Research and Development (R&D) or R&D (Research and Development* (English)) is a set of activities/services that includes both scientific research, experiments, search, research, and the production of prototypes and small-scale product samples (prototypes or test samples), prior to the launch of a new product/service or technology/system in industrial production. Expenditure on R&D (Research and Development Works) is an important indicator of the innovative activity of a company or enterprise. However, R&D expenses are recognized whether they are positive or not.

To carry out R&D, it is required to allocate budgets (financing) for R&D, as well as the availability of highly qualified personnel whose tasks include the implementation of the R&D complex. R&D activities should be carried out in accordance with a clear action plan broken down into stages.

Very often, R&D works and services (Scientific Research and Development Works) are accompanied by the following types of work:

What is the main difference between R&D and other activities?

The main difference between research and development (R&D) and related activities at the enterprise is the presence of an element of novelty in the development. At the same time, we are talking about the creation (development) of a new type of technology, product, service, etc.

What is R&D for?

R&D can reduce the costs of enterprises after the introduction of innovations, increase the velocity of capital circulation, bring a new product or service to the market, reducing risks, etc.

A little history about R&D and attitude to it

Until recently R&D considered as one of the areas of activity of commercial organizations. However, since the mid-90s of the last century, R&D has become an independent type of business. A large number of companies appeared that carried out research and development work for various economic entities(including for the state). In Russia, such organizations include numerous research institutes, design bureaus, scientific departments of universities, etc.

Global R&D market, general trends in R&D market dynamics

According to research institutes, global spending on R&D is on the rise around the world and represents a market worth more than a trillion USD (US dollars). The first places in terms of R&D are occupied mainly by countries with developed economies, such as the USA, Japan, Great Britain, European countries, etc. (their market shares and positions in the ranking are constantly changing).
Recently, emerging economies such as China and India have become very active. Russia is among the top ten world leaders in R&D and its share in the R&D services market is constantly increasing.
Thanks to the choice of a development course with a focus on the domestic market (import substitution), Russia has a special and paramount interest in the development of the R&D market.

BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS IN THE DIRECTION OF R&D

Scientific development

Scientific development- carried out by order of a company / firm and / or their organizations, may differ in the following types of work: research (R&D), experimental design (R&D), technological work, or other research work aimed at obtaining and using new knowledge on activities of a given company or organization (hereinafter abbreviated as R&D).

Innovation activity- activities that result in the creation of a particular new product, the creation or improvement of existing technology, the development of new equipment, automation tools, software systems, organizational and management decisions in the structure of an organization / company.

R&D life cycle- the period from the beginning of scientific research to the termination of obtaining useful results from the use of this development.

At evaluating the effectiveness of R&D the calculation period is used, which is divided into steps (0.1...) and measured in years. It includes the following stages: scientific research, development work, manufacturing of industrial designs, mass production, use of manufactured products or technologies in industrial and economic practice, elimination (utilization) of products.

For scientific developments not related to the creation of new technology, the calculation period usually includes scientific research and the direct use of its results of proposals in the production and economic activities of the company / enterprise.

R&D performer- a scientific, design or engineering organization that is one of the parties to a contract for scientific development concluded with a company or organization and/or its subsidiaries/enterprises.

R&D efficiency- the effectiveness of scientific development is understood as a category that reflects the compliance of this development with the goals and interests of the company/enterprise-customer of R&D.

Exist different kinds R&D efficiency:

Each of the types of efficiency is characterized by different indicators or forms of manifestation of efficiency.

R&D System Implementation Program- a set of technical, economic and organizational measures, providing for the practical use of scientific results. It includes, in the general case, economic justifications, R&D, production of prototypes, testing of new technology, its experimental use in organizations, serial production, mass use, Maintenance, repair and disposal (liquidation).

Investments- cash, securities, other property, including property rights, other rights having a monetary value, invested in objects of entrepreneurial and (or) other activities in order to make a profit and (or) achieve another beneficial effect.

Operating (current) costs of production and sales of products- economically justified costs associated with the production and sale of products, determined in accordance with the rules of accounting.

Cash flow (net cash receipts, real money balance, net income)- the difference between the inflow and outflow of funds for the billing period. When calculating R&D cash flows, only cash inflows and outflows associated with this R&D and its implementation are taken into account.

Cash inflow from operating activities- the total amount of cash receipts from the results of the implementation of R&D.

