University: Financial University

Year and city: Bryansk 2015

Introduction 3

1. Founding Fathers 4

2. Builders 8

3. Leaders and organizers 12

4. Rector of the XXI century 16

Conclusion 18

References 19

Introduction

The Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation is one of the leading universities in the country. The university was opened in March 1919 and its first rector was Dmitry Petrovich Bogolepov. The university has gone from an institute, an academy specializing in training specialists in the financial and banking sector, to a large scientific and educational complex.

The quality of the work of any university is determined by its scientists, faculty. A special role in the life of the university was played by the rectors, who led the educational process and scientific work, initiating many important initiatives.

The rectors of our university are prominent scientists, well-known public figures, organizers of the system of higher vocational education in Russia. Since 2006, the rector of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation has been M.A. Eskindarov. On the initiative of M.A. Eskindarov named after the rectors D.A. Bogolepova, N.N. Rovinsky and V.V. Shcherbakov named audiences at the Financial University.

1. Founding Fathers

At the origins of our university were Dmitry Petrovich Bogolepov, Alexander Mikhailovich Galagan and Paisiy Ivanovich Shelkov. These are the organizers and the first rectors of MFEI and MPEI. They came from urban backgrounds. Bogolepov's grandfather was a provincial priest, and his father was a teacher at the parish school. The surname Shelkov gives reason to think that his ancestors were from seminarians. As for Galagan, before entering the institute, he served as an accountant at a weaving factory. All three are D.P. Bogolepov, A.M. Galagan and P.I. Shelkov - were educated in the best higher educational institutions of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. This not only gave them a prestigious profession, but also opened the way to social activities.

On the eve of the first Russian revolution, D.P. Bogolepov, graduating with a gold medal from one of the Moscow gymnasiums, entered the economic department of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. In 1905, from St. Petersburg, seething with strikes and demonstrations, he transferred to the Department of Financial Law of the Law Faculty of Moscow University, where the well-known economist, public figure and successful entrepreneur I.Kh. Ozerov. D.P. Bogolepov, having completed the course, remained at the department for scientific and teaching work.

Shelkov and Galagan were graduates of the Moscow Commercial Institute (now - Plekhanov Russian University of Economics). P.I. Shelkov quickly became a well-known figure in the field of commercial education. He co-founded a number of business schools and taught classes in accounting and commercial computing. Galagan entered the Moscow Commercial Institute in 1907. His teacher was a theorist in the field of financial and economic disciplines and a well-known teacher A.P. Rudanovsky. Professional interest of A.M. Galagana made up his mind when preparing his thesis: “The latest Italian forms of double-entry bookkeeping. Lotismography and statmography. After her defense, Galagan went to Italy, then to Belgium for an internship and to prepare a dissertation. There he got acquainted with the main schools and areas of accounting, the latest achievements of Western colleagues.

In 1913 M.A. Galagan and P.I. Shelkov returned to the Moscow Commercial Institute as teachers. Here they became colleagues of prominent scientists who left Moscow University in protest against the reactionary policy of the Ministry of Public Education. D.P. also worked there. Bogolepov, L.N. Yurovsky, in the 1920s. Dean of the Faculty of Finance, MPEI and N.A. Cypress. The latter will rightfully be considered in the 1930-1940s. senior professor at MKEI-MFI.

Having started teaching at the Moscow Commercial Institute, the future rectors connected themselves with the development of financial and economic education in Russia. So, M.A. Galagan wrote one of the first accounting textbooks in Russia - "Accounting Textbook", published in 1916.

Future rectors participated in the social and political life of the country. D.P. Bogolepov joined the Bolshevik Party during the years of the first Russian revolution. In April 1917 he met V.I. Lenin, participated in the work on the financial and economic program of the Bolsheviks on the eve of the October Revolution. It is known that M.A. Galagan had extensive connections with the left intelligentsia, and P.I. Shelkov stood out among educators for his democratic convictions.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, broad democratic transformations took place in science and culture. All three were in demand by the Soviet authorities and became active figures in vocational education, and the first half of the 1920s. became their best time.

Legal education was the basis for the inclusion of D.P. Bogolepov to the commission for the development in 1918 of the Constitution of the RSFSR. In the same 1918, in Petrograd, he created the first courses for Soviet financial workers. After the capital moved to Moscow in 1919, D.P. Bogolepov stood at the origins of the MFEI organization. On the initiative of V.I. Lenin in 1920, he was appointed rector of Moscow University and at the same time was the director of the State Treasury Department of the Narkomfin of Ukraine, the Turkestan Republic, a member of the financial section of the State Planning Commission.

It seemed that the paths of former colleagues diverged. Professor A.M. Galagan taught, prepared for publication scientific works, P.I. Shelkov worked on the creation of the Soviet system of training professional personnel. But all of them were united by the belief that the future of Russia is connected with the development of education. Their work is evidence of this. D.P. Bogolepov, having been the rector of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology for less than a year, from March 1919 to January 1920, handed it over to M.A. Galagan, who in 1920-1921. contributed to the development of the university - the first curricula were created. In addition, through the efforts of both rectors in the conditions of the Civil War (1917-1922) and devastation, organizational and financial issues were resolved, the teaching staff was formed from university professors, finance specialists, and the first financial workers graduated.

Having reorganized and renamed the Alexander Commercial School, P.I. Shelkov actually saved him. As a leader of the Glavprofobra and the first rector of the MPEI in 1921-1924, he had reason to assert that "industrial and economic practical institutions", in which the latest methodological trends were quickly perceived, "arose from former commercial educational institutions."

In the second half of the 1920s. there was a fracture in domestic politics Soviet government, which affected the fate of the first rectors. People of a new type - "nominees" - were appointed to leading party and government posts. In 1925 P.I. Shelkov became vice-rector, and academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.I. Veger, specialist in the field state law. Since he simultaneously headed the Institute of the Soviet State at the Komakademiya, the management of the MPEI remained largely in the hands of Shelkov.

By the mid 1920s. D.P. Bogolepov retired from state activity. Together with A.M. Galagan, he taught at Moscow University, the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, the Institute National economy them. G.V. Plekhanov, engaged in scientific activities.

Bogolepov worked at the Institute of Nationalities at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, at the Research Institute at the Narkomfin, and was a member of the Higher Attestation Commission. During the NEP period, when true accounting was revived, A.M. Galagan. He published a number of scientific papers and textbooks on accounting. His theoretical developments and contribution to the practice of accounting are still integral part scientific school of the Financial University on accounting, control and analysis of economic activity.

From the end of the 1920s. repression began. In 1929, during the disbandment of the MPEI and the “cleansing” of its team, P.I. Shelkov. information about him future fate not found.

A.M. Galagan in 1929 was ranked among the bourgeois scientists, a demonstration public trial was arranged over him. To justify himself, the scientist wrote and in 1930 published the book "General Accounting", in which he tried to use Marxist terminology to explain the essence of accounting. However, this did not help. In 1931, a new round of persecution of A.M. began. Galagan, he was accused of admiring the West and banned from lecturing and publishing. He switched to part-time work. In a number of Moscow universities, including the MKEI, he conducted practical classes. Slandered, but not broken, the scientist prepared another work - "Fundamentals of Accounting". In 1938 M.A. Galagan died at the age of 59. Friends, having passed his last book through strict censorship, managed to publish it in 1939.

In the late 1930s I.Kh. Ozerov, whose work was banned. The company against the “Ozerovism” spread to D.P. Bogolepov, who by this time was seriously ill. In May 1941 he died at the age of 56. D.P. Bogolepov, the first rector of the MFEI, is buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

2. Builders

In 1930-1940. the predecessor universities of the modern Financial University were going through difficult times. However, all difficulties were overcome. After the dissolution of the MPEI, its financial faculty was to be expanded into an independent institution. This work was entrusted to lead Dmitry Alekseevich Butkov. In May 1930 he became director of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

In 1916, he entered the Petrograd Polytechnic Institute, founded by S.Yu. Witte. Then there was military service and study at the Irkutsk Military School. After the October Revolution of 1917, the soldiers elected D.A. Butkov as deputy chairman of the regimental committee, then he became regiment commander, deputy chairman of the corps committee and a member of the Military Revolutionary Council of the corps. In the years civil war YES. Butkov conducted illegal work in Ukraine, in the Transcaucasus, in the North Caucasus. In 1921-1923. he worked in the apparatus of the Economic Council and the Supreme Economic Council - the main economic bodies of the country. In 1923 he was restored to Faculty of Economics Petrograd Polytechnic Institute, and after graduating from the university in 1926, he continued his scientific and pedagogical work, becoming a teacher of economic policy and finance.

In 1929 D.A. Butkov, having received the title of associate professor, headed the department of economic policy at the Leningrad Institute of National Economy, and a few months later, in July of the same year, after the “purge” of the People’s Commissariat of Finance of the USSR, he was appointed deputy head, then head of the planning and economic department. YES. Butkov headed the MFEI until the university moved to Leningrad in 1934. In subsequent years, he worked in the party control commission under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, but did not leave teaching, and among many MFEI teachers who did not leave for Leningrad, he lectured at the Moscow credit and economic institute. In 1938 he was awarded the degree of candidate of economic sciences.

In one of the most difficult periods in the history of the Financial University, in October 1941 - July 1942, he again headed the university, but did not go to Saratov with him. Having remained in Moscow at work in the People's Commissariat of Finance, D.A. Butkov helped the speedy re-evacuation of the MKEI. With his help, he returned to Moscow organized by him, and then restored MFEI. Under his leadership, both universities merged into the Moscow Financial Institute and the successful start of the first school year.

YES. Butkov remained acting director of the MFI until July 1947, when he was again "transferred", this time to Germany, where he headed the commission of the Soviet military administration in Germany on the sequestration and confiscation of property, carried out monetary reform in East Germany, the future GDR. Upon his return to Moscow in 1950, he was appointed director of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Finance and returned to teaching at the MFI. In 1961 D.A. Butkov tragically died in a car accident.

The leader who contributed to the restoration of the MKEI during the re-evacuation period was P.M. Tsvetkov. He headed the MKEI team, which managed to restore the normal work of the university in a short time. Prior to this, P.M. Tsvetkov acquired considerable experience in the organizational sphere. After graduating in 1930 from one of the oldest universities - the Moscow Land Survey Institute (before the revolution - the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute, and now the State University of Land Management) and having received the qualification of a land surveyor, he was sent to organize the life of the Stalingrad region. In 1931 he entered the graduate school of the Moscow Institute of Labor Economics. Having defended his Ph.D. thesis in 1934, he worked at the All-Union Planning Academy and the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. By 1943 he had gone from teacher to head of the department of political economy and dean.

After the merger in July 1947 between MKEI and MFEI, P.M. Tsvetkov headed the All-Union Correspondence Financial Institute (VZFI). In 1955, when the era of Khrushchev's "thaw" was unfolding in the USSR, he moved to teaching at the Moscow Institute of History and Archives, and in 1962 he retired. P.M. Tsvetkov, like D.A. Butkov, devoted many years of his life to the development of universities, from which the Financial University has now grown.

In July 1947, MFI was headed by Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor N.N. Rovinsky. This outstanding scientist in the field of economics, finance and budget had a positive impact on the further development of the MFI, which has become a leader in research on financial and economic problems of the development of our country.

N.N. Rovinsky came from a noble family. He studied brilliantly - he graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal, in 1906-1910. was among the best students of the economic department of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute with a degree in Finance, in 1911 he successfully defended his dissertation and received a master's degree in economics. Unlike D.A. Butkova, N.N. Rovinsky did not fight on the fronts of the Civil War, but worked at the Polytechnic Institute of the Western Front. During the NEP period, N.N. Rovinsky devoted himself to scientific and teaching activities. In 1921-1926. he headed the Smolensk Polytechnic Institute, and then the Smolensk University, received the title of professor in the department " Applied Economics". In 1931, he became one of the leading employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR, dealing with the problems of developing financial and economic education. During the years of the Great Patriotic War N.N. Rovinsky was the Deputy Head of the Budget Department of the NKF of the USSR, he continued to engage in scientific activities. In 1940, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic: "The main problems of the state budget of the USSR", later he published the monograph "The State Budget of the USSR".

Contribution of N.N. Rovinsky in the study of the theory of budget, a key link in public finance, was that he began to consider the budget as an objective economic category, which significantly increased the role of the concept of "budget" as an integral link common system economic relations, substantiated the need for a deep approach to understanding its role, place and functions. Budget problems became the subject of study for his graduate students. This allows us to consider the rector N.N. Rovinsky as the founder of the scientific school of budgeting in our university. Among his students were V.D. Vinokur, P.F. Ipatov, P.S. Nikolsky, V.M. Rodionov, who later became leading teachers of the Moscow Financial Institute - the Financial Academy - the Financial University.

