Like any other job, R&D begins with a plan. In his absence, our specialists will develop a plan for the implementation of research work and agree it with you. After that, you can proceed directly to the study.

When performing research or development work (experimental design work) to order, the author will coordinate with you every step and every study. You have full control over the process and can adjust the progress according to your wishes.

How to order R&D?

Spend 5 minutes filling out the application, and our manager is already working on your order. We guarantee confidentiality and safety of personal data. At the same time, we do not use a template approach in our work. Your research work will contain a full-fledged and unique research, fully comply with all the rules of registration. The main principles and principles of our company's work:

• We work on an advance payment, which is 25% of the order value;
• We cooperate with candidates and doctors of sciences. For your work, we will select a specialist on any topic;
• We provide a guarantee for work - adjustments, if necessary, are made free of charge;
• At your service - a support service and a personal manager, always ready to answer questions.

Research work is an important stage in learning. diploma, course work, dissertation - they sum up a kind of result in the learning process. Therefore, this is a rather difficult thing.

Many students wonder how to write a research paper so that the subsequent defense is successful. This article is intended to answer most of the questions related to writing a research paper, to give a number of useful tips and recommendations that will help you complete the task as efficiently as possible.

Scientific research is carried out not only by scientists, but also by students

To begin with, let's answer the question, what is research work, why is it needed and who does it.

Research work (R&D) is an activity aimed at collecting, analyzing, interpreting and systematizing certain information.

But the most important characteristic of R&D is that it implies a scientific search.

In other words, within the framework of the scientific research, this or that problem is studied, which is relevant for a particular area. scientific knowledge.

Research and development implies the use of specialized scientific methods, an appeal to a wide layer of scientific literature. It is focused on obtaining a result that is of research value.

It can be a term paper or a thesis, a monograph, a dissertation or a scientific article. In addition to the scientific value, research illustrates the level of assimilation of the curriculum by students, the degree of their mastery of the scientific apparatus.

Writing and defending R&D of a certain level is a prerequisite for a researcher to obtain one or another scientific title, degree. Scientific papers are written by students, undergraduates, graduate students, associate professors, doctors of sciences.

How to choose a topic for research

The first question that arises when writing a research paper is what topic to choose.

Perhaps the most painful question is how to choose a topic for the upcoming work.

There are two options: take a topic from the list provided by the department and come up with it yourself.

Both options have their tangible.

The first option may be preferable simply because it is easier.

Yes, and such a topic will turn out to be more productive in the future - qualified teachers with a long record of scientific work clearly did not take them out of thin air. The obvious disadvantage is that the topic may turn out to be uninteresting.

The second option is preferable in the case when writing a scientific work is not just a formal fulfillment of the requirements educational program, but a process in which the researcher is involved from personal interests.

But there are two dangers here. If you do not work out the topic carefully, it can be unproductive. In other words, after the fact it will become clear that there is nothing to investigate, and the result will be zero.

The second danger is that such a topic may turn out to be too undeveloped. There will be so few sources on it that a full-fledged R&D simply will not work.

Therefore, it is important to adhere to the following rules:

1. The topic is chosen taking into account existing research and close to them. Referring to the experience of predecessors is not only useful, but also necessary. It is quite possible that some already existing monograph or other scientific work contains prerequisites for a new study.
2. Before approving a topic, you need to make sure that there are enough sources on it. Ideally, the study of thematic literature should begin even before the choice of a topic, after the researcher has just decided on a general thematic field.
3. The theme must have practical significance or disclose relevant for modern science problems.
4. The topic must meet the objectives of the selected educational direction preparation.
5. When choosing a topic, you should always consult with a supervisor or any other specialist who understands the given issue.

It is important to remember that a well-chosen topic is success in writing any scientific text.

Planning and stages of research

After the researcher has decided on the topic, it is necessary to get to work. But here a difficult question arises - where to start?

In order to successfully write a research paper, you must first plan its structure and select the material.