Cash outflow- expenses associated with R&D and its implementation.

Discounting- bringing the income or expenses of future years to the present (or other - base) point in time. It is carried out in the course of efficiency calculations by multiplying the corresponding values ​​of income or expenses by discount factors. The value of these coefficients depends on the discount rate (E) established by the enterprise and the time of use of the R&D results.

Integral effect of R&D (net present value)
The integral effect of R&D (net present value) is the sum of discounted cash flows from scientific development and the full implementation of the program for implementing its results over the entire life cycle of this development.

R&D efficiency index

R&D efficiency index = ratio of the integral effect of R&D to:

a) discounted costs of R&D;

b) discounted costs for conducting and implementing R&D.

The first indicator (a) is used, as a rule, when ranking the effectiveness of scientific research.

The main goal of the R&D rules is to create conditions for the concentration of financial and other resources of the organization on the most effective scientific developments and the productive use of their results, which increases the efficiency of the use of funds invested in R&D.

Typical areas of application of R&D rules in an enterprise: The main goal of the R&D rules is to create conditions for the concentration of financial and other resources of the enterprise on the most effective scientific developments and the productive use of their results, which increases the efficiency of the use of funds invested in R&D at the enterprise. The rules provide for the establishment of unified corporate requirements for R&D feasibility studies at various stages of their life cycle. The methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of R&D, set out in the R&D rules, has a commercial focus and takes into account the economic, social, environmental and other goals and interests of the enterprise and / or affiliated organizations.

The R&D rules provide for the establishment of uniform corporate requirements for the economic justification of R&D at various stages of their life cycle.

The methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of R&D, set out in the rules on R&D, has a commercial focus and takes into account the economic, social, environmental and other goals and interests of companies.

The effectiveness of scientific development should be assessed:

At the stage of an application for scientific development and the formation of a corporate R&D plan - to resolve the issue of the appropriateness of its implementation and inclusion of development in the plan;

At the stage of completion of scientific development - to evaluate the obtained scientific results and decide on the appropriateness of their use;

At the stage of implementation - to determine the scope of implementation of the development, evaluate the actual results, proposals to stimulate the implementation of the development.

R&D expertise

Based on the results of the evaluation of the effectiveness of scientific development (R&D), an examination is carried out, on the basis of which a decision is made to include R&D in the plan for financing or continuing research, and a conclusion is also given on calculations at the stage of completion and implementation of scientific developments.

Development of R&D rules at the enterprise/company

R&D regulations are usually developed taking into account " methodological recommendations for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects” within companies (organizations) interested in R&D procedures/services.

The rules for evaluating the effectiveness of R&D determine the procedure for calculating the effectiveness of R&D at various stages of their implementation.

R&D efficiency assessment is based on comparison of income and expenses of the organization/enterprise of the R&D customer related to R&D and implementation of obtained scientific results. Evaluation of the effectiveness of R&D can be carried out by basic and simplified methods.

Calculations of the effectiveness of scientific research should take into account the following main provisions and conditions:

R&D assessment is given within the calculation period;

It is obligatory to take into account the time factor (changes in costs and results over time, unevenness of income and expenses at different times);

The calculations take into account the discount rate established by the customer enterprise at the time of evaluation, which is the same for all considered scientific developments;

At the initial stage of R&D, only future expenses and incomes related to the implementation and implementation of scientific development are taken into account;

When calculating the actual efficiency, the actual costs and income associated with R&D and the implementation of its results are taken into account;

The price system that is in effect at the time of the calculations, tariffs, taxes, etc. is used. (with the obligatory indication of this moment), inflation is not taken into account;

Uncertainty and risk factors are indicated, as well as ways to reflect them in the calculations;

The principle of comparison “without a project (without innovation) and with a project (with innovation)” is used, that is, the evaluation of the effectiveness of scientific research is carried out by comparing the cash flows associated with the conduct of research and the use of its results, with the cash flows that would take place if research and, accordingly, implementation would not be carried out;

Evaluations of the effectiveness of R&D, with rare exceptions, should be expressed in monetary terms.

The rules for evaluating the effectiveness of R&D provide for the use of two indicators of the effectiveness of R&D: the integral effect of scientific development (EI), the efficiency index (EI).

Justification of the effectiveness of scientific development is carried out at the following stages (stages) of its life cycle:

At the application stage, inclusion in the R&D plan and conclusion of an agreement (assessment of the potential effect);

At the stage of completion of development (assessment of the expected effect);

At the implementation stage (calculations of the actual effect).