In 1930-1934. he became the head of the department and a member of the Academic Council of the MFEI. So fate first tied N.N. Rovinsky with our university. In the 1930s he headed the departments at LFEI, VZFI, since 1943 - at MFEI. After the creation of the MFI, N.N. Rovinsky headed the Department of State Budget of the USSR at the institute. It is natural that N.N. Rovinsky successfully led the MFI until his death in 1953.

Another priority area of ​​N.N. Rovinsky as the rector became the organization educational process and its scientific and methodological support. To prepare textbooks and methodological literature qualified personnel were involved, scientific and methodological conferences were held, at which they began to discuss general and particular issues of teaching methods, leadership term papers, exams, etc. Under his leadership, the first curricula and programs of disciplines were created, which still form the basis of knowledge of specialists in finance, credit, international relations in the field of finance, accounting, control and analysis. To improve the methodological level of teaching financial disciplines, N.N. Rovinsky founded the traditions of cooperation between IFIs and the Ministry higher education.

The rector's contribution to the creation of the organizational structure of the institute, which is now developing on the basis of innovative approaches to the organization of the educational process. Thus, it was under N.N. Rovinsky laid the foundations for subsequent theoretical and practical achievements of our university.

3. Leaders and organizers

From 1953 to 1985, the MFI was headed by Vladimir Vasilievich Shcherbakov. In 1930 he graduated from the Kharkov Institute of Engineering and Economics. After graduate school V.V. Shcherbakov remained at the Department of Political Economy, and in 1938 became an assistant professor in this department. He lectured not only at the Kharkov Engineering and Economics Institute, but also at the Mechanical Engineering Institute, actively participated in social and political life, and worked in the party committee. On the eve of the war, he was transferred to Moscow to work in the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

During the Great Patriotic War, V.V. Shcherbakov headed the work of one of the sectors that carried out personnel policy. After the end of the war, V.V. Shcherbakov, as was often done then, was entrusted with various tasks related to the solution of party and national economic problems. In August 1953, he was approved as director of the MFI.

Taking into account the realities of life, he persistently turned the institute into an all-Union base center for higher financial and economic education.

During the first ten years of his rectorship, the university withstood a lot of reorganizations and cuts initiated by the Ministry of Education, while V.V. Shcherbakov demanded that everything that had been developed be steadily preserved, he accurately chose organizational measures for the development of the institute. As a result, the MFI has entered a period of stability, and its capabilities have expanded. An evening faculty was created, the university switched to a five-year term of study, it was possible to recreate the faculty of international economic relations, form a faculty for advanced training of university teachers in related specialties, and increase the number of departments.

Since the late 1950s began to effectively address the issues of material support for the life of the Institute, and in 1970-1980. established a stable financial base.

Experience in the apparatus of the Central Committee, organizational skills, firmness (some took it for rigidity), understanding of people allowed V.V. Shcherbakov to form the "elite" of the MFI faculty. Eminent specialists such as B.C. Gerashchenko, I.D. Zlobin, F.V. Konshin, M.N. Sveshnikov formed the backbone of the teaching staff.

V.V. Shcherbakov knew how to see future leaders in young teachers and graduate students, people who knew how to work with a team, who were principled, honest and responsible. V.V. Shcherbakov gave a start to those who are vice-rectors, deans of faculties, heads of structural divisions of the current Financial University - V.N. Sumarokov, V.I. Zaitsev, Z.D. Babaeva, B.P. Suprunovich and others.

V.V. Shcherbakov constantly cared about the growth of young scientific personnel. For this, postgraduate studies, the work of departments with students, and the selection of applicants from schools were developed. In 1955, students began to defend theses. This has become a new important stage in improving the theoretical and practical training of graduates.

One of the new directions in the life of MFIs under V.V. Shcherbakov began work on the introduction of technical teaching aids into the educational process. Scientific and methodological conferences played a special role in this matter.

Under V.V. Shcherbakov began the formation of scientific schools. Under him, they grew up and declared themselves as prominent scientists M.S. Atlas, B.C. Bard, S.B. Barngolts, M.Z. Bohr, A.G. Gryaznova, A.N. Krasavina, O.I. Lavrushin, D.S. Molyakov, V.M. Rodionova, B.C. Rozhnov and many others.

Under V.V. Shcherbakov began the development of international relations of IFIs, primarily with the socialist countries - Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Important forms of this activity have become the exchange of students and graduate students, the joint publication of educational and scientific literature, holding joint scientific and methodological conferences. Participation in the work of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the Association international law, the International Bureau of Tax Records and other organizations.

Thanks to the activities of V.V. Shcherbakov, our university not only retained everything valuable that was done in previous years and formed its foundation, but also formed the conditions for further successful development. After the death of V.V. Shcherbakov MFI was headed by Alla Georgievna Gryaznova.

A.G. Gryaznova is a graduate of our university. In 1959, she graduated from the MFI with honors. While studying at the institute, she actively participated in student research work and public life, was elected secretary of the Komsomol committee of the institute, and after graduating from the MFI, she became the second secretary of the Komsomol district committee. However, her vital interests focused on pedagogical and scientific work. She entered graduate school and in 1964 defended her Ph.D. thesis ahead of schedule. Her teacher and supervisor was M.S. Atlas.

At MFI A.G. Gryaznova first went from an assistant to the head of the department economic theory. In 1975, she defended her doctoral dissertation and was appointed Vice-Rector for Research and International Relations.

Under her leadership, fundamental research began on the objective laws of saving time, production efficiency and labor productivity, cost and money circulation; applied research of financial and credit, cost levers for increasing the efficiency of production, identifying reserves for economic growth. She managed to unite the efforts of all departments around the profile of the institute. This made it possible for teachers to take into account the specifics of preparing students from the very first year. Scientific achievements allowed to create new textbooks for domestic economic universities.

The intensification of the research work of teachers contributed to the intensification of student scientific work. Scientific student conferences, interuniversity and international student symposiums have become regular, and collections of scientific student papers have been published. The authority of the institute abroad grew.

The logical result of these processes was the transformation of the institute into the State Financial Academy, and then in 1992 - into the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation. After that, A.G. Gryaznova continued to update the structure of the university and the system of training specialists for a market economy, which were supposed to meet the radical changes in the economic life of Russia.

The expansion of the structure of the Academy by including a number of financial and economic colleges from various regions of the country has turned it into a powerful educational complex. This was confirmed by the ratings, according to which out of 1100 universities in Russia Financial Academy entered the top five best universities countries.

Opening the 2006/2007 academic year, Rector A.G. Gryaznova proposed a new strategic plan development of the Financial Academy, which provides for the practical implementation of the new mission of the university . It consisted in training world-class specialists for the financial and banking sector, economic and management structures in the public and business sectors of Russia and the world. The goal of the Financial Academy was proclaimed to be a major innovative research center, in terms of the level and quality of fundamental and applied scientific research comparable to leading universities in the world.

Financial Academy in the early 2000s enjoyed high prestige abroad and had long-term cooperation agreements with universities and financial and banking structures in 50 countries of the world. MFI from a branch Moscow university has turned into one of the most prestigious and largest educational and scientific centers modern Russia. The work of A.G. Gryaznova as a rector was marked by many orders, awards and diplomas.

In 2006 A.G. Gryaznova left the post of rector of the Financial Academy and became the first president of our university.

4. RectorXXI century

In 2006, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Mikhail Abdurakhmanovich Eskindarov was elected to the post of rector. In 1971 M.A. Eskindarov became a first-year student at the MFI. While studying at the institute, he actively participated in student scientific work and public life, was the secretary of the Komsomol committee of the institute. After graduating from the university in 1976, the future rector studied at the graduate school, and after graduating in 1981 and defending his Ph.D. thesis, he began teaching as an assistant at the Department of Political Economy. In the same years, M.A. Eskindarov began his administrative activity, working in 1982-1984. head of the personnel department.

In 1984 M.A. Eskindarov, on the initiative of the MFI rector V.V. Shcherbakova was appointed dean of the Faculty of International Economic Relations. In 1987-1991 M.A. Eskindarov headed a group of Soviet teachers at the University of Aden (Yemen), where he got acquainted with the organizations of educational and scientific work. Upon returning to MFI M.A. Eskindarov served as Vice-Rector for economic work, First Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs, First Vice-Rector of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation. Didn't leave M.A. Eskindarov at that time both teaching and scientific work, being a professor at the department of ME and MVKO.

In 2000 M.A. Eskindarov defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Features of the development of corporate relations in the modern Russian economy." The rector is the author of more than 200 scientific papers.

The rector gives the leading role in the development of the Financial University to the teaching staff. He emphasizes the importance for all teachers, including himself, of continuous professional development, improvement of teaching methods in accordance with the widespread introduction of information technologies in the educational sphere. The rector attaches no less importance to the work of teachers in developing students' skills in working with educational and scientific literature.

He sees his task in creating all the conditions for successful study, helping those who are not always able to cope with the development of a particular academic discipline. M.A. Eskindarov believes that young people should be sure that a diploma from the Financial University makes them competitive in the labor market.

One of the most important forms of communication between the rector and the students of the Financial University was the "Rector's Hour" initiated by him. These meetings are dedicated to answering students' questions.

Continuing the best traditions of his predecessors, M.A. Eskindarov considers it important to develop a strategy for the development of the university. The first and most important task, which has already been solved under his leadership, is the status of a university. Next up - high quality new task- join the national research universities.

M.A. Eskindarov believes that, in addition to performing the traditional functions of the rector - organizing the educational process and scientific activity teachers, he is also a top manager. According to the rector, it is necessary to maintain a good brand of the University in order to ensure the prestige of the university and high level demand for our graduates in the labor market.

M.A. Eskindarov is a member of the Scientific Council under the Security Council of Russia, a member of the Public Council under the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and other organizations. In addition, he is a member of the Boards of Directors of a number of leading financial and industrial companies in Russia - VTB, Vozrozhdenie Bank, a large steel company.

His "super task" as the rector of one of the leading Russian universities M.A. Eskindarov sees that our university can be compared with such world-class higher educational institutions as Cambridge, Oxford, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, so that the brand of the Financial University speaks for itself.

Conclusion

For almost a century of history, the Financial University has gone through a lot. Its foundation was laid by the works of the first rectors D.P. Bogolepov, A.M. Galagan, P.I. Shelkov, who made a huge contribution to all financial and economic education.

In the difficult 1930-1950s. rectors D.A. Butkov, P.M. Tsvetkov, N.N. Rovinsky again and again restored the university, despite the devastating blows of repression, ill-conceived reorganizations, war, post-war devastation.

In 1960-1980, when the USSR faced new challenges for the development Soviet economy and the formation of financial and banking personnel capable of solving new problems, V.V. Shcherbakov, who had extensive organizational experience, a firm and persistent character in the implementation of the tasks set. Through his efforts, a modern basis our university. Our university became the flagship of financial and economic education in a market economy under the rector A.G. Gryaznova.

Rector M.A., who headed the Financial Academy in 2006 Eskindarov in his work constantly relies on the rich experience of his predecessors, the work they have invested in the formation and development of the university. In 2010, the Financial Academy received the status of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. At the meeting of the Academic Council on August 30, 2010, the strategy and program for the development of the University for 2010-2015 were adopted. The entire team of scientists, teachers, employees of the University see the mission of our university in "providing a multi-level education that meets international quality standards." This will be a worthy continuation of the almost century-old history of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.

Bibliography

1. History of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation: History and Modernity / coll. ed.; under total ed. M.A. Eskindarov. M., 2009.

2. Dumny V.V. Origins of financial education in Russia // History of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation. M., 2000.

3. Teacher - the main figure in the implementation of the innovative education system / ed. M.A. Eskindarov. Moscow: Financial University, 2011.

4. Razmanova N.A. Formation of commercial and financial and economic education in Russia (XIX century - 1920s of the XX century). M., 2002.

5. Theoretical and methodological problems of the innovative system of education in the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation / under. ed. M.A. Eskindarov. M., 2008.

6. Eskindarov M.A. We are building the future of Russia: the 90th anniversary of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation // Finance and Credit. 2009. No. 14.

