The degree of organization of the system.

The organization or orderliness of the organization of the system is estimated by the formula

R=1-E real/Emax,

where is the real or current entropy value,

The maximum possible entropy or uncertainty in the structure and functions of the system.

If the system is completely deterministic and organized, then and . Reducing the entropy of the system to zero means the complete "overorganization" of the system and leads to the degeneration of the system. If the system is completely disorganized, then

A qualitative classification of systems according to the degree of organization was proposed by V. V. Nalimov, who singled out a class of well-organized and a class of poorly organized, or diffuse systems. Later, a class of self-organizing systems was added to these classes. It is important to emphasize that the name of a system class is not its evaluation. First of all, it can be considered as approaches to displaying an object or a problem being solved, which can be chosen depending on the stage of cognition of the object and the possibility of obtaining information about it.

Well organized systems.

If the researcher manages to determine the elements of the system and their interrelations between themselves and with the goals of the system and the type of deterministic (analytical or graphical) dependencies, then it is possible to represent the object in the form well organized system. That is, the representation of an object in the form of a well-organized system is used in cases where a deterministic description can be proposed and the validity of its application has been experimentally shown (the adequacy of the model to a real object has been proved).

This representation is successfully used in modeling technical and technological systems. Although, strictly speaking. even the simplest mathematical ratios that reflect real situations are also not absolutely adequate, since, for example, when adding apples, it is not taken into account that they are not exactly the same, and weight can only be measured with some accuracy. Difficulties arise when working with complex objects (biological, economic, social, etc.). Without significant simplification, they cannot be represented as well-organized systems. Therefore, in order to display a complex object in the form of a well-organized system, it is necessary to single out only the factors that are essential for the specific purpose of the study. Attempts to apply models of well-organized systems to represent complex objects are practically often unrealizable, since, in particular, it is not possible to set up an experiment that proves the adequacy of the model. Therefore, in most cases, when representing complex objects and problems at the initial stages of the study, they are displayed by the classes discussed below.

2.4 Classification of systems according to the degree of organization

The division of systems according to organization corresponds to their characteristics. These are such systems as: well organized; poorly organized; developing or self-organizing.

Well-organized systems include objects with well-defined elements, relationships between them, clearly defined goals and objectives associated with the means. Well-organized systems are characterized by systems of performance indicators, performance indicators, tools for implementing management, control and feedback.

When presenting an object as a poorly organized, or diffuse, system, the task is not to determine all the components and their connections with the goals of the system. The system is characterized by a certain set of macro-parameters and regularities that are revealed on the basis of a study of a fairly representative sample of components determined with the help of certain rules that reflect the object or process under study. On the basis of such a selective study, characteristics or patterns are obtained that apply to the behavior of the system as a whole with some probability.

The class of self-organizing or developing systems is characterized by a number of features, features, which, as a rule, are due to the presence in the system of active elements that are of a dual nature, being at the same time useful for the existence of the system with their properties of good adaptation to changing environmental conditions, but at the same time causing uncertainty making it difficult to control the system. The class of systems under consideration can be divided into subclasses, identifying adaptive or self-adapting systems, self-learning systems, self-healing, self-reproducing classes of systems.

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The division of systems according to the degree of organization is proposed in continuation of the idea of ​​their division into well organized and poorly organized, or diffuse. To these two classes, another class has been added developing (self-organizing) systems. These classes are briefly characterized in Table. 1.4.

Table 1.4

In the proposed classification of systems, the systems that existed by the mid-70s of the twentieth century were used. terms, but they are combined into a single classification, in which the selected classes are considered as approaches to displaying an object or solving a problem, and their characteristics are proposed, which allows choosing a class of systems for displaying an object, depending on the stage of its cognition and the possibility of obtaining information about it.

Problem situations with a large initial uncertainty are more consistent with the representation of an object in the form of a third-class system. In this case, modeling becomes, as it were, a kind of “mechanism” for the development of the system. The practical implementation of such a "mechanism" is associated with the need to develop a procedure for building a model of the decision-making process. Building a model begins with the use of a sign system (modeling language), which is based on one of the methods of discrete mathematics (for example, set-theoretic representations, mathematical logic, mathematical linguistics) or special methods of system analysis (for example, simulation dynamic simulation etc.). When modeling the most complex processes (for example, the processes of forming goal structures, improving organizational structures etc.) the "mechanism" of development (self-organization) can be implemented in the form of an appropriate method of system analysis. On the considered idea of ​​displaying an object in the process of representing it by a class of self-organizing systems, the method of gradual formalization of the decision-making model is also based, which is characterized in Ch. four.