At the final stage of assessing the effectiveness of R&D, the results of work in the areas of their use - in capital construction, in the development natural resources etc.

The responsibility for preparing a justification for the effectiveness of R&D and the reliability of the calculations performed at all stages of the development life cycle, including the stages of its completion and implementation, rests with the functional customer.

When forming an assessment of the effectiveness of R&D, it is necessary, first of all, to identify and assess the change in efficiency in the production, economic and other activities of an organization/company when implementing scientific development. Changes of this kind can be characterized by factors of efficiency (efficiency, usefulness) of R&D.

The implementation of scientific results can positively affect the main performance indicators of an organization/company due to:

Increasing the productivity of the main technological equipment and improving its use over time;

Increasing technological and organizational innovations and activities;

Increasing the production of hydrocarbon raw materials by increasing gas, condensate and oil recovery;

performance increase;

Increase in the active volume of products in the company's warehouses (if it is possible within the technological process of the organization/enterprise);

Increasing the depth of product processing (if it is possible within the technological process of the organization / enterprise);

Increasing export opportunities;

Accelerating the pace of construction;

Saving expenses for own needs, and reducing losses;

Improving accounting, volumes and quality of products, as a result of reducing the error of measuring instruments for metrological control.

Use of new equipment, new technologies and technological processes;

Innovations aimed at reducing the consumption of material resources;

Use of import-substituting materials;

Replacement of materials, raw materials or semi-finished products used in production with cheaper ones;

Optimization of schedules and methods for the production of capital and current repairs;

Reducing the cost of capital and current repairs;

Improving the maintainability of equipment;

Innovations aimed at reducing penalties for non-compliance with product parameters;

Reducing the cost of diagnostics, monitoring the effectiveness of protection and inspection of the condition of structures.

Use of new equipment, new technological processes;

Rational organization of production processes and personnel management;

staff development;

Improving the norms and standards, the system of stimulating the remuneration of employees;

Reducing the loss of working time;

Reducing occupational diseases and injuries.

Reducing the time of non-technological breaks and downtime during the transition from one stage of the production process to another;

Reducing the time to obtain high-quality control information;

Increase in overhaul periods;

Increasing the level of intensification of production.

Improvement of technical, technological and organizational solutions in the construction of buildings, structures and facilities;

Extending the useful life of machines, equipment, vehicles and other types of fixed assets;

Optimization of corporate capital construction programs;

Use of progressive technical, technological and organizational solutions;

Optimization of gas transport and transport flows.

AT market conditions management, a significant effect can be obtained from the results of scientific developments, which, in their practical implementation, provide:

Increasing competitiveness, expanding the sales market for products and services in the Russian and foreign markets;

Increasing the market value of the company's shares;

Increasing the total capitalization of the company;

Reducing the risks associated with production and economic activity companies;

Receiving income from the sale of patents and licenses;

Receiving income from the acquisition or sale of real estate, financial investments, other operations in the stock and financial markets;

Growth of income from the restructuring of the Company and improvement of the management system of the Company and its subsidiaries.

Factors for the implementation and implementation of scientific developments

The effectiveness of R&D is largely determined by the very process of conducting and implementing scientific developments. Most important factors of this process, in terms of its effectiveness, are:

The volume of costs for R&D and their distribution over time;

The duration of the period from the completion of R&D to the start of implementation of the obtained scientific results;

The volume of implementation and its distribution in time throughout the entire life cycle of innovation;

The duration of the period of growth in the volume of implementation and the dynamics of the volume of implementation;

The system of relationships between various participants (organizational and economic mechanism) scientific project, including the relationship of implementing organizations with the company/enterprise R&D customer, scientific organization, relations of the company/enterprise and implementing organizations with authorities state power and local government.

To facilitate taking into account the specifics of scientific developments in terms of substantiating their effectiveness and economic feasibility at a large enterprise/organization, all R&D activities are divided into separate groups dividing R&D works/services by types.

A sign that R&D is included in the classification group is the predominant type of effect that is realized during the implementation of research and development. The assignment of R&D to a specific classification group determines the nature of the rationale for the development efficiency. In the above example of R&D classification, only a small part of the R&D groups is reflected. The R&D classifier can contain many types of groups depending on the type of enterprise, sales markets, the number of products or services, its size and business interests, and other factors.