There are several stages of preparation for writing a scientific work. The following can be distinguished:

1. Choose a general thematic field in which the work will be carried out.
2. Formulate a specific problem. It is important to understand from the very beginning what the work will be about. But that's not all - the idea must be original, new and relevant. In other words, the work should reveal either a unique problematic, or present a look from a radically new perspective on an existing one.
3. Select sources, study thematic scientific and educational literature. This will help to formulate a relevant and interesting topic. Literature work is the most important stage of R&D planning. It is necessary to collect, analyze and systematize as many relevant sources on the topic as possible. The library will help with this. The ideal option is a specialized library that contains literature on the selected industry or even similar specialized databases on the web. It should be understood that sources are not only scientific literature. This, including similar works predecessors. FROM highly likely someone has already traveled the path that the researcher has yet to do. It is extremely useful to refer to the experience of predecessors. This will greatly facilitate the process of finding sources.
4. Outline the approximate structural work. After the sources are studied and the problem is formulated, it is necessary to establish the order of the study. It is necessary to draw up a step-by-step plan of your work according to the goals and available means. Outline the tasks to be performed, formulate the logic of the presentation and analysis of the material. In higher educational institutions this work is done in collaboration with the supervisor.
5. Consult with a supervisor or any other specialist in the field.
6. Decide on the research methodology. In other words, to clearly indicate what methods of scientific research will be used to work with the material.

Their consistent implementation guarantees high score, these recommendations can greatly facilitate the work of the researcher.

Your work should never contain plagiarism.

A few more tips to help you write a quality scientific paper:

1. There is no need to be afraid to reformulate the topic and other fundamental premises, even if a lot has already been written. New data may show that the original topic has either already been worked out, or simply does not carry novelty and relevance. In this case, fundamentally rethinking the whole work will be the only true way out.
2. The formal rules of research should always be remembered, it is advisable to carry out all the necessary manipulations already in the process of writing a draft version, which will help to avoid many problems in the future.
3. A supervisor is not just a teacher who monitors the work process. He directs her in the right direction, edits and gives valuable advice. Advice should not be neglected. On the contrary, you should ask as many questions as possible. After all, this person, among other things, has vast experience in writing research work.
4. Sources must be carefully monitored. Many branches of scientific knowledge are developing very quickly, and it may turn out that an article written just a year ago may now be unreliable and outdated. Outdated data in a scientific paper is a serious mistake that will not pass by a qualified reviewer.
5. You have to be careful about the style of the story. Within the framework of scientific work, an excess of terminology and even clericalism is not considered a mistake. On the contrary, the scientific style has its own very strict limits, which must be adhered to in order for the content of the work to be perceived correctly. In the eyes of the reviewer and the commission, knowledge of terminology and strict adherence to the norms of scientific style is only a plus.
6. The work should contain citations and should not contain plagiarism. Any thought that does not belong to the author is framed as a direct quote. It is quite difficult to get around modern anti-plagiarisms, moreover, the presence of unformed borrowings instantly reduces the value of the work in the eyes of the reviewer and any other reader.
7. A negative result is also a result. It should be remembered that it is extremely difficult to say something really fundamentally new within the framework of a particular scientific field. With a high probability, the final result of the work will not correspond to the originally stated, and this is normal.
8. What is written is worth reading. Is always. And it's not even about grammatical, syntactical errors or typos. With a fresh mind, what was previously written may be perceived in a completely different way.

For some reason, few people like to immediately document their code, write down the main ideas of the articles they read, and formalize their results immediately after receiving them.

There are two good reasons for doing this right away.

• First, as long as you remember all the details, you will be able to do it better. Sooner or later you will have to write down, but then more time will be spent, and the quality of the document will be lower.
• Secondly, verbal formulation puts thoughts in order and magically increases the efficiency of the next stage of work.

So, if you read a good article, write down the main ideas in the form of an abstract. The best way to do this is to create a publish page on website.

Once you have completed the experiment, write down the experimental conditions and conclusions for each graph. The best way to do this is to write it on your personal page, or a subpage of it, or on the appropriate virtual seminar page.

Current reports

A good student periodically (for example, once every two weeks) sends a brief report to the supervisor of the following content:

• what new things have been learned from the literature;
• what has been done during this period;
• which of these is the result that you can write about in the course text (articles, dissertations);
• that it is not clear what problems have arisen;
• what are the ideas for their solution, including the possibility of changing the formulation of the entire problem or its parts;
• work plan for the next period (for example, two weeks).