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TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC EDUCATION IN RUSSIA
IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

LECTURE 1. FIRST FINANCIAL UNIVERSITIES (1919 - 1946)

Lecture plan

Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF of the RSFSR (1919 - 1921)
Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute (1919 - 1929)
Reconstruction of the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF of the USSR (1930 - 1934)
Moscow Accounting and Economic and Moscow Credit and Economic Institutes of the State Bank of the USSR (1931 - 1941)
Financial and economic universities during the Great Patriotic War

The Bolsheviks, yesterday's underground revolutionaries, having come to power, had neither knowledge nor practical experience in the implementation of financial and economic policy. Their utopian theories about direct commodity exchange, the abolition of trade under socialism, ran into severe trials in the management of a vast and devastated country. The level of their competence turned out to be insufficient for such a complex state activity as the management of industry and the monetary and credit sphere. Nationalization that unfolded in late 1917 - early 1918. among its results was the final collapse of industry, hyperinflation, the destruction of the banking system. There were also serious difficulties in organizing the work of the public finance management apparatus and creating a control and accounting system. Strikes by officials of the State Bank, the Treasury and the former Ministry of Finance paralyzed economic and financial life and brought the new government to the brink of collapse.
To overcome these difficulties and finally remove the "bourgeois elements" from the nationalized capital, not so much communist conviction was required as knowledge of accounting, bookkeeping and the ability to carry out banking operations. Confiscations, or, as it was then called, "seizures" with the help of armed soldiers, testified that banking was not very given to the leaders of the financial policy of the Bolshevik government. The absence of financiers among the Bolsheviks forced them to urgently form a system for training financiers of worker-peasant origin who knew the rules of "bourgeois" financial science. The profession of an accountant and accountant became in 1918-1919. mass in major cities and the provinces, but it was impossible to master it without the involvement of "bourgeois specialists".
Thus, the Bolsheviks, seeking to strengthen their positions in the political and economic fields, contributed to the establishment of the first higher educational institutions of a financial and economic profile. These circumstances determined the trends in the development of Russian financial and economic education in 1918-1921, in the era of a cashless economy.

1. Moscow Institute of Finance and Economics NKF RSFSR

A particularly significant event in the history of financial and economic education was the creation in 1919 of the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF of the RSFSR, as a result of which higher financial and economic education became an independent industry. The prerequisites for this were formed during the development of financial and economic education back in pre-revolutionary Russia, both in the system of academic university education and in the system of practical commercial education. The factor that determined the features of the formation of financial and economic education was the level of development of industry and the monetary system.
The needs of the economy and its management predetermined the specifics of training financial, economic and commercial personnel, the formation of a professorial corps, and the development of curricula. This relationship between financial and economic policy and sectoral education was fully preserved in the Soviet era.
On October 31, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a decree on the organization of financial departments of provincial and district executive committees with the transfer of "the functions of the now abolished state chambers, provincial excise departments and financial bodies of local governments" to them. The Regulation, supplementing the decree, provided that "responsible employees of the financial department are appointed from among persons with the necessary special knowledge." In this regard, the Deputy People's Commissar for Finance D.P. Bogolepov drew the attention of the Council of People's Commissars to the fact that among the Bolsheviks there were no "experienced and properly trained" financiers.
The urgent need of the Bolsheviks for qualified leaders of financial policy led to the creation at the very beginning of 1918 of the country's first courses of financial workers. They were organized by D.P. Bogolepov, Commissar of Finance of the Northern Commune, which included Petrograd. The course participants were members of the Bolshevik Party, the first leaders of the Soviet financial authorities. The courses were short-term, their curricula involved training for three weeks in two subjects - accounting and budgeting. The rest of the subjects - statistics, the organization of state control, the doctrine of the state, banking, the management of the national economy in a socialist state - were read in the form of review lectures, which D.P. Bogolepov invited colleagues from the Narkomfin, teachers from Petrograd University to conduct. This was the initial experience of creating a cadre of higher financial workers.
In the context of the growing civil war, the German offensive on Petrograd in February 1918, the Council of People's Commissars decided to transfer the capital to Moscow. In March, all the attention of the party, the Council of People's Commissars, and all of Russia was focused on the question of concluding the Brest Peace. Current issues of financial, economic and educational policy faded into the background. In January 1919, the NKF received "extensive documentation on financial and economic courses in Tver" to improve the skills of employees of local financial authorities, created following the example of the Petrograd ones. An obstacle to the rapid and wide training of financial workers was the lack of teachers. Thus, there was also a need for personnel with "theoretical training", "corresponding to the period of profound transformations" of the Bolsheviks.
It was possible for them to simultaneously form a layer of top financial managers and teachers only in Moscow, where financial and economic education originated and developed from early XIX in. The combination of these circumstances was a direct impetus for the decision of the People's Commissariat of Finance to establish a financial and economic institution in Moscow. On February 6, 1919, the newspaper "Economic Life" for the first time published that "the People's Commissariat for Finance is establishing a financial and economic institute in Moscow to train employees of the financial departments" of provincial and district executive committees. The Moscow Council also played a role in the creation of the MFEI. The State Archives of the Russian Federation preserved the report of the MFEI dated April 13, 1920, which stated that “the MFEI arose on March 1, 1919 according to the memorandum of the financial department of the Moscow Soviet of Deputies, submitted to the Commissariat of Finance.” As the publication in Economic Life testifies, on March 2, 1919, a meeting was held on the occasion of the opening of the first financial and economic institute.
It was headed by D.P. Bogolepov. He had behind him the experience of teaching at the economic departments of a number of pre-revolutionary institutions. After graduating in 1909 from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, he remained at the Department of Financial Law to prepare for professorship under the guidance of I.Kh. Ozerov. In 1914, D.P. Bogolepov became assistant professor at Moscow University and at the same time read a number of financial disciplines at the Moscow Commercial and Moscow Private Law Institutes. As Deputy People's Commissar of Finance in 1918, he did not leave teaching and, as a "private assistant professor who had taught a mandatory course for three years", was transferred to the post of professor of financial science at Moscow University.
The meeting was attended by the leadership of the MFEI and the first listeners. A.S. Mikaelyan, an influential employee of the NKF and professor of the institute, opened it with a speech in which he substantiated the need to organize a financial and economic university. Institute of National Economy. K. Marx, the former Moscow Commercial Institute (now the GV Plekhanov Academy of National Economy), with a 4-year training period, was not suitable for this purpose, since the authorities demanded immediate returns. The Rector of the Institute D.P. Bogolepov and Vice-Rector A.M. Galagan, a prominent specialist in the field of theory and practice of accounting, spoke about the curricula of the MFEI. In the newspaper report on the opening of the MFEI, it was noted that along with general economic, financial and legal disciplines, it was supposed to conduct applied courses in accounting and banking.
Simultaneously with the opening of the university, work was underway to recruit students. On March 6, 1919, Izvestia published an appeal by the Moscow Institute of Economics and Power Engineering to all departments and institutions of the Moscow Council to send their employees to train specialists from financial institutions. MFEI, first of all, was intended for employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance and industrial people's commissariats, the financial department of the Moscow Council, employees of financial institutions of provincial and district executive committees. The first set of MFEI consisted of 300 people, of which more than two-thirds had secondary, special and higher education. This circumstance was of no small importance at that time. Sufficiently high, by those standards, the level of training of students made it possible, according to the organizers of the institute, to really fulfill the task - to produce the first specialists for the province in six months. It was assumed that this would distinguish the new financial and economic university from the already established positions of the Institute of National Economy. K. Marx and the Economic Department of the Faculty of Social Sciences (FON) I Moscow State University. At the same time, not all students were able to complete the entire course in such a short time, so the subjects at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology were organized into cycles. This made it possible to limit oneself to the study of one or several cycles with the reflection of this fact in the certificate of graduation from the institute. The disciplines passed at the final exams were supposed to become, according to the founders of the university, a decisive factor in taking positions in the state apparatus.
The extreme brevity of the course cast doubt on the fate of the MFEI. The new People's Commissar for Finance N.N. Krestinsky, who since 1919 had been conducting the curtailment of financial and banking activities and money circulation, expressed doubts about the expediency of the existence of a university of a financial and economic profile. A commission of members of the board of the People's Commissariat of Finance A.I. Potyaev, D.P. Bogolepov, F.F. Syromolotov and A.S. Mikaelyan studied the program, the composition of lecturers and students of the MFEI for a month. Based on the report of F.F. Syromolotov on April 3, 1919, it was decided to continue the work of this educational institution “until the expiration of the announced period, i.e. until mid-August. The work of the MFEI for another two years can be credited to the leaders and teachers of the institute. A.M. Galagan in April 1921 stated that in practice "the course was established for two years, consisting of 4 semesters."
The most important document proclaiming the goals, organizational structure, features of educational activities, method of managing the institute was the MFEI Charter, adopted in 1920. It stated that the institute “aims to train specialists in the field of cash, estimate and tax affairs and the economic construction of the Soviet Russia". In accordance with the Charter, education at MFEI was free of charge. "The subjects taught at the institute are grouped into courses in such a way that each course is a complete whole." Such a construction academic work was no accident. There was a civil war. Mobilizations to the labor front and to the active army followed one after another. Students of financial universities were not supposed to have armor, so they went to the front in the first place.
35 students taught at MFEI academic disciplines, constituting the philosophical-historical, general economic, financial and legal cycles. Applied accounting classes were conducted. There were no special courses in the modern sense, the so-called episodic lectures were read, supplementing and expanding certain aspects of the compulsory courses. To implement such an extensive program, D.P. Bogolepov invited his colleagues from the Economic Department of the Faculty of Social Sciences (FON) of the First Moscow State University - I.Kh. Ozerov, M.A. Reisner, V.M. Ekzemplyarsky, S.V. .B.Chlenov, L.I.Lubny-Gertsyk. At the MFEI, the leaders of Narkomfin also conducted classes - its head N.N. Krestinsky, member of the board of the NKF A.M. Galagan, deputy head of the financial department A.S. Mikaelyan, head of the department of direct taxes and duties L.L. Obolensky. Bogolepov himself gave lectures and conducted practical classes.
Formation of a cashless economy system in 1919-1920 had a serious impact on the fate of higher financial and economic education. In the 1919/20 academic year, dozens of institutes were closed. Of the eight special financial and economic universities that existed in the country, by the beginning of 1921 only three remained with a thousand students in them.
The policy of war communism led the country to a dead end, finances were in a catastrophic situation due to the socialization of production and distribution processes. In addition to a comprehensive economic crisis, a power crisis erupted in early 1921. This affected the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute under the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR and led to a sharp deterioration in business. The number of students decreased from to 43 people. The staff of teachers has almost halved. The institute had eleven professors, four teachers of general education disciplines and two teachers of foreign languages.
The Presidium and faculty of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology made attempts to save the university. A.M. Galagan proposed to change the structure of the university, its tasks and curricula. For this, it was proposed to transform the MFEI “into a higher school of the normal type, i.e. with a three-year course of study "with two faculties - pedagogical and economic," in which students are provided with the knowledge necessary for their practical activities in financial institutions, industrial, exchange and consumer farms. By March 1921, curricula were developed for two faculties, and in April all the documents necessary for the planned reorganization of the institute were sent to the Glavprofobr.
Initially Glavprofobr approved this proposal. Its resolution read: “The organization of training for the teaching of computational sciences is urgently needed. A financial and economic institute should be established as an advanced technical school (Practical Institute). However, the growing economic crisis, hunger and lack of funds led not to the reorganization of the institute, but to disbandment. On August 4, 1921, by order of the Glavprofobr, the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute was closed. The teaching staff was allowed to organize for the 1921/1922 academic year short-term courses for the training of teachers of computer science for technical schools. Pedagogical courses inherited from the institute the not very rich material base of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and the premises on Arbatskaya Square, where the institute was previously located. The main teaching staff of the institute, its curricula and programs were transferred in the form of a financial and economic cycle to the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute.
Unlike other universities of that time, MFEI had no predecessors, it was organized without relying on any basis in the form of a commercial educational institution that existed even before the revolution. Although the institute had existed for less than three years, it made a significant contribution to the development of financial and economic education. The MFEI fulfilled the task of training personnel and improving the skills of the first Soviet employees of the Narkomfin, provincial and district financial authorities in the context of the civil war and the policy aimed at creating a penniless economy.
The closure of MFEI was an unjustified measure. The revival of the "correct" financial policy in 1922 dictated its terms. Financial and economic education turned out to be an important factor in the restoration of the country from devastation. In March 1922, central courses for the training of financial workers were created under the Narkomfin, which existed until 1941.

2. Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute

Approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on September 30, 1918, the "Regulations on a unified labor school" laid down new principles for organizing education. It became free, elements of self-government were introduced, pedagogical innovation was encouraged. All private and public educational institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia became state-owned, and their capital was forcibly transferred to the property of the new government. Departmental subordination has changed. So, commercial institutes, higher courses and schools were transferred to the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry (NTiP), which changed their names in accordance with communist ideology. Proclaiming trading as speculation, new government abandoned the use of the term "commerce", associated with the profit received by merchants and manufacturers. Former commercial schools began to be called industrial-economic or national economic.
In Moscow since late XIX in. one of the most famous and in terms of the level of teaching close to a higher educational institution was the Alexander Commercial School of the Moscow Exchange Society. How his fate developed in the first post-revolutionary years reveals the features of the formation of Soviet financial and economic education.
In 1918, in connection with the beginning of the academic year, the educational department of the STiP discussed the issue of former commercial schools. P.I. Shelkov, a member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education, who participated in this meeting, proposed creating industrial and economic groups from the senior classes of commercial schools, and dispersing the younger students to secondary schools (secondary general education). He stated that "if this reorganization is not carried out by the beginning of the academic year, students in commercial schools will be scattered," and the ranks of financial workers will not be replenished for a long time.
P.I. Shelkov, a graduate of the Moscow Commercial Institute, did not accidentally defend the interests of the former commercial schools. He has been since the 1910s. was a well-known figure in the field of commercial education. P.I. Shelkov's proposal was accepted. Then, in September 1918, the senior classes of the former Alexander Commercial School were reorganized into industrial and economic groups, and in October - into an industrial and economic technical school. It was governed by the Council, which, along with the deans, included representatives from the teaching staff, students and trade unions. The reorganization did not stop there. In 1919, the technical school, created on the basis of the Moscow Alexander Commercial School, was transformed into the Moscow Practical Industrial and Economic Institute. P.I. Shelkov became the first rector of the MPEI.
The increase in the status of this educational institution was due to the fact that the curricula, the composition of the teaching corps (mainly university professors), and the level of training corresponded to the university. An important feature that brought practical institutions closer to universities was the right of the teaching staff to develop new training courses. Professors were charged with the duty to improve the methods of teaching general and special disciplines, to publish programs and texts of lectures. The first MPEI graduates, along with those who graduated from universities proper, were sent to senior positions in state financial institutions and industrial enterprises. Despite the civil war, economic devastation, lack of fuel and food, IPEI developed its work on the training of specialists in industrial, economic and financial profiles.
The Moscow Alexander Commercial School played the role of a link in the transfer of educational and methodological and, to a certain extent, scientific traditions of pre-revolutionary commercial schools to the Soviet system of financial and economic education. This was one of the ways to transform pre-revolutionary financial and economic educational institutions into Soviet ones. Thus, on the example of one of the predecessors of the modern Financial Academy, we see that the financial and economic universities of the first post-October decade were not created from scratch. This is confirmed by the words of P.I. Shelkov, who repeatedly stated that “industrial and economic practical institutions arose from former commercial educational institutions, in which the latest methodological trends in pedagogy were especially quickly taken into account and perceived.”
MPEI became the institution where financial and economic education was further developed in the NEP era. Unlike MFEI, the position of the Moscow Practical Industrial and Economic Institute, which had strong historical roots, preserved in hard years military communism of "sensitive and receptive to all kinds of methodological innovations" teachers, and open to a wider audience, and therefore more populous, has been strengthened. Its status has risen with the beginning of the liberalization of economic life, the legalization of commodity-money relations, the restoration of the budget and tax policy, the banking system. Need widespread industrial and economic knowledge and the speedy training of accountants, commodity experts, economists, statisticians, commercial agents, etc. became evident at all levels of government. The training of leaders for industry and central financial authorities has also come forward as an urgent task.
1923 - 1925 became decisive in the fate of the MPEI. It was then that he turned into one of the leading Moscow universities. Under the orders of the government and the People's Commissariat of Education, the leadership of the MPEI took steps to create plans and curricula for 3 and 4 year courses, as well as admission conditions, which included mandatory successful participation in entrance exams. The creation of the “Admission Rules” meant a serious step towards streamlining and improving the preparation of students in comparison with 1918-1920, when the decree of the Council of People's Commissars was in force on the right of anyone to be admitted to any university without any certificate of education. A new era was beginning not only in economic but also in educational policy. The radicalism characteristic of the People's Commissariat of Education in the first post-October years gave way to a sober attitude towards the organization of educational and methodological work of institutions, although ideological control was intensified. "Further omissions in this area can," admitted the People's Commissariat for Education, "extremely detrimental to the training of the appropriate cadre of workers who not only have special knowledge, but are unconditionally loyal to the party and pursue its policy."
On April 23, 1923, the leadership of the MPEI turned to the Narkomfin with a request to support the institute in its desire to establish its status as a full-fledged university. In the summer of 1923, MPEI received the status of a university and launched a large educational, methodological and organizational work. Its structure did not need significant changes. Even before that, the institute consisted of two departments - the industrial department, which produced specialists for manufacturing farms, and the economic department, which trained personnel in the field of distribution, trade and finance. The industrial department consisted of cycles of organization and management of industrial enterprises and commodity science. The economic department is from the leading accounting and financial cycle (former MFEI), administrative and economic and the cycle of procurement, trade and cooperation. In accordance with the admission norm for the first year of 300 people, it was planned to admit 200 students to the economic department, and 100 students to the industrial department.
The main work on the transformation into a university was to create new standard curricula and programs together with the Glavprofobr. Since 1925, in the first year, students of all departments received training in basic disciplines based on new programs. In 1921, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) set in one of its letters to the party organizations of higher education institutions the goal of subordinating the content of teaching financial and economic disciplines to ideological control. Work on the introduction of Marxist theory into the teaching of general education and special disciplines in order to "saturate the very work of the school with its ideological influence" was widely developed at the MPEI.
Of the special subjects, economic disciplines were read as common to all cycles - the doctrine of the national economy, the history of economic development in modern times, the encyclopedia of industry, economic geography, the doctrine of law and the state, accounting, elements of higher mathematics, financial calculations. Specialization was carried out in the second and third years. According to the tradition that came from pre-revolutionary commercial institutions, there was also pedagogical cycle, which gave the right to teach special disciplines in technical schools and practical institutes. Along with lectures, seminars and practice at enterprises were held.
Narkomfin took a significant part in the fate of the MPEI. Since 1921, the institute reported not only to the People's Commissariat of Education, but also to the main financial department of the country, as it received subsidies for the financial cycle. In one of the surviving orders of the NKF, it was noted that “2 million rubles. are assigned to the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute ... The allocated amount should be used to issue scholarships to its students ... The rest of the allocated amount is intended to improve the setting of the financial cycle at the institute. Based on two years of experience in financing the MPEI in 1923, Narkomfin developed the “Regulations on subsidizing the NKF of universities that set themselves the task of training financial workers.” This document legalized the rights of Narkomfin to participate in the management of institutions that received loans from it. It was envisaged that the Council of the university would include one representative of the NKF, who monitored the compliance of curricula with the requirements of Narkomfin for the training of specialists. K.K.Shmakov was the representative of the NKF until 1928 at the institute. In addition to him, leading employees of Narkomfin came to the university as teachers - F.A. Menkov (financial policy), S.A. Iveronov (taxation technique), V.A. Kistinev (banking), D.A. Loevetsky and L.N. Yurovsky (money and credit), N.A. Padeysky (organization of financial institutions), A.N. Doroshenko (organization of small credit).
In the mid 1920s. the need for MPEI graduates was announced not only by the NKF, but also by the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry, the People's Commissariat for Food, the Supreme Council of National Economy, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, and Tsentrosoyuz. In order to meet these requests, in the summer of 1925 MPEI was transformed into an institute with two faculties - commercial and industrial and economic (financial). The Faculty of Finance was created on the basis of the financial cycle that existed in the MPEI since 1921, when it was transferred to it after the dissolution of the MFEI.
At the same time, the organizational structure of the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute was finally formed. At the head was the rector, V.I. Veger, who specialized in law and the doctrine of the socialist state, was appointed to this post. P.I. Shelkov became vice-rector of the institute. They both held their positions until 1929, when they were repressed. M.A. Savelyev, a well-known figure at that time, the editor-in-chief of the Commercial and Industrial Newspaper, was appointed dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Industry. As N.V. Valentinov recalled, M.A. Savelyev had “a taste for the economy, especially for specific economic issues, and not for abstract ideology ... was completely absent.” Most of the work was done by the Deputy Dean Professor A.M. Fishgendler.
The Faculty of Finance was more fortunate in this respect. Since March 1926, L.N. Yurovsky, an outstanding scientist, head of the financial and economic department and member of the collegium of the Narkomfin, one of the authors and conductors of the NEP monetary reform, taught there. In 1927, he was approved as a professor, a member of the board of the university, and then the dean of the financial faculty. The following year, he was approved as a professor at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute in the Department of Financial Sciences. L.N. Yurovsky's deputy was his colleague from Narkomfin, D.A. Loevetsky, a well-known specialist in finance at that time. At the financial and industrial faculties in 1925 - 1927. the classes were taught by a world-famous scientist, founder and head of the Market Research Institute N.D. Kondratiev.
1925 - 1928 marked by the flourishing of the IPEI. This is due not only to the resolution of problems with the financing of the university and the completion of its organizational development. NEP, indeed, was a special era. Overcoming hunger, liberalization in the economy, growth in industry and agriculture gave rise to confidence in the ability to apply their knowledge and experience for the benefit of the country. As a contemporary recalled: “People then were keenly interested in economic issues. They seized on them, argued about them, talked about them, ... not only communists, but along with them, in parallel, the widest layer of the so-called "non-party intelligentsia." Most of them, not out of fear, but out of conscience, served the cause of public education, passed on their knowledge and practical experience to students, future leaders of industry and finance.
However, in the bowels of the NEP, the era of the “great turning point”, “purges”, and Stalinist repressions was ripening. Terror suppressed the life of the state and society, almost destroyed the scientific and cultural life. Fate did not bypass MPEI either. One of the symptoms of the coming changes was the establishment of a scale of social privileges for entering the institute. The social composition of the students was regulated for reasons of "processing" their composition. First of all, students of workers' schools, recommended by party, Komsomol and trade union organizations and seconded from the Red Army to continue their education, enjoyed the benefits. Graduates were accepted second. training courses at the institute, in the third - all the rest. At the same time, preferential rights began to be granted when entering an institute on a party basis. The apportionment for the admission to the university of students seconded by the central departments was “lowered” by the Glavprofobr. So in the MPEI in the mid-1920s. about 550 - 600 people studied, and its party and Komsomol stratum was about 340 - 350 people, i.e. over 60% of students. The process of "working" the student environment has become an integral element of the policy of the era of the first five-year plans.
Decisions of the Plenums of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and a number of decisions of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR 1928 - 1930. determined the turn in the party's policy in the field of vocational education. In 1929 - 1930. repression first affected financial and economic universities. A “cleansing” of the apparatus of the Narkomfin and the teaching staff was carried out. In May 1930, the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute was disbanded.
Its faculties and departments served as the basis for the creation of new institutions. The industrial faculty was transformed into the Moscow Engineering and Economics Institute, the cooperative faculty served as the basis for the organization of the Moscow Institute of Consumer Cooperation, and the financial faculty was transferred to the NKF and deployed to the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the Narkomfin of the USSR.
Since the 1930s a new period began in the history of domestic higher financial and economic education, inextricably linked with the creation of a command and administrative system in the country and the complete subordination of economic science to the ideological guidelines of the party.

3. Reconstruction of the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF of the USSR

The era in which the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF of the USSR began its activities left its mark on all aspects of the activity of this university. The cardinal changes in the political course of the CPSU(b), the accelerated construction of socialism determined the turn in the party's policy towards the system of public education. The consequence of the thesis put forward by I.V. Stalin in 1928 about the aggravation of the class struggle turned out to be that financial and economic education became an obligatory element of the party's policy, and had to correspond to the nature and scale of the tasks assigned to the country.
Higher financial and economic education in the late 1920s - early 1930s. subjected to severe trials. In 1929, a "purge" of the apparatus of the Narkomfin was launched, and after that the economic universities of Moscow, including the MPEI. Throughout the 1920s. most of the employees of the main financial department of the USSR were at the same time teachers of specialized universities. For management posts
etc.................

Federal state educational budget
institution of higher professional education
"FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY

UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION»

(Financial University)
Department of Economic History

FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY:
PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Tutorial
for the preparation of bachelors

Moscow 2011
UDC 378(091)

BBC 74.58ya73

Reviewers

d.h.s., prof. V.V. Dumny(Financial University)

d.h.s., prof. S.A. Pogodin

(Moscow City University of Management
Moscow Government)

Editorial team

Chief Editor– Doctor of Economics, prof. M.A. Eskindarov

Members of the editorial board:

Doctor of Economics, prof. I.N. Shapkin, Doctor of History, prof. ON THE. Razmanova

Doctor of Economics, prof. M.A. Eskindarov(introduction, chapter 7, 8,
conclusion, application); d.h.s., prof. ON THE. Razmanova(chapters 1, 2; 3.2, 7.4 ) ; Ph.D., prof. E.I. Nesterenko(chapters 3, 4); Ph.D., Assoc.
N.B. Khailova(chapter 5); Ph.D., prof. S.L. Anokhin(chapter 6);

d.h.s., d.p.s., prof. Ya.A. Place (6.3)
F59 Financial University: past - present - future: textbook / ed. prof. M.A. Eskindarova. M.: Financial University, 2011. 184 p.

ISBN 978-5-7942-0835-1

This textbook reveals the process of formation of the Financial University as the leading financial and economic university in Russia. The book shows the inextricable relationship between the history of the Financial University and the history of our country, highlights the stages of development of the university. The most important achievements in the organization of the personnel training system, scientific research for 90 years are indicated, the leading teachers, scientists and graduates are described, as well as development prospects until 2020. A separate chapter is devoted to rectors. The manual includes questions for repetition and a list of references. The strategy and development program of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation for 2010–2015 are presented in the Appendix.

