Favorable environment for the development of various. Influence of environmental conditions on microorganisms. Microbiology of basic foods
Ecology.
Architecture and urban planning.
Housing.
Transport.
Favorable social environment.
Safe city.
City image.
Since 2004, the city of Cherepovets has been implementing the city target program "Reducing the impact of environmental factors on the health of the population living in the zone of influence of industrial enterprises" for 2004-2015; approved Comprehensive Plan actions to reduce the anthropogenic impact on environment and public health until 2015. Since 2004, there has been an annual increase in the number of activities implemented within the framework of these documents. Eighteen enterprises of the city have developed measures to reduce the volume of gross emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air, the volume of discharges of insufficiently treated wastewater, and the volume of industrial waste placed. The amount of funds allocated by enterprises in 2003-2011 for the development environmental projects and their implementation amounted to 22.86 billion rubles.
The volume of gross emissions of pollutants entering the atmospheric air from stationary sources for the period 2003 to 2011 decreased by 18.0 thousand tons per year, including the reduction of gross emissions in the amount of 16.4 thousand tons. tons per year.
From 2003 to 2011, the volume of pollutant emissions from vehicles increased by 9.48 thousand tons per year; since 2008, monitoring of the state of atmospheric air on the main highways of the city has been organized. At 16 controlled points, measurements are made for 4 pollutants - nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, dust and formaldehyde. At all observation points, the maximum single concentrations harmful substances for a 3-year period did not exceed the allowable standards.
According to atmospheric monitoring since 2005, the average annual concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, dust, ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide (except for 2009), phenol and sulfur dioxide in the residential part of the city do not exceed hygienic standards. The average annual concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene and formaldehyde remain above the established hygienic standards.
The air pollution index for the analyzed period decreased from 19.8 units. "very high" (2003) up to 9.9 units. "high" (2011). The volume of wastewater discharges into the environment in 2011 amounted to 79.1 million cubic meters, which is 33.6 million cubic meters less than in 2003. The mass of pollutants entering natural water bodies from sewage, decreased by 2011 by 4.2 thousand tons compared to 2003. During the period from 2006 to 2011, there has been a deterioration in the quality surface water the Yagorba and Sheksna rivers entering the city .
For the period from 2003 to 2011, pollution of the city's water supply source - the Sheksna River - (according to sanitary-chemical and microbiological indicators) exceeding the standards by 5 or more times was not registered in Cherepovets.
According to socio-hygienic monitoring, indicators chemical composition drinking water supplied by MUP "Vodokanal" to the distribution network do not exceed the established hygienic standards and comply with the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-1 "Drinking water. Since 2008, rotavirus antigens have not been detected in tap drinking water.
At present, for the city of Cherepovets, it is important to solve the problem of reducing environmental pollution with consumer waste. Municipal household waste, including household waste, sweepings from improved road surfaces, non-toxic waste from public utilities, specific consumption and production waste (to be disposed of), is collected according to a planned-regular system and transported for disposal to an organized landfill. Burial is carried out by compaction and filling with an insulating layer according to a leveling height scheme. The landfill is a source of environmental pollution: atmospheric (fires) and surrounding lands (scattering of light fractions of MSW, harmful effluents, soil pollution). Based on the design capacity, the landfill is subject to closure (the resources of the landfill are exhausted by 90%). One of the solutions to this problem is the construction of a universal autonomous waste processing plant.
In 2011, 8252.763 thousand tons of production waste was generated in the industrial sector, which is 598.037 thousand tons less than in 2003. During the analyzed period, there was both an increase in the volume of production waste generation in some years by 4-6% compared to the volumes of 2003, and a decline in the volume of their formation to 10% during the crisis in the economy. At the same time, the percentage of production waste disposal throughout the entire period was at a level above 90% of the volume of formation.
Analysis of the average annual concentrations of salts of heavy metals (gross content), determined in the soils of the city, shows that over the past 5 years, the established hygienic standards have not been exceeded in all districts of the city.
According to the branch of the FGUZ "TsGiE", the radiation situation in the city is favorable. Radiation accidents and the presence of radiation pathology were not recorded.
The total number of organized and conducted events for environmental education and upbringing of the population averages 1880 per year, covering up to 90 thousand people, including 24 thousand active participants. Monitoring of the level of ecological culture of children and adolescents, conducted in 2011-2012 academic year, shows that the high level is 32% - actively restoring (in 2004 - 24%), the average level is 54% - actively saving (in 2004 - 53%), the low level is 14% - passively consuming (in 2004 - 23%).
The purpose of the referral "Architecture and urban planning" is - ensuring the comfort of living; creation of an aesthetically complete environment of the city.
The planning structure of Cherepovets, formed by four residential areas and five industrial zones, is due to both the natural features of the place and the current urban development situation. The urban environment of the industrial Cherepovets in the 20th century was formed on the principles of mass building of panel high-rise buildings of the "social city" around industrial productions. The development of the city has recently been aimed at improving the quality of life of citizens by creating a harmonious architectural and spatial environment, comprehensive improvement, landscaping, flower, color and lighting design of the city.
During the period from 2002 to 2012, more than 1,000 land plots were formed for individual housing construction; 1306 town planning plans for land plots were prepared.
In 2003, the Martial Arts Center was put into operation, st. Labor, 33 A.
2004:
The landscaping of the area near the building of the MUK GDK Ammophos was completed.
A sports complex was erected (northern stand), st. Labor.
Reconstruction of Molodezhnaya street on the site from the street. Ostinskaya to st. Pioneer.
The reconstruction of the cinema "Sovremennik", st. M. Gorky, 40, Wedding Palace, Sovetsky pr., 39.
Landscaped area named after I.A. Milyutin.
A monument to the Cherepovets metallurgists was erected and the territory was landscaped.
Construction of a section of Lyubetskaya street from Oktyabrsky pr. to st. Nasedkin.
The building of a universal game sports hall for 1500 seats (SK "Yubileiny"), st. Lenin, 125.
The building of the universal sports complex for 6-7 thousand seats (Ice Palace), Oktyabrsky pr., 70.
House I.A. Milyutina, pl. Revolutions, 1
Construction of a section of Godovikova Street from Oktyabrsky Prospekt to Sheksninsky Prospekt.
The building of a shopping center for the sale of building materials, Kirillovskoe sh., 50A.
