Kazmin A., Makeeva V., Raspopova T., Fufaeva I.

The ongoing changes in all spheres of society make people increase a certain interest in the history of their region. They want to know, to comprehend all the changes taking place, the causes and consequences. In this regard, in last years pay great attention to the study of their region.

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Municipal state educational institution

Biryuchensk basic comprehensive school

Talovsky district

Voronezh region

Legends of our village and their

linguistic features

(research work)

Completed:

8th grade students

Kazmin A.A., Makeeva V.S., Raspopova T.A., Fufaeva I.V.

Scientific adviser:

teacher of Russian language and literature

Ryndina Inna Vladimirovna

With. biryuch

Talovsky district

Voronezh region

2017

Page

Introduction 4-6

Main part

1. The history of the village of Biryuch, Talovsky district 7-8
2. Names of historical places and related legends and traditions 9-10
3. Toponyms with. Biryuch 11
4. Anthroponyms s. Biryuch 11-12

Conclusion 13

References 14

Appendix 15-18

Introduction

How often do we think about the origin of the names of geographical objects? Especially about the history of the origin of the name of the place where you were born, you live. We will probably never find an exact scientific answer!

There is an ancient and wise proverb "He who does not know history will wander, he who does not know kinship will live in misery." Therefore, the study of the history of the village, historical names areas and territories is an urgent and important task for every person. Studying history native land and his people is useful and instructive for a person.

“We have so many in Russia wonderful names rivers, lakes, villages and cities that can be admired, ”- this line of K.G. Paustovsky began the chapter "The Vertushka River" from his "Book of Wanderings". Geographic names, indeed, can lead to admiration, they are fraught with the wisdom of the people, and historical legends, and ingenious mysteries of the native language.

Each science has its own system of concepts that reflect characteristics the facts and phenomena that she studies. Linguistics is the study of language. Linguists are trying to establish patterns underlying this complex phenomenon, help in mastering the language, facilitate mutual communication between people. But here in the open, established patterns, some unexpected deviations, exceptions are observed. We begin to look closely at them, and discover a new pattern, sometimes of a different plan, of a different level.

Today our society needs a spiritual revival, development, and the establishment of high morality. This should be manifested in everything, but, above all, in the language, in the manner of communication, in cultural improvement. Language is historical memory embodied in the word. Study of cultural traditions, features historical development language, the study of the language of ancestors contributes to the formation of a spiritually rich personality, familiarization with universal values ​​through cultural heritage.

The relevance of our work:The ongoing changes in all spheres of society make people increase a certain interest in the history of their region. They want to know, to comprehend all the changes taking place, the causes and consequences. In this regard, in recent years, much attention has been paid to the study of their region.

Objective: study and research of historical names of localities in the territory of the village of Biryuch.

Subject of study: to find out what legends and legends about the given area, toponyms and anthroponyms exist.

Object of study:study the history of the area, give them an explanation.

Practical significancething is this work can be used in the lessons of history, native language and literature, special elective courses in local history.

Hypothesis: if we compare ancient legends and local history documents, it can be concluded that the legends are based on real events, bright moments of history.

Research methods used in the work:

❒ theoretical (when studying scientific literature);

❒ practical:

Survey of old-timers, workers of culture and school;

Analysis of newspaper articles;

Systematization, comparison and generalization of the obtained data.

Main goals:

1) study of the onomastics of the village of Biryuch, proper names, patterns of their development and functioning;

2) preservation of linguistic features;

3) development of interest in the native land, its culture, respect for traditions.

During the work, knowledge from different subject areas was shown: Russian language, geography, literature, history, local history. Documents were studied, meetings were held with residents of the Biryuch village of the Talovsky district, a survey of students and teachers of the MKOU Biryuchenskaya OOSh, village residents.

The choice of the object of studydue to the following: the study of onomastics contributes to the spiritual and moral development of the individual, introduces historical, cultural, literary, universal values.

Language is the mirror of life. Until people begin to treat the preservation of their native language in the same way as their own health, then each subsequent generation, improving in technical, economic, general communicative terms, will move away from the unity of their culture. And to prevent this from happening, the comprehension of the language must begin from the beginning. It highlights relevance issues under consideration.

There are many sources of knowledge (information), including legends and traditions.

LEGEND - one of the literary genres of oral and written creativity, usually of anonymous, folk origin. Initially, the concept of a legend was associated with medieval hagiographic literature. Later it was extended to works of ancient poetry and folklore. It is customary to call a legend a legend in which poetic decorativeness almost completely obscures historical facts. However, as the archeology of the Ancient East and antiquity has shown, there is a true reality behind many legends. Legends are divided into: cosmological, genealogical, etiological, heroic and cult.
TRADITION - a story that has developed among the people and passes by way of oral transmission from generation to generation. The legend about a historical person is called historical or legend. Depending on their content, legends are heroic (about a hero), mythical (about a pagan deity), legendary (about religious asceticism).

1. The history of the village of Biryuch, Talovsky district

Stop and think about:

Who are you?

Where are you?

And what will happen next.

Omar Khayyam

Small dot on the map. Grain of sand. Biryuch. An old Russian village. A small village, lost in the northern part of the Talovsky district. Around the birch, like strings; they tremble in the wind, in winter they groan from the hard frost.What do we imagine when we hear the name of our village?

Our village was founded in the period from 1851 to 1857 by settlers from Upper Tishanka. It got its name from the name of the Biryuchensky ravine. In 1858, the “revision tale” was compiled for the first time in the village. The settlement, until that time unknown to anyone, was named in the document as follows: "The village of Biryuchensky, evicted from the village of" Verkhotishanki ". According to the data of 1859, 633 people lived in the Biryuchensky village.

In 1894, at the expense of the zemstvo in Biryucha, a Primary School. In the second half of the century, a wooden Orthodox church was built here, which bore the name of St. Nicholas - St. Nicholas Church (patronal feast - December 19, May 22). According to data on settlements in the Voronezh province for 1900, 912 people lived in the Biryuchensky settlement.