The publication is intended for undergraduate students, it may be of interest to graduate students, graduates and teachers of the Financial University, employees of the financial and banking sector Russian economy and to everyone who is interested in the history of national education.

UDC 378(091)

^ GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
RESOLUTION
July 14, 2010 No. 510
MOSCOW
On the federal state educational budget

institution of higher professional education

"Financial University under the Government

Russian Federation"
Government of the Russian Federation decides:

1. Rename the federal state educational institution of higher professional education "Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation" into the federal state educational budgetary institution of higher professional education "Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation".

2. Approve the attached charter of the federal state educational budgetary institution of higher professional education "Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation".

3. Recognize as invalid:

clause 1 of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 13, 2006 No. 375 “On Approval of the Charter of the Federal State educational institution higher professional education "Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2006, No. 25, item 2735);

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2006 No. 820 “On Amending the Charter of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation” (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2007, No. 1, Art. 276).

Prime Minister

Russian Federation V. Putin

^ Rector's congratulations
in connection with the status

"Financial University under the Government
Russian Federation"

I congratulate the management, faculty, employees of structural divisions, veterans, graduates, doctoral students, graduate students and students on the assignment of the status of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation - University. This became possible thanks to the accumulated experience in the training of highly qualified specialists, huge scientific potential, great authority in the country and abroad.

We have a strategic goal ahead of us – to become a national research university. In the scientific and educational environment, we must develop with a double charge of energy, an absolute understanding of our new mission and the commitments made to become a national research university.

I express my most sincere gratitude to the entire staff of the Academy for the great work that has been done so that our students and graduates can be proud of their University, which opens up unlimited prospects for their future professional activities.

I wish the entire staff of the Academy good health, creative success, inexhaustible energy, new scientific and pedagogical achievements, well-being and prosperity!

Rector

Honored Worker of Science

Russian Federation,

Doctor of Economic Sciences,
Professor M.A. Eskindarov

Introduction

In March 2009, our university celebrated its 90th anniversary, and in 2010 it received the status of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. These events served as an impetus for comprehending the path traveled, understanding our tasks for the future and prospects for development in the 21st century.

The Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation has come a long way, the analysis of which helps in further progress. The "Strategy and Program for the Development of the Financial University", approved by the Academic Council in 2010, notes: "... we value the past, but based on what has been achieved, we build the future." Turning to the origins of the Financial University, having studied our own history, we better understand the causes and nature of the structural changes taking place at the present time, the features of the formation of the University's teaching staff, the significance of scientific and methodological achievements.

A huge role in the transformation of the university into a leading financial and economic educational and scientific center was played by its rectors. It was they who ensured the continuity of development, gave new impetus to the forward movement of our university.

The foundations of domestic financial and economic education were laid in 1890–1910, when industrial modernization began in Russia, associated with the names of S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin. At that time, material and intellectual resources were formed, without which the existence of a financial and economic university is impossible. A hundred years later, at the beginning of the 21st century, Russia is entering an era of new modernization, in accordance with which the Financial University is developing. Its history is divided into four stages.

The first stage fell on the period 1920 - mid-1940s. It was the time of the formation of financial and economic education in our country as an independent industry in the context of the creation of a planned model of the economy. Experience was accumulating, a faculty was formed, teaching methods were developed, the first scientific works, curricula and textbooks were created. For two decades, there has been a reorganization financial universities, reflecting the search for ways to optimally train personnel for the accelerated implementation of industrialization.

The second stage, which began after the victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, is characterized by an increase and strengthening of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of educational and scientific activities. Then the main goal was to train graduates for the socialist economy. An important new phenomenon in the life of the university was the establishment of close links between scientific research and the needs of state authorities and administration, industrial enterprises and banks. Many graduates of those years took leadership positions in the financial institutions of the USSR.

The third stage in the history of the university is inextricably linked with the restructuring of the Soviet economy, the beginning economic reform 1987–1989, the emergence of market relations. In accordance with the needs of the emerging market in Russia, there have been profound transformations in the structure of the university and the organization of the educational process, research activities teachers. The content of the disciplines has changed radically. In 1991, the Moscow Financial Institute was given the status of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation. In the 1990s The Financial Academy successfully trained highly qualified specialists for the new economy. Our graduates of those years work in many sectors of the economy, occupy a leading position in the largest companies and state bodies of Russia.

Today, the Financial University is entering the fourth, qualitatively new stage in its history. We have to become an innovative scientific and educational center in the financial sector and contribute as much as possible to solving the problems of modernizing the national economy. Thanks to the knowledge that they receive at the University, our graduates should become competitive not only in the Russian, but also in the foreign labor market.

During the celebration of the 90th anniversary of our university, a new academic discipline was introduced into its curricula - "History of the Financial University", which is taught to first-year students and is a continuation of the discipline "Introduction to the specialty".

This textbook aims to help first-year students to learn the history and traditions of the university they came to study, to acquaint a new generation of students with rectors, teachers, graduates who have become successful entrepreneurs.

The textbook is based on the problem-chronological principle. In the first six chapters, the main milestones of the ninety-year history of the university are highlighted in close connection with the history of our country. Against the background of the generalized characteristics of the political and socio-economic situation, the achievements of science and education, the processes of reorganizing the structure of the university, updating the educational and methodological work, and the contribution of scientific research of teachers to the financial and economic policy of the state are considered. The seventh chapter of the textbook is dedicated to the rectors who have made an invaluable contribution to the formation and successive development of the Financial University. A special place in the textbook is occupied by the eighth chapter, which analyzes the most important directions for the development of the Financial University for the period up to 2020, which is especially important for understanding by first-year students of the development prospects of their "alma mater".

One of the tasks of the authors of this book was to show readers the living history of one of the leading Russian universities. For this, the chapters include biographical information about teachers, heads of departments, deans, vice-rectors and graduates different years. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of life and life of students throughout the history of the Financial University.

The textbook includes as an appendix the Strategy and Development Program of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation for 2010–2015. This document is intended to help the current generation of students and those who are still preparing to become our students to better imagine the future of their own and their University.

Studying the discipline "History of the Financial University" will allow freshmen not only to know, but also be proud of the 90-year history of their university. The authors hope that this textbook will be interesting and useful for new generations of students of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.
Rector of the Financial University
under the Government of the Russian Federation

Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation,

doctor of economic sciences, professor M.A. Eskindarov

Chapter 1
^ MOSCOW FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC AND MOSCOW INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTES in the 1920s

In October 1917, the Bolsheviks came to power as a result of the revolution, but they did not have a clear economic program, nor the knowledge or practical experience necessary to lead a country like Russia. The level of their competence did not correspond to the tasks of managing a vast and war-ravaged country. In the first months of power, they were guided by utopian theories about the withering away of trade under socialism and the dominance of direct product exchange.

Based on these ideas, they embarked on radical economic transformations - the nationalization of land, industrial enterprises, capital, and so on. These measures led to the final collapse of industry, the destruction of the banking system, hyperinflation, and serious difficulties arose in organizing the work of the state administrative apparatus. Strikes by employees of the State Bank, the Treasury and the former Ministry of Finance paralyzed the economic and financial life of the country and brought the new government to the brink of collapse.

In an effort to overcome these difficulties, the Bolsheviks began to urgently create their own system of training specialists. The first Soviet financiers were recruited from the worker-peasant environment, were ideologically consistent and had to have knowledge of the basics of "bourgeois" financial science.

Strengthening their power in the era of a cashless economy, the Bolsheviks established financial and economic universities in Moscow, Petrograd, Kyiv, Kharkov as an alternative to pre-revolutionary commercial institutions.

^ 1.1. Moscow Financial and Economic University
during the Civil War (1917–1922)

An important event was the decision of the People's Commissariat of Finance (NKF) of the RSFSR, together with the financial department of the Moscow Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, to establish in March 1919 the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute (MFEI) of the NKF of the RSFSR. The result of this decision was the transformation of financial and economic education into an independent branch of the domestic system of higher professional education.

The main prerequisite that determined the formation of financial and economic education was the level of development of industry and the monetary system of pre-revolutionary Russia. The needs of the economy determined the specifics of educational programs, the formation of the teaching corps. The relationship between politics and education was preserved in the Soviet era. In October 1918, the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR adopted a decree on the organization of financial departments of provincial and district executive committees with the transfer to them of "the functions of the now abolished state chambers, provincial excise departments and financial bodies of local governments." At the same time, it was required that "responsible employees of the financial department" possess "the necessary special knowledge."

The acute need of the new government for qualified leaders in the field of financial policy prompted Deputy People's Commissar for Finance D.P. Bogolepov to create in early 1918 the country's first courses for Soviet financial workers. Members of the Bolshevik Party, heads of provincial and district financial departments became their listeners. The courses were short-term, the training programs were designed for training for three weeks in two subjects - accounting and budgeting. The rest of the subjects - statistics, the organization of state control, the doctrine of the state, banking, the management of the national economy in a socialist state - were read in the form of overview lectures. They were led by colleagues D.P. Bogolepov at the NKF, teachers of Petrograd University.

In the context of the growing Civil War, the German offensive on Petrograd in February 1918, the Council of People's Commissars decided to transfer the capital to Moscow. In March, the attention of the party leadership was focused on the issue of concluding the Brest peace, and the current issues of financial, economic and educational policy faded into the background. In the provinces, issues of organizing management at the local level were acute, and the experience of the Petrograd short-term courses began to be used, since local leadership cadres of Bolsheviks with "theoretical training" "corresponding to the period of profound transformations" in the economy were required. Soviet Russia. An obstacle to the rapid and wide training of financial workers in the field was the lack of qualified teachers.

It was only possible to form a layer of top financial managers and teachers at the same time in Moscow, where financial and economic education has been developing since the beginning of the 19th century. On February 6, 1919, the newspaper "Economic Life" announced the creation of a financial university - the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute.

On March 2, 1919, classes began at the MFEI, the first financial and economic institute in our country. Today this day is celebrated at the Financial University as the day of its foundation. D.P. was appointed the first rector. Bogolepov. Before the revolution, being a member of the Bolshevik Party, he read financial disciplines at Moscow University, Moscow Commercial and Moscow Private Law Institutes. Becoming Deputy People's Commissar of Finance, D.P. Bogolepov not only continued teaching, but also acted as the organizer of the Soviet financial and economic education.

The first vice-rector was appointed a member of the board of the NKF A.M. Galagan, the largest specialist in the theory and practice of accounting. The opening of the MFEI was attended by the leadership of the university and the first students, A.S. Mikaelyan, Deputy Head of the Financial Department of the NKF and Institute Professor, delivered a speech. It noted that the main task of the MFEI is to train Bolshevik financiers in a short time - in six months. Initially, teaching was organized in cycles. This made it possible to limit oneself to the study of one or several cycles, which was confirmed by a certificate of graduation from the institute. The final exams were to become, according to the idea of ​​the founders of the university, a decisive condition for occupying leadership positions in the Soviet state apparatus. It was also supposed to open three-month applied courses in accounting and banking, where, along with general economic, financial and legal disciplines, knowledge of accounting would be given. In 1920–1921 the course of study became two years, including four semesters with lectures, seminars, tests and exams, writing qualification papers.

Simultaneously with the opening of the university, work began on the recruitment of students. On March 6, 1919, the Izvestia newspaper published an appeal from the Moscow Institute of Economics and Power Engineering to the departments and institutions of the Moscow Council to send its employees to train specialists from financial institutions. Employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance, industrial people's commissariats, employees of financial institutions of provincial and district executive committees were admitted to the MFEI. The first set consisted of 300 people. Two-thirds had secondary, special and higher education. A sufficiently high level of trainees' training made it possible, in the opinion of the rector's office, to fulfill the task set - to graduate the first specialists in six months. This is what MFEI differed from the Institute of National Economy. K. Marx, renamed in 1919 into the Moscow Commercial Institute (now the Russian University of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov), and the economic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University, where the training was designed for four years.

The short duration of his studies at MFEI cast doubt on his fate as a higher educational institution. New People's Commissar for Finance N.N. Krestinsky, who from the beginning of 1919 took a course towards the curtailment of monetary circulation, considered the existence of a higher education institution of financial and economic profile to be inexpedient.

^ Krestinsky Nikolay Nikolaevich (1883-1938) - Soviet party and statesman, member of the Bolshevik Party since 1903. In 1918–1921 headed the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR, joined the "left communists". One of the conductors of the policy of "war communism". During the leadership of the NKF, Krestinsky laid the foundations for a planned economic system, projects were developed to abolish money, an attempt was made to move to direct commodity exchange. In 1921–1930 - Representative of Russia, the USSR in Germany. In the 1930s - Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. He lectured at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1919 and in the early 1930s. Repressed. Posthumously rehabilitated.

In April 1919, a commission of members of the collegium of Narkomfin, having studied the program, the composition of lecturers and students of the MFEI, made a compromise decision: not to close the university immediately, but “to continue its work until mid-August”, when the first graduation was supposed. MFEI was not closed and retained the status of an institute for another two years. This is the merit of its leaders: D.P. Bogolepova, A.S. Mikaelyan, A.M. Galagan.

In the Charter of the MFEI adopted in 1920, the goal and objectives were determined, organizational structure, features of educational activity, method of management. The main goal of the university was to train specialists in the field of cash, budget, tax affairs and economic construction of Soviet Russia. Education at MFEI was free. Academic subjects grouped in such a way that each course is a complete whole. Such a construction of educational work was caused by the conditions of the Civil War. MFEI students were subject to mobilization to the labor front and to the active army.

MFEI taught 35 academic disciplines organized into philosophical and historical, general economic, financial and legal cycles. Applied accounting classes were conducted. There were no special courses in the modern sense, the so-called episodic lectures were read, supplementing and expanding certain aspects of the compulsory courses. To implement such an extensive program, D.P. Bogolepov invited prominent economists and lawyers from the economic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University - I.Kh. Ozerova, M.A. Reisner, V.M. Ekzemplyarsky, S.V. Poznysheva, S.B. Chlenova, L.I. Lubny-Gertsyk. The leaders of the Narkomfin also conducted classes at the MFEI - its head N.N. Krestinsky, head of the department of direct taxes and duties L.L. Obolensky and others.

^ Ozerov Ivan Khristoforovich (1869-1942) - an outstanding scientist-economist and public figure. From the peasants of the Kostroma province. Graduated from Moscow University. Before the revolution, a major entrepreneur, a member of the boards of a number of industrial and banking joint-stock enterprises, had big fortune. From 1898 he headed the Department of Financial Law of the Law Faculty of Moscow University. Teacher D.P. Bogolepov. In 1909 he was elected a member of the State Council from the Academy of Sciences and Universities. Author of the textbook "Fundamentals of Financial Science". In the 1920s employee of Narkomfin. In the 1920s was a professor at MFEI and MPEI.
In the 1930s his work was banned, the scientist himself was repressed. There is evidence that I.Kh. Ozerov died of starvation in 1942 in besieged Leningrad. In 1991 he was rehabilitated.

The policy of "war communism" led the country to a dead end. industrial production, agriculture, finance, transport as a result of radical economic reforms were in a catastrophic situation. In addition to a comprehensive economic crisis, a power crisis erupted in early 1921. An attempt to form a system of a cashless economy led to the destruction of higher education, including financial and economic education. In the 1919/1920 academic year, dozens of universities were closed due to lack of funds, firewood, military and labor mobilizations. Of the eight financial and economic institutions that existed in the country, by the beginning of 1921 only three remained, where about a thousand people studied. At MFEI, the number of students decreased to 43. The staff of teachers almost halved - there were 11 professors, four teachers of general education disciplines and two teachers of foreign languages.

The MFEI Presidium and teachers made attempts to save the university. A.M. Galagan, who was the rector at that time, proposed changing the structure of the university and curricula and transforming it "into a higher school of a normal type, with a three-year course of study", two faculties - pedagogical and economic. The pedagogical one was supposed to train teachers in financial and economic disciplines, and the economic one was to give the knowledge necessary for practical activities in financial institutions, industrial, exchange and consumer farms. By March 1921, curricula were developed for two faculties, and in April all the documents necessary for the reorganization of the institute were sent to the People's Commissariat of Education (Narkompros), which was responsible for training specialists for the national economy.

MFEI even before in March 1921 V.I. Lenin proclaimed the beginning of the "new economic policy", which assumed the restoration of commodity-money relations, and began to prepare for reorganization. Initially, the People's Commissariat of Education reacted with approval to this proposal: "The organization of the preparation of teaching the accounting sciences is extremely necessary," its leadership noted, "The Financial and Economic Institute should be established as an advanced technical school (practical institute)." However, the financial and economic crisis, the famine, the lack of a clear program for the implementation of the NEP, the contradictory opinions of V.I. Lenin - all this allowed the left-wing figures of the People's Commissariat for Education to close it on August 4, 1921 instead of restructuring the institute.

The Pedagogical Faculty was reorganized for the 1921/1922 academic year into short-term pedagogical courses to train teachers of computer science for technical schools. They were transferred to the building on Arbatskaya Square, where the MFEI was located, and its meager material base. The teaching staff of the Faculty of Economics, curricula and programs were transferred to the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute (MPEI), in which the Faculty of Finance and Economics (cycle) was created.

Summing up the activities of the MFEI, it should be noted that it was created in the revolutionary era. Unlike other Soviet universities, it had no predecessors and was organized without relying on the material and methodological base of any pre-revolutionary educational institution. It was one of the first attempts of the Bolsheviks to create a new institution of higher education, both in terms of goals and objectives, and in terms of the content of the educational process.

MFEI made a significant contribution to the development of Russian financial and economic education, although it lasted only three years. The university completed the task of training personnel and improving the skills of the first Soviet employees of the Narkomfin, local financial authorities in the conditions of the civil war and the policy of "war communism".

Disagreements among Soviet leaders over the fate of the MFEI testify to the existence of different views on financial and economic policy in general. Curtailing the university to the level of the financial cycle was an erroneous measure. Qualified financiers were required to overcome the devastation, improve money circulation, and develop industry. A year later, in March 1922, central courses for the training of financial workers were organized under the People's Commissariat of Finance.

^ 1.2. From commercial school to university:
Moscow Industrial and Economic
institute (1918–1929)

In 1896, Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte carried out a reform, as a result of which a system of commercial education was formed, which included more than 300 schools (male and female) and Moscow, Kyiv and Kharkov commercial institutes. They trained specialists of various levels for banks, industry, trade, zemstvos, for teaching financial and economic disciplines. The Russian business community made a great contribution to the development of commercial education, providing significant funds for the construction of school buildings and their equipment, for salaries for teachers and scholarships for students.

The Bolsheviks changed the principles of organization and management of educational institutions. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on a unified labor school." Education was declared free, self-government was introduced, pedagogical innovation was encouraged. All private and public educational institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia became state-owned, and their property was nationalized. Departmental subordination has changed. They passed into the administration of the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry (NTiP). The new government renamed educational institutions. First of all, this measure affected commercial schools.

Having proclaimed trade as speculation, the new government abandoned the term "commerce", which was associated with profit. Schools began to be called industrial-economic or national-economic - which is more consistent with the content of education. Commercial schools have long "outgrown" themselves, graduating specialists for all sectors of the economy. Among them was the Alexander Commercial School of the Moscow Exchange Society, the level of teaching in which was close to that of a university. On the eve of the revolution, the leadership of the school and the board of trustees made an attempt to transform the school into an institute. The status of the university was already obtained by the school under the Bolsheviks.

The fate of the Alexander Commercial School in the first post-revolutionary years is another example of how the formation of domestic financial and economic education took place. The nationalization of the capital of educational institutions led to their actual closure. The urgent need for financiers forced Training Division NTiP on the eve of the 1918/1919 academic year at a special meeting to raise the issue of former commercial schools. Member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education P.I. Shelkov, a graduate of the Moscow Commercial Institute, a well-known figure in the field of commercial education, suggested that junior students of commercial schools be transferred to comprehensive schools, and from the senior classes to create industrial and economic groups. P.I. Shelkov said that "if students in commercial schools are dispersed," then the ranks of financial workers will not receive replenishment for a long time.

In accordance with the proposal of P.I. Shelkov in September 1918, the senior classes of the Alexander Commercial School were reorganized into industrial and economic groups, and in October - into the industrial and economic technical school, which, as the successor to the Alexander Commercial School, was located in its building and received the material base of this richest pre-revolutionary school. The IPEI was governed by a council, which, along with the deans, included representatives of the teaching staff, students and trade unions. The reorganization did not end there. In 1919, the technical school was transformed into the Moscow Practical Industrial and Economic Institute, since the curricula, the teaching staff (mainly professors of Moscow University) corresponded to the status of the university. P.I. was appointed the first rector of this institute. Shelkov.

In terms of their status, practical institutes were higher than technical schools and were part of the higher education system, releasing personnel for practical work in the national economy. Institutes and universities prepared mainly specialists for scientific activity and teaching in universities. Analogies can be found in the organization of higher education in modern Russia - bachelors are graduated for practical work, for scientific and pedagogical activity- masters. In the 1920s MPEI graduates, along with those who graduated from universities proper, were sent to senior positions in state financial institutions and industrial enterprises.

MPEI, unlike MFEI, not only survived in the conditions of economic ruin and famine, but also successfully trained specialists for the national economy. There are a number of reasons for this. “Historical roots” were preserved, the material base, which before the revolution was estimated at more than one million rubles, teachers remained “receptive to all kinds of methodological innovations”. The MPEI was subordinated to the People's Commissariat of Education and the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry (NKTiP), where the left-wing functionaries were opposed by prominent figures in science and culture. Soviet industrial enterprises were in dire need of specialists. MPEI was originally created as a higher educational institution, in contrast to the one created for emergency training of financial managers of the MFEI. The MFEI accepted not just members of the ruling party, but its leading officials. MPEI, headed by non-partisan P.I. Shelkov, until a certain time was more democratic, open to non-party people and people from employees and peasants, and therefore more crowded.

In the era of NEP, it was the MPEI that became the university where financial and economic education developed. With the liberalization of economic life, the legalization of commodity-money relations, the restoration of the budgetary and tax policy, the banking system, the importance of the IPEI has grown. The need for widespread dissemination of industrial and economic knowledge and the speedy training of accountants, commodity experts, economists, statisticians, commercial agents, etc. became visible to authorities at all levels. The task of training leaders for industry and central financial authorities remained.

1923–1925 became decisive in the fate of MPEI, when it turned into one of the leading universities in the capital. In accordance with the orders of the government and the People's Commissariat for Education, MPEI created curricula and programs for three- and four-year studies, developed conditions for admission with a mandatory successful delivery entrance exams. This was a serious step towards improving the preparation of students in comparison with 1918–1920, when the decree of the Council of People's Commissars was in force, giving the right to enter a university without a certificate of education. Thus began a new era in the educational policy of the Soviet government. The radicalism of the first post-October years gave way to a sober attitude towards the organization of higher education.

At the same time, ideological control increased. The social origin of the listeners was regulated for reasons of "processing" their composition. This meant that people from the working environment, party and Komsomol members, workers' faculty, as well as persons recommended by party, Komsomol and trade union organizations and seconded from the Red Army enjoyed an unconditional advantage in entering the university. In the second place, those who graduated from the preparatory courses at the institute were accepted, in the third - all the rest. The apportionment for the admission of students to the university on the indicated socio-political grounds was “lowered” by the structures of the People's Commissariat for Education. In the mid 1920s. 550-600 people studied at the MPEI, and its party and Komsomol stratum was about 340-350 people, i.e. about 60% of students. To maintain this ratio, "purges" were carried out in the MPEI, deductions were made according to the class principle. These processes in the life of the university can be regarded as symptoms of the coming radical changes in the education system of the 1930s.

MPEI received the university status with the support of Narkomfin in the summer of 1923. Its structure did not need to be reorganized: it had two departments. The industrial department produced specialists for factories and factories, it consisted of two cycles: the organization and management of industrial enterprises and commodity science. The economic department trained personnel for trade and the financial sector. The accounting and financial cycle (the former MFEI) was the leader in it, in addition, the administrative and economic cycle and the cycle of procurement, trade and cooperation were created. By tradition, there was a pedagogical cycle that gave the right to teach special disciplines in technical schools and practical institutes. It was planned to enroll only 300 people for the first course, 100 students for the industrial department, and 200 students for the economic department.

The main work to turn MPEI into a Soviet university was to create new curricula and programs. The task was to "saturate" the teaching of general education and special disciplines with Marxist theory. He supervised the introduction of ideology into the work of the higher school Glavprofobr. Since 1925, students have received training in basic disciplines on the basis of new, ideologized programs.

The content of education was also updated in accordance with changes in the economic life of the country. Along with lectures, seminars and practice at enterprises were held. For all cycles, it was obligatory to read: the doctrine of the national economy, the history of economic development in modern times, the encyclopedia of industry, economic geography, the doctrine of law and the state, accounting, elements of higher mathematics, financial calculations. Specialization was carried out in the second and third years.

Since 1923, Narkomfin financed the university, providing funds for scholarships and teacher salaries.
In this regard, the “Regulations on subsidizing universities that set themselves the task of training financial workers” were developed, which gave Narkomfin the right to participate in the management of the MPEI. A university representative was introduced to the council of the university, who monitored the compliance of curricula with the requirements of the financial department.