Reconstruction of a sports volleyball school for children and youth (Volleyball Center), st. Mayakovsky, 11.
Overhaul Chamber Theater, Sovetsky pr., 35B.
The building of the workshop of polymer coatings TsPPM, north-western industrial center.
The building of the base of wholesale and retail trade in building materials, st. Rybinskaya, 59 (TC "Akson").
The building of the chapel in honor of the Icon of the Mother of God "Picturesque source" with a ciborium, st. Lenina, 1A.
Reconstruction of the intersection of Pobedy Ave. - st. Gogol - st. May Day.
Reconstruction of Sheksninsky pr. on the section from Oktyabrsky pr. to st. Rybinskaya.
Construction of a section of Rybinskaya Street from the street. Montclair to st. Raahe.
Improvement of the forecourt square.
Improvement of the forecourt.
Reconstruction of the building of the House of Culture "Stroitel", pl. builders, 1.
Reconstruction of the square near the recreation center "Stroitel", installation memorial sign(Globe of Cherepovets).
Construction of a section of Lyubetskaya street from Oktyabrsky pr. to st. Montclair (from Nasedkin St. to Gorodetskaya St.).
Fire station, st. Rybinskaya, 37.
The building of the entertainment center (Storm), st. K. Belyaeva, 59.
Construction of a section of Gorodetskaya street from the street. Lyubetskaya to Oktyabrsky pr.
The building of the extension of the railway station, st. Zavokzalnaya, 9.
FOK at the stadium "Burevestnik", st. labor, 3.
The building of MIFNS No. 12 for the city of Cherepovets, attached to the administrative building, 4B Stroiteley Ave.
Medical complex of outpatient services for the population, st. Milyutina, 6.
Reconstruction of the IRC "Galsky Manor", st. Maturinskaya, 28.
Reconstruction of Naberezhnaya Street (from the bridge over the Yagorba River to Lenin Street) and the section of the street. Lenin along the sports school MOUDO FKiS "DYuSSh No. 1".
Reconstruction of st. K. Liebknecht and the intersection of st. Gorky - Moskovsky pr. - st. Danilova - st. K. Liebknecht.
Reconstruction of the bridge across the Yagorba River. Transport interchange on two levels on the right-bank approach with the reconstruction of the section of the existing embankment of the river. Yagorba.
Temple complex in honor of the Monks Athanasius and Theodosius of Cherepovets, Makarinskaya Grove, 1.
Reconstruction of SS 110/10 kV "Iskra", Severnoye sh., 6A.
Landscaping of the square near the building of the Children's Musical Theatre, st. Lenina, 159A.
Improvement of the square, st. Gogol.
Improvement of the square, b. Domenshchikov.
Improvement of the square, st. Vereshchagin.
The building of a stationary public toilet, Sovetsky pr., 41A.
Currently, the city is solving the tasks of moving away from the concept of the gray mass development of the "social city", characteristic of previous decades, through the construction of facilities for individual projects.
The city has sufficient land resources for housing construction, and also has the necessary urban planning documentation for territorial development (General Plan of the City, Rules for Land Use and Development of the City, Projects for Planning the City Territories, Formed Plans for Integrated Development of Territories), Formed Land Plots for Lease and Sale .
Priority areas of work on the development of urban areas have been identified. Among them are the development of projects for the transport scheme and red lines of the city, the planning project for the historical part of the city, the design of the 2nd bridge crossing over the Sheksna River, the projects for planning built-up areas, and the development of embankments.
To improve the quality of urban space, programs have been developed and are being implemented to shape the architectural appearance, create samples and examples of urban art, urban design and landscape architecture.
The purpose of the referral "Housing" is - the creation of conditions for providing various categories of citizens with housing.
Between 2003 and 2012 reform of the housing legislation. In accordance with the current legislation, the housing department of the mayor's office of the city carried out measures to implement the housing rights of citizens. In 2012, the mayor's office of Cherepovets registered 8,779 families as those in need of housing provided under a social tenancy agreement, 7,457 of which were recognized as needing housing before 03/01/2005.
From 2003 to 03/01/2005, the department carried out measures to resettle 756 citizens from the housing stock, emergency and subject to demolition due to physical wear and tear during operation, who were settled in residential premises of the primary and secondary municipal housing stock.
Since 2008, in order to regulate housing legal relations with citizens living in the municipal housing stock under social tenancy conditions, the Department has been taking measures to conclude 1,535 social tenancy agreements.
In the period from 2005 to 2010, 62 office premises were provided to janitors of municipal unitary housing enterprises, fitters of sanitary systems and equipment of municipal unitary housing enterprises and district police officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
From 2005 to 2012 the department provided living quarters in dormitories to 955 families of employees of municipal budgetary institutions; citizens from the category of orphans, children left without parental care, and persons from among them; employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Residential premises under employment contracts were provided to employees municipal institutions and municipal unitary enterprises, local authorities of the city of Cherepovets, employees and pensioners of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; under lease agreements - municipal, state institutions and enterprises, bodies state power. In total, for the specified period, 90 residential premises were assigned to the commercial use fund, in respect of which the department concluded relevant agreements.
In accordance with the law of the Vologda Oblast dated April 6, 2009 No. 1985-OZ “On vesting local governments with separate state powers to provide housing for certain categories of citizens”, 317 veterans of the Great Patriotic War, recognized as in need of better living conditions, as well as 81 disabled and combat veterans improved their living conditions.
Since 2002, the city has been participating in the implementation of subprograms "Provision of housing for young families"; within the framework of the program, 81 young families and 196 citizens from the category discharged from military service who were exposed to radiation as a result of the catastrophe at Chernobyl nuclear power plant recognized as forced migrants in accordance with the established procedure.
The mayor's office of the city carried out work to ensure the implementation of the housing rights of citizens living in residential premises of the municipal housing stock. As a result of ongoing activities for the period from 2003 to 2011. realized the housing rights of 16390 families.
In total for the period from July 4, 1991 (from the date of entry into force of the Law Russian Federation dated 04.07.1991 No. 1541-1 “On the privatization of the housing stock in the Russian Federation”), 92561 contracts were concluded for the transfer of residential premises to the ownership of citizens in the manner of privatization; in the period from 2003 to 2012, 50,512 applications from families for the privatization of residential premises were considered, 47,859 contracts were concluded.