During collectivization (1927-1932), 6 households were dispossessed in Biryucha, including the Dolgovs, Zharkovs, Ilyinskys, Kozyr, Fufaevs. In 1928, an agricultural artel was formed here, and in 1930, the Druzhba collective farm. In January 1935, a village council was created. In 1936, the St. Nicholas Church was closed, its building was dismantled and used for the construction of a seven-year school, which worked for over 40 years. She released more than eight hundred students from her walls into a great life. The first libraries appeared in Biryucha in 1925-1930. They were created on the initiative of the Komsomol members and were located in the huts of the villagers. People worked there on a voluntary basis. A village club was opened on the site of the former church, and young people organized amateur art activities here. Books were also stored there. After the war, all this was transferred to a brick building. In 1936, a first-aid post and a post office were opened in Biryucha. In 1969 a new club was built. There were six streets in Biryucha: Kolkhoznaya, Komintern, Narodnaya, Svoboda, Sovetskaya, Trudovaya. Now only two streets have retained their former name: Kolkhoznaya (72 houses) and Sovetskaya (115), there are also Molodyozhnaya (10), Embankment (29), Moskovskaya (39) and Vostochnaya (30 houses). 278 people left the village for the Great Patriotic War.During the 1418 days of the war, 87 of our fellow villagers died on the battlefields. 59 people are missing, and only 28 soldiers know the place of burial.

In 1953 - 1955, the radio coverage of the village was in full swing. In 1956, electricity appeared here, and Biryuchens were among the first in the region to switch to incandescent lighting. It was great progress. 1974 There was a separation of the local agricultural enterprise from Tishanka, and the Kolos collective farm was formed.

The villagers still speak many kind words about the tragically deceased chairman of the farm, Pavel Ivanovich Snopov. In May 1985, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Victory, a monument was erected in the village to fellow villagers who died during the Great Patriotic War. During the seven years of his presidency in Biryucha, 13 kilometers of the road were asphalted, ZAV and truck scales for 30 tons were built, a shopping center with two shops, a collective farm canteen, a hostel, and a KBO were built. In 1984, a new secondary school for 192 places was opened, which was built in a record short time - 10 months. It currently has 20 students. Today, along with the collective farm, several large peasant farms operate on this land. The Istok farm, managed by Nikolai Petrovich Frolov, cultivates 426 hectares of land, Rodnik - 171 hectares (Nikolai Nikolayevich Skrebnev), Raduga - 52 hectares (Nikolai Sergeevich Kuryndin).

1. Names of historical places and related legends and traditions

Russia, Moscow, Don, Ural Mountains… These are the names we are used to. We do not think about where they came from, just as we do not think about the origin of the words forest, house, dream. The history of the names of continents, countries, cities, streets is connected with their discovery and development. If some of them are clear to any educated person, then the origin of others is a mystery even to specialists.

The science that can provide answers to these questions is called onomastics.

Onomastics (from Greek ὀ νομαστική - the art of naming) - the science of proper names of all types, the laws of their development and functioning. Linguistic at its core, onomastics includes historical, geographical, ethnographic, cultural, sociological, literary components that help to identify the specifics of named objects and the traditions associated with their names, which takes onomastics beyond the scope of linguistics itself and makes it an autonomous discipline that uses mainly linguistic methods, closely related to the complexhumanities , as well as earth and universe sciences.

Exist various areas onomastics: toponymy, anthroponymy,cosmonymy, astronomy, zoonymy, chrematonymy, theonymy, carabonymy.

Studying onomastics, its sections, you can give answers to questions related to the history of the country, region, its districts, villages, rivers, streets ...

We surveyed 56 respondents (students, teachers, relatives, villagers). [Appendix 1] We found that most of the respondents have a low level of knowledge of the toponymy of their region, but would like to know more. The chosen research topic resonates in the hearts of the villagers we interviewed.

The Legend of the Burnt Street(now part of Sovetskaya Street)

The first settlers built their dwellings on a hillock (now Moskovskaya Street). New families began to arrive. They built a church. But the whole street burned down, because. was located with windows to the pond, and not to the church. One house caught fire, and after it others, because the houses were covered with straw and everything quickly burned down. I had to restore their dwellings and build houses with windows facing the church. Who the arson was or was it an accident, none of the old-timers can answer. There were those who said that the priest set it on fire so that the huts turned their windows to the church. (From the story of Anatoly Semenovich Fenogenov)

Legend of the big sea

Nikita Afanasyevich Fufaev lived in our village. The son of a peasant, he had no property, did not study at school, was a church warden and a well-known doctor, to whom they went for help from all over the area. There was such a case: a big pestilence attacked the village, people were killed by whole families. Then the doctor promised to stop the epidemic. He took the icon and with prayers walked around the St. Nicholas Church and promised: only two people would die. And so it happened. He was awarded a silver medal. (From the story of Selivanova Varvara Borisovna)

Extraordinary Prize

Biryuchans were among the first in the region to switch to electric lighting. For overfulfillment of the plan for the procurement of products, in particular for the delivery of milk, Biryuchans received a bonus. It was a diesel engine from a warship. But the bosses from Bobrov decided not to give him up. Then we decided to write Comrade. Malenkov's telegram: The promised diesel was not received. Workers of the collective farm "Friendship".

They sent Pyotr Vasilyevich Yudin, a front-line soldier, to collect collective farm property. There was light in the houses. Diesel was switched on in the morning from 5 to 9 o'clock and in the evening from 16 to 23 o'clock. Then this diesel was used at the mill and handed over for scrap at the end of the 60s in working order. (From the story of Darya Tikhonovna Fufaeva, secretary of the village council in those years)

1. Toponyms with. biryuch

The subject of our study was the study of toponyms of the village, streets, ponds. Toponyms (classification of proper names according to V.D. Bondaletov) - names of geographical objects (rivers, lakes, seas, mountains, hills, cities, villages, squares, streets). Why is the village called Biryuch?

