeted technological programs could be two basic wide-ranging technological programs:

1) Program for the development of scientific and technological base;

2) Dual Use Technology Transfer Program.

With regard to the Program for the Development of the Scientific and Technological Base, the Minister of Education and Science A. Fursenko noted the following. Starting from 2005, the Ministry has been implementing a new version of the Federal Center for Scientific and Technical Programs “Research and Development in Priority Areas of Science and Technology Development” for 2002-2006. Within the framework of this Program, resources are concentrated in six priority areas, the development of which is aimed at achieving a multiplier effect in the sectors of the economy.

The implementation of this program has made it possible to achieve the following qualitative results:

A system for determining priorities for state support in the scientific and technological sphere has been formed and the consolidation of federal budget funds in these areas has been ensured;

Support mechanisms worked out innovative projects at the stages of the innovation cycle "knowledge generation - development and commercialization of technologies";

An organizational system has been created to ensure the coordination of the interests of the state, private business and science in the implementation of technological development priorities, including a significant attraction of extrabudgetary funds (up to 50% for complex innovative projects).

These mechanisms and tools should be used in the basic program in the field of science and innovation "Scientific and Technological Base of Russia" for 2007-2012, which is currently being developed, thus ensuring the continuity and logical development of programs.

At the same time, when implementing the new program, it is planned to ensure a shift in emphasis in a number of areas, including:

Strengthen the direct participation of business in the specification of national priorities for technological development and the selection of the most effective scientific organizations to carry out the relevant R&D;

Actively stimulate sustainable links between the elements of the innovation system, including the integration of universities, small scientific organizations into the system of scientific and technical relations;

Strengthen support for the formation of non-state scientific organizations, including through the development of technology-innovative special economic zones and technology parks.

The proposals of the Strategy are based on the volumes of funding for research and development for civil purposes, determined at a joint meeting of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation and the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on Science and High Technologies on March 20, 2002 for the period up to 2010, and also provide for the necessary costs to support the innovation infrastructure. In the mentioned document, two approaches to financing were proposed: at current prices and as a share of the expenditure side of the budget. The most rational seems to be an intermediate scenario that combines conservatism in increasing budget expenditures and the necessary resource provision for a balanced solution to at least the key objectives of this Strategy.

The main principles of financing the implementation of the Strategy are the outpacing growth of budget expenditures on fundamental research as an unconditional obligation of the state and the development of key elements of the innovation infrastructure.

With regard to applied developments in general, taking into account all sources of funding for the activities of the Strategy, a significant proportion of funds will go to the implementation of national priorities for technological development.

The implementation of the strategy in the field of development of science and innovation involves two stages: the first - 2006-2007; the second - 2008 - 2010.

The first stage (2006 - 2007) is the development of the research and development sector, the reform of the public sector of science, the harmonization and development of institutions that affect innovation and investment climate. It is also necessary to complete institutional changes in the field of using the results of intellectual activity.

The key objectives of the second stage (2008-2010) are creation of a modern holistic innovation system, active positioning of the domestic research and development sector in the global economy, implementation of large projects on national priorities of technological development within the framework of public-private partnership.

Economic growth is the objective goal of the economic policy of all countries. For economic policy, it means efforts aimed at increasing labor productivity through the implementation of the results of scientific and technical progress. At the beginning of the XXI century. the world economy is actively forming a new paradigm of scientific and technological development, the components of which are the growing relationship between capital markets and new technologies, the rapid development of the "knowledge economy", the strengthening of the social orientation of new technologies, the global nature of the creation and use of knowledge, technologies, products, services 1 development these areas of research and promotes a holistic innovation system (CIS) as a set of interrelated organizations (structures) engaged in production and commercialization scientific knowledge and technologies of small and large companies, universities, laboratories, technology parks and incubators, as a complex of legal, financial and social institutions that ensure innovation processes and have strong national roots, traditions, political and cultural characteristics. The general methodological principles of the CIS concept are following the ideas of J. Schumpeter on competition based on innovation in corporations as the main factor in economic dynamics, recognizing the special role of knowledge in economic development, and analyzing the institutional context of innovation activity as a factor that directly affects its content and structure. When knowledge becomes an economic resource, and Information Technology completely changed the world economic system, it is this approach to the study innovation processes becomes fundamentally important.