During 2011-2012 based on the results of acceptance and consideration of applications and documents from citizens with three or more children, claiming to be granted free land plots for individual housing construction, 854 families were included in this list. In total, for the period from 2003 to 2012, the housing department of the mayor's office considered about 183,000 written and oral appeals from families.
In the city, the ratio of municipal and private housing stock was 16.3% and 81.5%. (in 2003 - 42.0% and 54.6% respectively). The total area of residential premises per capita on average is higher than the federal standard and amounts to 23.3 sq.m./person. against 20.7 sq.m./person in 2003. The number of residential apartments per 1 thousand people of the city's population in 2012 amounted to 429.3 units.
The peak of construction in Cherepovets fell on 2007-2008 pre-crisis years. Its peak figure: 202.2 thousand square meters. meters per year was achieved at the end of 2007, thanks to the contribution of large industrialists who built housing for their employees as part of corporate programs. Of the 202.2 thousand square meters handed over on a turnkey basis, half fell on Severstal: in a relatively short period of time, 2006-2010, Severstal built a whole microdistrict behind Sheksna (24 residential buildings, or 2344 apartments). Also, a comprehensive project for planning the territory in the village of Gorodishche, Cherepovets District, was developed for the subsequent construction of a cottage village. No less were the successes in this matter of Cherepovets Azot OJSC and Ammofos OJSC. Entire residential blocks for workers in the chemical industry have grown in the Northern District.
The program "Stimulating the development of housing construction in the city of Cherepovets in 2011-2015" determined the number of land plots provided to construction companies for the construction of apartment buildings. At present, the volume of housing for which a building permit has already been obtained is 321 thousand square meters. meters - these are ready-made land plots of 26 md. (Zayagorbsky district), in 107 and 110 md. (Zasheksninsky district) - 400 thousand square meters. meters.
In order to provide housing construction with communal infrastructure, the city has implemented projects for the construction of backbone networks for development, incl. individual low-rise buildings in the Zasheksninsky district (112, 105.106 microdistrict) of Cherepovets, as well as a station for UV disinfection of treated wastewater in the left-bank section of sewage treatment facilities.
The main problems in the field of housing construction are the problems of the lack of mechanisms for attracting private investment and credit resources in the construction and modernization of engineering infrastructure, as well as burdensome conditions for the developer to join the engineering infrastructure systems.
The main role in housing construction is played by private and individual developers. There are 30 large and medium-sized enterprises, as well as small enterprises with more than 16 thousand employees employed in construction organizations, in the construction industry of the city. In 2009, the non-profit partnership “Self-Regulatory Organization “Construction Complex of the Vologda Region” was registered in the city, which included 179 enterprises, including 75 construction organizations. To ensure the uninterrupted work of builders, there are 22 enterprises that produce bricks, large wall blocks, concrete mix, mortar, asphalt concrete, etc. Construction Materials. At present, the construction complex of Cherepovets has a certain reserve and potential that can meet its own needs in construction. Having enough construction companies having experience in housing construction is an important, but not a determining factor in the development of housing in the city.
The main direction of the work of the city administration on the development of a competitive environment in the field of construction was the reduction of administrative barriers that impede and complicate the start and conduct of construction activities, the simplification of bureaucratic procedures, increasing their transparency, ensuring proper access to the necessary information, reducing the time for the execution of municipal services (decree of the mayor's office dated On February 11, 2011 No. 477, the Action Program "Liquidation of Administrative Barriers in Construction on the Territory of the Urban District of the City of Cherepovets for 2011-2015" was adopted.
To achieve this goal, an automated information system of the land and property cadastre (AIS ZIK) was created - a modular system designed to form, store and process municipal information resources, provide data to local governments. The use of this system makes it possible to reduce the time for providing information at the request of developer companies and improve the quality of documentation preparation.
At the end of 2011, the coefficient of housing affordability for the population of the region (the ratio of the average market value of a standard apartment with a total area of 54 sq. m and the average annual total cash income of a family of 3) was 3.84 years, which is lower than the national average (in 2010 - 4.5 years).
Until 2008, the cost of housing, both in the primary and secondary markets, tended to increase. In 2009 - 2010, the real estate agencies of the city recorded a decrease in the number of apartments offered for sale. Part of the transactions concluded were transactions aimed at expanding the housing available to citizens. The buyer has moved sharply from the elite housing niche to the economy class sector. At the peak of the crisis, many illiquid apartments were built in Cherepovets: expensive, large areas, which are still not being sold very successfully. The crisis contributed to the fall in housing prices. However, the purchase and construction of housing using market mechanisms is still only available to high-income families.
According to sociological surveys, more than 70% of the city's population wants to live in comfortable low-rise buildings; more than 40% of the population are ready to directly participate in low-rise housing construction. The remoteness from the city of 10–12 kilometers is in demand: Irdomatka, Vaneevo, Novaya Shayma, where there is a relatively developed infrastructure. Wherein sociological research show that 80% of the population is not able to solve their housing problems on their own.
The main source of financing for housing construction in Russia was the funds of the population, including mortgage loans granted to citizens for housing construction. The mortgage lending market in the city developed without the participation of local governments. No efforts were made by the city administration to regulate this activity. The only factor supporting mortgage lending was the local implementation of the federal target program "Housing" (subprogram "Provision of housing for young families"). Under this subprogram, young families are provided with social benefits to pay the down payment when receiving a housing loan, including a mortgage, or a housing loan for the purchase of a dwelling or the construction of an individual residential house. Social benefit is provided in the amount of not less than:
30 percent of the estimated (average) cost of housing, determined in accordance with these Rules, - for young families without children;
35 percent of the estimated (average) cost of housing, determined in accordance with these Rules, for young families with 1 child or more, as well as for single-parent young families consisting of 1 young parent and 1 child or more.
In 2003, a branch of the non-profit organization "Mortgage Lending Development Fund of the Vologda Region" was opened in the city, carrying out:
Investment and construction of housing;
Refinancing of mortgage loans issued for the purchase of housing;
Providing state support to young families at the expense of the regional budget;
Implementation of programs within the framework of products developed by OJSC AHML, incl. issuance of mortgage loans to various categories of the population;
Implementation of programs to assist borrowers who find themselves in a difficult financial situation.