Class self-organizing (developing), systems are characterized by a number of features or features that bring them closer to real developing objects (Table 1.5).

Table 1.5

The listed signs of self-organizing (developing) systems have various manifestations, which can sometimes be distinguished as independent features. These features, as a rule, are due to the presence of active elements in the system and are of a dual nature: they are new properties that are useful for the existence of the system, its adaptation to changing environmental conditions, but at the same time cause uncertainty and make it difficult to control the system.

Some of the features considered are characteristic of diffuse systems ( stochastic behavior, instability of individual parameters), but most of them are specific features that significantly distinguish this class of systems from others and make their modeling difficult.

At the same time, when creating and organizing enterprise management, they often try to represent them using the theory of automatic regulation and control, which was developed for closed, technical systems and significantly distorts the understanding of systems with active elements, which can harm the enterprise, make it an inanimate "mechanism", unable to adapt to the environment and develop options for their development.

The considered features are contradictory. In most cases, they are both positive and negative, desirable and undesirable for the system being created. It is not immediately possible to understand and explain the signs of systems, to select and create the required degree of their manifestation. Philosophers, psychologists, specialists in systems theory are studying the reasons for the manifestation of such features of complex objects with active elements, who, in order to explain these features, propose and investigate patterns of systems.

The manifestation of contradictory features of developing systems and the explanation of their patterns on the example of real objects must be studied, constantly monitored, reflected in models, and search for methods and means to regulate the degree of their manifestation.

At the same time, one should keep in mind the important difference between developing systems with active elements and closed ones: trying to understand the fundamental features of modeling such systems, the first researchers already noted that starting from a certain level of complexity, the system is easier to manufacture and put into operation, transform and change than to be represented by a formal model.

With the accumulation of experience in the study and transformation of such systems, this observation was confirmed, and their main feature was realized - fundamental limitation of a formalized description of developing (self-organizing) systems.

This feature, i.e. the need to combine formal methods and methods of qualitative analysis, and is the basis of most models and methods of system analysis. When forming such models, the usual idea of ​​models, which is characteristic of mathematical modeling and applied mathematics, changes. The idea of ​​proving the adequacy of such models also changes.

determinism

Consider another classification of systems proposed by St. Beer.

If the inputs of an object uniquely determine its outputs, that is, its behavior can be uniquely predicted (with probability 1), then the object is deterministic; otherwise, it is non-deterministic (stochastic).

Determination is characteristic of less complex systems;

stochastic systems are more difficult than deterministic systems because they are more difficult to describe and study

Examples of stochastic systems:

• 1. A sewing machine can be attributed to a deterministic system: by turning the handle of the machine at a given angle, we can say with confidence that the needle will move up and down a known distance (the case of a faulty machine is not considered)
• 2. An example of a non-deterministic system is a dog, when a bone is handed to it, it is impossible to unambiguously predict the dog's behavior.

Randomness is a chain of unrevealed patterns hidden beyond the threshold of our understanding.

On the other hand, the approximate measurements. In the first case, we cannot take into account all the factors (inputs) acting on the object. In the second, the problem of unpredictability of the output is related to the inability to accurately measure the values ​​of the inputs and the limited accuracy of complex calculations.

Examples. Art. Beer offers the following table with examples of systems:

Classification of systems according to the degree of organization

The degree of organization of the system

For the first time, the division of systems according to the degree of organization by analogy with the classification of G. Simon and A. Newell (well-structured, poorly structured and unstructured problems) was proposed by V.V. Nalimov, who singled out the class of well-organized and the class of poorly organized or probabilistic systems.

Later, to these two classes, another class of self-organizing, complex systems was added, which includes the classes of self-regulating, self-learning, self-adjusting, etc., sometimes considered separately in the literature. systems.

The selected classes can practically be considered as approaches to modeling an object or a problem to be solved.

Character

27.09.2016

Snezhana Ivanova

Organization as a skill does not come in one day, it needs to be developed over the years. Sometimes, at the cost of hard willpower, a person manages to make his life more organized.