So, here are some R&D groups at the enterprise:

Group "A1" includes R&D with a predominant commercial effect. The group includes scientific developments associated with the improvement of technology, technology, management and organization of production.

The group "A2" includes scientific developments, mainly aimed at solving problems and tasks to improve the management of all aspects of the company's activities. This group includes the justification and development of company development programs, regulatory documents (for example, author's support for projects), analytical developments and software for management processes. The type of effect implemented in these developments can be characterized as managerial.

The A3 group includes developments on the application of new or improvement of existing financing schemes, recommendations on conducting individual operations in the financial and stock markets, debt restructuring programs of the Company and its subsidiaries, etc.

Group "A4" includes scientific developments, the effect of which can only be determined by their subsequent use as part of applied scientific work. A characteristic of such work is the expansion of knowledge in the fields of science, engineering and technology - the basic for applied research of the company. In these works, new connections and regularities between phenomena are established, new technical ideas are put forward. Economic justifications, calculations for such developments are not carried out. Developers need to prepare proposals for research, projects, areas of research that can use the results of exploratory research (discoveries), but a potential assessment of their economic results in this group may not be carried out.

We provide a full range of works (services) for R&D

The Servotekhnika company provides services for the implementation of various projects related to scientific research and experimental design developments of R&D and R&D. The defining advantages of choosing Servotechnika are the following:

• Accumulated experience. For more than 12 years, the engineering department of Servotechnika has been successfully developing various projects of any complexity for commercial and government organizations in various industrial fields.
• Wide range of equipment. The ability to use various mechanical components of both imported and domestic production for the implementation of projects allows not only to fulfill the task as accurately as possible, but also to do it at the lowest economic cost.
• Guarantees. The reputation of the company depends on the guarantee of the quality of its work in each particular case, so Servotekhnika strives for long-term and successful relationships with customers.

It is thanks to these factors that Servotekhnika's clients are such companies as Gazprom, Rosatom, Russian Railways, MSTU, MAI, as well as various other enterprises and universities.

ORDER FOR R&D SERVICES

You can order a full range of R&D services from us. Fill out a simple order form, describe the required set of works or tasks that need to be solved.

Completed R&D projects

Servotechnika has rich and diversified experience in R&D services. We have over 15 years of experience, and hundreds of successfully implemented projects and development projects in various areas science and technology.
Experienced engineers, designers and developers are ready to assist in the implementation of any project. Moreover, we have our own modern production (manufacturing plant), which is equipped with CNC machines (a wide range of manufacturing processes), assembly/production lines, and qualified personnel.

With the implementation of the latest developments R&D can be found below.

Implemented (implemented) R&D projects

Why ordering a test is easier than doing it yourself

Independent solution of control tasks often causes difficulties, especially if the student is studying the exact sciences: mathematics, physics, astronomy. One thing is a test, where the correct answer is often chosen intuitively. And it is quite another to carry out a written decision, which shows the logic of reasoning, the ability to stay within the limits of discipline, the ability to experiment and general intellectual abilities.

What difficulties do you face when doing R&D on your own?

The implementation of research and development work is associated with the creation of theoretical and practical parts. They are quite voluminous. In the first part, the student shows how well he knows the theory, and in the second, he applies knowledge in practice. Both parts should be logically connected.

In the scientific community, not only the ability to discover new things is valued, but also to analyze the results obtained using various methods: statistical, factorial, cluster and regression analysis, etc. You need to think globally, understand the topic well and look into the future.

Research is carried out in the form of a control, abstract, report or project. Each of the types requires taking into account the special requirements of the teacher and educational institution, features of the subject and design.

How do we help with research work?

We offer the right experts for you

We establish direct communication between the customer and the contractor

We give a guarantee for the work performed

How to avoid difficulties with R&D?

Difficulties with writing and designing a research paper can be avoided if you turn to Studently experts for help.

They have enough knowledge and skills to quickly and efficiently cope with a large amount of work. It doesn't matter if it's practice or theory. They do not just record the results, but also evaluate and systematize them.

The main research topics of the Expert-Analytical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences:

Research Performance Standards (R&D)

What is NIR?

Research work (R&D) is an activity, the purpose of which is to obtain new or deepen existing scientific knowledge and achievements in a particular area.