With the direct participation of the Cherepovets branch, the construction of 21 objects was built and invested, 597 families were able to move into new apartments, about 1.5 thousand families improved their living conditions by purchasing secondary market apartments. The increase in mortgage lending also depends on the volume of refinancing within the framework of the federal system of mortgage lending. The existing system of mortgage lending in the city cannot be considered a significant support for the development of construction, since such support is provided for a small group of the population.
The purpose of the referral "Transport" is - increasing the efficiency and safety of the operation of urban passenger transport.
The city has a developed transport infrastructure. The total length of the city's street and road network is 217 km, of which 85% are with improved coverage. Cherepovets - new town, not burdened by the radial-ring structure of the street-road network (like Moscow, Vologda, etc.), but having problems associated with traffic congestion in the residential part of the city, lack of throughput capacity of highways, lack of reliable transport links between city districts.
Increased traffic intensity last years led to capacity shortages, lower average speeds and traffic congestion. According to statistics, the number of vehicles in Cherepovets has increased by 22,604 units since 2004 and as of 01.01.2012 amounted to 102,922 units. Intensive operation of the road network leads to rapid wear of the roadbed.
Since 2010, there has been a drop in the demand of citizens for urban public transport and an increase in the number of trips by individual transport. The fare for public transport increased by 220% from 2003 to 2012, while the cost of fuel increased by 150% over the same period. Average age unit of a public car fleet is 14 years, a tram - 20 years. The operational speed of public transport in 2011 was 16.9 km/h (2008 - 18.2 km/h). The speed of communication during peak hours at the busiest - on Sovetsky pr., st. Lenina, st. Stalevarov, Oktyabrsky bridge and Oktyabrsky pr. by bus decreases to 10 km/h or less.
Communication between the banks of the river. Sheksna is carried out along one single automobile bridge - Oktyabrsky. At present, the capacity of the bridge does not correspond to the size of the traffic flow and does not provide sufficient traffic safety. The traffic load on the bridge is 117%. With existing opportunities, by 2020, the level of its utilization will increase to 193%.
Today, there are 2 municipal enterprises in the city of Cherepovets (MUP Avtokolonna 1456, MUP of the city of Cherepovets "Electrotrans") and 2 private enterprises (LLC "Novotrans", LLC "Cherepovetstransagenstvo").
The vast majority of buses on city routes belong to the Cherepovets convoy 1456, serving 25 city routes. Control over the operation of buses on the routes of MUP Avtokolonna No. 1456 and OOO Novotrans is carried out using navigation systems. The basis of the fleet of private buses is currently used buses of the brands Scania, Volvo, Mercedes from Sweden, Finland, Germany, etc. European countries, as well as domestic buses LiAZ and PAZ. The modern tram system of Cherepovets consists of a rather long, almost straight, two-track track that runs through the entire city.
In addition to buses, urban passenger transportation is carried out by buses owned by private road carriers, which conclude contracts with motor transport enterprises for the right to work on urban passenger transport routes. All transportation is carried out by buses of medium, large and extra large capacity. The absence of fixed-route taxis is a distinctive positive feature of the urban transport system of Cherepovets, in comparison with many Russian cities.
Length of operational passenger route by means of transport, (km)
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|
| tram | 11,7 | 11,7 | 11,7 | 22,95 | 25,9 | 25,9 | 25,9 | 25,9 |
| bus in intra-city traffic | 345,0 | 293,5 | 425,4 | 362,0 | 390,0 | 390,0 | 390,0 | 390,0 |
The vital activity of microbes depends on the environment. By creating certain conditions in the environment where microbes develop, it is possible to promote the development of beneficial microbes and suppress the vital activity of harmful microbes.
The main factors affecting the vital activity of microbes are:
1. Temperature. All microbes have a maximum, optimum and minimum temperature of their development. The optimum temperature for most microbes is 25-35°C. Therefore, products in these conditions quickly deteriorate.
The minimum temperature limit is from -6 to -20 °С. But at this temperature, microbes do not die, but only slow down their development. When defrosted, they begin their activity again.
The maximum temperature (45 - 50 ° C) also stops the reproduction of microbes. Further increase leads to death.
2. Humidity. Increased humidity increases the amount of soluble nutrients, therefore, promotes nutrition and the development of microbes. Therefore, food products containing a large amount of moisture (milk, meat, fish, vegetables, fruits) quickly deteriorate. Therefore, drying is a reliable way to preserve food from spoilage.
3. Light. Direct sunlight destroys microbes, including pathogens. The ultraviolet rays of the sun and special BUV lamps used to disinfect water and air are destructive.
4. Chemicals. Many chemical compounds have a detrimental effect on microbes and are used to destroy them. So bleach is used for hand disinfection.
5. Biological factors. Microbes in the process of life can influence each other, contributing to the development or oppression. Many bacteria, moldy fungi release substances into the environment - antibiotics, detrimental to the development of other microbes. Other substances that are close to antibiotics in terms of their action on microbes are phytoncides. These are substances secreted by many plants (onions, garlic, horseradish, citrus fruits) that kill pathogenic microbes of dysentery, a putrefactive stick.
Spread of microbes in nature.
Microbes are widely distributed in nature: in soil, water, air.
The most favorable environment for the development of microbes is the soil, in 1 g of which there are up to several billion microbes. The development of microbes in the soil is facilitated by the nutrients present in it, constant humidity, temperature, and lack of sunlight. Most microbes are found at a depth of 1 to 30 cm. There are fewer of them in sandy soil than in chernozem.
For some microorganisms, water is a natural habitat, especially in open water bodies: rivers, seas, lakes. Wastewater can carry disease-causing microbes. Such water should be subjected to thorough cleaning - to defend, filter, ozonize, treat with ultraviolet rays.
ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES. PROBLEMS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS
ABDULAEVA 3.3.
FAVORABLE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND CONDITIONS FOR ITS FORMATION IN THE REGION
The main condition for the dynamic development of entrepreneurship is the existence of an appropriate business environment. The article defines the essence of the concept of "favorable business environment", highlights its structural elements, and identifies the conditions that objectively affect the process of forming a favorable business environment in the region.