Leading employees of the Narkomfin, prominent specialists and scientists worked as teachers at the MPEI. This is F.A. Menkov (financial policy), S.A. Iveronov (taxation technique), V.A. Rzhevsky (local finance and public utilities), S.T. Kistinev (banking), N.A. Padeisky (organization of financial institutions), A.N. Doroshenko (organization of a small loan), D.A. Loevetsky and L.N. Yurovsky (money and credit).

^ Yurovsky Leonid Naumovich (1884-1938) - an outstanding economist, statesman. He graduated from the economic department of the Polytechnic Institute in St. Petersburg and the University of Munich, took a course in economics at the University of Berlin. Until 1917 he was Privatdozent at St. Petersburg University and taught at the Moscow Commercial Institute. In the summer of 1917 he was elected dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of Saratov University. In 1922–1928 - Head of the Foreign Exchange Department, member of the Collegium of the USSR People's Commissariat of Finance. In the 1920s - Member of the Board of Prombank of the USSR. Since 1926 professor at MPEI. In 1927–1930 - Dean of the Faculty of Finance, MPEI. In 1930 - professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. He was not a member of the Bolshevik Party. Author of scientific monographs on the problems of the monetary policy of the Soviet state in the 1920s. In 1930 he was repressed, was imprisoned together with N.D. Kondratiev in the Suzdal political isolator, transformed into the Suzdal prison special purpose(MOAN). After the term, he was struck in his rights, he earned a living by rewriting scores. In 1938, he was arrested for the second time, on September 17, 1938, on the day of the verdict, he was shot.
In 1987 he was rehabilitated.

For highly qualified graduates of the MPEI, in addition to Narkomfin, they began to apply for the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry, the People's Commissariat for Food, the People's Commissariat for Communications, the People's Commissariat foreign trade, All-Union Council of the National Economy, All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, Tsentrosoyuz. In the summer of 1925, the departments of the MPEI were transformed into commercial and industrial, financial and cooperative faculties.

By the mid 1920s. the organizational structure of the Institute. The rector was at the head, a specialist in the field of law and the doctrine of the state V.I. was appointed to this post. Veger, who was at the same time the rector of the Institute of the Soviet State at the Komakademiya.

P.I. Shelkov became vice-rector. It was a common practice of that time - a member of the Bolshevik Party held a leading position, and a non-party prominent specialist in his field was appointed as his deputy. They held their positions until 1929, when they were repressed. The dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Industry was appointed a well-known party leader at that time, the editor-in-chief of the Commercial and Industrial Newspaper M.A. Saveliev. As a contemporary recalled, Savelyev "had no taste for economics, especially for specific ... issues, was completely absent." Most of the work was carried out by the Deputy Dean Professor A.M. Fishhandler.

^ Saveliev Maximilian Alexandrovich (1884-1939) - Soviet figure in science and education. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. In 1903 he joined the RSDLP, became a professional revolutionary. In 1907–1910 graduated from the University of Leipzig. In the 1910s He was a member of the editorial boards of the Enlightenment magazine and the Pravda newspaper. In November 1917 he became a member of the Supreme Economic Council. He was the editor of the Proletarian Revolution magazine, the newspapers Pravda, Izvestia and the Commercial and Industrial Newspaper. From 1928 to 1932 he headed the Lenin Institute. In 1932 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1927 - Dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Industry of the MPEI. Repressed in 1938.

The Faculty of Finance was more fortunate. L.N. became its dean. Yurovsky, and a major specialist in finance D.A. Loevetsky. At the financial and industrial faculties in 1925-1927. the founder and head of the Market Institute N.D. Kondratiev.

^ Kondratiev Nikolai Dmitrievich (1892-1938) - Soviet economist, creator of the concept of long waves of conjuncture ("Kondratieff cycles"). Graduated from the Economics Department of the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University. Among his teachers was M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky. In 1915
remained at the department to prepare for a professorship. In 1917 N.D. Kondratiev became the secretary of A.F. Kerensky on business Agriculture, then Deputy Minister of Food in the last composition of the Provisional Government. In 1919 he left the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, retired from politics and focused on scientific activities. In 1920 he became the director of the Institute of Market Research under the People's Commissariat of Finance, taught at the MPEI and the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. In 1925 he published the work "Large cycles of conjuncture". He was a member of many foreign economic and statistical societies, was personally acquainted with or was in correspondence with W. Mitchell, A.S. Kuznets, I. Fisher, J. Keynes. In 1920 and 1922 Kondratiev was arrested on political charges. In 1928, "Kondratieffism" was declared the ideology of the restoration of capitalism. In 1929, Kondratiev was fired from the Market Institute.
In 1930, he was arrested in the case of the Labor Peasant Party and sentenced to eight years in the Suzdal political isolator. In 1938, the seriously ill scientist was sentenced to death by firing squad. In 1987 he was posthumously rehabilitated.

1920s were the heyday of the MPEI. Problems with financing were solved, its structure and curricula were stabilized. The overcoming of hunger, the restoration of the national economy, the rise of industry and agriculture gave rise to confidence in the ability to apply their knowledge for the benefit of the country. As N.V. Volsky (N. Valentinov), “then people were keenly interested in economic issues. They seized on them, argued about them, talked about them, ... not only communists, but along with them, in parallel, the widest layer of the so-called "non-party intelligentsia." At the end of the 1920s. in the depths of the NEP, socio-economic and political contradictions ripened, the resolution of which was the “great turning point” and the “great terror”.

The era of the first five-year plans began with the political trials of 1928–1929, directed, among other things, against “bourgeois specialists”. First of all, the “purges” covered the leaders and employees of the Narkomfin apparatus. People's Commissar for Finance G.Ya. Sokolnikov and head of the currency department L.N. Yurovsky, who protested against the expansion of emission as a source of forced industrialization. Since the leading employees of the Narkomfin conducted classes at the MPEI, repression fell upon its teachers and employees. The students were also "cleaned out". MPEI was depopulated and in May 1930 was disbanded.

^ Sokolnikov Grigory Yakovlevich (1888-1939) - politician and statesman, member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. In 1918 - Chairman of the Soviet delegation at the negotiations with Germany, signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Since 1920 - Chairman of the Turkestan Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In 1921 - Deputy People's Commissar, in 1922-1926. - People's Commissar for Finance, one of the initiators monetary reform which led to the stabilization of the ruble. In 1922 - a participant in the Hague Conference, since 1926 - Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Commission, since 1928 - Chairman of the Oil Syndicate, since 1929 - in diplomatic work. In the 1920s - Professor of the MPEI, in 1930 - head of the department "Finance" at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. In 1935–1936 - First Deputy People's Commissar of the Forestry Industry of the USSR. In 1939 he was repressed and shot. In 1987 he was posthumously rehabilitated.

Once again, politics intervened in the life of the institute. The faculties and departments of the MPEI served as the basis for the creation of new universities. The Faculty of Industry was transformed into the Moscow Engineering and Economics Institute, the Cooperative Faculty served as the basis for the organization of the Moscow Institute of Consumer Cooperatives, the Faculty of Finance was transferred to the NKF and the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the Narkomfin of the USSR was created on its basis.

Summing up, it can be noted that the emergence of the first financial universities, which became the forerunners of the modern Financial University, was due to the needs of the national economy. Our university was based on both the achievements of pre-revolutionary commercial education and the innovations of the first post-revolutionary decade.

1920s for financial and economic education were of great importance. In the transitional era, the former Alexander Commercial School, which grew into a leading industry university, played a connecting role in the transfer of educational, methodological and, to a certain extent, scientific traditions of pre-revolutionary commercial education to Soviet financial and economic universities. The traditions of personnel training developed and improved, the Soviet economy received qualified specialists.

The achievements of the MFEI and the IPEI are inextricably linked with the development of the country in general and the education system in particular. Both universities responded to the needs of the emerging new socio-economic model, prepared leading personnel for the Soviet economy, specialists for the apparatus of central state institutions of a financial and economic profile. A significant contribution to the emergence of the future Financial University was made by the leaders of the Narkomifin and prominent scientists who were the organizers of the domestic financial and economic education of the 1920s.

 Review questions

1. 
   What are the prerequisites for organizing the first financial universities?
2. 
   What are the goals, objectives, organization of training at MFEI?
3. 
   Specify and describe the stages of IPEI activities.
4. 
   Point out the differences in the organization and activities of the MFEI and IPEI.
5. 
   Name the organizers of the MFEI and IPEI and describe their contribution to the development of financial and economic education.
6. 
   Tell us about the teachers of the first financial and economic universities, the predecessors of the Financial Academy.

The treacherous attack of the Nazi invaders forced all people to interrupt their peaceful life. The period of the Great Patriotic War began - the question of the freedom and independence of our fatherland was being decided. The defense of the Motherland was at the same time the fulfillment of the great historical mission of saving mankind from the fascist threat. Science and graduate School, its professors, faculty, staff and student youth were faced with new and complex challenges, serious difficulties and severe trials.

First months of the war

The war years occupy a special place in the history of Moscow University. All his scientific, educational, social life during these years was determined by military conditions and the task of mobilizing the entire university staff to help the front.

The news of the perfidious attack of the Nazi invaders caused a powerful patriotic upsurge in the university staff, as well as in the entire Soviet people. After V.M. Molotov on the radio on June 22, 1941, from all over Moscow and the Moscow region, students and teachers hurried to the university to declare their readiness to defend the Fatherland.

Massive rallies were held at the faculties. Students and teachers expressed their determination to give all their strength to defeat the enemy. On the evening of June 22, Komsomol members of the university gathered. The Komsomol audience could not accommodate everyone. They were located in the aisles, on the stairs, on the platforms. The decision of the meeting stated: "The Komsomol organization of Moscow State University declares itself fully mobilized to carry out any task of the Party and the Government - at the front, in factories, in transport, on collective and state farm fields."

The students of Moscow University backed up their word with practical deeds and active participation in various areas of defense work. In the first week, 138 biologists, 155 geographers, 90 geologists, 163 historians, 213 mathematicians and mechanics, 158 physicists, 148 philosophers went to the front. In total - 1065 people.

A significant part of the students of Moscow University began to work at defense plants. 1,200 Komsomol members of the university began to work on the construction of the subway, 1,300 students left for harvesting work in state and collective farms, student teams worked at the Fraser and them. Frunze. In the first three weeks of the war, 52,000 young Muscovites left to build defensive lines, among them 3,000 students of Moscow University.

After June 22, the university has widely deployed military training. Students were trained in groups of tank destroyers, signalmen, radio operators, air defense and air defense. Hundreds of girls were trained in the courses of nurses. Two-month courses for the training of nurses have been established. University staff fought for their native university, disarming incendiary bombs and eliminating the threat of fires. On July 28, one of the university teams received a commendation for their selfless behavior while extinguishing the fire.

On July 10, 1941, the Krasnopresnenskaya division of the people's militia was formed, consisting of four regiments. The entire political composition of the division was staffed by communists from Moscow University. Post-graduate students and teachers of Moscow University were appointed regimental commissars and instructors. The artillery regiment of this division could be called university.

When the historic battle for Moscow unfolded, parts of the people's militia and destroyer battalions took part in the battles on the outskirts of the city. Many members of the university staff received their first baptism of fire in the great battles for the capital. Many pupils and employees of Moscow University died a heroic death in these battles for Moscow.

The university staff has shrunk significantly, but those who remain have doubled and tripled their energy, replacing those who have gone to the front. University scientists from the very first days of the war began to restructure their work. On June 30, the Scientific Council decided to include in the thematic plan a number of scientific topics of defense importance. The resolution stated: "Organize an oil institute at Moscow State University. Strengthen the material and production base of the Institute of Physics by creating joint experimental production, working on self-supporting basis; strengthen the technological base in training specialists in the field of aero and hydromechanics, introducing academic plan according changes".

Scientific and technical problems of defense significance were dealt with by teams of faculties of natural sciences. The only faculty of the humanities at that time, the Faculty of History, was also rebuilt. Its thematic plan included a number of topical problems from the historical struggle of the Russian people for freedom and independence, from the history of German imperialism and German aggression.

Despite the difficulties encountered, the university energetically prepared for the new academic year. Under these conditions, the need for rapid training of specialists has sharply increased. Therefore, even in the first days of the war, the government made a decision to temporarily reduce the terms of study at universities. Students who transferred from the 1st to the 2nd course were set the deadline for July 1, 1943, those who transferred to the 3rd year - February 1, 1943, those who transferred to the 4th year - May 1, 1942.

In connection with the reduction in the terms of training, the first military academic year 1941/42 began a month earlier - on August 1. With regard to the wartime plan, the weekly workload increased by 28 hours. Vacations were shortened - summer by a month, winter - by a week, state exams and admission to graduate school were temporarily canceled. All these emergency measures were the conditions of the first period of the war. Moscow University continued to train specialists and develop science in accordance with the requirements of wartime.