It is known that an organized person manages to do a lot more things in a day than someone who is used to wasting time. The presence of restrictions, a strict daily routine, a difficult task, an impatient boss - all this disciplines and forces a person to take active steps. But on the other hand, the level of organization also depends on the individual qualities of a person, such as responsibility, perseverance, purposefulness, faith in oneself and one's capabilities. What is manifested organization? Let's try to figure it out!

Manifestations of organization

By what signs can one understand that a person knows how to organize himself correctly? Below are the criteria to consider.

self-discipline

If a person knows how to clearly organize himself, sees the ultimate goal in front of him, then it will be much easier for him to achieve what he wants. Organization as a skill does not come in one day, it needs to be developed over the years. Sometimes, at the cost of hard willpower, a person manages to make his life more organized.

Provides the development of self-control, in which we simply do not allow ourselves to sit back when we should work fruitfully. A person who is aware of responsibility to himself and others, as a rule, independently sets rigid limits for himself, in order to comply with them later. This is much more effective than constantly breaking the schedule and forcing yourself to work. Otherwise, a large amount of energy will be wasted every day, which could be directed to the implementation of existing goals. Organization directly depends on the degree of self-control, the ability to be demanding and even tough.

Consistency

To achieve the best result, any business must be performed at regular intervals. Regularity ensures the development of organization. If some business is performed from time to time, then our consciousness begins to perceive it as something optional and burdensome. As a result, laziness appears, unwillingness to contact him again. Constancy, on the other hand, organizes, motivates a person for new achievements, helps to grow self-confidence.

It has been noticed that any business performed systematically gives a greater charge of positive energy than rare, but very long exercises. Accordingly, the result with a regular approach will be much higher, and with it the degree of internal satisfaction will increase. Consistency organizes no less than various success motivators.

Subsequence

A person who wants to bring more organization into his life needs to think about creating an internal routine. In other words, it is important to determine a sequence of actions that would help advance the case, but not so exhausted as to lose the incentive to act.

Organization itself appears when a person is ready to sacrifice something in order to achieve a goal. For example, you decide to streamline your life and work on a schedule. At the moment when you make a plan of clear steps for yourself, you already know how much time it will take to solve a particular problem. The sequence of steps allows you to develop organization to a greater extent than when you rush to do a large amount of work at once. Being organized is always the result of hard work and patience.

Overcoming laziness

We all want to let ourselves relax a little from time to time. Only some do it at strictly fixed hours, while others succumb to the first temptation and cannot get out of the overwhelming state for years. The ability to overcome your own laziness is a big step forward on the path to organization. Organization is always the result of labor, and not some fabulous luck. How to overcome the desire to be constantly lazy? Say, if a person wants to watch a television program, he begins to come up with various excuses for himself, just not to get down to business. It is known that this is very difficult, because you have to fight with your own body, educating yourself as a person.

Overcoming laziness begins from the moment when the realization comes that something needs to be done. There are people who are helped to organize themselves only by the boss standing behind them. Only then do they begin to act actively, and until then they absolutely do not want to get off the ground. Work on your own character occupies an important place in. If we allow ourselves to rest when we please, then very soon we will not be able to manage own life and just go with the flow.

Level of organization

What determines the level of organization of a particular person and how does it happen? The concept is quite complex, reflecting the subjective degree of how much a person manages to do in a certain period of time. The level of organization can be an indicator of labor efficiency.

• High the indicator is characterized by high demands of the individual to himself and focus on results. Such a person realizes what his ultimate goal is and what needs to be done to achieve it. Organization based on high level, is an acquired skill that has to be systematically maintained. Successful people know that as soon as they break the rules and break the promises they make, they automatically fall out of organization. A person can be successful only when he keeps himself within the limits.
• Average the indicator is characterized by the presence of constant throwing between high activity and a significant decline. A person experiences a state of internal struggle and additional stress because he cannot allocate time and a lot of energy is wasted.
• Short the indicator is characterized by unwillingness to act at all. Maybe such a person sometimes wants to change something in his life, but he has too few internal reserves to achieve what he wants.

Thus, organization is internal characteristic personality. Everyone has their own resources, but not everyone manages to realize their plans in life.