This work instills the habit of structuring your thinking, and saves time for the ever-busy supervisor.

Even if your supervisor did not ask you to send him such reports, send them anyway! Show your best side.

Semester reports

Each semester, your individual research work should move a little further. The result of the work must be material; it can be a program, a report, experiments performed. Just showing up at the end of the semester and presenting your new ideas is not enough, even if they seem brilliant to you.

Many departments and teachers require students to report on research at the end of each semester, in writing. This activity should not be treated as an empty formality. In the ideal case - if you do not change the topic of the study - these reports, acquiring details, will gradually develop into a final work. A report on scientific work (technical report) is written in the form of a scientific article. The requirements for the scientific content of reports will increase from semester to semester, while the requirements for the form will remain unchanged.

There is one more strong argument in favor of a serious attitude to reports. Nowadays, the exchange of professional information between people occurs mainly in electronic form - reports, articles, presentations, forums. You need to learn how to master all these genres of information exchange. Of these, reports and articles are the most weighty and require the greatest accuracy of presentation from the author.

Your first semester report has the right to look modest. It is enough if it contains only the statement of the problem, abstracts of the articles you have read and/or the results of your first experiments.

• Formulation of the problem. First, try to write in an informal language, how you understood it, why it is relevant (that is, what benefits and to whom its solution can bring), what open problems it has. It is very important to learn how to talk about the problem. Take as a model the descriptions you read in articles or on the Internet. Then formulate the problem formally, introduce the necessary notation.

• Abstracts. If you have worked with the literature, the report should contain abstracts ( brief retellings) articles you read. Abstracts should emphasize the connection of these articles with your task. It is very important to draw a conclusion that motivates your work, for example, if you find that everything notable works have a common drawback, which will be addressed by your research.

• Experiments. If you have done one or more experiments, the report should contain a description of the conditions and results of each experiment. The conditions must be described in a comprehensive manner, that is, in such a way that your experiment can be reproduced by another researcher. At the same time, programming and other technical details do not need to be described. The results are presented in the form of tables or graphs. Axes and a legend must be labeled on each chart (the legend is not needed if there is only one curve on the chart). Under the graph, it should be written under what conditions of the experiment it was obtained. Interpretations of the results obtained and conclusions should be given in the main text. If you do this carelessly, then even your leader, not to mention outsiders, will not understand the results of your experiment.

Research algorithm

All of the above can be summarized as Research algorithm. It consists in iteratively repeating certain types of work from the following list:

• immersion in modern scientific literature, mostly in English;
• conclusion of the theory (even if the work is experimental, it helps to understand the method and adapt it to your task);
• conducting experiments (even if the work is theoretical, it helps to discover new effects);
• analysis of simple special cases and extreme cases, even if they seem to be degenerate;
• changing the problem statement itself and solving simpler related problems;
• a written statement of the problem statement, a review of articles or already found partial solutions;
• discussions with the head and colleagues, participation in scientific seminars and conferences.

The order of these jobs is not important and is chosen according to the situation, but none of them should be systematically skipped - this is the essence of the algorithm, and only in this case does it guarantee successful progress.

Conferences

It is necessary to plan your participation in conferences well in advance, since the deadlines for submitting articles (abstracts) usually end a few months before the start of the conference. What conferences can students participate in:

• MIPT Annual Scientific Conference (November, submission in September).
• Annual scientific conference of students, graduate students and young scientists "Lomonosov" (April, filing in February).
• Conference

Topic 2. Stages of research work

Stages of research work. Feasibility study (feasibility study) of the topic. Justification of the relevance and significance of the work for the industry and National economy countries. Solution methods, tasks and stages of research. Estimated (potential) economic effect. Estimated social outcomes. Feasibility study approval. The purpose of theoretical research. Rationale physical model, development mathematical model. Analysis of preliminary results. Guidelines to conduct the experiment. Working plan of experimental works. Introduction of fundamental and applied scientific research into production. State tests.