• 1. Planning (choosing a topic, drawing up a work plan, etc.).
• 2. Formulating a hypothesis, choosing a method for testing it, collecting data, analyzing data, confirming or refuting the hypothesis. (Western sources pay the most attention to this stage).
• 3. Creation of the text of R&D based on the results of paragraphs 1 and 2.
• 4. Publication of the results of work in scientific publications, participation in conferences, seminars.
• 5. Public defense.

R&D is an important component and a necessary condition for the training of qualified specialists. For example, to obtain a Ph.D. or Ph.D. degree, you must independently complete your research work. The scientific community believes that in the conditions of the information society and the constant updating of knowledge, the ability to quickly navigate the flow of information, analyze, highlight what is needed, conduct independent research and prove their effectiveness in practice are very important and useful skills.

Standard stages of research work

Despite the different directions and areas of research, R&D has one common basic structure and is carried out in stages.

1. Stage I: definition of the problem and formulation of the topic.
2. Stage II: goal setting and hypotheses.
3. Stage III: work with literature, including search required material and its analysis.
4. Stage IV: preparation of the theoretical part of the work.
5. Stage V: conducting an experimental study.
6. Stage VI: registration of work. Summarizing.
7. Stage VII: announcement of the results (public defense, publications in scientific journals, participation in conferences, etc.).

Accordingly, different chapters of scientific work are written at different stages. For example, for a Ph.D. thesis, a structure of 3 chapters is adopted. The first chapter includes work on the first three stages, the second chapter includes the 4th and 5th stages of work, the third - the sixth. Public defense is carried out separately from the scientific work itself, and for its implementation one more research work is done - under the generalized name "dissertation abstract".

Common Research Tasks

Scientific work is carried out under the guidance of an experienced specialist in this field (supervisor). It has specific tasks:

Scientific discoveries, new theoretical knowledge, based on the needs of their commercialization, are moving into the phase of applied research, including the stages of exploratory research and scientific research. research work. This is preceded by strategic decisions of a special generation, thanks to which the latest generation of innovative processes develops. Somewhere in the middle stage of R&D, there is a watershed line between scientific thought and market and social needs. Innovation, on the other hand, provides a shift in the embodied scientific knowledge to the right, during which the R&D project is transformed into an investment and innovation project.

History of the development of scientific activity

Any kind of human activity is associated with the implementation of a productive or reproductive function. A productive function is realized through an activity aimed at obtaining a subjectively perceived or objectively evaluated new result. Examples are an innovative project, an invention, a scientific discovery, etc. The reproductive function is associated with the reproduction of a person, copying his own activities or the activities of other people. Examples of this type can be: the function of procreation, the performance of production operations, business processes and processes of the social and social structure.

Research activity (R&D) is inherently productive and also has the features of a project-organized system. Therefore, it has all significant features organization and a certain methodology and implementation methodology are inherent. With this in mind, your attention is invited to the model of the two-component structure of the NIA, presented below. In connection with the design type of the NID device, it, like any project, goes through the following phases.

1. Design. The result here is a scientific hypothesis, a model of a system of new knowledge, a work plan.
2. Conducting research in order to test the proposed scientific hypothesis.
3. Summing up and rethinking the results obtained to build the following hypotheses and test them in the course of setting new design tasks.

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The current state of culture and the level of development of scientific research did not arise from scratch, it was preceded by a long genesis of scientific creativity. Science arose along with other forms of perception, comprehension of reality, and even much later. It's about about religious outlook on Peace, Art, Aesthetics, Ethics and Philosophy. It can be assumed that in the history of mankind, science originated about 5 thousand years ago. Sumer, Ancient Egypt, China, India - these are the civilizations where protoscience was formed and gradually began to develop, so to speak. The great names of the titans of thought have reached contemporaries and are personified with major milestones of this thorny path, among them:

• ancient Greek thinkers Aristotle, Democritus, Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy;
• scientists of the early Middle Ages of Persia and Asia Biruni, Ibn Sina and others;
• the scholastics of the Middle Ages in Europe Eriugen, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, etc.;
• alchemists and astrology more late era period of the Great Inquisition.