Biryuch (biryuk)

This is the name of our village.Many places where wolves (biryuks) were found were called Biryuchi and Wolf logs. As they settled, villages were named after them. Another version, according to the old-timers: that was the name of the peasants (biryuks), who went away from the owners and refused to obey (here we recalled the story of I.S. Turgenev "Biryuk").

We can have a lot of interesting thingstell other geographical places of the village.

As historical and etymological analysis has shown, most of the names are associated with the name of the first settlers (Raikin pond), surnames (Sulin end), nicknames (Nakhalovka - from the noun "impudent", i.e. shameless, shameless), location (Mokhovoe - aside to the neighboring village of Mokhovoe, Anninsky district; Farm pond - nearby a dairy farm; Leninsky pond - Leninsky farm, Solontsov pond - salt licks), type of settlement (Golyshovka, Gorodok, Center, Livator (Levator)), age (Molodezhnaya street - young families ). We have created a toponymic dictionary p. Biryuch [Appendix 2].

1. Anthroponyms s. biryuch

Anthroponyms (classification of proper names according to V.D. Bondaletov) the name of a person (his name, surname, patronymic, nickname, pseudonym.

Personal names are part of the history of the people: they reflect the way of life, worldview, fantasy, artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. The appearance of certain personal names is influenced bysocio-economic development society, historical setting and much more.

Since ancient times, names have been peculiar characteristics that play the role of signs, according to which it was possible to distinguish a person from a family or clan by some external signs, by position in the family, in relation to his parents, and sometimes by occupation. Nowadays this function perform nicknames.

"Good" and "evil" as moral categories are reflected in proper names. The analyzed language material can be divided by semantics into two groups: 1) nicknames that have neutral or positive evaluative semantics; 2) nicknames with pronounced negative semantics.

The first group includes nicknames, which are divided into subgroups. The first subgroup characterizes people by some external signs, position in the family, family ties, less often by occupation. The second group consists of anthroponyms with negative semantics.

Greed, anger, envy, rudeness, drunkenness, hypocrisy have always been condemned in folk morality. This is reflected in the nicknames: Dolgov - the most common surname in the village of Biryuch. At the moment, there are several Dolgov families in the village, the relationship between which has already been lost. However, these families are distinguished by the villagers by their street nicknames [Appendix 3]:

1. Myagkovs
2. Tyurins - the nickname is associated with the name of the dish (sweet cold water and pieces of black bread).
3. Shalnevs - Wife's maiden name.
4. Breeze
5. Panasonic (Panasonik)- the nickname is associated with the first foreign tape recorder, which this resident of the village acquired.

Conclusion

native side, motherland, native village ... We feel proud that we are part of this country, part of this big world.From generation to generation, stories about the most important events in the history of the country, legends about the origin of the village, streets, names of ponds are passed on. All this is our history, all this is our homeland.

In our work, on the basis of legends and legends, we studied the origin of the name of the village of Biryuch, based on the information of the old-timers of the village, studied the history of our small homeland.

Such research helps to get to know one's native places better; it is the most important means of patriotic, moral education. Studying toponyms, anthroponyms of our native land, we learn history, cultivate in ourselves a love for " small homeland”, to the native word, without which love for all of Russia is unthinkable.

Language is the key to the precious heritage of the past, a tool that allows you to master the accumulated wealth, the perfect achievements of human culture, human thought. But this instrument itself is both complex and has its own history. It is necessary to master it both to comprehend the past and to achieve the future that humanity dreams of.

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded thatwhat you need to know, respect and honor the history of your native land, and what behind many legends there is a true reality.This research work may have practical significance when organizing school poster material and will help to draw the attention of schoolchildren to respect for their native village.

The years will pass. Decades will pass. More than one generation will change, but interest in the culture of ancestors, their traditions and customs will not dry out.“Without the past there is no present, without the present there will be no future!”

Used Books

1. Bondaletov V.D. Russian onomastics. Enlightenment, 1983.
2. Newspaper "Dawn". Talovskaya regional socio-political newspaper.
3. Zelenin D.M., Lukyanov A.T. Talovsky district. Historical and economic essay. - Voronezh, 1995. - 152 p.
4. Zelenin D.M., Osmachka P.I. Talovaya. History pages. - Voronezh: Central Black Earth Publishing House, 1993. - 88 p.
5. linguistic paradoxes. V. V. Odintsov.- M.: Enlightenment, 1988.
6. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Dictionary Russian language, 4th edition. - M .: LLC "ITI Technologies", 2008. - 944 pages.
7. Superanskaya A.V. What is toponymy. Moscow, 1984.

Attachment 1

Questionnaire

1. Do I need to know the history of the village of Biryuch?

a) "No" - 3 people. (5%)

b) "Yes" - 47 people. (85%)

c) “I didn’t think about it” -6 people. (ten%)

2. Is it possible to believe the materials of legends and legends?

a) "Yes, you can" - 33 people. (59%)

b) “There is reality behind many legends” - 7 people. (13%)

c) “No, you can’t” - 5 people. (fifteen%)

d) “I didn’t think about it” - 5 people. (fifteen%)

3. What is the best way to find out information about the history of the origin of your native land?

b) "Talk to the old-timers of the village" - 30 people. (54%)

c) "Search for information on the Internet, newspapers, on TV" - 14 people. (25%)

4. Do you know what toponymy is?

a) "Yes" - 12 people. (21%)

b) "No" - 30 people. (54%)

c) “I find it difficult to answer” - 14 people. (25%)

5. Can you explain why our village is called that?

A) "Yes" - 48 people. (86%)

b) "No" - 2 people. (four%)

c) “I find it difficult to answer” - 6 people. (ten%)

6. Are you interested in the history of the origin of geographical names?

A) "Yes" - 45 people. (80%)

b) "No" - 11 people. (twenty%)

7. Do you want to know the history of names settlements native land?

A) "Yes" - 50 people. (90%)

b) "No" - 6 people. (ten%)

Appendix 2

Toponymic dictionary of Biryuch village

Talovsky municipal district of the Voronezh region

Golyshovka. The name of this part of the village (now Moskovskaya Street) is lit about the fact that here, in those distant times, very poor, insolvent people settled.