THE FAVORABLE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND THE CONDITIONS OF ITS FORMATION IN THE REGION
The basic condition for dynamic development of the enterprise is the availability of appropriate business environment. In the article the essence of the notion "favorable business environment", highlighted its structural elements, as well as the terms, objectively influencing the process of formation of a favorable business environment in the region.
Key words: region, entrepreneurship, small and medium business, business environment.
Keywords: region, entrepreneurship, small and medium business and the business environment.
AT modern conditions When the economy is oriented towards market relations, its stability and growth are noted, the development of entrepreneurship is of particular importance as a key factor and priority for the socio-economic development of the country, the North Caucasus Federal District and the Republic of Dagestan. Wherein special role is given to the development of small and medium-sized businesses, which can and should play a decisive role in the formation of a market economy, the development and modernization of all sectors and spheres of life of the country and its regions.
However, entrepreneurship, especially small and medium-sized, can develop if there are certain external and internal factors (conditions) in the region, which together provide favorable opportunities for the development of a civilized successful entrepreneurship, i.e. if a certain business environment is formed. The study of the environment makes it possible to obtain information about the conditions for the course of an enterprise.
entrepreneurial activity, which, in turn, serves as the basis for building various regional models of socio-economic development in order to identify trends and prospects. In this regard, we consider it necessary to clarify the essence of the concept of "regional business environment" with the allocation of its main elements.
Despite the large number scientific works devoted to the problems of entrepreneurship, so far there is no single universal definition of the business environment. Moreover, this applies both to the formulation of the concept itself and to the definition of its essence. Moreover, in some publications (for example, A.A. Thompson, J. Strickland, Sh. Slavik, etc.), the term “entrepreneurial environment” is not used at all, but only a list of its elements is used.
In foreign scientific literature the definition of “entrepreneurial environment” is quite rare, as a rule, the terms “entrepreneurial organization environment”, “business environment”, “organization environment”, etc. are used. For a deeper understanding of the essence of the concept of "entrepreneurial environment" it is necessary to study the main approaches to its use in research practice.
Kusakina O.N., Paltsev N.I. consider that the business environment is a set of certain conditions in which businessmen operate. As the main components of the business environment, they distinguish: economic, socio-cultural, technological, institutional, territorial and geographical components.
V. V. Grebenik, S. V. Shkodinsky propose to understand the favorable socio-economic, political, civil law situation that has developed in the country, providing economic freedom to capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial activities aimed at meeting the needs of all subjects of a market economy.
However, the assertion that the business environment is already a favorable situation is debatable. Not all components of the business environment have a beneficial effect on its formation and development. This circumstance is the basis for the emergence of the problem of studying the business environment, identifying the factors influencing its formation.
According to A.V. Busygin, the business environment is understood as “... the social economic situation, which includes the degree of economic freedom, the presence (or the possibility of the emergence) of an entrepreneurial corps, the dominance of the market type of economic relations, the possibility of forming entrepreneurial capital and using the necessary resources » . At the same time, the main element of the business environment is entrepreneurs with a high degree of independence and freedom, and the criterion for freedom of entrepreneurship is the number of newly emerging entrepreneurs. certain period time of business organizations. However, this definition is
It is disputable, due to the fact that the very appearance of an entrepreneurial firm does not yet guarantee its further free functioning and development, as evidenced by the real experience of the development of entrepreneurship in Russia. Thus, about half of all newly created firms are closed during the year due to high administrative barriers, unfair competition and other reasons.
The most complete, in our opinion, is the definition given by M.G. Lapustaya, who believes that the business environment should be understood as "... the favorable socio-economic, political, civil and legal situation that has developed in the country, providing economic freedom to capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial activities aimed at meeting the needs of all subjects of a market economy" . Moreover, the situation in which entrepreneurs operate is an integrated set of various objective and subjective factors that contribute to the development of entrepreneurship and the achievement of material and moral benefits for the entrepreneurs themselves.
Secondly, here the entrepreneurial environment is understood as a situation favorable for the existence of entrepreneurial organizations. Thus, the need to create a special climate for the effective functioning and development of entrepreneurship is emphasized, which, together with the rest of the this definition involves taking measures to create appropriate conditions for the development of entrepreneurial activity. As noted above, the conditions in which business entities operate do not always contribute to their development, but nevertheless also influence their activities. Consequently, negative, counteracting the development of entrepreneurship factors cannot be excluded from the composition of the elements of the business environment.
The next feature of the presented definition is that economic freedom is inherent in the business environment, with which capable citizens are engaged in entrepreneurial activities. This can be most fully implemented only in a market economy and if the state has certain guarantees of freedom of entrepreneurship and protection of the interests of economic entities. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that in real life, entrepreneurs need not only economic, but also a certain political freedom based on the developed institutions of a democratic state, since economic prerequisites alone do not yet predetermine the normal development of entrepreneurial activity in the country and in the regions. .
And finally great importance is assigned to meet the needs of all subjects of the market economy in the process of doing business. This not only reflects the main goal of entrepreneurial activity - customer orientation and profit maximization, but highlights a very important factor- achievement of satisfaction of the most pre-
recipient from the results of their work, as well as the benefit of other subjects, that is, the state and society as a whole. Consequently, the formation of conditions conducive to the development of entrepreneurship acquires not only private, but also social significant character. And in creating a favorable business environment, the motivation of entrepreneurs plays an important role.
Professor A.P. Latkin also rightly notes that the conditions for the formation of an entrepreneurial environment can be both facilitating and hindering the activities of the majority of participants. If the share of impeding conditions increases, then this negatively affects entrepreneurial activity.
In our opinion, we should agree with the researchers who recognize that the conditions and factors of the business environment can have both positive and negative character, a different combination of these factors can promote or hinder the development of entrepreneurship. In this situation, it would be legitimate to assert that only in conditions of a favorable business environment, entrepreneurship fully fulfills its mission. Based on this, many authors define precisely “a favorable business environment”.
A favorable business environment implies such socio-economic conditions that ensure the independence of the entrepreneur, minimize the risk of his activity, give legal guarantees of his responsibility, provide motivation for his activities for commercial success and social responsibility.
Thus, based on the above approaches and concepts of the essence of the business environment, the following synthesized definition can be formulated: the business environment is a set of objective and subjective factors that influence the creation and functioning of business entities and determine the conditions for their existence and development based on entrepreneurial initiative. Moreover, it can be both positive and negative and have a corresponding impact on entrepreneurial activity and the growth of entrepreneurial activity in the country and its regions. And various combinations of these factors form the conditions for the functioning of business entities, which can contribute to or hinder their development.