Since the 12th century, universities began to emerge as scientific and educational centers, known so far, in such European cities as Paris, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, Naples. Closer to the end of the Renaissance, during the Late Renaissance, geniuses appeared in Italy and England, raising the "banner of scientific craft" to new heights. Bright "diamonds" sparkled on the scientific Olympus: Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton and others. The replacement of the feudal system by the bourgeois one led to an unprecedented development of science. In Russia, the same processes went on as usual, and the names of Russian scientists are deservedly inscribed in the World Chronicle:

• Mikhail Lomonosov;
• Nikolay Lobachevsky;
• Pafnuty Chebyshev;
• Sofia Kovalevskaya;
• Alexander Stoletov;
• Dmitry Mendeleev.

From the middle of the 19th century, the exponential growth of science and its role in the social structure began. In the 20th century, one scientific breakthrough began to be replaced by another; scientific and technological revolution began in the 1950s. At the current moment, during the transition of world civilization to the 6th technological order, it is customary to talk about the symbiosis of science and business, expressed in a mature innovative type of development of the economy of Western states and some countries of the 3rd World, although in fact the 2nd World is no longer over 25 years.

The essence of the concept of research

Research activities are divided into three large sequential and parallel blocks: fundamental research, applied research and development. The purpose of fundamental research is to discover, study new laws, natural phenomena, expand scientific knowledge and establish its suitability in practice. These results, after theoretical consolidation, form the basis of applied research, which is aimed at finding ways to use laws, finding and improving the ways and means of human activity. In turn, applied scientific research is divided into the following types of research and work:

• search;
• research;
• experimental design.

The goals and objectives of research work (R&D) are specific results expressed in the creation of new pilot plants, models of equipment, instruments, fundamentally new technologies. The formulated problem is the central source of R&D. A problem is understood as a contradiction (uncertainty), which is established in the process of cognition of a particular phenomenon. The elimination of this contradiction or uncertainty is not possible from the standpoint of existing knowledge. Based scientific method and from the point of view of the dialectical approach in philosophy, the problem is formed as a contradiction that has arisen within the framework of the whole.

Taking into account the direction of research, several types of problems can be distinguished, which serve as one of the grounds for classifying the types of research work.

1. The scientific problem is the contradiction between knowledge about the needs of society and ignorance of the ways and means of satisfying them.
2. A social problem is an established contradiction in the development of social relations and individual elements of the social system.
3. A technological problem is a contradiction (uncertainty) that arises during the creation of technologies, which cannot be eliminated on the basis of the current technological concept.

By analogy with the problems mentioned above, one can quite simply formulate the concept of managerial and market problems, which, together with a technological problem and a number of social difficulties, resolves innovative activity. Innovative inventions serve to eliminate such problems, and the first step innovation process perform R&D. GOST 15.101-98 is the basic normative document that defines the essential characteristics of R&D and their content, requirements for organization, sequence of implementation, related workflow and reporting. An extract from this standard with the basic concepts of R&D is given below.

Extract from GOST 15.101-98, entered into force on 01.07.2000

The key document for starting research work is the TOR for research and, if the customer is present, the contract for the performance of work, concluded between the customer and the contractor. In chapter " General provisions» standard describes what requirements must be included in the terms of reference for R&D without fail. The document "Terms of Reference" or the corresponding Annex to the contract is prepared on the basis of the following information elements:

• description of the object of study and requirements for it;
• functional composition of a general technical nature in relation to the objects of study;
• a list of theories, regularities, physical and other effects that make it possible to formulate the principle of operation of the subject of study;
• proposed technical solutions;
• information about the resource components of R&D (potential of the contractor, required production, material and financial resources);
• marketing and market information;
• expected economic effect.

Methodological aspects of research

Before we move on to the analysis of the structure of research work, we will once again return to the question of the classification of R&D. Classification features can be:

• the nature of the connection with production;
• importance for the country's economy;
• sources of financing;
• type of research worker;
• level of problem with associated types of scientific management units;
• the degree of involvement in the innovation process.

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Although from the standpoint of innovation, R&D is not often used in fundamental research, nevertheless, this practice is also gaining ground, including in large corporate scientific centers RF. Take, for example, pharmaceuticals, the automotive industry, which is actively moving towards the creation of unmanned crews and electric vehicles that can compete with internal combustion engines, etc. Let us turn to the consideration of the sequence of research activities and outline the main stages of research. They differ in composition from the stages of the R&D process and consist of eight stages of research work.

1. Formulation of the problem, topic, purpose and objectives of research.
2. The study of literary sources, the implementation of research, preparation for technical design.
3. Carrying out work on technical design in several versions.
4. Development and feasibility study of the project.
5. Implementation of working design.
6. Creation of a prototype with subsequent production tests.
7. Development of a prototype.
8. Tests with the participation of the state acceptance committee.