It should be noted that the strategy defines activities and resources for the period up to 2010, but the effects of the implementation. The strategies are of a longer-term nature, therefore the Strategy contains estimates for the period up to 2015.

First– a steady increase in domestic spending on research and development in the case of the implementation of the Strategy with an increase in the share of extrabudgetary funds in these costs and the share of the higher education sector.

Second– ensuring the influx of young personnel into the field of science, increasing the share of Russian authors of publications in leading scientific journals.

Third– dynamic growth in the share of organizations engaged in technological innovation, as well as the share of innovative industrial products in the total volume of its sales. At the same time, these indicators are expected to receive values ​​that are typical for foreign countries with developed innovation systems.

The approach proposed in the Strategy to solve the systemic problem will allow:

Create a basis for sustainable economic growth in the medium and long term;

Create conditions for growth in all sectors of the economy that use the results of intellectual activity;

Demonstrate the possibilities of the knowledge-based economy, using the example of specific projects and programs,

Improve the quality of "human capital".

To achieve a high level of efficiency in the use of knowledge, the state policy of modernizing the economy based on innovation should include the implementation of the following measures: promoting the promotion of large-scale use of the world's wealth of knowledge in all areas of the national economy through the development and introduction of economic incentives, as well as the formation of an effective institutional environment; expanding the volume of the domestic market for unrealized technologies and increasing effective demand for the results of domestic R&D; stimulation of the comprehensive development of the intellectual potential of the individual, providing for the active influence of the state at all stages of the formation of human capital; improvement of the system of indirect methods of state influence on the process of development of the high-tech production sector, on the application at the first stages of the necessary arsenal of protectionist measures in order to support it in the foreign market; creation of a stable functioning organizational and legal environment for generating a highly productive knowledge resource, which means solving existing problems in the education and science system and completing the formation of effective systems for the protection and enforcement of IP rights.

In 2008, and in presidential and government documents, the task of Russia's entry into the ranks of the world's technological leaders is set.

In the goal-setting fragments of the new version of the draft government "Concept ...", designed for the period up to 2020, as well as in the "Basic parameters for the forecast of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020-2030", prepared by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, it is said about the formation of a national innovation system and a powerful high-tech complex, the diversification of the economy and the creation of conditions for the realization of the creative potential of the individual, the deployment of an effective, result-oriented social infrastructure. The authors of the “Concept...” write that “a new technological wave based on nano- and biotechnologies, the dynamic growth of the world market for high-tech goods and services open up new opportunities for Russia for a technological breakthrough... Russian exports of these products should grow by 15–20 % per year and reach at least 80-100 billion US dollars by the turn of 2020 (about 1% of the world market compared to 0.2% at present).

Economic growth is planned to be achieved through scientific and technological progress and “the share of industrial enterprises implementing technological innovations should increase to 40-50% (2005 - 9.3%), the share of innovative products in industrial output - up to 25- 35% (2005 - 2.5%)", and "the share of the high-tech sector and the knowledge economy in GDP should be at least 17-20% (2006 - 10.5%)".

According to the “innovative” scenario outlined in the “Key Forecast Parameters…”, the share of the innovation sector in value added doubles (from 10.5 to 18.5%) with the corresponding dynamics of the oil and gas sector (it decreases from 19.6 to 11.8 %).

As we can see, the Government of the Russian Federation has set tasks for the near future and defined target parameters for the formation of an innovative economy. Since the analysis of the above documents is the task set by the authors of this book (especially since a detailed analysis was given by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences S.Yu. Glazyev, head of the Center for Structural Transformations of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Economics A.I. Amosov, etc.) is not included, it is advisable to dwell on the role of small innovative entrepreneurship in the formation National economy Russia on an innovative path of development.

There are not many specialists who disagree with the fact that the success of the state innovation policy will largely depend on the state and level of development of small business in the innovation sphere.

The world experience of countries with developed market economies shows that small innovative entrepreneurship is the basis for the formation of new markets and is a channel for the transfer of knowledge and technology, which makes a significant contribution to the transformation of the structure of various sectors of the economy. For example, it is small innovative organizations (SIOs) in such sectors as bio- and information technologies that have become the main suppliers of new products and industries in the EU countries. Speech by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin at a meeting of the boards of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation on March 19, 2004. – Access mode www.minfin.ru.