Federal Law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" dated August 23, 1996 N 127-FZ (current version, 2016)

Types of R&D and their main stages

Scientific research can be divided into fundamental, exploratory and applied.

Types of research work

Fundamental and prospecting works are usually not included in the product life cycle. However, on their basis, ideas are generated that can be transformed into R&D projects.

Applied R&D is one of the stages life cycle products. Their task is to answer the question: is it possible to create a new type of product and with what characteristics?

The procedure for conducting research is regulated by GOST 15.101-98.

The specific composition of the stages and the nature of the work performed within their framework are determined by the specifics of R&D.

Stages of scientific research and their summary.

Any particular study can be presented as a series of steps.

1. Choice of research topic.

2. Definition of the object and subject of research.

3. Definition of goals and objectives.

4. Formulation of the title of the work.

5. Development of a hypothesis.

6. Drawing up a research plan.

7. Work with literature.

8. Selection of subjects.

9. Choice of research methods.

10. Organization of research conditions.

11. Research (collection of material).

12. Processing of research results.

13. Formulation of conclusions.

14. Registration of work.

Each stage has its own tasks, which are often solved sequentially, and sometimes simultaneously.

Choice of research topic. Scientific research always involves the solution of some scientific problem. Lack of knowledge, facts, inconsistency of scientific ideas create grounds for scientific research. The formulation of a scientific problem involves:

Detecting the existence of such a deficit;

Awareness of the need to eliminate the deficit;

Formulation of the problem.

It is preferable to investigate those problems in which a person is more competent and which are related to his practical activities (sports, educational, organizational, teaching or technical, etc.). At the same time, the proposed topic must be assessed from the point of view of the possibility of conducting an experiment, i.e. the presence of a sufficient number of subjects to form experimental groups (experimental and control), research equipment, create appropriate conditions for conducting the process in the experimental group, etc.

Help in choosing a topic can be provided by viewing catalogs of defended dissertations, review publications in special scientific and methodological periodicals.

The topic should be relevant, i.e. useful to meet the scientific, social, technical and economic needs of society.

Definition of the object and subject of research. An object research is process or phenomenon, which are selected for study, contain a problem situation and serve as a source of information necessary for the researcher. (Technological process, managerial task, social issues of employees).

However, it is recommended that the object of study be formulated not indefinitely broadly, but in such a way that it is possible to trace the circle of objective reality. This circle should include subject as the most important element, which is characterized in direct relationship with other constituent parts of a given object and can be unambiguously understood only when compared with other aspects of the object.

The subject matter is more specific and includes only those connections and relationships that are subject to direct study in this work.

From what has been said, it follows that object what is being investigated is the subject, and that which receives a scientific explanation in this object is the subject. Exactly subject research defines the research topic. For example: “The effect of adding cumin essential oil for the expiration date(or: palatability) sausage products (Hungarian sausages) ».

Definition of purpose and objectives. Based on the object and subject, you can begin to determine the purpose and objectives of the study. The goal is formulated briefly and extremely precisely, in a semantic sense expressing the main thing that the researcher intends to do, to which end result he aspires. The purpose of research within the course and theses may be the development of new product formulations, new methods for determining the components of food products, the introduction of new components into food products, development of functional nutrition recipes, etc.

The goal is concretized and developed in the objectives of the study.

Several tasks are set, and each of them, with a clear formulation, reveals the side of the topic that is being studied. When defining tasks, it is necessary to take into account their interconnection. Sometimes it is impossible to solve one problem without first solving another. Each task must have a solution reflected in one or more conclusions.

The first task, as a rule, is associated with the identification, clarification, deepening, methodological justification of the essence, structure of the object under study.

The second is related to the analysis of the real state of the subject of research.

The third task is related to the transformation of the subject of research, i.e. identifying ways and means of increasing the efficiency of improving the phenomenon or process under study (for example, developing an experimental methodology for introducing a new component).

The fourth - with an experimental verification of the effectiveness of the proposed transformations.