In turn, the R&D process consists of six typical stages.

1. Clarification of the problem, choice of research direction, formulation of its topic. Start of work on planning research work, drawing up technical specifications, preliminary calculations of economic efficiency.
2. Formulating, setting research goals and objectives based on selected literature, bibliography, patent research, annotations and abstracting of sources, analysis of the information received. At this stage, the terms of reference for R&D are finally agreed and approved.
3. Stage theoretical research, during which the essence of the phenomenon under consideration is studied, hypotheses are formed, models are created, their mathematical justification and analysis.
4. Experimental studies with their own structure of methodological development, planning and execution. The direct conduct of a series of experiments ends with the issuance of a conclusion based on the processing of the results. experimental studies.
5. Analysis and presentation of research results, preparation of a report on research work. The analysis involves: terms of reference for research, theoretical conclusions, models, experimental results. Hypotheses are confirmed or refuted, scientific conclusions are formulated as the most important aspect of the research report, the theory is developed.
6. The stage of introducing the results of research into production, the formation of prerequisites for the commercialization of the innovation being created, the transition innovative project to the OKR stage.

Stage of experimental studies

The theoretical stage of research is a separate subject area with its own specifics. And it is obvious that the formulated theoretical conclusions must be confirmed by experiment, which is one of the key parts of scientific research. It is understood as a set of actions aimed at creating the necessary conditions to reproduce the phenomenon under study in the purest, undistorted form. The purpose of the experiment is to test the hypotheses under consideration, to test the properties of the objects of study, to test the conclusions of the theory.

The methodology of experimental research is determined by the purpose of this stage of research and the type of experiment used. Experiments differ in many ways: goals, methods of forming the conditions for execution, types of organization of the conduct. The grounds for their classification can also include the nature of external influences on the object of study, the type of model studied in the experiment, the number of variable factors, etc. Among the specific types of experimental studies, the following stand out.

1. Natural and artificial types of experiments.
2. Ascertaining experiment.
3. Search experiment.
4. control experiment.
5. Decisive experiment.
6. Laboratory and full-scale types of experiments.
7. Mental, informational and material types of experiments.
8. Technological and computational experiments.

Appropriate experimental methods are applied to each of the above species. But whatever method is chosen, due to the uniqueness of each such work, in any case, it is necessary to clarify or even re-develop the methodology for its implementation. In doing so, it is necessary to provide:

• resources for preliminary observation of the object under study;
• selection of objects for the experiment with the exclusion of the impact of random factors;
• ensuring systematic monitoring of the development of a process or phenomenon;
• selection of measurement limits;
• systematic registration of measurements;
• creating situations that complicate the experiment;
• creation of conditions for the transition from empirical experience to analysis, logical generalizations and synthesis in support or refutation of theoretical assumptions.

At this stage of research, among the work performed, the following stages of experimental research are distinguished.

1. Formulation of the purpose and objectives of the experiment.
2. Choice of experimental area, variable factors, mathematical model data presentation.
3. Planning of experimental activities (development of a methodology for conducting, justification of the scope of work, number of experiments, etc.).
4. Description of the experiment and organization of its implementation (preparation of models, samples, equipment, measuring instruments, etc.).
5. The actual experiment.
6. Checking the prerequisites of a static nature to obtain the correct data and the primary processing of the results.
7. Analysis of the results and comparison with the hypotheses of the theoretical stage.
8. Preliminary conclusions and correction of theoretical generalizations.
9. Appointment and conduct of additional experiments.
10. Formulation of final conclusions and recommendations on the use of the information obtained.

We conclude this article on the basics of research work - the first stage of a fully deployed innovation project. It is high time for a modern project manager to turn "Terra Incognita" R&D into a completely understandable and clear process. This is due to the fact that this is an inevitable global trend. And although not every company is able to afford its own science, but to imagine how a scientific product arises, it becomes more and more important for business and its representatives every day.

The researcher must write the paper logically, correctly using the necessary terminology, and during the defense clearly state his thoughts and give specific arguments. R&D has several classifications:

• fundamental, the acquisition of new theoretical knowledge, scientific data and patterns in the area under study;
• search, development of the latest formation forecasts in science and technology, as well as the search and discovery of patterns that did not exist;
• applied, solving certain scientific problems to create new solutions (development of methods, recommendations and step-by-step instructions).