Asaul, A.N. Formation of entrepreneurial activity of the globalization of the economy // Nauch. tr. International Union of Economists and the Free Economic Society of Russia. - M.-SPb.: Free Economic Society. T.10. -2002.; Asaul, A.N. Globalization of the economy // Globalization, the new economy and the environment. Problems of Society and business and business on the way to sustainable development. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference of the Russian Society for Ecological Economics St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia 2005. - St. Petersburg. university. -2005.

Asaul, A.N. Problems and trends in the development of small business at the regional level / A.N. Asaul, I. V. Denisova // Nauch. tr. International Union of Economists and the Free Economic Society of Russia. - M.-SPb. Free Economic Society. T.11. -2002.; Strategy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of science and innovations for the period up to 2010 (hereinafter - the Strategy). This document was developed in accordance with the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, and develops the provisions of the Basic Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology development for the period up to 2010 and beyond (approved by the President of the Russian Federation on March 30, 2002 No. Pr-576).

The implementation of the most important innovative projects of national importance is based on shared financing - at the expense of the federal target scientific and technical program (FTsNTP) "Research and development in priority areas of science and technology" for 2002-2006. funded scientific research and experimental design, and from extrabudgetary sources - the development of R&D results in production and production.

The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation - Access mode - www.economy.qov.ru.; “The main parameters of the forecast for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020-2050. – Access mode – http://www.apn.ru/publications/article19384.htm.

Along with this main scenario, the above document highlights the "inertial" and "energy-raw material" scenarios. The main macrodynamic indicators that distinguish the “inertial”, “energy-raw material” and “innovative” options for possible evolution are as follows: GDP growth (in 2020 against 2006) - 1.8, 2.2 and 2.4 times, respectively; investment growth - 2.3, 4.0 and 4.4 times (moreover, the shares of investments in the high-tech sector by 2020 are projected at the level of 12, 17 and 20%, respectively); labor productivity growth - 1.9, 2.4 and 2.6 times.

Glazyev, S.Yu. On the strategy and concept of the socio-economic development of Russia until 2020. – Access mode – www. qlazev.ru.

Amosov A. Issues of transition to an innovative type of reproduction / The Economist. - 2008. - No. 5. - P. 23-32.

State science and technology policy

State scientific and technical policy - component socio-economic policy, which expresses the attitude of the state to scientific and scientific-technical activities, determines the goals, directions, forms of activity of bodies state power in the field of science, technology and the implementation of the achievements of science and technology.

Scientific and technical policy has become an important element of the domestic and foreign policy of the state. In the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which includes most of the developed capitalist countries, surveys of R&D organization practices are conducted in order to develop a scientific and technological strategy.

The objectives of scientific and technical policy are: state support for national science; stimulating the development of its priority areas of national importance; providing conditions for the introduction and effective use of scientific achievements in the field of production.

The ultimate goal of scientific and technological policy is to ensure economic growth and competitiveness of the country in the world market, solve social problems, and ensure economic security.

The degree and forms of state intervention in the development of science, its applied use depend on many factors: the stage of economic development; socio-economic internal and external conditions economic policy pursued by the government as a whole.

Separate manifestations of state regulation of scientific and technological development were observed as early as the 19th century, when the governments of developed countries protected their science by law, assisted universities in conducting scientific research, and took care of the growth of scientific personnel. AT modern conditions When the international division of labor deepens, economic life is internationalized and, at the same time, competition between countries is intensified, the problem of developing national scientific and technical potential comes to the fore. And state support in the field of R&D is becoming one of the decisive factors in its development.

According to American experts, without appropriate government support scientific field In the 21st century, the country's economic security may be seriously tested in such areas as high-power computing, biotechnology and genetic engineering, and new types of weapons.

Within the framework of integration unions, an interstate scientific and technical policy is being developed. Typical is the EU policy in the field of fundamental research, applied developments, in particular technical standardization, technologies, information, etc.