Tasks should be formulated clearly and concisely. As a rule, each task is formulated in the form of an assignment: “Study...”, “Develop...”, “Reveal...”, “Establish...”, “Justify...”, “Define... ”, “Check…”, “Prove…”, etc.

Formulation of the title of the work. Having defined the topic and specific tasks, specifying the object and subject of research, it is possible to give the first version of the wording of the title of the work.

The title of the work is recommended to be formulated as briefly as possible, exactly in accordance with its content. It must be remembered that the subject of research should be reflected in the title. Vague wordings should not be allowed in the title of the work, for example: "Analysis of some questions ...", as well as stamped wordings such as: "To the question of ...", "To the study of ...", "Materials to ..." .

Finding a complete and concise wording right away is not an easy task. Even in the course of research, new, better names may emerge.

Hypothesis development. A hypothesis is a scientific assumption that requires experimental verification and theoretical justification, confirmation. Knowledge of the subject of research allows us to put forward a hypothesis. All hypotheses are divided into descriptive and explanatory. The first describes the relationship between the quality under investigation and the result of experimental activity (for example: essential oils have antimicrobial activity - can increase the shelf life by suppressing pathogenic microorganisms;) the second - explanatory - reveals internal conditions, mechanisms, causes and effects.

Sources for developing a hypothesis can be generalization of experience, analysis of existing scientific facts and further development of scientific theories. Any hypothesis is considered as an initial canvas and a starting point for research, which may or may not be confirmed.

Drafting a research plan. The research plan is a planned action program that includes all stages of work with the definition of calendar deadlines for their implementation. The plan is necessary in order to properly organize the work and give it a more purposeful character. In addition, he disciplines, makes you work in a certain rhythm.

In the course of work, the initial plan can be detailed, supplemented and even changed.

Literature work. The place of this stage of work is determined conditionally, since in reality the work with literature begins in the process of choosing a topic and continues until the end of the study. The effectiveness of working with literary sources depends on the knowledge of certain rules for their search, the appropriate methodology for studying and taking notes. A "literary source" is a document containing any information (monograph, article, theses, book, etc.).

Selection of subjects. Any study is ultimately comparative.

You can compare the results of the experimental system (sausage product) i.e. system in which the new component was used, with the results of the control system (in which the usually accepted recipe was saved for comparison).

You can also compare the results of "today's" studies with the results that were obtained earlier (for example, the same material - a sausage product, with the addition of dry cumin or other essential oils)

Finally, you can compare the results obtained on this model with those standards that exist in the food industry.

It is known that any research is carried out on a relatively small number of models. At the same time, conclusions are drawn in relation to all similar systems (all sausages of the same variety). Such a transfer of experimental results is based on the statistical law big numbers. The objective effect of this law makes it possible to use the sampling method in statistics, in which not all units of a particular population are studied, but only a selected part of them. In this case, the generalized characteristics of the selected part (sample population) apply to the entire population (general population). The main requirement for the sample is that it should maximally reflect the features population(i.e. be representative - representative).

Using the sampling method, each experimenter solves two problems: what choose as research and How many they must be chosen.

Choice of research methods. A research method is a way of obtaining the collection, processing or analysis of data. Various methods of scientific knowledge from other areas of science and technology are widely used in research. On the one hand, this phenomenon can be considered positive, since it makes it possible to study the issues under study in a comprehensive manner, to consider the diversity of connections and relationships, on the other hand, this diversity makes it difficult to choose methods that are appropriate for a particular study.

The main guideline for choosing research methods can be its tasks. . It is the tasks set before the work that determine the ways to solve them, and therefore the choice of appropriate research methods. At the same time, it is important to select methods that would be adequate to the uniqueness of the phenomena being studied.

In the practice of conducting research in the food industry aimed at solving various problems, the following methods are most widely used:

Analysis scientific and methodological literature, documentary and archival materials;

Poll (conversation, interview and questioning);

Control tests (testing);

Expert assessment;

Observation;

Experiment;

Methods of mathematical processing.

These groups of methods are closely related. They cannot be used in isolation. For example, to conduct an observation or experiment, it is necessary to first obtain information about what is already in practice and theory, that is, use the methods of analyzing scientific and methodological literature or a survey. The factual material obtained during the research will not be reliable without the methods of mathematical processing.