Compiling a scientific work, the student must independently conduct research that can solve specific problems. The work should fully reveal all the accumulated knowledge and skills of the student. R&D sets certain goals for the student, which are important to consider when researching and writing all the material:

• develop skills for independent research that can be applied to solve actual problems;
• careful research is existing works both in our country and abroad;
• the ability to independently study the chosen problem;
• demonstration of skills to analyze and systematize the data obtained during the research;
• develop an interest in R&D.

As soon as the student receives the assignment, he should familiarize himself with it and, if necessary, do not hesitate to ask questions. There is no need to postpone the work for later, as it can be delayed. It is necessary to work on scientific work regularly, qualitatively fulfilling all the tasks and recommendations of the head. R&D needs to be done regularly and given a lot of time, but it's worth it, because in just a few semesters you can get really high-quality work. It is important not to get upset if something does not work out, because everyone is learning and there is nothing to worry about. The student needs to remember four basic rules that will help to successfully cope with the task:

• work regularly;
• the leader does not have to completely direct all the steps of the student;
• do not hesitate to take the initiative;
• understand that everyone has the right to make mistakes.

Theme, task and material of the research work

Topic- this is a very broad understanding, which may change in the course of writing the work. The topic can be directed in any direction convenient for the student, so that it favorably emphasizes his knowledge and understanding in the chosen work.

A task- this is a more specific concept, since it has a clear statement, it is also called DNA (what is Given, what is to be found and what are the Criteria for solving the problem). Tasks are more complex and easier, the leader independently chooses the student based on his skills.

Material This is information that is provided exclusively in electronic form. This may be a proof of a theorem, various graphs, a draft report, the results of experiments and experiments. Over the years of study, the student must learn to present their work in the format that is required.

Selecting an appropriate research topic

Two practical steps have been developed to help you choose the right topic for writing scientific work. A teacher can choose a topic for a student, or he chooses a topic on his own, depending on his knowledge and preferences. The choice can be made in favor of many sciences:

• mathematics ("Limiting figures", "Dense packings and periodicity", "Trigonometry and complex numbers", "Equations and systems", "Mathematics and music", etc.);
• physics (“Structure of the Galaxy”, “Influence of the moon”, “Space masers”, “Ionic layers of the space system”, “Problem of launching the Republic of Belarus into space”, etc.);
• physics and chemistry (“General physics, chemistry and development of physical chemistry”, “Limits of the Periodic system”, “Dense packings, shells and nuclei”, “Ionization and dissociation energies”, etc.);
• chemistry (“The past and future of periodic systems”, “Chemistry as the basis of biology”, “The concept of phlogiston as an electron”, “Chemistry and transformations of sugar”, etc.);
• biology ("Classes of Plants", "Mysteries of Sleep", "Analysis of Mortality", "Electrograms of Various Organs", "Vavilov-Lysenok Project", etc.);
• biology and chemistry (“The need for potassium content in the body”, “The role of radioisotopes in biology”, “The development of the green revolution”, “Main causes of death”, etc.);
• man, society, state (“Nervous and Mental Diseases and Disorders”, “German Psychology, Goethe's Analysis”, “SOS-Complex”, “Right of Offense”, “Rights of Students”, etc.);
• introduction to economics;
• story.

Research structure

All scientific work should be drawn up in accordance with established standards, so it should be presented in this way:

• title page (the first page filled out according to certain rules);
• content (second page, chapters and paragraphs with their corresponding pages are indicated on it);
• introduction (the problem is indicated, as well as its relevance and practical significance Problems);
• the main part (it is necessary to fully reveal the essence of scientific work);
• conclusion (succinctly formulate the conclusion of the material);
• conclusion;
• Bibliography;
• applications.

How to write a research paper correctly

Experienced specialists have developed a single correct algorithm that will help you write a high-quality research paper. The student should carefully study this development and adhere to these recommendations. Then he will be able to carry out his plan without any problems:

• need to collect all available information about this issue;
• conduct a thorough analysis and summarize the knowledge gained;
• develop a well-planned action plan;
• choose a method for conducting research;
• conduct research;
• carefully process the information received;
• it is necessary to arrange the material in writing in the form of a holistic text;
• submission of work for review;
• granting for protection;
• work protection.

Research work (R&D) - how to write correctly updated: February 15, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru