Ecological monitoring as an information system. State and local environmental monitoring: problems of delimitation of concepts and definition of subjects of implementation. Environmental Monitoring Program

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Introduction

For a long time, observations were made only of changes in the state of the natural environment due to natural (natural) causes. In recent decades, the impact of man on the environment has sharply increased all over the world, it has become obvious that the uncontrolled exploitation of nature can lead to very serious negative consequences. In this regard, there is an even greater need for detailed information about the state of the biosphere.

It is known that the state of the biosphere changes under the influence of natural and anthropogenic influences. The state of the biosphere, which is constantly changing under the influence of natural causes, as a rule, returns to its original state (changes in temperature and pressure, air and soil humidity, the fluctuations of which mainly occur around some relatively constant average values, seasonal changes in the biomass of vegetation and animals, etc. .). Average values characterizing the state of the biosphere (its climatic characteristics in any region of the globe, natural composition various environments, the cycle of water, carbon and other substances, global biological productivity) change significantly only over a very long time (thousands, sometimes even hundreds of thousands and millions of years). Large equilibrium ecological systems, geosystems, under the influence of natural processes, also change extremely slowly.

Changes in the state of the biosphere under the influence of anthropogenic factors can occur very quickly. Thus, the changes that have occurred for these reasons in some elements of the biosphere over the past few decades are comparable to some natural changes that occur over thousands and even millions of years. Natural changes in the state of the environment, both short-term and long-term, are largely observed and studied by geophysical services existing in many countries (hydrometeorological, seismic, ionospheric, gravimetric, magnetometric, etc.). In order to single out anthropogenic changes against the background of natural (natural) changes, it became necessary to organize special observations of changes in the state of the biosphere under the influence of human activity. The system of repeated observations of one or more elements of the natural environment in space and time for certain purposes, in accordance with a pre-prepared program, was proposed to be called monitoring.

1. Basic concepts about monitoring

The term "monitoring" appeared before the Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment (Stockholm, June 5-16, 1972). The first proposals for such a system were developed by experts from a special commission of SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Environmental Problems) in 1971. This term appeared in opposition to and in addition to the term "control", which included not only observation and obtaining information, but and elements of active actions, controls. Monitoring of anthropogenic changes in the natural environment should be considered a system of observations that allows you to identify changes in the state of the biosphere under the influence of human activity.

The monitoring system can cover both local areas and the globe as a whole (global monitoring). The main feature of the global monitoring system is the possibility, based on the data of this system, to assess the state of the biosphere on a global scale.

National monitoring is usually referred to as a monitoring system within a single state; such a system differs from global monitoring not only in scale, but also in that the main task of national monitoring is to obtain information and assess the state of the environment in the national interest. Thus, an increase in the level of atmospheric pollution in individual cities or industrial areas may not be significant for assessing the state of the biosphere on a global scale, but it seems important issue to take action in the area, action at the national level. The global monitoring system should be based on the national monitoring subsystems and include elements of these subsystems. The term "transboundary" or "international" monitoring is sometimes used. Apparently, it is most correct to use this term for monitoring systems used in the interests of several states (to consider issues of transboundary transfer of pollution between states, etc.).

In Russia, the monitoring system is implemented at several levels:

Impact (study of strong impacts on a local scale);

Regional (manifestation of the problems of migration and transformation of pollutants, the combined impact of various factors characteristic of the region's economy);

Background (on the basis of biosphere reserves, where any economic activity is excluded).

So, monitoring is a multi-purpose information system. Its main tasks are: monitoring the state of the biosphere, assessing and forecasting its state; determination of the degree of anthropogenic impact on the environment, identification of factors and sources of such impact, as well as the degree of their impact.

Monitoring includes the following main areas of activity:

1) monitoring the factors affecting the natural environment and the state of the environment;

2) assessment of the actual state of the natural environment;

3) forecast of the state of the natural environment and assessment of this state.

In this way, monitoring- this is a system of observations, assessment and forecast of the state of the natural environment, which does not include environmental quality management.

2. Biological monitoring

The main task of biological monitoring is to determine the state of the biotic component of the biosphere, its response, response to anthropogenic impact, the definition of the function of the state and the deviation of this function from the normal natural state by various levels organization of biosystems.

The study of the content of various ingredients in biota can only conditionally be attributed to biological monitoring. This question refers to the measurement of pollutants in various media. Biological monitoring can also include observations of the state of the biosphere with the help of biological indicators.

Biological monitoring includes monitoring of living organisms-populations (in terms of their number, biomass, density and other functional and structural features) affected. In this monitoring subsystem, it is advisable to highlight the following observations:

a) the state of human health, the impact of the environment on humans (medical and biological monitoring);

b) for the most important populations, both in terms of the existence of an ecosystem that characterizes the well-being of a particular ecosystem by its state, and in terms of great economic value (for example, valuable varieties of fish);

c) for the most sensitive to this species impact (or complex impact) on populations (for example, vegetation to sulfur dioxide impact) or behind "critical" populations in relation to this impact (for example, epishura zooplankton in Lake Baikal to discharges of pulp mills);

d) for indicator populations (for example, lichens).

A special place in biological monitoring should be occupied by genetic monitoring (observation of possible changes in hereditary traits in different populations).

Ecological monitoring (global monitoring of the biosphere) is more universal, it generalizes the results of both biological and geophysical monitoring at the level of ecological systems.

Currently, the most developed system of biological monitoring surface water(hydrobiological monitoring) and forests. However, even in these areas, biological monitoring lags significantly behind the monitoring of abiotic characteristics of the environment - both in terms of methodological, methodological and regulatory support, and in terms of the number of observations. For example: 1166 water bodies are covered by observations of pollution of surface waters of the land in terms of hydrochemical indicators. Sampling is carried out at 1699 points (2342 sections) according to physical and chemical indicators with the simultaneous determination of hydrological indicators. At the same time, observations of the pollution of surface waters of land in terms of hydrobiological indicators are carried out only in five hydrographic regions, at 81 water bodies (in 170 sections), and the observation program includes from 2 to 6 indicators.

The State Committee for Fisheries of Russia (the creation of the Unified State System for Monitoring Aquatic Biological Resources, Observing and Controlling the Activities of Russian and Foreign Fishing Vessels Using Space Communications and Specialized Information Technologies) takes part in the work on the creation of the Unified State System of Environmental Monitoring (EGSEM). Monitoring of aquatic biological resources provides for:

Monitoring of wildlife objects belonging to fishery objects;

Monitoring the state of pollution of bioresources of fishery reservoirs Russian Federation and their habitats;

Information bulletin "Radiation situation in the fishing areas of the World Ocean";

Branch cadastre of commercial fish of the Russian Federation.

3. Justification of the need to performbiological monitoring

The soil and vegetation cover, as a single biospheric system, adequately responds to changes in the situation in the earth's surface and is a reliable indicator characterizing changes in environmental conditions at coal mining enterprises that are closed. Monitoring observations of soil and vegetation are carried out on permanent sample plots (control points), the number and spatial distribution of which is determined during the reconnaissance survey of the section area. The repetition of sampling for laboratory analyzes is not the same for all indicators, it depends on mobility and dynamics. Vegetation monitoring takes into account the species composition, projective cover, vitality, phytomass of plant communities by constituent economic groups.

The frequency of study of vegetation is determined by the degree of technogenic impact and is determined during the laying of test sites, it can be from one year (in zones of maximum impact) to 2-3 years under more benign conditions. The task of monitoring the soil and vegetation cover on the site is to identify and qualitatively assess the restoration of the biological productivity of disturbed lands. For this purpose, conjugated (in place and time) analyzes of the state of soils and vegetation cover are carried out. The groundwater level determines the moisture regime of the soil-ground (vegetation) layer. Each humidity regime corresponds to a certain species composition of plants, and taking into account the species composition and the change in the plant spectrum provides reliable material on the hydrogeological regime of one or another observation area. It is also necessary to control the geomechanical transfer (runoff) of elements and compounds of deep rocks brought to the surface during coal mining (during their physical and chemical weathering). In addition to hydrological methods for monitoring geochemical runoff, it is necessary to establish control over the content of these elements (mainly heavy metals) in the vegetation and soil cover. In soil samples, it is necessary to determine the following indicators: mechanical composition; hygroscopic humidity; pH (water and salt); humus; mobile P2O5, KrO; ammonium, nitrate, total nitrogen, exchangeable Ca and Mg, mobile H and A1; hydrological acidity. In some cases, it is necessary to carry out an analysis for soil contamination with heavy metals (according to the 8 most characteristic elements).

The methodological basis for monitoring vegetation is an integral assessment of the state of phytocenoses under conditions of technogenic impact. The following indicators are used for this assessment:

2. Index of changes in the state and productivity of plant communities (aW), for which you need to have the following data:

Biometric indicators (species composition, projective coverage (score), layering, vitality, abundance (%), phenological state);

Phytomass of plant communities and occurrence of plants;

Age composition of populations.

These data will be obtained during the geobotanical survey of the territory, including:

Reconnaissance survey.

Mapping with contour characterization.

Establishment of permanent trial plots in places of control points for soil research.

Conducting geobotanical descriptions on test sites, as a result of which biometric indicators will be obtained.

Determination of the phytomass index of plant communities.

To determine the degree and nature of technogenic impact on test plots, plant samples are taken for chemical analysis of the gross content of the main pollutants during the calculation of yield. The list of pollutants and their concentration are determined based on the results of atmospheric monitoring. Based on the results of environmental monitoring, recommendations are given on the use of reclaimed sites in the national economy.

4 . Metoenvironmental monitoring

Each science has a huge number of methods, and they are improved and refined with the development of each of the sciences. In monitoring, during each type of activity (observation, evaluation, control and forecasting), its own methods are applied. To date, only observational methods can be divided into direct and indirect methods (see table below).

Depending on the severity of phenomena, processes and objects, monitoring is divided into background, natural (basic) and impact (impact - impact).

Principles of organization of the monitoring system. Theoretical approaches: to ensure the effectiveness of monitoring, its construction should be based on a number of fundamental principles - principles.

Complexity. Everything in nature is interconnected - any material object, process or phenomenon depends on other objects and various factors, therefore the monitoring of any object should be considered not as an autonomous system, but in conjunction with other objects, processes and phenomena, in order to move from providing an assessment and predictive information of the process of managing this object to the process of managing all objects of the environment, i.e., to optimizing the entire process of nature management.

Consistency. In this aspect, monitoring is considered as a system of various types of activities and activities (observation and control, assessment and forecast) in various areas (scientific, scientific and methodological, methodological and applied, applied, technical and informational), simultaneously coordinated in time and space to achieve common goal - a more complete and prompt provision of the necessary information to all its consumers.

Hierarchy. Any objects, processes and phenomena can develop as a set of objects of a higher rank, including objects of a lower rank. Hierarchy provides for the construction of monitoring in the form of a subordinate system, which ensures the interaction of subsystems and the subordination of the goals of functioning of subsystems of a lower rank to the tasks of subsystems of a higher rank.

Autonomy. Monitoring at any level of subordination is considered as an independent system of activity that solves the problem of managing an object, phenomenon or process at a given level and has its own optimality criterion, i.e. the ability to solve problems of managing an object, process, phenomenon at a given level of subordination.

Dynamism. It is assumed that the monitoring system is not a frozen system, but a process of its constant development, during which the structure and methodological basis of the system, the composition and list of tasks to be solved, the technical means that support monitoring, the methods for generating, updating and using regulatory information are improved.

Optimality. The most important part, which implies maximum environmental and economic efficiency of the creation and operation of the monitoring system.

A full-fledged environmental monitoring system can only be built if it is divided into levels (Space, Solar system and near-Earth space, Planet Earth), blocks and objects (geospheric, biospheric, geoecological, bioecological, natural-economic, sanitary-hygienic and ecological), determining directions (scientific - methodological, methodological - applied, applied, information - technical) scales and principles and other numerous aspects

5 . Soil and environmental monitoring

The monitoring system should accumulate, systematize and analyze information about:

The state of the environment;

Reasons for observed and likely changes in status (i.e. source and impact factors);

Permissibility of changes and loads on the environment as a whole;

Existing reserves of the biosphere;

Thus, the monitoring system includes observations of the state of the elements of the biosphere and observations of the sources and factors of anthropogenic impact.

The monitoring system itself does not include activities to manage the quality of the environment, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions (Chupakhin V.M., 1989)

There are various approaches to the classification of monitoring (according to the nature of the tasks to be solved, the levels of organization, and the natural environments being monitored). The classification given below covers the entire block of environmental monitoring, monitoring the changing abiotic component of the biosphere and the response of ecosystems to these changes. Thus, environmental monitoring includes both geophysical and biological aspects, which determines a wide range of research methods and techniques used in its implementation.

Soil-ecological monitoring should be based on the following basic principles:

Development of methods for monitoring the most vulnerable soil properties, the change of which can cause loss of fertility, deterioration in the quality of plant products, degradation of soil cover;

Constant monitoring of the most important indicators of soil fertility;

Early diagnosis of negative changes in soil properties

Development of methods for monitoring the seasonal dynamics of soil processes in order to predict expected yields and operational regulation of the development of agricultural crops, changes in soil properties under long-term anthropogenic loads;

Conducting monitoring of the state of soils in territories disturbed by anthropogenic interventions (background monitoring).

Special tasks of soil-ecological monitoring performed at different levels (local, regional, global) differ. They are united by a common goal: timely detection of changes in soil properties under various types of their use and non-use.

6 . Featureand soil as an object of monitoring

The specificity of soils as an object of monitoring is determined by their place and functions in the biosphere. The soil cover serves as the final recipient of most technogenic chemicals involved in the biosphere. Possessing a high absorption capacity, the soil is the main accumulator and destroyer of toxicants. Representing a geochemical barrier to the migration of pollutants, the soil cover protects adjacent environments from technogenic impact. However, the possibilities of soil as a buffer system are not unlimited. The accumulation of toxicants and products of their transformation in the soil leads to a change in its chemical, physical and biological state, degradation and, ultimately, destruction. These negative changes may be accompanied by the toxic impact of soils on other components of the ecosystem - biota (primarily, species diversity, productivity and stability of phytocenoses), surface and ground waters, and soil layers of the atmosphere.

The organization of soil monitoring is a more difficult task than the monitoring of water and air environments for the following reasons:

The soil is a complex object of study, as it represents a bio-bone body that lives according to the laws of both living nature and the mineral kingdom;

Soil - multiphase heterogeneous polydisperse thermodynamic open system, chemical exposure in it occur with the participation of solid phases, soil solution, soil air, plant roots, living organisms. Physical soil processes (moisture transfer and evaporation) have a constant influence;

Hazardous Polluting Soils chemical elements Hg, Cd, Pb, As, F, Se are natural constituents of rocks and soils. They enter soils from natural and anthropogenic sources, and monitoring tasks require an assessment of the share of the influence of only the anthropogenic component;

Various chemicals of anthropogenic origin enter the soil almost constantly;

Many methodological issues of soil monitoring have not been resolved. The concept of "background", "background content" has not been finally defined. Often, the current state of the biosphere is assessed by comparing it with the past state using indirect methods: by retrospective extrapolation of modern data, comparison with information in previous publications, determination of the content of pollutants in buried media and museum samples, using chemical isotope analysis. All these methods are not free from shortcomings. To assess local pollution, it seems most effective to compare contaminated soils with uncontaminated similar ones, and in background monitoring to evaluate the change in background soils over time.

environmental monitoring soil pollution

Conclusion

Environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring) is a system of observations and control carried out regularly, according to a specific program, to assess the state of the environment, analyze the processes occurring in it and timely identify trends in its changes.