The state scientific and technical policy can act as:

Active, moderate or passive;

Restrained, giving scope to market processes;

Protectionist in relation to the domestic scientific complex or extremely open to foreign science and technology;

Based on their own scientific potential or on borrowing foreign ideas and technologies;

Highly selective or frontal, all-encompassing;

With a pronounced priority of fundamental and strategic applied research or with a priority of applied R&D and implementation work.

The real state science and technology policy combines these alternative forms, depending on the current situation, the actual state of the economy and the activity of the scientific community.

An example of a highly effective science and technology policy is the measures taken by the Japanese government to restore the economy after the Second World War.

The development of science and technology on its own required enormous costs and, most importantly, many years, which threatened a serious economic lag. For 30 years, since 1949, Japan has acquired a total of 34 thousand licenses and patents from Western colleagues, which were creatively refined by the Japanese and, most importantly, quickly introduced into production.

As a result, the creation of scientific and technical potential cost Japan only 78 billion dollars, and the scientists met it in the shortest possible time. The effectiveness of such a strategy is estimated from 400% - in general, to 1800% - in individual industries.

Today, Japanese science occupies a leading position in the field of new technologies. Taking into account the experience of the past, the country uses most of its developments to improve the quality of life of people and protect the environment. New, environmentally friendly engines for cars, robots and effective medicines are being created and improved to make life easier for disabled citizens, energy carriers and valuable metals are being saved and reused.

The need for state regulation of science is associated with the peculiarities of scientific "production" and its products. Among them - the unpredictability of the economic results of scientific research, the difficulty of making a profit even from commercially viable projects with existing systems of copyright protection. The main thing is that the market is not able to provide an adequate investment of resources in science - the so-called "market failure". The main task of the state in such a situation is the development and implementation of measures to compensate for the “market failure”, reduce the risk associated with scientific research and other facts of the innovation process.

In practice, three main schemes are implemented to overcome the noted "weakness" of the market mechanism:

Direct participation of the state in the production of knowledge through the organization of large laboratories that are funded by the budget and provide the results free of charge to a wide range of potential users. Typically, such laboratories are engaged in solving problems of defense, energy, healthcare, Agriculture. A variation of this form of participation can be considered state funding of research in laboratories or research centers of the private sector in the event that they fulfill a state order (usually for the production of weapons systems or space technology).

Provision of gratuitous subsidies for fundamental scientific research to scientists outside state laboratories (mainly at universities). The condition for receiving subsidies is full reporting on the progress of research, open publication of the results, i.e. waiver of special rights to acquired knowledge.

Providing tax incentives or subsidies to private businesses that invest in research and development.

In the first two cases, the volume and structure of spending on science are a direct result of state policy, in the third case, the economic responsibility for the development of science, their scale and priorities lies entirely with private sector companies and the state does not directly claim these results.

The use of state budget funds is the main financial instrument of the scientific and technological policy of developed countries. The state budget almost completely finances fundamental science at universities, research of a defense nature and under contracts in the private sector, as well as the creation of the most complex and expensive experimental facilities of "big science" (accelerators, telescopes, space stations, etc.).

The share of spending on science in the total amount of budget spending over the past 20 years has been fairly stable: 6-7% in the USA, 4-5% in France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, 3-3.5% in Japan.

The main recipients of budget funds can be not only public laboratories or universities, which is typical for Japan, Germany, Canada, but also private sector companies, as is the case in the United States.

The interaction of the private and public sectors, the transfer of funds from the budget to corporations are provided by a number of organizational mechanisms, the development and implementation of which involves the legislative and executive branches of government, the offices of ministries, agencies and special departments. The main instrument for placing state orders for research projects, which are usually an integral part of federal programs, are contracts and projects. Both of these instruments in the US, for example, are part of the federal contract system.

The federal contract system performs the function of the main instrument for organizing and managing the state market for goods and services, regulating economic activity more than 22,000 various state bodies or its representatives acting as customers of these goods and services. It is through this economic, extremely competitive mechanism that the American state has a decisive influence on the regulation of the economy, accelerating the pace of scientific and technical progress and updating the fixed assets of corporations - state contractors, on state support for R&D and training of personnel, the formation of a uniform "geography" of industrial, military-technical and scientific and technical potential and implementation of a unified patent and licensing policy of the state.