Town. The name of this part of the village (now Moskovskaya Street) speaks of the opposite meaning (in contrast to the first part of the street), wealthy and rich people lived here.

Leninsky pond. Nearby was the Leninsky farm (now does not exist).

Livator (Levator).1. The poorest residents settled in this part of the village (now Vostochnaya Street). Where this name came from no one knows. 2. Presumably, this part of the village is located on the left side of the cemetery (left side).

Moss. Perhaps this part of the village (now Naberezhnaya Street) is called so because it is located next to the village of Anninsky District.

Nakhalovka. This part of the village (now the end of Sovetskaya Street) is located opposite the collective farm dairy farm. People could use fodder for livestock (straw, silage, etc.). Therefore, this part of the village was named from the noun "impudent" (ie shameless, shameless).

Salt pond. The pond got its name from its location, there are only solonetzes around it (soils of steppe, desert and semi-desert zones containing easily soluble sodium salts).

Sulin end. In this part of the village (now the beginning of Sovetskaya and Kolkhoznaya streets) lived families with the surname Sulins.

Farm pond. The pond is located next to a dairy farm.

Center. The name of this part of the village (the middle of Sovetskaya and Kolkhoznaya streets) speaks for itself. Here are all cultural centers village (once a church, school, shops, club, board).

Annex 3

Anthroponyms of Biryuch village

Appendix 4

Table 1. Names of streets in Biryuch village

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL P. PIONERSKY

research project

In Russian

"Lexicon of students in grades 5 - 9 of my school"

Work completed:

Samoilova Natalya,

6th grade student

Head: Somuseva N.N.,

teacher of Russian language and literature

Research work on the Russian language on the topic:

"Lexicon of students in grades 5-9 of my school."

Performed: Samoilova Natalia, 6th grade student, secondary school, Pionersky settlement

Project Manager: Somuseva Natalya Nikolaevna, teacher of Russian language and literature

Subject: Russian language

Objective of the project: to analyze the speech of modern schoolchildren from the point of view of their use of commonly used and restricted vocabulary and to determine ways to replenish the vocabulary of students of my school.

Project objectives:

Determine what place is occupied by an uncommon vocabulary - dialectisms and professionalism in the speech of students.

Define jargon and slang.

Conduct a sociological study (questionnaire) among middle school students in order to determine:

the circle of the most common slang words,

frequency of use of jargon,

reasons for the use of jargon by schoolchildren.

Organize the material.

Hypothesis: limited-use vocabulary prevails in students' speech: slang, jargon -

Working methods and techniques: reading and analysis of scientific literature, questioning, analysis of questionnaires, collection of frequently used profanity. The results of the research will be presented in the form of a report at the Russian language lesson.

Object of study: students of grades 5-9 of the MOU secondary school p. Pionersky.

Introduction

Introduction

From the first to the eleventh grade we study Russian. This is one of the most difficult school subjects. But no one doubts that it is necessary to study the Russian language. Who needs? Me, my friends, classmates, those who will come to school after us. To my children, grandchildren. To all of us Russian people. I sincerely believe that the Russian language is “great and mighty”, because it is the language of Pushkin, Gogol, Chekhov and other classics of Russian literature.

However, what do we hear today from the lips of modern youth? “You have a cool outfit”, “We had a great time today.” What is the "greatness" and "power" of the language of modern youth and schoolchildren? Fight them or accept them? This contradiction contributed to the emergence of interest in the study of students' vocabulary and determined the problem of my research.

1. Explanatory note

1.1. Field of study- jargon and youth slang as a layer of vocabulary closely related to the life of a modern student.
An object research- oral speech of students of my school
Research Base- students of grades 5-9 of the secondary school of the village of Pionersky

1.2. Relevance:

Limited vocabulary is common among schoolchildren, but its origin is not sufficiently represented in school textbooks of the Russian language;

Youth slang and jargon are phenomena that are present everywhere, and acquaintance with them will help to expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the language and deepen knowledge of the Russian language as a whole;

The study of limited vocabulary allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, increases observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored things next to you;

Work on the topic allows you to find out the attitude of schoolchildren to youth slang, as well as to identify the reasons for the use of such vocabulary by students.

1.3. Purpose of the study: to analyze the speech of modern schoolchildren from the point of view of their use of commonly used and restricted vocabulary and to determine ways to replenish the vocabulary of students of my school.

Hypothesis:

limited vocabulary prevails in students' speech: slang, jargon - frequently used means in the speech of schoolchildren, their use is associated with the desire to stand out among people, to be modern; slang words make up semantic groups associated with the life and work of schoolchildren. Is it so?

Tasks:

Determine the composition of groups of commonly used vocabulary in the speech of schoolchildren.

Define "slang".

Conduct a sociological study (questionnaire) among students in grades 5-9 of the school in order to determine:

Do schoolchildren use dialect and professional words in their speech;

The circle of the most common words of youth slang and slang words;

The reasons for the use of slang and jargon by schoolchildren.

Analyze the results of the survey and place the conclusions in diagrams.

Draw conclusions about the research topic.

Make a computer presentation.

1.4. Research stages:

Study of scientific literature, selection of theoretical material.

Conducting a survey, processing the results.

Project writing.

Creating a computer presentation

Research methods:

Information collection method (study of popular science literature, observation);

Collection of vocabulary;

Questioning;

Analysis, comparison;

Statistical studies (counting, calculations).

2. Theoretical research.

2.1. Dialect vocabulary.What is the place of dialectisms among other groups of words? Are they in demand today?

The vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of the scope of its use can be displayed in the table:

VOCABULARY

If the word in modern Russian

used freely,

unlimited

not included freely

used vocabulary

used in a certain field of activity (science, office work, etc.):hyphen, rasp, overlap., scalpel, easel

used by a certain group of people to name objects that have in the literary languagetheir names:packed (rich), wheelbarrow (car), comp ( a computer )

used in a certain territory:

golitsy (mittens), beetroot (beets), gai (forest)

Common vocabulary

Professional vocabulary

Dialect vocabulary

Jargon

Many words of the Russian language are known to all the people and are used by everyone. These words are commonly used, for example : water, earth, sky, bird; green, blue, long; walk, think, talk.