University evacuation

In October 1941, when Soviet troops repelled the onslaught of Nazi troops on the outskirts of Moscow and a gigantic battle unfolded in close proximity to the capital, the evacuation of Moscow University began. Partial evacuation began in September, when the most valuable book collections scientific library them. Gorky were sent on a barge to Khvalynsk, and from there to Kustanai.

In early October, a plan was developed for the evacuation of Moscow University. The place of evacuation was Ashgabat, where the university was supposed to be located in the building of the Turkmen Pedagogical Institute. The first two groups of professors, staff and students left Moscow on October 14 and 18. The team at Moscow University at the same time had to complete the ongoing evacuation. On October 29, a train was sent to Ashgabat, in which 220 students and 35 teachers left. In November and the first days of December 1941, about 400 more students, teachers, and employees were evacuated. There they sent a train with textbooks and scientific equipment.

Moscow University was repeatedly attacked from the air. So on October 29, significant damage was caused to the library. Gorky. And already on December 6, 1941, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive, and the question arose of resuming the work of individual institutions in Moscow - the library, the Museum of Anthropology, the Zoological Museum, and the Botanical Garden.

Training is scheduled to resume on February 2, 1942. In the difficult conditions of the first war year, when students were constantly employed in various jobs, it was not possible to ensure the normal course of the educational process, which led to a decrease in performance in the 1941/42 academic year. After the session, both students and the entire staff of Moscow University, refusing vacations and rest, worked all summer on the labor front. On May 8, 1942, 1030 students and employees of Moscow University, together with the workers of the Krasnopresnensky district, left for the construction of defensive structures in the Krasnogvardeisky district of the Moscow region. The collective transferred its earnings in the amount of 30 thousand rubles to the defense fund.

The war accelerated the solution of the long overdue task of restoring the humanities sector in its entirety and turning Moscow University into a truly unified complex of science and humanities faculties. Now the Moscow State University included 10 faculties: physical, mechanical and mathematical, chemical, biological, geographical, geological and soil science, philosophical, historical, economic, philological, and since March 1942 - the eleventh legal one. These changes had a positive impact on the work of the university staff in Ashgabat.

Classes began in Ashgabat in December 1942. The first lectures and seminars were held in dorm rooms. By mid-December, training sessions were moved to the auditorium of the Turkmen State Pedagogical Institute and were held during hours free from the Institute's classes. At that time, 145 topics of defense and national economic importance were developed. It was not easy to study in the conditions of evacuation. There is also a shortage of teaching aids and equipment. As a result, all the difficulties affected the results of the academic year - 48% of students had academic debts by the end of the academic year. At the end of June 1942, the university was transferred to Sverdlovsk. The Urals, with its powerful industry, was one of the most important sources of supply for the Soviet Army with weapons and ammunition.

The new academic year started again with acute issues - the lack of premises, the majority of students (80%) combine study with work and active participation in the labor fronts. Practical training of students of a number of faculties was manifested in a number of factories' laboratories.

After the victory of the Soviet Army at Stalingrad in April 1943, the government decided to re-evacuate Moscow University from Sverdlovsk to Moscow.

Return to Moscow

1943 - was the year of a radical turning point in the course of the war. Having completed the reevacuation, the university began preparations for the new 1943/44 academic year. At that time, many scientific student circles came to life, in which about 1000 people already worked. The achievement rate increased to 87%, which was a significant increase compared to the previous year.

The university continued to expand. The strengthening of the international prestige of the Soviet state and the expansion of international relations of the USSR put forward the task of training qualified workers in the field international relations. In October 1943, the Faculty of International Relations was established at Moscow State University. Also, 45 new departments were created at various faculties.

Lomonosov readings were organized in April 1944 in order to familiarize the scientific community with the achievements of university scientists. Since then it has become a tradition and readings are held every year.

By the end of 1944, our homeland was completely liberated from the fascist invaders. The Soviet people restored the destroyed cities and villages, schools and higher educational institutions. The country was in dire need of specialists capable of solving the grandiose tasks of a peaceful socialist state. By the end of 1944/45, the last military academic year, the university had high student achievement. Great importance to improve the quality of training of specialists, the organization of practical training has.

In 1945, all faculties were again transferred to a five-year term of study. In total, over 3,000 specialists graduated from Moscow University during the war years. During the war years, the humanities faculties prepared a cadre of specialists, a significant part of whom went to work in the schools of the areas liberated from the Nazi invaders.

The university staff patronized military units and 14 hospitals, 11 Moscow schools and 2 orphanages. Also, Moscow University provided assistance to Kharkov and Belarusian Universities, Stalingrad and Smolensk Pedagogical Institutes.

Heroes of Moscow University

Many glorious heroes were brought up by Moscow University. Among them, the first place is rightfully occupied by student pilots - Heroes Soviet Union E. Rudneva, A. Zubkova, E. Ryabova, R. Gasheva, E. Pasko, P. Gelman. Zhenya Rudneva, making her 645th sortie on April 9, 1944, died. Many gave their lives in the name of the Motherland, but will forever be remembered.

In the same 1944, Musa Jalil, a pupil of Moscow State University, a wonderful Soviet patriot poet, Hero of the Soviet Union, died in a fascist dungeon. University students: N. Fedorov, Y. Salamatin, V. Nekrich, N. Baransky (junior), L. Kantorovich, T. Bauer, E. Shamshikova, I. Rezchikov, I. Sovkov and many others - laid their young heads in struggle for the independence of the motherland. Among them were people of outstanding abilities. Their death is a great and irreparable loss for science. On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, brave professors of Moscow State University A. Kon, G. Kara-Murza, F. Khaskhachikh, M. Zorkiy fought and died a death; teachers P. Prozorov, N. Kinalev, S. Moralev, A. Gavrilenko, V. Konstantinov, N. Florya; graduate students G. Kaftanovsky, V. Modestov, D. Ognev, V. Kotyaev, M. Korchnoi and many others.

The government highly appreciated the military exploits of the Moscow State University staff. Eight of his pets were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 2200 were awarded orders of the Soviet Union. The Great Patriotic War was a severe test for Moscow University, and it passed it with honor. With their heroism at the fronts and selfless work in the rear, the team has multiplied the glorious traditions of Moscow State University.

Based on the article by Svetlana Zayerova “Moscow University
during the Great Patriotic War"

The outbreak of war interrupted the peaceful plans of the people. Soviet scientists joined the ranks of those for whom the slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" became an expression of their civic and patriotic duty. The center of intensive scientific work was the fulfillment of orders for the front.

In the very first days of the war, 66 young employees, graduate students and 600 students were drafted into the army. When the front approached the city, Dmitry Nikiforovich Shishov, elected in 1940 as the secretary of the party organization of the university, with a large group of communists joined the ranks of the people's militia, became the commissar of the battalion. Archaeologist Georgy Aleksandrovich Inozemtsev went from being a machine-gun platoon commander to a rifle division commander. In 1944 he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. This high title was also awarded to S.Ya. Orekhov and V.F. Solyanik. Alexandra Dubrovina, a graduate of the biological faculty of the university, was the class teacher of Ulyana Gromova, Anatoly Popov, and Maya Peglivanova. Like her students, for whom she was an authoritative mentor, Dubrovina joined the ranks of the heroic Young Guard, participated in its affairs and, along with other Young Guards, went to her death.

From June 1941 to July 1942 the university continued to work in Rostov-on-Don. From the first months of the war, Rostov turned out to be a front-line city, and the university became a front-line university. Those who remained at their jobs took on a double, triple load, replacing the departed comrades.

The selfless work of the entire team was highly appreciated in the order of the People's Commissar of Education dated May 22, 1942, in which the university scientists were thanked "for the initiative, energy and diligence in carrying out special tasks aimed at accelerating the defeat of the Nazi troops" (Cit. by: Rostov State University(1915-1965), p. 337) . University chemists headed by Professor N.A. Trifonov developed an incendiary bottle grenade and mass-produced these munitions. The experimental workshops of the university became a real military factory, which produced various explosive devices, including those for conducting guerrilla war, defense equipment was created. Mathematicians and physicists carried out the orders of the command, testing the strength various materials, gave a conclusion on the permeability of the soil for various modes of transport, made devices. Day and night, the work continued - the university joined the ranks of the city's defenders.

In the summer of 1941, about 500 students and staff of the university left for the Tarasovsky and Tsimlyansky regions to harvest. And here was the front line of the fight against the enemy. The agricultural detachment worked selflessly, the work was carried out almost around the clock.

In a difficult situation, when the city was constantly bombarded and shelled, the university staff worked on the construction of defensive structures: they dug trenches, built barricades. The work was directed by the party organization, the communists F.N. Kucherova, E.A. Ko-sakovskaya, P.V. Miroshnikov, E.I. Vojvodina.

The start of the school year was delayed by wartime difficulties. But from December 22, 1941, systematic studies were resumed at the senior courses of physics and mathematics, geological-soil-geographic, biological, chemical, and at the first year of the historical and philological faculties. Lectures were read by leading professors D. D. Mordukhai-Boltovskoy, V. V. Bogachev, S. A. Zakharov, V. P. Velmin, N. I. Pokrovsky, young graduate students and staff prepared candidate dissertations for defense. Not everyone was able to finish the job. The need to take up arms forced to postpone the defense of M.I. Shartsman, A.A. Peresada, who died the death of the brave.

The situation in the city became more and more complicated and tense. On July 8, 1942, fascist aviation bombed the building of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, in which 12 workers of experimental workshops died at a combat post. The front was getting closer. The university began to prepare for the evacuation. 8 Communists and 47 Komsomol members, headed by Party Bureau Secretary Faina Nikolaevna Kucherova last day remained in the city. The rector of the university, Semyon Efimovich Belozerov, also worked selflessly, leading the team from September 1938 to November 1954. In the future, he did a lot to recreate the history of the university.

In July 1942, the university was evacuated to Makhachkala, and then to the city of Osh in the Kirghiz SSR. A new period began in the activities of the university - evacuation. The conditions of the first winter were especially difficult. The lack of the most necessary equipment, the lack of a sufficient number of highly qualified personnel (often departments were headed by graduate students) - all this made the work of the team very difficult. But he immediately found himself in the midst of the affairs and problems that Kyrgyzstan and the city of Osh lived in: biologists began to solve problems related to improving the quality of cotton; issues of weed and pest control were intensively studied; geologists have done significant work to identify the natural resources of the republic. And although the combined team of Rostov University and the Pedagogical Institute consisted of only 9 professors, 25 associate professors, 25 teachers, laboratory assistants and assistants, a large amount of work was done.

Continued and intense scientific work, there were training sessions with students. From June 1941 to October 1942 the university trained 550 specialists. 10 scientists of the university and 15 employees of other universities defended candidate dissertations at the Russian State University, three - doctoral.

Osh regional party and government bodies, the leadership of the republic and the People's Commissariat of Education highly appreciated the contribution of university staff to the study of the Naukat mineral and raw material complex, local plant raw materials, and the development scientific history Osh region.

In February 1943, after stubborn fighting, Rostov-on-Don was liberated. Here began a huge restoration work. The city was badly damaged, and significant damage was done to university buildings. However, already on October 11, 1943, the regional party committee decided to open a university and a pedagogical institute. Rostovites sought to include their main scientific center as soon as possible, which could assist in solving complex problems of restoring the national economy.

Since November 1943, the preparation of the Russian State University for re-evacuation began. And in Rostov, meanwhile, under the guidance of the associate professor of the university F. N. Kucherova, the equipment of classrooms, laboratories, and offices was being completed. On December 6, classes resumed. The university completely moved to Rostov on May 16, 1944. At first, lectures were held mainly in the former dormitory, where most of the students and teachers lived. The conditions were difficult. But the state constantly increased aid to the university. In 1943, its budget was 1.5 million rubles, in 1944 - 4.8 million, in 1945 - already 18 million rubles. In addition to increasing monetary allocations, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR ordered a number of people's commissariats to supply the university with household equipment, materials, clothing, and footwear. Materials were allocated for restoration work and housing construction.

In less than five years, the main building, the buildings of the physics and chemistry departments, part of the premises of the botanical garden, the Azov-Don and Novorossiysk biological stations were put into operation. In 1946, a soil station began to function, and since 1948, an astronomical observatory and an ionospheric station.

Given the need for specialists, the university reorganized the leading natural faculties. Faculty of Geography was merged with the geological one, and the training of soil scientists was concentrated at the Faculty of Biology and Soil. Since December 1948, the department of the history of physical and mathematical sciences has been opened at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. The cycle of humanities faculties has expanded. The training of jurists began at the newly created Faculty of Law. Departments of Romano-Germanic languages ​​and literature, as well as logic and psychology, were opened at the Faculty of History and Philology. The first of them in 1955 became an independent faculty of the Rostov State Pedagogical Institute.

Materials from the book "Rostov State University (1915-1985)" under the general editorship of Corresponding Member. USSR Academy of Sciences Yu.A. Zhdanova, Rostov University Publishing House, 1985, pp. 25-29.