Improving the efficiency of the use of budgetary funds goes in different directions. One of them, popular in many developed countries, is the redistribution of the scientific budget in favor of small innovative companies. The historically established concentration of budgetary funds in a limited number of large corporations is seen as a factor in slowing down scientific and technological progress.

Tax incentives as a form of state support for science have been used relatively recently. An increase in the share of benefits that provide a favorable innovation climate is a general trend. The main advantage of tax support is that incentives are provided not in advance, but as an incentive for real innovation.

The main principle of the Western system is that tax incentives are not granted to scientific organizations, but to enterprises and investors. Benefits plus competition ensure high demand for research and innovation. Regular review of benefits allows the state to purposefully stimulate innovative activity in priority sectors, to influence not only the structure and number of scientific and innovative organizations, but most importantly, the structure of production.

Of great importance for the development and implementation of an effective state scientific and technological policy is the theory of cyclical economic development, including the theory of cyclical technological revolutions, developed by many domestic and foreign experts. In the modern environment, among a holistic set of factors economics highlights innovative factors (new equipment, new materials, new technologies, new organization of production and labor, new motivation). Their most complete and effective use allows the economic system to achieve the maximum cumulative result.

These factors show the greatest transformative potential when they are used in the economic system of any level in a certain ratio and their action is supported by other factors (investment, intellectual, entrepreneurial and human resources, innovative management, regulatory framework, etc.). An analysis of the various states of the results of scientific and technical activities shows that all of them can be subdivided into the main phases of the scientific and reproduction cycle.

Recently, in the leading industrialized countries, a new scientific and technical (or technological) policy has been actively formed, including a coordinated set of actions on the part of the state, private business and the education system to improve the mechanism and accelerate the development and dissemination of critical technologies as the basis of economic and national security. .

Most characteristic features of this policy are:

Strengthening state regulation of R&D in the field of critical technologies and the creation in this regard of single ministries coordinating the development of science, industry and foreign trade for the purpose of closer linking of scientific and technical and industrial development;

Development of general technological principles of critical technologies as a key stage of the innovation process in modern conditions;

Stable or increasing public funding of fundamental research as the basis for long-term technological and economic development. Priority funding for areas that determine the development of critical technologies;

Moving towards an increasingly even distribution of research institutions throughout the country in order to promote regional economic development and widespread critical technologies. The use of such organizational forms as technopolises, science parks, etc.;

Orientation of the military R&D system towards the development of "dual use" technologies. Replacing military standards with "dual use" standards used in the creation of both military and civilian products;

Improving the training system in order to meet the needs of the industry in qualified engineering and technical personnel.

An important area of ​​science and technology policy is measures aimed at stimulating research and development (R&D) .

Thus, we can conclude that the scientific and technical policy is an integral part of the state policy, necessary for the implementation of projects on regulation and development scientific activity states. There are three main mechanisms of state influence on science: direct participation in the creation of scientific knowledge, financing of scientific activities, and tax incentives.

An analysis of the mechanisms of scientific and technological policy in Western countries does not allow us to draw unambiguous conclusions about which of them is the most effective practice. Each state, using a set of tools, solves its own, often unique tasks, the range of which is very wide - from strengthening the country's defense might to increasing the competitiveness of individual industries. What is common is the search for a rational combination of budget subsidies and tax incentives.

Summarizing the above in the first chapter, one can determine the essence of science and scientific activity in the state. Science is an important component of the development of society and the economy of the state, its development directly affects the development of production, contributing to economic growth in the country. Being the productive force of society, science forms technological structures that make up a set of technologies characteristic of a certain level of production development. The change in technological patterns occurs cyclically, with a change in the level of technology development, this factor determines the cyclicality of the economy in the long term.

The totality of the means of production and use of new knowledge forms the national scientific potential. The effectiveness of the functioning of the scientific potential determines the quality of scientific activity in the state. The state itself influences science in the country through scientific and technical policy. This state policy is extremely important for the development of the national economy.

The state has a set of various measures to regulate the scientific potential, but the main ones are the budgetary and tax policy in the field of science.

For Russian science, the 1990s became a period of crisis, which resulted in the lack of demand for scientific developments and the low level of innovative activity of domestic enterprises.

The volume of fixed assets for 1990 - 1999 in the scientific and technical sphere decreased by more than three times.

The level of innovation activity (the share of innovation-active enterprises in the total number of them in industry) in 1999 was 6.2 percent. The share of innovative products in the total volume of industrial output in 1999 was 3.5 percent, and the share of innovation costs was 1.06 percent.

One of the most acute problems of science remains the personnel problem. Average age of researchers with degree approaching retirement. Every year, only 3.5 thousand young specialists are fixed in science. The decline in the quality parameters of scientific personnel is primarily based on the low level of remuneration in science.

The main goal of the state policy in the field of science in the medium term will be the preservation and development of the accumulated scientific potential by strengthening the staff, improving the mechanisms for financing science.

Particular attention should be paid to supporting fundamental science and innovation in areas such as maintaining national security, developing the social sphere, environmental issues, improvement of public administration.

Reforming the scientific and technical sphere will cover the sphere of science management, institutions, organizations and institutions of the public sector of science. The completion of the restructuring will make it possible to lay the foundations for a new institutional structure of the public sector of science, namely:

to unite state organizations with related topics in large intersectoral structures of the federal level;

ensure closer integration of scientific and educational spheres;

transfer part of scientific organizations to the jurisdiction of the regions;

corporatize or privatize scientific organizations that are not included in the public sector of science.

The reform of academic science will be aimed at preserving the main core of fundamental science by reducing the management bodies, the number of subordinate organizations and the number of their employees, as well as creating conditions for the adaptation of the academic sector of science to market conditions and attraction of additional sources of financing. It is necessary to take measures to strengthen the integration of academic scientific organizations and educational institutions in order to develop research in priority areas and meet the staffing needs of fundamental science and scientific complexes of high-tech industries.

The government system needs to be reorganized. scientific centers(SSC) based on integration with academic science and high school, on the one hand, and production, on the other hand, in order to create competitive science-intensive products based on world-class fundamental and exploratory research.

Immediate task personnel policy in the field of science consists in retaining the talented part of the scientific cadre.

The main measures to attract and retain young people in science in modern conditions are associated with the creation of attractive conditions for work, creative and social growth. This implies an increase in wages, further development of support programs for scientific schools, state scholarships.

In the short term, attention should be focused on supporting scientific developments in the following areas:

information technologies and electronics;

production technologies;

Within the framework of the system-management approach in political science, the object of study of political science is the processes and effectiveness of political management of all types of technologies and life processes in the state. Ideology is considered as the logical basis of the system of political management. With a system-management approach in political science, the Functions and roles of ideology, political culture, civil society (as a subject and object of political management) are formulated, a system of coefficients has been developed for quantification the effectiveness of political management and evaluation of the activities of political subjects (political parties).

History of political science as a science

The history of the development of political science can be divided into 3 periods:

1. Philosophical. Occurs in ancient world. Continues until the middle of the XIX century. Aristotle - the founder of political science; Cicero, a famous orator, also did much to develop this science; Plato; Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian scientist who lived in Florence (XVI century), who is considered the founder of modern political science, was the first to put forward political science as an independent science.
2. Empirical. Mid 19th century - 1945 The study of political science begins scientific methods. Sociology had a great influence on its development. The Marxist movement emerges. Political science is developing rapidly. In the 1920s and 1930s, the United States became the center of political science. The teaching of political science begins.
3. Reflection period. 1945 - continues to the present day. In 1948 Under the auspices of UNESCO, an international colloquium of political scientists was convened, where questions of political science were considered, the subject and tasks of political science were determined. All countries were recommended to introduce this science for study in all higher educational institutions.

Scientific works:

• The most ancient extant works on political thought are Aristotle's "Politics", Plato's "State", Cicero
• Middle Ages: Aurelius Augustine ("On the City of God"), Thomas Aquinas
• Revival: Machiavelli, "The Sovereign", "Discourse on the first decade of Titus Livius" - a rejection of the view of politics as an object of divine providence, the power of monarchs is regarded as a completely human phenomenon, therefore Machiavelli's book is still perceived by many as an example of extreme political cynicism.
• Modern times: Hobbes, "Leviathan"; works of utopian socialists
• 19th century: social concepts of Marx, Weber and Spencer
• 20th century: Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies; totalitarian political science (the political writings of Hitler, Gaddafi, "historical materialism"); Proceedings of the Club of Rome.