Therefore, a favorable business environment means a special climate for the effective functioning and development of entrepreneurship, a set of measures to create appropriate conditions for the development of entrepreneurial activity. Accordingly, the “favorable business environment of the region” is understood as a set of conditions and factors that influence the formation and effective functioning of business entities and determine the degree of favorableness of their existence and development in the region.
To form a favorable business environment in the region, it is necessary to fulfill certain conditions that objectively affect the development of entrepreneurial activity and characterize the quality of the business environment. They can be divided into two groups:
1) conditions that directly determine the very possibility of the existence of the business sector;
2) conditions that create prerequisites for the development of entrepreneurship, the growth of entrepreneurial activity and the formation of a favorable business environment.
The first group of conditions consists of the following elements:
❖ socio-political situation in the region;
❖ regulatory and legal support of entrepreneurial activity;
❖ availability of economic prerequisites for the existence of the business sector in the regions;
❖ general natural and climatic conditions for the functioning of business organizations;
❖ availability of social, industrial, transport and communication infrastructure.
Analysis state of the art and development of entrepreneurship in Dagestan allows us to say that this group of conditions in the region is practically formed. The economic situation is characterized by positive dynamics, legislation is constantly being improved, targeted programs are being financed that promote the development of small and medium-sized businesses, including at the municipal level, conditions for maximum economic favor are created for entrepreneurs, a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship prevails in society, etc.
However, in the aggregate of these conditions, there are certain problematic points, such as, for example, the instability of the socio-political situation in the region, disagreements in society that require corrective actions, a difficult crime situation, etc. Particular attention should be paid to the creation of industrial, transport and communication infrastructure.
The second group of conditions that create prerequisites for the development of entrepreneurship and the formation of an entrepreneurial environment are formed by such elements as:
1. Creation of conditions stimulating entrepreneurial activity in the socio-political, legislative, economic, scientific and technical spheres.
First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to stimulating the development of entrepreneurial activity through legislative initiatives that can attract economically active subjects to engage in entrepreneurship. Legal and regulatory framework for entrepreneurial
activities should be predictable, comprehensive, consistent and transparent.
In addition, it is necessary to encourage entrepreneurship on the part of power structures, to conduct a domestic and foreign policy that stimulates entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship needs such public authorities that will inspire confidence, promote the development of entrepreneurial activity, while bearing real responsibility for the actions they take. Only in this case is it possible to openly operate business structures, bring out the mass of business entities “out of the shadows”, attract additional investment in the real sector of the economy, and develop the infrastructure to support entrepreneurship. Thus, the main task is to achieve political stability, balance of political forces, as well as the formation of a system of civilized relations between the state and entrepreneurs.
To form a favorable business environment, it is also necessary to achieve an optimal combination of administrative and economic levers of influence on business entities.
In the field of improving relations between entrepreneurs and the state, attention should also be paid to improving the sphere of state control of entrepreneurial activity. Control, in our opinion, includes not only control and inspection bodies, but also a mechanism for the legal protection of the rights of entrepreneurs, as well as their liability for illegal acts.
Of no small importance for the development of the business sector is the positive dynamics of macroeconomic indicators. Development of entrepreneurial activity as a form economic activity in to a large extent depends on the existing general economic situation in the country and its regions, which is characterized by the main macroeconomic parameters. Moreover, the formation of a favorable business environment requires not just the presence of these elements, but their positive dynamics, since only under this condition new motives for the growth of entrepreneurial activity appear. An active balanced economic policy of the state can ensure the creation of these conditions. Its main components are most often monetary and fiscal policy, as well as pricing policy in the field of natural monopolies.
It should be noted that the development of entrepreneurship is largely facilitated by its rapid adaptation to the ever-changing individualized demand of the consumer. To do this, it is necessary to actively develop and implement innovations based on new knowledge, both in the field of production of products and services, and in the field of management technology. Therefore, the scientific and technical base is the main driving force development of entrepreneurship, and the improvement of the scientific, technical and technological business environment is becoming
one of the most pressing issues in the formation of a favorable business environment in the region.
When shaping the scientific and technical environment, it is also necessary to take into account the fact that scientific and technological achievements contribute not only to the development of the production sector itself, but also to the information support of all business activities in general, since new communication technologies make it possible to receive, process, analyze and transmit a huge amount of necessary market information. And information is one of the most important resources of modern business. Possession of relevant information resources increases the flexibility of business structures, contributes to the acceleration and simplification of market processes, the high adaptation of business structures to changing conditions and the increase in the competitiveness of firms, and, in general, the survival of an entrepreneurial organization and its development.
The next direction in the formation of a favorable business environment in the region is the creation of socio-cultural and demographic conditions that stimulate the development of entrepreneurial activity, which depends to a certain extent on the degree of development of political, regulatory, legal and economic conditions. In modern conditions of functioning and development of entrepreneurship, human capital is becoming increasingly important, which, over time and the accumulation of knowledge and experience, tends to increase and reach certain heights, since a person as a “resource” has a unique creative and innovative potential, as well as labor activity. . Thus, taking into account the existing huge labor potential of the Republic of Dagestan, one of the most important prerequisites for the development of entrepreneurship is the training of personnel with relevant knowledge and qualifications, with a certain professionalism in a particular area of entrepreneurial activity. In general, it can be said that the main task public policy in the field of the socio-cultural sector is to increase the social level of development of the population, including the formation of the middle class as the main business entity and consumer of products produced in the process of entrepreneurial activity.
2. The level of development of state support for entrepreneurial activity.
In the modern economy of many developed countries, entrepreneurship, as the main driving force for development, enjoys state support, which occupies an important place in the economic policy of these states. The development and application of special support programs contributes to a faster and more efficient growth of entrepreneurial activity. In particular, to create stimulating conditions for entrepreneurship, state support can be provided in three main areas:
❖ financial assistance (mainly at the initial stages of development of business organizations), provided in various forms, including in the form of subsidies, special lending schemes, tax incentives, etc.;
❖ property support, both material and non-material;
❖ consulting services and information support.
3. Availability and degree of development of the business infrastructure of entrepreneurship.
This subgroup of conditions is directly related to subgroups 1 and 2 and determines the possibility of developing the business sector, depending on the satisfaction of the needs of business entities. The business infrastructure or business support and maintenance system consists of specialized organizations that provide various kinds of services to entrepreneurs and resolve issues in the field of so-called business needs that arise in the course of entrepreneurial activity. Thus, when the general conditions for the functioning of business organizations are the same for all, the degree of development of this component of the business infrastructure is a determining factor in stimulating entrepreneurial activity in a particular region. Therefore, in order to create a favorable business environment, it is necessary to form an effective business infrastructure, including institutions of the banking sector and other institutions for financing and lending to business entities; institutes for the training and retraining of qualified personnel, etc. At this level, the tasks of the state in this area directly intersect with the ongoing social and economic policy. As for the Republic of Dagestan, today we can talk about the presence here of a certain infrastructure and support system for small businesses (the Committee of the Government of the Republic of Dagestan on the development of small and medium-sized businesses, the Union of Entrepreneurs of Dagestan, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Republic of Dagestan, the Association of Peasant-Farmer and Agricultural Cooperatives of Dagestan -AFKOD , Interregional Marketing Center "Dagestan - Moscow", business incubators, Makhachkala Entrepreneurs Support Agency, etc.).
Despite the existence of such an infrastructure, insufficient attention paid by the republican and municipal authorities of Dagestan to the issues of support and development of small businesses does not allow for the growth of the economic efficiency of the functioning of small enterprises.
According to the TO of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Dagestan at the beginning of 2010. 4,022 small enterprises were registered in the republic; there were 15 small enterprises per 10,000 people in the Republic of Dagestan, while in Russia - 113, in the North Caucasus Federal District - 37, i.e. more than 7.5 and 2.5 times respectively.
The table shows that the total number of small enterprises in the republic in different periods tended to increase and decrease. In general, during the study period, there was a decrease in the number of small enterprises. low specific gravity industrial small business, while trade and services are significantly dominated. In 2009, the average number of employees in small enterprises of the Republic of Dagestan decreased by 22% compared to 2008.
Table 1
Main performance indicators of small enterprises _in the Republic of Dagestan_
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Number of small enterprises 4168 4897 4381 3680 3956 4022
Turnover of small enterprises by types economic activity, million rubles 10933.3 40493.4 39301.8 64280.7 72607.8 86702.7
Average number of employees, total, pers. 39648 45335 53481 59856 56096 45880
Investments in fixed capital, million rubles 306.7 687.0 1585.5 2369.4 3804.5
Number of SEs per 10,000 population 15.9 18.5 16.5 13.8 14.6 15
Milk is a favorable environment for the preservation and development of microorganisms. The most abundant and significant source of bacterial contamination of milk during milking is the wool and skin of cows. Milk utensils and utensils poorly washed or washed with unsatisfactory water are also serious sources of bacterial contamination of milk. A noticeable factor in the contamination of milk can be the air of the room in case of dusting it with dry feed before or during milking. Relatively rarely, milk is contaminated by the hands of milkmaids. The possibility of milk contamination increases when cows are overfed with succulent feeds (silage, root crops) that cause liquid feces. Pure milk is dominated by micrococci, some lactic acid bacteria, sarcin, etc. In milk obtained in unsanitary conditions, there may be a significant amount of E. coli, as well as putrefactive and lactic acid microbes.
During long-term storage of milk (at room temperature), it is possible to ascertain not only quantitative, but also qualitative changes in the microflora. Immediately after milking for several hours, the number of microbes in the milk does not increase or even decreases (bactericidal phase). Recently, an antibacterial factor, lactenin, has been found in milk (apparently, of an enzymatic nature). The bactericidal properties of milked milk are manifested the longer, the lower its temperature and the lower the primary seeding. Bactericidal properties are manifested mainly in relation to micrococci of the udder, some lactic acid streptococci and group A streptococci. The bactericidal effect of milk, apparently, does not apply to intestinal and typhoid bacilli. The bactericidal phase is followed by a phase of mixed microflora, lasting about 12 hours. It is replaced by a phase of lactic acid streptococci, which, due to the accumulation of lactic acid, displace alkali-forming and putrefactive bacteria. Then comes the phase of lactic acid bacilli, more acid-resistant than streptococci, which are gradually dying out. The last phase - the phase of fungal microflora - is characterized by the suppression of lactic acid microflora by yeast and mold fungi, for the reproduction of which the high acidity of the milk medium is favorable. All these phases end with putrefactive decomposition of milk due to the multiplication of the corresponding microbes. The described scheme of a regular change in the phases of the milk microflora is not constant; a number of factors can disrupt it, for example, the buffering capacity of milk or the temperature of its storage. The latter not only affects the general reproduction of microbes, but has a selective effect on the development of individual forms of microbes. For example, milk (pasteurized or boiled), when stored for a long time at a low temperature (5 °), while remaining outwardly normal, may acquire a bitter taste due to the predominant development of psychrophiles, among which putrefactive spore microbes are often found.
Milk can become infected at the first stage of its receipt from a sick (or bacillus carrier) animal or person; it can also be infected with water used for washing dishes and washing the udder. Infectious contamination of milk is also possible at further stages of its promotion to the consumer. Tuberculosis infection can be transmitted through the milk of sick cows, since the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, typus bovinus) is also pathogenic for humans; children are especially susceptible to it. Milk from cows with tuberculosis of the lungs, intestines, udder is not allowed for consumption and must be destroyed. Milk from cows that respond to tuberculosis, but do not have clinical signs of the disease, is allowed to be eaten after pasteurization at t ° 8.5 ° for 30 minutes.
Brucellosis in non-animal populations is spread through the diet and almost exclusively through raw cow's milk. Therefore, milk from cows that respond positively to allergic and serological tests for brucellosis, but do not have clinical symptoms, is neutralized by pasteurization for 30 minutes. at t° 70° or instant pasteurization at t° of milk at least 90°. Milk obtained from cows with clinical manifestations of brucellosis must be boiled for 5 minutes.
Mastitis (inflammation of the mammary glands of lactating cows) is caused mainly by streptococcus (Str. mastitidis); staphylococci and some other bacteria play a secondary role here. Milk and dairy products from cows with mastitis cause food poisoning. Therefore, the supplement (1958) to the sanitary and veterinary rules provides for the isolation and treatment of cows with mastitis, the separate use of mastitis milk after boiling for feeding to calves and piglets, and the prohibition of this milk for use in food.
Foot-and-mouth disease is transmitted to humans by the alimentary route, in particular through the raw milk of sick animals. Milk obtained in FMD-quarantined farms is allowed for consumption only inside the farm after boiling for 5 minutes.
With anthrax, the separation of milk is sharply reduced. The resulting milk is destroyed.
Tularemia can sometimes be transmitted through milk. The causative agent (Pasteurella tularensis) can survive in milk for several days. It is necessary to carefully protect the milk from rodents.
Q fever can be transmitted through milk obtained from sick animals for 20-30 days during the asymptomatic stage. The resulting milk must be destroyed.
Veterinary legislation does not allow the release of milk for consumption from cows, goats, sheep and horses that are sick anthrax, symptomatic carbuncle, rabies, rinderpest, infectious jaundice, udder necrobacillosis, udder actinomycosis, glanders (and suspected glanders), malignant edema, and leukemia.
Dairy epidemics of typhoid fever differ from water epidemics in greater massiveness and a shorter length of the incubation period; with them, the susceptibility of typhoid fever to children (the main consumers of milk) is higher. The most common primary source of milk infection is the bacillus carrier and the patient. Milk going for consumption must be pasteurized; the efficiency of pasteurization needs to be checked. Periodically examined for bacillus carriers of all persons in direct contact with marketable milk.
Paratyphoid B can often occur in the form of milk epidemics and outbreaks, the course of which is similar to typhoid. Prevention is the same as for typhoid fever.
Dysentery can also be transmitted through contaminated milk.
Epidemic hepatitis (Botkin's disease) can be transmitted through milk. If it is suspected that the milk contains the hepatitis virus, it is boiled for 10 minutes.
Diphtheria can be easily transmitted through milk, although there have been no outbreaks of diphtheria associated with milk in the USSR.
The causative agent of scarlet fever can cause mastitis in cows and enter the milk from a scarlet fever patient and carrier. Mandatory medical examination of personnel of dairy enterprises, temporary removal from work of those suffering from sore throats, regular veterinary supervision of varnishing animals and pasteurization of milk.
Polio can be transmitted through milk. The polio virus persists in milk for up to 3 months. Milk from areas with epidemic poliomyelitis is subjected to compulsory boiling or enhanced pasteurization at t ° 70 ° for 30 minutes.
Food poisoning with milk has been observed repeatedly, especially in those countries and places where it is consumed raw. However, the most common cause poisoning not only with raw, but also with pasteurized milk is its contamination with enterotoxigenic staphylococcus, the source of which can be mastitis cows or (more often) a bacillus carrier and a patient. Attention is drawn to the frequent poisoning with pasteurized flask milk, subjected to souring (samokvass) and, apparently, contaminated with enterotoxigenic staphylococcus aureus. It is necessary to comply with hygienic requirements when handling milk, monitoring the health of personnel dealing with milk. Flask pasteurized milk should be re-pasteurized or boiled before consumption. Sour flask milk is used exclusively for making cereals, casseroles, rolls, etc.
The need to create a favorable living environment largely determined by the ways and methods of solving social and environmental problems, as well as housing, trade, domestic and public services, opportunities for rational organization of leisure. Economic reforms, on the one hand, had a positive effect on updating the appearance of the series major cities(Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Samara), but on the other hand, they drastically reduced the social opportunities of medium and small towns - the miserable existence of the population has become a sad fact that has great social consequences.
The creation of a favorable living environment begins with the rational, thoughtful implementation of architectural and planning transformations, the comprehensive improvement of housing and cultural and living conditions for people. Unfortunately, cities are increasingly faced with departmentalism and spontaneity in the construction of housing and cultural facilities. The architectural service of the city approaches these issues to a certain extent mechanically: whether or not this or that object fits into the architectural ensemble. As a result, cities often suffer from scattered industrial and cultural facilities, complicating the lives of tens of thousands of people.
The planned development of the city, the consistent development of new and vacated areas, the appearance of its quarters, main streets, and improvement can only be carried out on the basis of the combined efforts of city authorities, enterprises and organizations of the city.
For all the importance of socio-spatial and architectural and planning problems of cities, social mood, well-being, people's satisfaction with their place of residence, the ability to realize material and spiritual needs are decisive. The overcrowding of the population, the facelessness of the urban environment, the lack of proper social control are interspersed with such urgent issues as the housing problem, the spread of mass culture, the growth of dysfunctional families, the involvement of young people in various forms of deviant behavior, the growth of crime. The alienation of people, the growth of loneliness, the lack of mercy (concern for the elderly, offended by fate, uncompetitive, etc.) are becoming more and more noticeable. The central figure should be a person, and the main task - the organization of his life.
The intellectual potential of the city, the spiritual atmosphere in it is created by people with general and special training. Taking care of increasing their number and level of influence is the key to the development of culture in the city.
It is impossible to imagine a modern city without spiritual culture, constant development of cultural and educational institutions, cinema services, libraries, theaters, museums, concert halls, cultural parks. One of the main issues remains the organization of the effective use of free time, which is a friend of a person, but under certain circumstances becomes his enemy.
The social development of the city involves the implementation of measures for the systematic impact on negative processes: drug addiction, prostitution, organized crime, delinquency, child neglect, offenses against the rules and norms of behavior and hostel, any manifestations of an antisocial nature.
The vulnerable side of urban life is trade and consumer services, the creation of their modern base, the introduction of new methods of work, and the improvement of the culture of life. Unfortunately, in most cities the "social rear" is hopelessly behind, and does not meet generally accepted moral standards.
Designing conditions for human activity in the sphere of family and life begins with taking care of housing. The severity of this social problem is not decreasing. There are still many complaints about the quality of housing, as it does not always and everywhere meet high level comfort.
At present, the solution to the problem of housing is connected with its privatization, with the reform of the public utilities sector, when the orientation of the state was clearly indicated to shift these concerns onto the shoulders of the citizens themselves. Undoubtedly, without solving the larger problems of people's life support, such an approach only exacerbates social contradictions in society, because it exacerbates the plight of a significant number of residents.