The essence of any experiment is a combination of several of these methods.

Organization of research conditions. The organization of the experiment is associated with the planning of its implementation, which determines the sequence of all stages of work, as well as with the preparation of all conditions that ensure a full-fledged study. This includes the preparation of the appropriate environment, raw materials, instruments, means, instruction of assistants, planning of observations, selection of experimental and control groups, evaluation of all the features of the experimental base, etc.

For a successful experiment, certain conditions are necessary: ​​the presence of a base (----), appropriate inventory (-----). The question of the place of the experiment in practice, especially at the initial stage, is most often decided on the basis of the personal agreement of the experimenter (for example, the technologist-director of the company). In all cases, the permission of the head of the organization in which the experiment is supposed to be carried out must be obtained for the experiment.

Conducting research. At this stage of work, using the selected research methods, the necessary empirical (experimental) data are collected to test the hypothesis put forward.

Initial, intermediate and final studies provide for obtaining indicators using methods for collecting current information, and conducting classes ensures the direct implementation of the intended process (the use of new tools, methods, etc.).

The time intervals between the initial, intermediate and final studies are extremely variable and depend on many reasons (tasks and research methods, real conditions for organizing the experiment, etc.).

The study is carried out on the basis of the general program of the experiment, the programs of conducting classes in the experimental and control groups, as well as the program of conducting observations.

The program indicates the content and sequence of all actions(what, where, when and how it will be carried out, observed, checked, compared and measured; what will be the procedure for measuring indicators, their registration; what equipment, tools and other means will be used; who will do the work and what).

Processing of research results. Primary data processing. It is important to process the results of each study as soon as possible after its completion, while the experimenter's memory can suggest those details - which for some reason are not fixed, but are of interest for understanding the essence of the case. When processing the data collected, it may turn out that they are either not enough, or they are contradictory and therefore do not give grounds for final conclusions. In this case, the study must be continued, making the required additions to it.

In most cases, it is advisable to start processing with the compilation of tables (pivot tables) of the received data.

For both manual and computer processing, initial data is most often entered into the original pivot table. Recently, computer processing has become the predominant form of mathematical and statistical processing, so it is advisable to enter all the features you are interested in in the table in the form of a decimal number. This is necessary because the data format for most of the computer programs imposes its own limitations.

Mathematical data processing. To determine the methods of mathematical and statistical processing, first of all, it is necessary to evaluate the nature of the distribution for all the parameters used. For parameters that have a normal distribution or close to normal, you can use parametric statistics methods, which in many cases are more powerful than non-parametric statistics methods. The advantage of the latter is that they allow checking statistical hypotheses regardless of the form of distribution.

The most important statistical characteristics are:

a) arithmetic mean

b) standard deviation

c) coefficient of variation

Based on these features normal distribution, we can estimate the degree of closeness of the considered distribution to it.

One of the most common tasks in data processing is to evaluate the validity of differences between two or more series of values. AT mathematical statistics there are a number of ways to solve it. The computer variant of data processing has now become the most common. In many applied statistical programs there are procedures for estimating differences between the parameters of one sample or different samples. With a fully computerized processing of the material, it is not difficult to use the appropriate procedure at the right time and evaluate the differences of interest.

Formulation of conclusions. Conclusions are statements that express in short form meaningful results of the study, they reflect in the thesis form the new that was obtained by the author himself. A common mistake is that the author includes in the conclusions generally accepted in science provisions that no longer need proof.

The solution of each of the tasks listed in the introduction should be reflected in the conclusions in a certain way.

Registration of work. The main task of this stage of work is to present the results obtained in a publicly accessible and understandable form, which allows them to be compared with the results of other researchers and used in practical activities. Therefore, the design of the work must comply with the requirements for works sent to print (qualification work-requirements).

An approximate list of works at different stages of research is given in the table.

Stages of R&D and the scope of work on them

The development of a new recipe at food industry enterprises ends with the preparation of regulatory documents (TU, STO); obtaining Certificates, Declarations; making amendments to the technological process (if required) - writing instructions, etc.