Monitoring objects are the environment as a whole and its individual elements, as well as all types of economic activity that pose a potential threat to human health and environmental safety. First of all, the objects of monitoring are: the atmosphere (monitoring of the surface layer of the atmosphere and the upper atmosphere); atmospheric precipitation (monitoring of atmospheric precipitation); surface waters of land, oceans and seas, groundwater (hydrosphere monitoring), cryosphere (monitoring of climate system components).

The purpose of environmental monitoring is to provide the safety management system with timely and reliable information.

The legislative framework for environmental control is regulated by the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Environment".

Monitoring levels: global (the whole planet, carried out by international environmental organizations), national (within one state in order to obtain information and ensure national environmental security), regional (for Russia - within a constituent entity of the Federation) and local (within one city or industrial object).

Basic principles of monitoring organization: comprehensiveness, regularity, uniformity.

Monitoring is carried out by a special monitoring network, which includes: the Ministry natural resources and its agencies, the Ministry of Health and its agencies, the Ministry of Agriculture and its agencies, the Ministry of Industry and Energy and its agencies, etc. Based on monitoring data, a system of natural resource cadastres is being created.

Bibliography

1. Grishina L.A., Koptsik G.N., Morgun L.V. "Organization and conduct of soil research for environmental monitoring", 1991;

2. Rodzevich N.N. "Classification of ecological monitoring", 2003;

3. Glazkovskaya M.A., Gerasimov I.P. "Fundamentals of soil science and soil geography", 1989;

4. Israel Yu.A. “Global Surveillance System. Forecast and assessment of the environment. Fundamentals of monitoring”, 1974;

5. Espolov T.I., Mirzalinov R.A., Maramova S.S. "Earth Monitoring and Land Monitoring", 2002;

6. Armand A.D. Gaia experiment. The Problem of the Living Earth. 2001

7. Gerasimov I.P. "Scientific foundations of modern environmental monitoring", 1987.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE FGBOU "DAGESTAN STATE UNIVERSITY" FACULTY OF BIOLOGY

Abstract on the topic: Environmental monitoring

Prepared by:

Mukhamedova A.A.

Makhachkala

Introduction

Concept, types of monitoring and their characteristics

Classification: land, water, biological (animal and vegetable world), food, mineral, forest resources and their characteristics

Environmental assessment

Environmental forecasting and forecasting

Environmental Modeling

General issues of nature conservation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The scientific and technical activity of mankind at the end of the twentieth century has become a tangible factor influencing the environment. Thermal, chemical, radioactive and other pollution of the environment in recent decades have been under the close attention of specialists and cause fair concern, and sometimes public concern. According to many forecasts, the problem of protecting the environment in the 21st century will become the most significant for most industrialized countries.

In such a situation, an established large-scale and effective network for monitoring the state of the environment, especially in major cities and around environmentally hazardous facilities, can be an important element in ensuring environmental safety and the key to sustainable development of society.

In recent decades, society has increasingly used information about the state of the natural environment in its activities. This information is needed in Everyday life people, in housekeeping, in construction, in emergency situations - to warn of impending dangerous natural phenomena. But changes in the state of the environment also occur under the influence of biospheric processes associated with human activity. Determining the contribution of anthropogenic changes is a specific task.

For more than 100 years, observations of weather and climate changes have been carried out regularly in the civilized world. These are familiar meteorological, phenological, seismological and some other types of observations and measurements of the state of the environment. Now no one needs to be convinced that the state of the natural environment must be constantly monitored.

The circle of observations, the number of measured parameters is becoming wider, the network of observation stations is getting denser. The problems associated with environmental monitoring are becoming increasingly complex.

Concept, types of monitoring and their characteristics

The term "monitoring" itself first appeared in the recommendations of the special commission SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Environmental Problems) at UNESCO in 1971, and in 1972 the first proposals for a Global Environmental Monitoring System (Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment) appeared to define the system repeated purposeful observations of the elements of the natural environment in space and time. However, such a system has not been created to this day due to disagreements in the scope, forms and objects of monitoring, the distribution of responsibilities between existing observing systems. We have the same problems in our country, therefore, when there is an urgent need for regime observations of the environment, each industry must create its own local monitoring system.

Environmental monitoring is the name given to regular observations of natural environments, natural resources, flora and fauna, carried out according to a given program, which make it possible to identify their states and the processes occurring in them under the influence of anthropogenic activity.

Ecological monitoring should be understood as organized monitoring of the natural environment, which, firstly, provides a constant assessment of the environmental conditions of the human habitat and biological objects (plants, animals, microorganisms, etc.), as well as an assessment of the state and functional value of ecosystems , secondly, conditions are created for determining corrective actions in cases where targets for environmental conditions are not achieved.

The objects of environmental monitoring are:

1. atmosphere;

2. hydrosphere;

3. lithosphere;

4. soil, land, forest, fish, agricultural and other resources and their use;

6. natural complexes and ecosystems.

In accordance with the above definitions and assigned to system functions, monitoring includes several basic procedures:

1. selection (definition) of the object of observation;

2. examination of the selected object of observation;

3. compiling an information model for the object of observation;

4. measurement planning;

5. assessment of the state of the object of observation and identification of its information model;

6. forecasting changes in the state of the object of observation;

7. presentation of information in a user-friendly form and bringing it to the consumer.

It should be taken into account that the monitoring system itself does not include environmental quality management activities, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions. The environmental monitoring system should accumulate, systematize and analyze information: on the state of the environment; about the causes of observed and probable changes in the state (i.e. about the sources and factors of influence); on the admissibility of changes and loads on the environment as a whole; about the existing reserves of the biosphere.

Thus, the environmental monitoring system includes observations of the state of the elements of the biosphere and observations of the sources and factors of anthropogenic impact.

Environmental monitoring of the environment can be developed at the level of an industrial facility, city, district, region, territory, republic as part of a federation.

In 1975 The Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS) was organized under the auspices of the UN, but it began to operate effectively only recently. This system consists of 5 interrelated subsystems: the study of climate change, long-range transport of pollutants, hygienic aspects of the environment, the study of the oceans and land resources. There are 22 networks of active stations of the global monitoring system, as well as international and national systems monitoring. One of the main ideas of monitoring is reaching a fundamentally new level of competence when making decisions on a local, regional and global scale.

Exists classification of monitoring systems by factors, sources and scale of impact.

Monitoring of impact factors- monitoring of various chemical pollutants (ingredient monitoring) and various natural and physical impact factors ( electromagnetic radiation, solar radiation, noise vibrations).

Monitoring of pollution sources- monitoring of point stationary sources (factory pipes), point mobile (transport), spatial (cities, fields with introduced chemicals) sources.

In terms of impact, monitoring can be spatial and temporal.

According to the nature of generalization of information, the following monitoring systems are distinguished:

*global- monitoring of global processes and phenomena in the Earth's biosphere, including all its ecological components, and warning of emerging extreme situations;

*basic (background)- monitoring of general biospheric, mainly natural, phenomena without imposing regional anthropogenic influences on them;

*National- monitoring across the country;

*regional- monitoring of processes and phenomena within a certain region, where these processes and phenomena may differ both in natural character and in anthropogenic impacts from the basic background characteristic of the entire biosphere;

*local- monitoring the impact of a particular anthropogenic source; chemical radioactive environmental management expertise

*impact- monitoring of regional and local anthropogenic impacts in especially dangerous zones and places.