History of political science as an academic discipline

How academic discipline, political science declared itself in the year when the Department of History and Political Science was created at Columbia University (USA). A private school of political science was opened in France in 1999, which trained personnel for the bureaucracy. An international symposium on political science, held in 1948 under the auspices of UNESCO, also played an important role. It was then that the term "political science" was proposed and a recommendation was developed for the introduction of the teaching of the relevant discipline within the framework of the higher education system.

Object and subject of political science

object the study of political science is politics - the political processes taking place in society

Subject political science are institutions, phenomena and processes that are so different in nature, such as:

• political institutions (institute of parliamentarism, institute of executive power, institute public service, institute of the head of state, institutes of judiciary)
• political culture, political behavior
• political consciousness
• public thought
• international relationships

Of course, these problems are studied not only by political science, but also by philosophy, sociology, state-legal science, etc. Political science studies them, integrating individual aspects of these disciplines.

In the view of many scientists, the subject of political science is an interdisciplinary science, the subject of which is the trends and laws of the functioning and development of political life, which reflect the real process of including political subjects in activities with the implementation of political power and political interests. But at the same time, many scientists adhere to the opposite point of view, believing that there are no special grounds for discovering "eternal" truths and "immutable" political laws. In their opinion, often supporters of the search for political laws do not take into account the main thing - what one theorist considers as "progress", for another turns out to be a regression.

Problems that political science deals with can be divided into three major blocks:

1. philosophical and ideological and theoretical foundations of politics, system-forming features and the most important characteristics of the political subsystem, political phenomena characteristic of a particular period of history;
2. political systems and political culture, differences and similarities between different political systems, their advantages and disadvantages, political regimes, conditions for their change, etc.;
3. political institutions, political process, political behavior, etc.

(Gadzhiev K.S. Political Science. Part 1. - M .: Int. Rel., 1994. - P. 7)

Methods and methodologies of political science research

Tasks and functions

The tasks of political science are the formation of knowledge about politics, political activity; explanation and prediction of political processes and phenomena, political development; development of the conceptual apparatus of political science, methodology and methods of political research. The functions of political science are organically connected with these tasks. The most important of them are the following: epistemological, axiological, managerial, the function of rationalizing political life, the function of political socialization. The method of political science (within the framework of the system-management approach in political science) is a system of principles and techniques by which uncertainty is removed, objective knowledge of the political system of government in the state, as well as political, social, economic and other consequences of imperative political management. The role of political science (within the framework of the system-management approach in political science) is to increase the socio-economic efficiency of activities, as well as to reduce the political risks of socio-economic entities. Glushchenko V.V. Political science: system management approach. -M.: IP Glushchenko V.V., 2008.- 160 p.

Functions

• Gnoseological. Political science allows you to gain new knowledge and formalize existing ones.
• Axiological. Political science forms a system of values, allows you to evaluate political decisions, political institutions, political events.
• Theoretical and methodological. Political science develops theories and methodologies for the study of political phenomena.
• Socializing. Allows people to understand the essence of political processes.
• Motivational. Political science can shape people's motives and actions.
• Practical-political. Examination of political decisions, theory of political reforms.
• Prognostic. Political science predicts political processes.

Another interpretation:

In domestic political science, the following functions of politics are noted:

• expression of powerfully significant interests of all groups and strata of society,
• resolution of social conflicts, their rationalization,
• leadership and management of political and social processes in the interests of certain segments of the population or the entire society as a whole,
• integration of various segments of the population by subordinating their interests to the interests of the whole, ensuring the integrity of the social system, stability and order,
• political socialization,
• ensuring continuity and innovation social development society.

Notes

Bibliography

• Gadzhiev K.S. Political Science. Part 1. - M .: Int. Rel., 1994.
• Glushchenko V.V. Political science: system management approach.-M.: IP Glushchenko V.V., 2008.
• Solovyov A.I. Political science: Political theory, political technologies: A textbook for university students. - M.: Aspect press, 2001.

Links

see also

Leading political science journals

Leading political science centers

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