But there are words in Russian that not everyone knows and uses in their speech. it uncommon the words. Non-common vocabulary includes dialect, professional, slang words and words of youth slang.

Dialect vocabulary includes words, the distribution of which is limited to a particular territory. They have phonetic, morphological and syntactic features, as well as specific vocabulary. Based on conversations with parents, grandparents, communicating with my peers, I came to the conclusion that there are dialectisms in the speech of students from my school. They penetrate into the speech of schoolchildren through communication with elders. In an official setting (in the classroom), the guys tend to speak the literary language, and at home, some of them also use the dialect. These are words like : kurchat (chickens), purse (basket), cybarka (bucket), beetroot (beetroot), dit (child) and others. However, there are not so many dialect words in the speech of our schoolchildren. As a result of the survey, it was found that dialect vocabulary is very rare in the vocabulary of students in grades 5-9. I have identified several reasons for the rare use of dialects:

Some argue that dialectisms are the vocabulary of the older generation, the elderly;

Others believe that these days it is irrelevant, funny and, as the guys say, “old-fashioned” to use dialectisms;

Some answered “I don’t know” what dialectisms are.

Of course, it is a pity that in our speech there are fewer and fewer dialect words, but what expressiveness, emotionality they give to the language! For example, the story of M.A. Sholokhov "Nakhalenok". In this story, the writer uses a lot of dialect words used by the Don Cossacks. And when we read how Mishka or his grandfather, mother or father says, it’s funny to us, and we are transported to the Cossack village of the beginning of the last century. And I think that we should not completely forget those words and expressions, the language that our grandfathers and great-grandfathers used.

The meaning of the incomprehensible dialect word can be found in the "Explanatory Dictionary"

2.2. Professional words in the vocabulary of students.

Special vocabulary of limited use includes terms and professionalisms. Words related to the peculiarities of the work of people of a particular specialty, profession, are called professionalism. For example , hyphen, carburetor, stamp, turnover, scalpel .

Term - is the scientific term for the concept (syntax, inequality, climate, island, monitor, subject and others.

In the speech of parents engaged in different activities, there are names of different objects. From the lexicon of parents, such words pass into the children's lexicon. As a result of the survey, some professional words and expressions that students know and use in speech were identified. For example, battery, radiator, gearbox , crop rotation, agricultural technology , medicines , pediatrician, oculist, ENT.

2.3 What is slang?

There are several definitions of slang.

Slang- the speech of any group united by common interests, containing many differences from common language words and expressions that are not fully understood by others.

Slang is an option colloquial speech, which does not coincide with the norm of the literary language. What is slang for?

Slang makes speech more concise, emotionally expressive, the speaker can most fully and freely express his feelings and emotions. (Compare two expressions. In bookish, literary language: “I have a strong pleasant feeling from this song.” In slang: “I just love this song!”).

The most successful definition of slang, in my opinion, is this:

Slang - words that live a full life in the modern language, but are considered undesirable for use in the literary language.

2.4. Youth slang

Youth slang- a social dialect of people aged 13 - 30 years, which arose from opposing themselves to the older generation and the official system, and is distinguished by colloquial, and sometimes rudely familiar coloring

In my opinion, the concept school slang- a kind of speech that does not coincide with the norm of the literary language, used by a narrow circle of people united by a common interest, occupation, position in society. From this definition it follows that slang refers to the vocabulary of a limited scope of use and

used primarily in oral communication. Slang was, is and will be in school vocabulary. It cannot be banned or abolished. It changes over time, some words die, others appear, just like in any other language. Of course, it’s bad if slang completely replaces normal speech for a person. But it is impossible to imagine a modern student without slang at all. The main advantages here are expressiveness and brevity.

It is no coincidence that slang is currently used in the press and even in literature (and not only in the detective genre) to give liveliness to speech. Even high-ranking statesmen use slang expressions in their speeches. Therefore, one cannot treat slang as something that only pollutes the Russian language. It is an integral part of our speech.

2.5 Reasons for using slang.

Slang is a kind of non-literary speech. Most often, slang is used by teenagers and young people.

Suppose that slang in students' speech is a means of everyday speech. The question arises: why do schoolchildren speak this way, why has slang become firmly established in everyday life?

To answer this question, I conducted a language study: questioned the students, conducted observations (both in the classroom, and during breaks, and outside the school). I found out that students in grades 5-9 of my school actively use slang in their speech, which is characterized by a bright expressive and stylistic coloring, therefore it easily turns into colloquial everyday speech, into vernacular.

In the questionnaires, I asked them to indicate the words that the guys use most often. The analysis of the research work and my observations made it possible to identify the following semantic groups of slang in the speech of students:

As a result of the study, it was found that students actively use slang in their speech. The use of non-literary vocabulary is most often observed when schoolchildren communicate with each other and when expressing any feeling (surprise - cool!, delight - wow!, irritation - fuck off, etc.) But it is interesting that sometimes without context , very often these words and expressions are accompanied by facial expressions and gestures. Because without them it can be difficult to understand the meaning of the statement. This is confirmed by the fact that 7th grade students could not find all the matches for slang words and expressions (for example, the word "crazy" without being applied to some situation turned out to be difficult to explain). Depending on the situation, words can express various, even opposite, emotions: disappointment, irritation, surprise, joy. For example: Well, damn it, you give! (surprise), Don't bother the damn thing (irritation), Damn it! (delight), etc. Students believe that the emotions and feelings that overwhelm them cannot be expressed literary language(one of the reasons for the use of slang).

3. Practical research

3.1. Conducting a survey of students in order to determine

The question that I asked the students seemed natural to me: “Why do you use slang?” It turned out that the most popular answers were "It's fashionable, modern", "Help to assert themselves". I realized that the guys, using slang, follow the fashion, they are afraid to seem ridiculous, a "black sheep" if they start speaking in a literary language. In addition, there is an element of self-affirmation, a kind of protest against the surrounding reality.

The second most popular answer is: "Slang makes it easier to understand for friends." Several people responded that slang gives liveliness and humor to speech. To the question: “When you grow up, will you use slang?” Many answered no. This suggests that the use of slang by adults is unacceptable, in their opinion, and at the same time, it seems to confirm the thesis that slang is to a greater extent a youth phenomenon. At the same time, an observation on the qualitative use of slang seemed interesting to me: fifth-graders and sixth-graders most often use words expressing emotional assessment (cool, cool, cool) and words related to school life (fizra, liter, German) high school students expressed the idea that when they are unfamiliar people (adults, teachers) try not to use slang in their speech.

From conversations with adults, I found out that before, when they were in school, slang was present. They named such words: damn, state assessment, bullshit, spur, but the use of these expressions was low, these words were “not thrown” openly, it was considered shameful to pronounce an unliterary word aloud in front of an adult. Our school teachers know a lot of words modern slang, some sometimes use them as a joke.

4. Conclusion

In my work, I tried to explain the reasons for the use of slang as an element of students' everyday speech. The children of my school actively use non-literary vocabulary in their speech. The study of non-common vocabulary in speech proves the presence of slang, dialect, professional, slang words and expressions in the vocabulary of schoolchildren.

Most of all in speech, the guys from my school use slang as an expressive tool, considering it fashionable. Thus, they want to create their own world, different from the world of adults. It was also found that the use of slang is a kind of protest against the "gray" reality, it is an element of self-affirmation, the desire for independence and independence. An important factor is the influence of the media on the speech of the student. In addition, it was found that schoolchildren treat slang as a temporary phenomenon in their speech. Some of the students did not think at all about how they speak.

I found out that slang has existed for a long time (since the time of our mothers and grandmothers), but the degree of use of this phenomenon in the language has increased in our time. Therefore, the hypothesis that I put forward is correct - in the speech of students, limited vocabulary prevails. In the first place - slang, jargon, and dialectisms and professionalism are very rare. So, our task is to learn how to use this vocabulary appropriately in accordance with the situation of communication. Know about the impossibility of its application in normalized speech. To get rid of the negative influence of restricted vocabulary. It is necessary to know well the norms of the literary language - the norms of pronunciation, stress, inflection, pronunciation.

List of used literature

S. I. Ozhegov. - Dictionary of the Russian language. - (edited by N. Yu. Shvedova), - M .: "Russian language", 1989

V.V.Volina I know the world, Russian language.- M.: AST, 1998.

D. E. Rosenthal M. A. Telenkova - Dictionary linguistic terms(electronic variant).

L.I. Skvortsov. Jargons / Russian language: encyclopedia. - M., 1979.

O.L.Soboleva. Student's handbook. 5-11 grades. Russian language / M.: AST. 2003.

V.V.Sokolova. Culture of speech and culture of communication. - M .: Education, 1995.

Internet materials

Applications

Questionnaire for students:

What is youth slang?

Do you know the words of youth slang? (Not really)

Do you use these words in your speech? (often, rarely, never)

Underline the ones you use most frequently.

For what purpose do you use them?

a) You think that it is fashionable, modern.

b) Needed in speech to connect words.

c) Help to overcome the lack of words in my speech.

d) Make speech clearer to friends.

d) Help to assert themselves.

e) Give your speech liveliness, humor.

7. Could you do without slang words and expressions?

c) I didn't think about it.

8. Do you try to do without them?

c) I didn't think about it.

The answers show that with age, students understand that their speech is wrong and try to correct it. At the same time, students do not think about how they speak.

9. When you grow up, will you use slang?

c) I didn't think about it.

A selective survey of students in grades 6 and 7 revealed their attitude to the use of jargon. A total of 14 people were interviewed.

When asked why students use jargon, the data presented in the table were obtained:

Having considered this issue, we can draw the following conclusion: the main reason for using jargon is to organize communication among peers, and this is also a “pursuit” of fashion and modernity. The everyday speech of schoolchildren is full of jargon and it is almost impossible to eliminate them. However, it must be remembered that slang vocabulary is not the vocabulary of a cultured, educated person, and one must always remember in what area speech communication it is acceptable for use.

Where do you most often meet (see, hear) Anglicisms?
Why do you think young people are increasingly replacing Russian words with Anglicisms?
Do you think it is possible that in the future the population of Kazakhstan will speak English?
Why exactly English words replenish the Russian lexicon?
Answers:
Greetings - 60%
Negative - 5%
I don't care - 35%
Yes - 88%
No -12%
Video - 5%
Internet - 65%
Conversations with peers - 20%
Media (press) - 10%
Fashionable - 15%
Prestigious - 5%
I don't know - 80%
Yes - 10%
No - 10%
Not all - 80%
It's language international communication – 39%
We have companies from the USA and England - 26%
Don't know - 35%
The results of the survey showed that the anglicisms used by schoolchildren certify them in certain circles more highly, emphasize the level of awareness, their superiority over the others. foreign words in the speech of schoolchildren they can play the role of original quotations: a term belonging to any special field can be quoted, deliberately played up, distorted. It is in this group that a Russian or simply incorrect reading of an English word takes place.
SO: if we analyze vocabulary(lexicon) of a fifth-grader, then from all that has been said, we can conclude that we mainly use an active dictionary when communicating, although sometimes we use expressive vocabulary, of course, understanding with whom to talk and about what.
Summarizing all the collected data on the survey and questioning of my peers, I received the following final diagram:

I understand that compliance with speech norms, literacy of speech is the most important basic requirement of speech communication. Non-observance of speech norms: clumsy, illiterate turns, lexical, grammatical and other errors create a kind of interference in the perception of speech. Such speech (especially oral) is not only poorly absorbed, but also better side characterizes its (author) addressee.
Illiterate spoken and written speech causes shifts in the minds of the recipients (addressees), creating a vicious circle.
2.3 Speech portrait of a fifth grader in the context of a portrait of a modern young man
Young people themselves create words and expressions in order to communicate with each other and talk about themselves in their own words. Of course, in these attempts to be independent, there is much from the game, from a protracted childhood or belated childishness. But the natural talent of the people is also manifested in youth vocabulary innovations. Assessing the vocabulary of youthful jargon, one can single out something positive in common - initiative, vital energy, optimism of the young (however, age features are manifested here). Unfortunately, many guys and girls have dependency, a sharply critical attitude towards the past and present in the absence of a program of their own actions, a disrespectful attitude towards authorities, political theories, leaders and bosses. For example: my peers call a conscientious worker a black man, a demon, a peasant, a flyer, a sucker, a labor force. To work conscientiously means to stoop, to stoop, to mumble, to puff, to die. In these words there is not even a hint of a respectful attitude towards work and the working person. And here is the “decoding” for a bad worker, a slacker, a freeloader: a spilliker, a vampire, darkness, a switchman, a proletarian, halva, a freeloader, a seagull, a collar, a jackal, a teapot, a balloon, a hose, etc. Some condemnation of idlers is noticeable in them, but the main occupation of a significant part of the youth is the killing of time. In the course of preparing for the project, I began to pay more attention to the speech of my peers, to notice some roughness. Here is just a very small part of what was found in the speech of classmates in the meaning of "to mess around": to drive a bulldozer, to beat with horns, to pull a pacifier, to stick around like cabbage, to freebie and much more. The vocabulary of young people reflects a disrespectful attitude towards parents: ancestors, relatives, sponsors, bast shoes; to the elderly: rattletrap, flycatchers; to smart people: a nerd, a monster, a soaked man, a man with a briefcase (here the emphasis is on the first syllable); to the villagers: bull, felt boots, whip, Indian, plow, dill, etc. Young people are not very flattering about our politicians: dumak, deputies; about State Duma: monkey.
Very sharply and disrespectfully, young people call those who stand out among others in some way: height, physique, mind or lack of it, peculiarities in behavior. This is also a consequence of the loss of moral guidelines, mass bad manners and lack of culture in the conditions of uncertainty and impotence of the highest power.
A significant layer of my vocabulary is made up of words that, while having common meanings with the literary language, also have meanings that have appeared as a result of semantic processes:
biSON - 1) ungulate animal, 2) cat
tops - 1) stems and leaves of plants,
Of particular note is the presence of a significant group of phraseological units,
found in our vocabulary:
stand on foot - “ride standing in transport” (Sit down. -Okay, I'd rather stand on foot);
curly hands - “about a person whose hands fall out of everything” (Well, Manya, your hands are curly);
to be in flight - “do not get anything” (Give me some seeds. - Are you in flight?);
beat parties - “wait for someone, hang around in one place” (Dimka has been beating at the entrance of the party for half an hour, is he waiting for you?);
phase shift - “the person has gone crazy” (Do you have a phase shift?);
eat - butt, push, eat up, chop, crack, grab, champ;
to freeze (about someone) - to shudder, to choke, to stab, to ossify, to dry, to glaze over;
go - bring down, row, ditch, turn over, stoker, wind, steer, heal;
cool - cool: cool - cool, crown - crown.
the expression “it’s very funny to me” corresponds to the expressions: in the present tense - I fall out, I pass out, I trudge (I trudge, what kind of hat do you have); in the past tense - I passed out, I fell away, I fell, I got burned out.
The coexistence of some forms explains the presence of entire synonymous series: faster - stronger, faster, sharper, hornier; company - gang, office, mafia, crowd, bunch; good - lordly, classy, ​​ointment, clear, chinny, etc.
I am growing up, so I want to learn how to express my thoughts vividly, figuratively, convincingly, accessible, learn how to win over an interlocutor, an audience, competently conduct business correspondence, and compose texts of documents. I understand that for this you need to study a lot and become a communicative person.
Conclusion
After studying the literature on this issue, analyzing the results of my research, I came to the conclusion that the language personality of a schoolchild is at the initial stage of its development, therefore it is the least stable and most susceptible to external factors. The development of a linguistic personality in a person occurs throughout his life, so it is very important what lexical base a person will receive in childhood.
The actual problem of modern society is the speech behavior of a linguistic personality. AT modern world, open and democratic, it is very important to correctly use "freedom of speech", just the word, as a nominal unit of speech.
Summing up, I can say that I managed to create a speech portrait of a fifth-grader, reflect the main characteristics of his linguistic personality and identify the main factors influencing the formation and development of a student's speech portrait.
Based this study we can make recommendations for improving the speech portrait of a fifth grader. The main ones are: self-control of the conversation by each student, the need to competently and consistently build their speech, while avoiding the excessive use of slang and borrowed words that clog the Russian language. Schoolchildren need to strive to improve their speech, to improve their speech literacy, and, as was said in my work, our school has all the conditions for this.
Bibliography:
1. Vinogradov V.V. History of words. M., 1994.
2. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. Yekaterinburg, 1994.
3. Rybakov B.A. Paganism of Ancient Russia. M., 2007.
4. Nikolsky N.M. History of the Russian Church. M., 1995.
5. Gavrilov D.A., Nagovitsyn A.E. Gods of the Slavs. M., 2002.
6. Konovalova N.I. sacred text as a linguocultural phenomenon. Yekaterinburg, 2007.
7. Alekseev S.T. Sedition: A novel in 2 books. M., 2000.
8. Zelenin D.K. Trinity ( Ethnographic research) // Selected Works. Articles on spiritual culture. M., 1994. S. 105.
9. Fasmer M.R. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 volumes. M., 2009.
10. Vladimirsky-Budanov M.F. Review of the history of Russian law. SPb., 1888.
annotation
The scientific project is aimed at analyzing and describing the speech portrait of students in the 5th grade of the Toguzak high school and the development of recommendations for teaching the techniques and methods of the student to improve speech, to improve the speech portrait. The theoretical section reveals the theoretical and methodological aspects of the language as essential tool human communication. In particular, the role, essence and development of a linguistic personality as “a set of human abilities and characteristics that determine the creation and perception of speech texts are reflected. In the analytical and constructive part, the features of the relationship between the concepts of "linguistic personality" and "speech portrait" are revealed; the level of influence of various factors on the speech of schoolchildren, under the influence of which their speech portrait is formed, was studied; recommendations for improving speech are proposed, as well as the results of a questionnaire survey "the influence of anglicisms on the speech of schoolchildren"

Good afternoon! Today I will present you my project "One Word Encyclopedia".

The relevance of the work. We rarely think about the fact that the WORD appears in the language for a reason - it contains a certain vision of the world by a person.

According to Nikolai Zabolotsky, “under the surface of every word, a bottomless haze stirs.”

We decided to learn to see and feel the word, to use the language not thoughtlessly, because, according to L.N. Tolstoy, “the word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can separate them, with a word you can serve love, with a word you can serve enmity and hatred.

Objective: compose an encyclopedia of one word: collect as much material as possible about the life of a word in a language.

I have set the following tasks:

Familiarize yourself with the different types of dictionaries and their structure.

Determine the parameters of working with a word, find information about it in dictionaries.

Compose complex representation the words.

- To do this, I decided on the stages of work:

Choice thematic group and words from it;

Acquaintance with different types dictionaries;

Compiling a list of dictionaries to work with your word

Study of the life of the word in literature and art

Registration of results individual activities,

Already at the stage of acquaintance with the dictionaries, we were surprised: there were a great many of them: in addition to the explanatory, spelling dictionaries known to us, we learned about the existence of dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, orthoepic, linguistic terms, obsolete words, epithets, quotations and many others.

Among them were quite exotic dictionaries - they are difficult to find: many are not available either in the library or on the Internet.

After working with dictionaries, it became clear that each word needs its own specific set of dictionaries. Using the word RAIN as an example, I will try to show you the results of my work.

Word interpretation. From the interpretation of the word given by Dahl and Ozhegov, we learned that word rain has, in addition to direct and figurative meaning. (in this meaning it is used more often)

Etymology of the word.Word " rain", is formed on the basis of the Indo-European word with the meaning "sprayed in the air."

Words with the same stem are found in other related languages. Slavic groups(Norwegian, Swedish)

Word formation. Based on work with word-formation

dictionary, we conclude that the word does not have a large number

relatives, perhaps because it names a specific atmospheric phenomenon.

Epithets. Considering that in the life of the ancient Slavs, who have been engaged in agriculture since ancient times, rain plays one of the important roles, we were not surprised that there are many epithets to describe it, and most of them with a positive connotation.

Synonyms and antonyms. If, when choosing a synonym for the word rain Difficulties usually do not arise, then we did not hope to find antonyms for it. To our surprise, it is: bucket - on this moment known mainly in rural areas.

Phraseology. All these phraseological units for the word rain are associated with the concept of abundance, wealth. Probably, this is again not accidental, since a good harvest has always been associated with heavy rainfall (but not excessive), which means wealth.

Proverbs and sayings, as expected, are also present in abundance. Here we present only a part of them.

rhymes. Oddly enough, but finding rhymes for the word rain turned out to be very difficult. If you do not use verbal rhyme, then the set of words will be very meager. Even in the cartoon "Rhyme to the Word Rain" it turned out to be more difficult to find consonance than to get a friend.

Mythology. From the mythological dictionary, we learned that the main myth of Slavic mythology is the myth of the duel of the thunder god Perun with his demonic opponent Veles, who lives on earth and has a serpentine nature. The victory of Perun is marked by rain, which ensures the fertility of the earth. Rain- an object of veneration and magical influence. I was surprised that the power over the rain is attributed to the dead,

in particular, the drowned.

Folklore. Since rain is always revered among nations,

living by agriculture, then in folklore there are a large number of songs, invoking

check, rituals associated with rain. We love the mystery genre. Literature adopts the same tradition: both in poetic and prose texts, the word successfully functions to this day.

Signs. There are also many of them, because rain is a phenomenon that everyone can watch. And from a large number of observations, sooner or later a sign arises.

Art. In the process of illustrating slides, you could observe a large number of artistic works of various kinds (painting, drawing, graphics, photography, etc.). There are musical works with this name. Both the concept and the phenomenon itself are in demand in art, if you need to express sadness, thoughtfulness, loneliness ...

So we can do conclusion , that the word rain has always been part of the active vocabulary of the Russian language, the phenomenon itself still attracts attention, therefore the word is also interesting, which is increasingly acquiring a figurative meaning. I think it's useful at least sometimes to immerse yourself in the history of the word, to trace its life.

The results of our work with the word:

Learned about different types of dictionaries, got acquainted with the structure of dictionary entries.

We got acquainted with the history of words, realizing that they will always be in demand, because they did not appear in the language by chance.

We realized that it is completely impossible to create such an encyclopedia,

as a word, its meanings can be analyzed from different points of view.

If we recall again the words of Zabolotsky: “Under the surface of each word, a bottomless haze stirs,” then you can now continue his thought with the words of Anna Akhmatova:

And that abyss beckons and pulls,

And never look for the bottom,

And never get tired of talking

Her empty silence.

Our language is the language of words. With the help of the word, human thinking is connected with reality, since it is the word that denotes an object.

you of reality and expresses the concept of it.

And no matter how ancient the word is, it can warm, amuse, and teach. I would like to finish the presentation of my work with a poem by Soloukhin:

When you want to speak a word
My friend, think - do not rush.
It gets harsh
That is born from the warmth of the soul.
It curls like a lark
That copper mourning sings.
Until you weigh the word yourself
Don't let him fly.
They can add joy
And poison people's joy.
They can melt the ice in winter
And crush the stone into crumbs.
It will bestow or rob,
Let it be inadvertently, let it be joking.
Think how not to hurt them
The one who listens to you.

Thank you for attention!