The classification of monitoring systems can also be based on observation methods (monitoring by physicochemical and biological indicators, remote monitoring).

Chemical monitoring is a monitoring system chemical composition(natural and anthropogenic origin of the atmosphere, precipitation, surface and ground waters, waters of the oceans and seas, soils, bottom sediments, vegetation, animals) and control over the dynamics of the spread of chemical pollutants. The global task of chemical monitoring is to determine the actual level of environmental pollution by high-priority highly toxic ingredients.

Physical monitoring- influence monitoring system physical processes and environmental phenomena (floods, volcanism, earthquakes, tsunamis, droughts, soil erosion, etc.).

Biological monitoring- monitoring carried out with the help of bioindicators (i.e. such organisms, by the presence, condition and behavior of which changes in the environment are judged). The main task of biological monitoring is to determine the state of the living component of the biosphere, the response of the biota to anthropogenic impact, and to determine its deviation from the normal natural state at various levels.

Ecobiochemical monitoring- monitoring based on the assessment of two components of the environment (chemical and biological).

Remote monitoring- mainly aviation, space monitoring using aircraft equipped with radiometric equipment capable of active probing of the objects under study and registration of experimental data.

To geophysical monitoring refers to the definition of the reaction of an inanimate component both on the micro- and macroscales, up to the reaction and determination of the state large systems- weather, climate, tectonosphere. This also includes the monitoring of pollution-related factors: solar radiation, atmospheric turbidity, temperature, etc.

Monitoring of various environments is divided into monitoring:

a) atmosphere- surface layer and upper atmosphere, atmospheric precipitation;

b) hydrosphere- surface waters (waters of rivers, lakes and reservoirs), waters of oceans and seas, groundwaters;

c) lithosphere, including soil.

Particular attention should be paid to the transitions from one environment to another, on the way of transfer, distribution and migration of pollutants.

Content monitoring various substances in the living component of the biosphere (biota) can also be attributed to this type of monitoring.

When developing an environmental monitoring project, the following information is required:

1. Sources of pollutants entering the environment - emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial, energy, transport and other facilities; discharges Wastewater in water bodies; surface washouts of pollutants and biogenic substances into the surface waters of land and sea; deposit on earth's surface and (or) pollutants and nutrients into the soil layer together with fertilizers and pesticides during agricultural activities; places of burial and storage of industrial and municipal waste; technogenic accidents leading to the release of hazardous substances into the atmosphere and (or) the spill of liquid pollutants and hazardous substances, etc.;

2. Pollutant transport -- atmospheric transport processes; transfer and migration processes in the aquatic environment;

3. Processes of landscape-geochemical redistribution of pollutants -- migration of pollutants along the soil profile to the level of groundwater; migration of pollutants along the landscape-geochemical conjugation, taking into account geochemical barriers and biochemical cycles; biochemical circulation, etc.;

4. Data on the state of anthropogenic emission sources - the power of the emission source and its location, hydrodynamic conditions for the release of emissions into the environment.

The objectives of observations carried out as part of monitoring natural Wednesdays and ecosystems are:

1. assessment of the state and functional integrity of the habitat and ecosystems;

2. identification of changes in natural conditions as a result of anthropogenic activities in the territory;

3. study of changes in the ecological climate (long-term ecological state) of the territories.

The main tasks of environmental monitoring of anthropogenic impacts:

1. observation of sources of anthropogenic impact;

2. observation of anthropogenic impact factors;

3. monitoring the state of the natural environment and the processes occurring in it under the influence of anthropogenic factors;

4. assessment of the physical state of the natural environment;

5. forecast of changes in the state of the natural environment under the influence of anthropogenic factors and assessment of the predicted state of the natural environment.

Several departmental monitoring systems operate in the Russian Federation, for example, the environmental pollution monitoring service of Roshydromet, the water resources monitoring service of Roskomvod, the service of agrochemical observations and monitoring of agricultural land pollution of Roskomzem, etc.

Classification: land, water, biological (fauna and flora), food, mineral, forest resources and their characteristics

Mineral resources

This type of resource includes a wide and ever-expanding range of natural substances. They are characterized by unequivocal use (for the extraction of raw materials) and predominantly industrial purpose. Mineral resources are exhaustible, non-renewable (except for peat and sedimentary salts, the formation of which is still taking place, but very slowly). Their stock, although increasing as a result of geological exploration, is limited in size.

Mineral resources are divided according to the direction of use into three large groups:

*fuel (combustible) - liquid fuel (oil), gaseous (natural gas), solid (coal, oil shale, peat);

* metal ore - ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare, precious metals;

* non-metallic - mining and chemical raw materials (apatites, phosphorus, rock and potassium salts), technical ores (asbestos, graphite, mica, talc), building materials (clays, sands, stone, limestones), etc.

The main feature of the accommodation mineral resources is their uneven distribution in the bowels of the Earth.

Water resources

As water resources, surface runoff (rivers, lakes and other water bodies), groundwater runoff (groundwater and groundwater), glacier water, atmospheric precipitation are considered, which are sources of water to meet economic and domestic needs. Water is a kind of resource. It combines the nature of both exhaustible (groundwater) and inexhaustible (surface runoff) reserves. Water in nature is in constant motion, so its distribution over the territory, seasons and years is subject to significant fluctuations.

Land resources

There are as many land resources on the planet as there is land, which makes up 29% of the earth's surface. However, only 30% of the world's land fund is agricultural land, i.e. lands used by mankind for food production. The rest of the territory is mountains, deserts, glaciers, swamps, forests, and permafrost regions.

biological resources

This type of resource includes forest, hunting and fish.

The natural recreational resources of Russia play an important role in the organization of recreation and treatment of people. These include mineral springs (for drinking and bathing), therapeutic mud, favorable for the treatment of many diseases, climatic conditions in a number of regions of Russia, sea beaches. The diversity of landscapes is also of great recreational importance. In almost every region of Russia there are places that are convenient and favorable for rest and treatment of people; coastal and mountainous areas have especially large recreational resources.

forest resources

Forests occupy about 4 billion hectares of land (about 30% of the land). Two forest belts are clearly traced: the northern one with a predominance of coniferous trees and the southern one (mainly tropical forests of developing countries).

In developed countries, in recent decades, forests on the territory of about 30 million hectares have been affected mainly due to acid rain. This reduces the quality of their forest resources.

Most Third World countries are also characterized by a decrease in the provision of forest resources (deforestation of territories). Up to 11-12 million hectares per year are cut down for arable land and pastures, moreover, the most valuable forest species are exported to developed countries. Wood also remains the main source of energy in these countries - 70% of the total population uses wood as a fuel for cooking and heating homes.

The destruction of forests has catastrophic consequences: the supply of oxygen to the atmosphere is reduced, the greenhouse effect is enhanced, and the climate is changing.

The availability of forest resources in the regions of the world is characterized by the following data (ha / person): Europe - 0.3, Asia - 0.2, Africa - 1.3, North America - 2.5, Latin America - 2, 2, Australia - 6.4, CIS countries - 3.0. About 60% of forests of temperate latitudes are concentrated in Russia, but for industrial use 53% of all forests in the country are suitable.

food resources

There are over 80,000 edible plants on the globe. But a person uses only 30 crops for food. Four of them - wheat, rice, corn and potatoes - provide us with more food than all other crops combined. Other staples include fish, meat, milk, eggs, cheeses. Other equally valuable food resources include animals that play a direct indirect role in human life. Animal species that give meat, wool, leather, down, feathers, etc. have a direct positive meaning. The indirect significance of such animals lies in the fact that they can contribute to an increase in the productivity of plant food resources. For example, without pollinating insects, many representatives of oilseeds, cereals, melons, horticultural, and berry plants could not exist.

The food supply has great importance in satisfying the population of the earth with high-quality food products that provide nutrition that is balanced in terms of calories and dietary standards. The recent increase in population growth allows us to consider quite reliable an increase in the population of the planet by 2010 to 8.1 billion. human.

Environmental assessment

The term "expertise" comes from the Latin expertus - "experienced". It is understood as a study by a specialist (expert) of any issues, the solution of which requires special knowledge in the field of science, technology, art. Expert assessments are quantitative or ordinal assessments of processes or phenomena that cannot be directly measured, and therefore are based on the judgments of specialists.

The original interpretation of this term was very broad. An independent environmental review meant a variety of ways to obtain and analyze information (environmental monitoring, environmental impact assessment, independent research, etc.). Currently, the concept of public environmental expertise is defined by law.

“Ecologicalexpertise-- establishing the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and the admissibility of the implementation of the object of expertise in order to prevent possible adverse effects of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise”

The purpose of the environmental review is to prevent possible adverse impacts of the proposed activity on the environment and related socio-economic and other consequences.

Depending on which bodies organize the examination and what is the range of its objects, it is divided into state, sectoral, on-farm, public.

State ecological expertise is a set of actions of state bodies and special expert commissions to review and evaluate draft plans, pre-planning, design estimates, regulatory and technical and other documentation, as well as new equipment, technology, materials and substances from the standpoint of their compliance with environmental standards, rules and regulations , compliance with which, in accordance with the law, is necessary at one stage or another of economic activity.

In contrast, for example, industry environmental expertise- this is a set of actions organized and carried out by ministries-developers or ministries-customers to assess the new equipment, technology, materials and substances they create for their compliance with environmental standards, rules and regulations.

Goals of the state ecological expertise:

1. determination of the level of environmental hazard that may arise in the course of economic and other activities, in the present or in the future, and directly or indirectly have a negative impact on the state of the environment and public health;

2. assessing the compliance of the planned, projected economic or other activity with the requirements of environmental legislation;

3. determination of the sufficiency and validity of the environmental protection measures provided for by the project.

State ecological expertise of production and economic and other activities is one of the forms of sanctioning by the state of certain types of activities, spatial arrangement of objects used in economic and other activities. This examination is carried out in order to verify the compliance of economic and other activities with the requirements of the environmental safety of society. State environmental expertise is a mandatory procedure for monitoring the consideration of environmental requirements in the preparation of decisions in the field of environmental management.

The object of this examination is (Article 5 of the Law "On State Environmental Expertise"):

1. pre-planning, pre-project documentation for economic and other activities that may have a negative impact on the environment.

2. draft plans (programs), main directions, schemes for the development and deployment of productive forces and sectors of the national economy.

3. operating enterprises, military, scientific and other facilities, regardless of ownership.

Publicecologicalexpertise is carried out on the initiative of citizens and public organizations (associations), as well as on the initiative of local governments public organizations(associations).

Public ecological expertise may be carried out in relation to the same objects as the state ecological expertise, with the exception of objects, information about which constitutes a state, commercial and (or) other secret protected by law.

Environmental forecasting and forecasting

Forecast - any specific prediction or probabilistic judgment about the state of something (someone) or about the manifestation of some event in the future. Ecological forecast - prediction of changes in natural systems on a local, regional and global scale.

The forecast, therefore, is a specific type of knowledge, where, first of all, research is carried out not on what is, but on what will be.

Forecasting is a set of thinking techniques that allow, on the basis of a retrospective analysis of the external and internal relationships inherent in an object, as well as their probable changes within the framework of the phenomenon or process under consideration, to make judgments of a certain reliability regarding its future development.

Ecological forecasting is the prediction of the possible behavior of natural systems, determined by natural processes and the impact of mankind on them.

Forecasts can be subdivided by time, by the scale of the predicted phenomena and by content (Fig. 1).

According to the lead time, the following types of forecasts are distinguished: ultra-short-term (up to one year), short-term (up to 3–5 years), medium-term (up to 10–15 years), long-term (up to several decades ahead), ultra-long-term (for millennia or more ahead). ).

According to the scale of the predicted phenomena, forecasts are divided into four groups: global (they are also called physical and geographical), regional (within several countries of the world), national (state), local (krai, region, sometimes an administrative region or an even smaller territory, for example, reserve).

Methods for predicting the consequences of anthropogenic impact on the environment. All forecasting methods can be combined into two groups: logical and formalized.

Environmental Modeling

Modeling is a method of studying complex objects, phenomena and processes by means of their simplified imitation (natural, mathematical, logical). It is based on the theory of similarity (similarity) with an analogue object.

Models are usually divided into two groups: material (objective) and ideal (mental).

Of the material models, the most widely used in nature management physical models. For example, when creating large projects, such as the construction of hydroelectric power plants, associated with changes in the natural environment. First, reduced models of devices and structures are built, on which the processes occurring under pre-programmed impacts are studied.

In the second half of the XX century. among the types of models in ecology, ideal ones are becoming increasingly important: mathematical, cybernetic, simulation, graphic models.

essence mathematical modeling lies in the fact that with the help of mathematical symbols an abstract simplified similarity of the system under study is constructed. Further, by changing the value of individual parameters, they investigate how the given artificial system will behave, i.e., how the final result will change.

Mathematical models built with the use of computers are called cybernetic.

Studies in which the computer plays an important role in the very process of constructing a model and conducting model experiments are called simulation modeling, and the corresponding models are called simulation ones.

Graphical models represent block diagrams or reveal the relationship between processes in the form of a graph table. The graphical model allows you to design complex eco- and geosystems.

In terms of coverage of the territory, all models can be: local, regional and global.

General issues of nature conservation

Nature protection is understood as a system of state, international and public events aimed at rational use, protection and reproduction of natural resources, protection of the environment from pollution and destruction in the interests of the present and future generations of people.

The problem of environmental protection at the end of the 20th century became one of the most acute in all states and reached its maximum peak in the most developed countries, where direct and indirect impact on nature has become quite widespread.

Many questions common problem protection of nature does not fit into the framework of individual states. Their consideration and solution requires a much broader approach.

In itself, the idea of the need to protect nature is quite old. Even at the dawn of human society, there were restrictions on the production of animals, birds, fish. Many tribes and peoples had forbidden areas, however, allocated for religious reasons, on which the trapping of animals was prohibited. Sacred, reserved forest tracts, separate rookeries of sea animals, etc., had such significance. steppes.

The unbridled destruction of the natural wealth and beauties of nature provoked a protest from the advanced population. A social movement arose, which was aimed at protecting nature. In the 18th century, it led to the creation of the first national parks, reserves, that is, officially protected areas.

The first two forms of landscape protection are associated with protected areas-reserves and national parks.

Reserves are the highest form of protection of natural landscapes. Land and water areas seized in accordance with the established procedure from any kind of economic use and properly protected. In reserves, all natural bodies inherent in its territory or water area and the relationship between them are subject to protection. The natural-territorial complex as a whole, the landscape with all its components is protected.

The main purpose of reserves is to serve as standards of nature, to be a place of knowledge of the course of natural processes not disturbed by man, characteristic of the landscapes of a certain geographical region. In the 90s. 20th century in Russia there were 75 reserves, including 16 biosphere reserves, with a total area of 19,970.9 thousand hectares. The international Russian-Finnish reserve "Druzhba-2" was opened, work was carried out to create new international reserves in the border areas: Russian-Norwegian, Russian-Mongolian, Russian-Chinese-Mongolian.

National parks are parts of the territory (water area) allocated for the conservation of nature for aesthetic, recreational, scientific, cultural and educational purposes. In most countries of the world, national parks are the main form of landscape protection. National natural parks in Russia began to be created in the 80s, and in the mid-90s. in the 20th century there were about 20 of them, with a total area of more than 4 million hectares. Most of their territories are represented by forests and water bodies.

Sanctuaries are parts of a territory or water area where for a number of years or constantly in certain seasons or year-round protected certain types animal, plant or part natural complex. The economic use of other natural resources is permitted in such a form that does not cause damage to the protected object or complex.

Preserves are diverse in their purposes. They are created to restore or increase the number of game animals (hunting reserves), create a favorable environment for birds during nesting, molting, migration and wintering (ornithological), protect fish spawning grounds, nursery feeding areas or places of their winter concentrations, preserve especially valuable forest groves, individual landscape areas of great aesthetic, cultural or historical significance (landscape reserves).

Monuments of nature are separate irreplaceable natural objects of scientific, historical, cultural and aesthetic significance, for example, caves, geysers, paleontological objects, individual centuries-old trees, etc.

In Russia, there are 29 natural monuments of federal significance, which occupy an area of 15.5 thousand hectares and are located mostly in European territory. The number of natural monuments of local importance is several thousand.

Conclusion

The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. Again and again we hear about the danger threatening the environment, but still many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we will still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have come to light.

However, human impact on the environment has taken on alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent the harm caused to Nature by Man.

Preservation and restoration of natural systems should be one of the priorities of the state and society.

Russia plays key role in maintaining the global functions of the biosphere, since a significant part of the Earth's biodiversity is represented in its vast territories occupied by various natural ecosystems.

Scales natural resource, intellectual and economic potential of the Russian Federation determine the important role of Russia in solving global and regional environmental problems.

From all of the above, the conclusion follows that it is necessary to improve the system of nature management in our country. Preservation of nature and improvement of the environment are priority areas for the state and society. The tasks that need to be resolved as soon as possible are the creation of a unified state structure that carries out environmental monitoring and encouragement research activities in the field of chemical analysis of environmental components, coupled with social programs designed to inform the nation about pressing environmental problems.

Bibliography

1. Budyko M.I. "Global Ecology". - M.: Thought, 1997

2. Gerasimov I.P. " Environmental problems in the past, present and future geography of the world". - M .: Stroyizdat, 1999

3. Kuznetsov V.V. "Environmental monitoring". - Tyumen, 2001

5. Stepanovskikh A.S. Ecology. Textbook for high schools. M.: UNITI-DANA, 2001. - 703 p.

6. Chernova N.M., Bylova A.M. "Ecology". - M.: Enlightenment, 1998

7. "Ecology, health and environmental management in Russia" - Protasov V.F.,

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The monitoring system is implemented at several levels, which correspond to specially developed programs:

- Impact (study of strong impacts on a local scale);
- Regional (manifestation of the problems of migration and transformation of pollutants, the combined impact of various factors specific to the economy of the region);
- Background (on the basis of biosphere reserves, where any economic activity is excluded).

With the movement of environmental information from the local level (city, district, zone of influence of an industrial facility, etc.) to the federal level, the scale of the base map on which this information is applied increases, therefore, the resolution of information portraits of the environmental situation changes at different hierarchical levels of environmental monitoring . Thus, at the local level of environmental monitoring, the information portrait should contain all sources of emissions (ventilation pipes of industrial enterprises, wastewater outlets, etc.). At the regional level, closely located sources of influence "merge" into one group source. As a result, in the regional information portrait, a small city with several tens of emissions looks like one local source, the parameters of which are determined according to the source monitoring data.

At the federal level of environmental monitoring, there is an even greater generalization of spatially distributed information. As local sources of emissions at this level, industrial areas and rather large territorial formations can play the role. When moving from one hierarchical level to another, not only information about emission sources is generalized, but also other data characterizing the ecological situation.

When developing an environmental monitoring project, the following information is required:

- sources of pollutants entering the environment - emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial, energy, transport and other facilities; wastewater discharges into water bodies; surface washouts of pollutants and biogenic substances into the surface waters of land and sea; the introduction of pollutants and biogenic substances onto the earth's surface and (or) into the soil layer together with fertilizers and pesticides during agricultural activities; places of burial and storage of industrial and municipal waste; technogenic accidents leading to the release of hazardous substances into the atmosphere and (or) the spill of liquid pollutants and hazardous substances, etc.;
- transfers of pollutants - processes of atmospheric transfer; transfer and migration processes in the aquatic environment;
- processes of landscape-geochemical redistribution of pollutants - migration of pollutants along the soil profile to the level of groundwater; migration of pollutants along the landscape-geochemical conjugation, taking into account geochemical barriers and biochemical cycles; biochemical circulation, etc.;
- data on the state of anthropogenic emission sources - the power of the emission source and its location, hydrodynamic conditions for the release of emissions into the environment.

In the zone of influence of emission sources, systematic monitoring of the following objects and parameters of the environment is organized.

1. Atmosphere: chemical and radionuclide composition of the gaseous and aerosol phase of the air sphere; solid and liquid precipitation (snow, rain) and their chemical and radionuclide composition; thermal and humidity pollution of the atmosphere.
2. Hydrosphere: chemical and radionuclide composition of the environment of surface waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.), groundwater, suspensions and these deposits in natural drains and reservoirs; thermal pollution of surface and ground waters.
3. Soil: chemical and radionuclide composition of the active soil layer.
4. Biota: chemical and Nuclear pollution agricultural land, vegetation, soil zoocenoses, terrestrial communities, domestic and wild animals, birds, insects, aquatic plants, plankton, fish.
5. Urbanized environment: chemical and radiation background air environment of settlements; chemical and radionuclide composition of food, drinking water, etc.
6. Population: characteristic demographic parameters (population size and density, birth and death rates, age composition, morbidity, level of congenital deformities and anomalies); socio-economic factors.

Systems for monitoring natural environments and ecosystems include means of monitoring: the ecological quality of the air environment, the ecological state of surface waters and aquatic ecosystems, the ecological state of the geological environment and terrestrial ecosystems.

Observations within the framework of this type of monitoring are carried out without taking into account specific emission sources and are not related to their zones of influence. The basic principle of organization is natural-ecosystem.

The objectives of observations carried out as part of the monitoring of natural environments and ecosystems are:

- assessment of the state and functional integrity of the habitat and ecosystems;
- identification of changes in natural conditions as a result of anthropogenic activities in the territory;
- study of changes in the ecological climate (long-term ecological state) of the territories.

In the late 1980s, the concept of public environmental expertise arose and quickly became widespread.

“Environmental expertise - establishing the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and the admissibility of the implementation of the object of expertise in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise”

Ecological expertise can be state and public.

Public ecological expertise is carried out at the initiative of citizens and public organizations (associations), as well as at the initiative of local governments by public organizations (associations).

The objects of the state ecological expertise are:

- draft master plans for the development of territories,
- all types of urban planning documentation (for example, master plan, building project),
- draft schemes for the development of sectors of the national economy,
- projects of interstate investment programs,
- drafts of integrated nature protection schemes, schemes for the protection and use of natural resources (including land use and forest management projects, materials justifying the transfer of forest lands to non-forest lands),
- draft international treaties,
- substantiation materials for licenses to carry out activities that can have an impact on the environment,
- feasibility studies and projects for construction, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of organizations and other objects of economic activity, regardless of their estimated cost, departmental affiliation and ownership,
- draft technical documentation for new equipment, technology, materials, substances, certified goods and services.

The purpose of the environmental review is to prevent possible adverse impacts of the proposed activity on the environment and related socio-economic and other consequences.

Foreign experience testifies to the high economic efficiency of environmental expertise. The US Environmental Protection Agency performed a selective analysis of environmental impact reports. In half of the cases studied, there was a decrease in the total cost of projects due to the implementation of constructive environmental measures. According to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, a possible increase in the cost of projects associated with an environmental impact assessment and subsequent consideration of environmental restrictions in working projects pays off in an average of 5-7 years. According to Western experts, the inclusion of environmental factors in the decision-making process even at the design stage turns out to be 3-4 times cheaper than the subsequent one before the installation of treatment equipment.

Experiencing the results of the destructive action of water, wind, earthquakes, snow avalanches, etc., a person has long realized the elements of monitoring, accumulating experience in predicting the weather and natural disasters. This kind of knowledge has always been and still is necessary in order to reduce the damage caused by human society unfavorable natural phenomena and, most importantly, reduce the risk of loss of life.

The consequences of most natural disasters need to be assessed from all sides. So, hurricanes destroying buildings and leading to human casualties, as a rule, bring heavy rainfall, which in arid regions give a significant increase in yields. Therefore, the organization of monitoring requires an in-depth analysis, taking into account not only the economic side of the issue, but also the specifics of historical traditions, the level of culture of each particular region.

Moving from the contemplation of environmental phenomena through the mechanisms of adaptation to a conscious and increasing influence on them, a person gradually complicated the method of observing natural processes and, voluntarily or involuntarily, became involved in the pursuit of himself. Even ancient philosophers believed that everything in the world is connected with everything, that careless intervention in the process, even seemingly of secondary importance, can lead to irreversible changes in the world. Observing nature, we have been evaluating it from a philistine position for a long time, without thinking about the expediency of the value of our observations, about the fact that we are dealing with the most complex self-organizing and self-structuring system, about the fact that a person is just a particle of this system. And if in Newton's time mankind admired the integrity of this world, now one of the strategic thoughts of mankind is the violation of this integrity, which inevitably follows from the commercial attitude to nature and underestimation of the global nature of these violations. Man changes landscapes, creates artificial biospheres, organizes agrotechno-natural and fully technogenic biocomplexes, rebuilds the dynamics of rivers and oceans, and introduces changes in climatic processes. Moving in this way, until recently, he turned all his scientific and technical capabilities to the detriment of nature and, ultimately, to himself. The reverse negative connections of living nature are more and more actively resisting this onslaught of man, the discrepancy between the goals of nature and man is becoming more and more clear. And now we are witnessing the approach to the crisis line, beyond which the genus Homo sapiens will not be able to exist.

The ideas of the technosphere, noosphere, technoworld, anthroposphere, etc., which were born at the beginning of our century, were accepted in the homeland of V.I. Vernadsky with a great delay. The entire civilized world is now looking forward to the practical implementation of these ideas in our country, with its size and power of energy potential capable of reversing all progressive undertakings outside of it. And in this sense, monitoring systems are the cure for madness, the mechanism that will help prevent humanity from sliding into disaster.

Increasingly powerful catastrophes are a companion of human activity. Natural disasters have always happened. They are one of the elements of the evolution of the biosphere. Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, forest fires, etc. annually bring huge material damage, absorb human lives. At the same time, the anthropogenic causes of many catastrophes are gaining strength. Regular oil tanker accidents, the Chernobyl disaster, explosions at factories and warehouses with the release of toxic substances and other unpredictable disasters are the reality of our time. The increase in the number and power of accidents demonstrates the helplessness of a person in the face of an approaching environmental catastrophe. It can only be pushed back by the rapid large-scale implementation of monitoring systems. Such systems have been successfully implemented in North America, Western Europe and Japan.

As part of the improvement of legislation in the field of environmental protection, incl. in order to eliminate legal conflicts, systematize and ensure the consistency of regulatory legal regulation, in pursuance of the list of instructions of the President of the Russian Federation dated 06.06.2010 No. Pr-1640 in April 2011 in State Duma The Russian Federation introduced a draft law, the subject of which was amendments to Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 10, 2002 “On Environmental Protection” (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 7-FZ), aimed at creating the basis for the formation of a unified state system of environmental monitoring.

The explanatory note to this bill stated that the main problem of the existing system of state environmental monitoring (hereinafter referred to as SEM) is inefficient interaction between its participants, the lack of a system for collecting, analyzing and comparing information obtained as part of various types of monitoring in the field of environmental protection.

It should be noted that prior to the signing by the President of the Russian Federation of the amendments that resulted from the consideration of this bill, their official publication and entry into force, Federal Law No. 7-FZ contained two correlated categories - "environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring)" and "state monitoring of the environment (state environmental monitoring)". At the same time, the difference between the above categories consisted in concretization in the second category of entities responsible for the implementation of environmental monitoring.

So, in accordance with Art. 1 of the Federal Law No. 7-FZ (as amended in force on December 31, 2011) environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring)- an integrated system for monitoring the state of the environment, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. Wherein state environmental monitoring (SEM)- environmental monitoring carried out by authorities state power of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with their competence.

In turn, in terms of establishing the procedure and features of the implementation of environmental monitoring, as well as determining the list of types of environmental monitoring, Federal Law No. 63, in which the legislator ambiguously referred the subjects of legal regulation to some legislation of the Russian Federation, subjects of the Russian Federation and by-laws of the Government of the Russian Federation, establishing the procedure for organizing and implementing state monitoring of the environment.

Note that the expired and current versions of Federal Law No. 7-FZ do not provide (whether) the concept local environmental monitoring(hereinafter - LEM), which was derived at the level of a by-law normative legal act due to the rather extensive field provided to the Government of the Russian Federation for the regulatory regulation of these relations.

The issue of defining and delimiting the concepts of "state environmental monitoring" and "local environmental monitoring" is of particular importance when at the regional level there are decisions of governments (other state authorities) that determine the procedure for natural resources users carrying out economic activities on the territory of a particular subject of the Russian Federation, activities, included in the LEM.

LEGAL REGULATION

Examples regional rulemaking, the result of which are normative legal acts that impose additional obligations (not provided for by federal legislation) on users of natural resources, are:

Decree of the Government of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra dated December 23, 2011 No. 485-p “On the system for monitoring the state of the environment within the boundaries of licensed areas for the right to use subsoil for the purpose of extracting oil and gas in the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region- Ugra and the invalidation of certain decrees of the Government of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra" (hereinafter - Resolution No. 485-p);

Decree of the Government of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug dated February 14, 2013 No. 56-P “On the territorial system for monitoring the state of the environment within the boundaries of licensed areas for the right to use subsoil for the purpose of extracting oil and gas in the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug”.

The indicated regional regulatory legal acts, as subjects of fulfillment of the obligation to maintain the LEM, provide for subsoil users operating in licensed areas located within the boundaries of the territories of the respective regions of the state. At the same time, the mere establishment of such an obligation both in relation to certain categories of users of natural resources, and in general for all economic entities whose activities are related to the use of natural resources and the provision of a negative impact on the environment, according to the author of the article, contradicts the provisions of federal legislation and imposes additional legally unjustified encumbrances on users of natural resources.

Within the framework of this article, the justification of the above thesis will be given by analyzing the provisions of the current federal legislation, incl. taking into account the changes that excluded other subjects of the implementation of the GEM, except for state authorities at the federal and regional levels.

As mentioned earlier, until December 31, 2011, the legislation on environmental protection provided for two concepts, correlated with each other as general and particular, - "environmental monitoring" and "state environmental monitoring". However, on January 1, 2012, the category “environmental monitoring” was excluded from Federal Law No. 7-FZ. At the same time, the legislator, having at the same time provided for a modified concept of "state environmental monitoring", actually defined a special subject for the implementation of the complex of measures forming it.

DICTIONARY

GEM (state environmental monitoring)- these are complex observations of the state of the environment, incl. components of the natural environment, natural ecological systems, behind the processes and phenomena occurring in them, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of the environment (Article 1 of Federal Law No. 7-FZ).

At the same time, it should also be noted that the establishment of the procedure for the implementation of the GEM was and is currently the responsibility of the state authorities of the Russian Federation.

In turn, the competence of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation includes only the authority to participate in the implementation of state environmental monitoring with the right to form and ensure the functioning of territorial systems for monitoring the state of the environment on the territory of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Thus, the authority of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to form and ensure the functioning of territorial systems for monitoring the state of the environment on the territory of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation is integral part authority to implement the GEM.

Wherein procedure for the implementation of the GEM, and consequently, the procedure for the formation and maintenance of the functioning of territorial systems for monitoring the state of the environment on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, established by the state authorities of the Russian Federation.

It should be noted that Federal Law No. 7-FZ does not provide for the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to establish the procedure for implementing the GEM.

ON A NOTE

In the field of GEM state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have only organizational and administrative powers. Only government authorities of the Russian Federation.

Nevertheless, as mentioned earlier, at the regional level, from time to time, regulatory legal acts are issued that regulate the procedure for the implementation of the LEM by users of natural resources located in a particular territory of the country. At the same time, this procedure can be very specific, depending on the “territorial” features of the subject of the Russian Federation and the desire of the authorized body to maximally regulate the obligations of nature users, artificially created for the purpose of providing information content for the funds of these territorial environmental monitoring systems.

Thus, in accordance with paragraph 14 of the Regulation on the organization of local environmental monitoring within the boundaries of licensed areas for the right to use subsoil for the purpose of extracting oil and gas on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, approved by Resolution No. 485-p (hereinafter - the Regulation on LEM ), the LEM project is approved by the head of the organization that owns the license for the right to use the subsoil plot, is agreed in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental monitoring and is subject to mandatory approval by the Department of Ecology of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra.

At the same time, according to paragraphs. 68, 70 of the Regulations on LEM results of studies of the current pollution of the components of the natural environment in accordance with the terms and forms specified in Table. 2-6 of the Regulations on the LEM are submitted using the information exchange system "Electronic Protocols of the CCA". Summary information on technogenic load on the environment in accordance with the terms and in the form defined in Table. 1 of the Regulations on the LEM, is submitted through the Technogen web service or by transferring summary information to the Department in XSD information exchange formats.

In turn, the authorized body transfers the results of studies of the current pollution of environmental components within the boundaries of licensed subsoil plots to the Unified State Data Fund.

At its core, the publication of such decrees by regional governments is an attempt to transfer the burden of costly observations of the state of environmental objects from the shoulders of regional executive authorities to the shoulders of economic entities.

It should be noted that the provisions of Art. 63 of the Federal Law No. 7-FZ, according to which the GEM is carried out by federal executive authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with their competence established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, through:

creation and maintenance of observation networks and information resources within subsystems Unified system of state environmental monitoring(hereinafter - ESGEM);

creation and operation by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation State data fund of state environmental monitoring(hereinafter - GFDGEM).

At the same time, in separate by-laws, the competence of the executive authorities in the field of the implementation of the SEM, in particular its various types, is defined (see table).

From January 1, 2012, Art. 63.1 and 63.2, which establish the requirements for the creation and maintenance of ESGEM and GFDGEM. According to Art. 63.2 GFDGEM is a federal information system that provides collection, processing, analysis of data and includes:

information contained in the databases of ESGEM subsystems;

results of production control in the field of environmental protection and state environmental supervision;

data of state accounting of objects that have a negative impact on the environment.

It should be noted that the obligation of economic entities to exercise production control over compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation* (industrial environmental control (hereinafter - IEC)) is directly provided for by the provisions of several federal laws, incl. Federal Law No. 7-FZ, Federal Law No. 96-FZ of May 4, 1999 “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air” (as amended on June 25, 2012), Federal Law No. 89-FZ of June 24, 1998 “On Production and Consumption Waste” (as amended on July 28, 2012) and others.

Moreover, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 67 of Federal Law No. 7-FZ, economic and other entities are required to submit information about the persons responsible for carrying out IEC, on the organization of environmental services at economic and other activities, as well as the results of IEC to the appropriate state supervision body.

Thus, the obligations of business entities, incl. subsoil users, includes the implementation of the IEC and the presentation of the results of this control to the appropriate state supervision body. At the same time, it is the results of the IEC that are the information used by the authorized executive bodies for the formation of the GFDGEM.

As noted earlier, Art. 63 of Federal Law No. 7-FZ expressly provides that the EMS is carried out by federal executive authorities and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with their competence established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the current federal legislation in the field of environmental protection does not provide for other subjects for the implementation of the GEM.

Thus, the Regulations on the unified state system of environmental monitoring, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated 09.02.1995 No. 49, according to which local environmental monitoring systems should operate at the territorial level, the organization of which is carried out by business entities, contradicts the norms of Art. 63, 63.1, 63.2 of Federal Law No. 7-FZ.

The current legislation does not establish the obligation of business entities to maintain LEM, incl. within the framework of ensuring the activities of state authorities for the maintenance of EMS.

Summing up, it should be noted that at the moment (before the relevant changes are made to the federal legislation), any regulatory legal acts of the regional level that establish the procedure for the implementation of LEM by nature users, the requirements for the scope of activities carried out within the framework of this monitoring, and the specifics of their coordination come into an obvious contradiction with the provisions of Federal Law No. 7-FZ, which do not provide for other obligations of users of natural resources related to monitoring the state of the environment that is the object of the impact of economic activity, except for the obligation to implement IEC.

At the same time, this article is not intended to confirm or prove the absence of an objective need, as well as excessiveness, to establish at the legislative level such an obligation of users of natural resources as conducting local monitoring of the state of the environment affected by their economic activities, and presenting its results for the formation and provision filling GFDHEM. Nevertheless, the establishment of certain obligations of economic entities should be progressive, and not be implemented at the level of by-laws without appropriate legislative consolidation, given the obvious contradictions between federal and regional rule-making.

* For more information on production control, see:

Zaitsev O.B., Kotelnikova E.A.. Industrial environmental control at the enterprise: what, where and how? // Handbook of ecologist. 2013. No. 6. P. 73–77;

Evdokimova Yu.I. Ecology at the enterprise of car service (small business) // Ecologist's Handbook. 2013. No. 4. P. 49–61;

Sitnikova O.A. The practice of implementing industrial environmental control // Handbook of an ecologist. 2013. No. 7. P. 18–26.

V. Alymova, Senior Associate, Center legal support nature management"

Priority class	pollutant	Wednesday	Type of measuring program
I	Sulfur dioxide plus particulate matter	Air	I, R, B
	Radionuclides (90 Sr + 137 Cs)	Food	I, R
II	Ozone	Air	I, B
	DDT and other OCPs	biota, human	I, R
	Cadmium and its compounds	food, man, water	And
III	Nitrates, nitrites	Drinking water, food	And
	Nitrogen oxides	Air	And
IV	Mercury and its compounds	food, water	I, R
	Lead	air, food	And
	carbon dioxide	Air	B
V	Carbon monoxide	Air	And
	Petroleum hydrocarbons	Sea water	R, B
VI	Fluorides	Fresh water	And
VII	Asbestos	Air	And
	Arsenic	Drinking water	And
VIII	Microtoxins	Food	I, R
	microbiological contamination	Food	I, R
	Reactive hydrocarbons	Air	And

Ecological monitoring as an information system. State and local environmental monitoring: problems of delimitation of concepts and definition of subjects of implementation. Environmental Monitoring Program

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