Maria Prigogina

cognitivestories

Foreword

Once upon a time there was a boy named Cyril. He was very fond of reading. And not only fairy tales, but also scientific and educational books - about stars and planets, about animals and plants, about natural phenomena and a lot more about. Friends kept asking him questions, and he always answered everyone, and not just like that, but with detailed explanations. “You will probably be a great scientist,” the guys said, having received an answer to another question. Why do scientists have to? Kiryusha wondered. “I just want to know about everything. Everyone should be able to understand the things that surround us. Not only boys and girls came to Kirill with their questions about nature, about space, about the current and past inhabitants of the earth, but these inhabitants themselves sometimes dropped in and also asked about something. And then each other about those meetings retold. Although how could they ask and retell? After all, animals can't talk! But if they could, they would definitely ask. Perhaps that is why Kiryusha embellished some of the stories a little, just to make it more interesting. This is how the stories were born.

Story1. Why a spider is not an insect

Story 2. chocolate tree

Came to visit Kirill a little boy Sasha, who lived in the next apartment. He was very fond of all sorts of sweets, especially chocolates, and his mother hid them from him so that he would not overeat and would not get sick with some incomprehensible terrible disease called Allergy. Sasha was worried about this and, no matter what they talked about, he always remembered chocolates. “If it weren’t for Allergy,” he lamented, “I could even chew chocolates all day long!” And why did they make them tasty and harmful at the same time? “Ask the chocolate tree about that,” Kirill grinned. -- Ha-ha-ha! Sasha laughed. -- Chocolate! Is it made from chocolate? Also tell me, you can cut off pieces of bark from it, eat and drink tea. Listen to you, and there is a candy tree! "Yes," Kirill confirmed. - The sweets that grow on it taste like raisins. And the chocolate tree, of course, is not made from chocolate, but chocolates are made from its seeds. Add sugar, milk, nuts, raisins and more. Many things can be added, but the main thing in any chocolate is the seeds of the chocolate tree, cocoa beans. And there is also a strawberry tree, and berries grow on it, very similar to strawberries. Little Sasha went home with his mouth open - he was probably afraid to forget about the fabulous chocolate tree. He then dreamed about it at night and very politely apologized for the Allergy.

Story 3. Whydrink kefir in the evening

One boy named Slavik did not like kefir. And every time when in the evening his mother poured him a full cup of this sour drink, Slavik frowned, was capricious and demanded candy. “Before going to bed, only kefir,” my mother said, and she didn’t get candy. -- But why? asked Slavik. - Why should kefir be the very last meal in the evening? “I don’t know,” Mom admitted. - Ask someone else. Once Slavik went to Kiryusha and saw a lot of interesting things and books from him. - You read so much, - said Slavik. - Maybe you know why they drink kefir in the evening and without sweets? - Of course, I know, - answered Kirill, - it is written about it in books. Kefir is good because beneficial microbes live in it. They are very weak, they do not take root well in the intestines, where they should live and work, help us digest food. But there is expanse for bad, harmful microbes! That is why kefir is drunk before going to bed, so that weak beneficial microbes can somehow take root overnight and push out harmful ones. - I see, - said Slavik and sighed. - That is, it is completely incomprehensible. And why do these beneficial microbes live in kefir, and not in sweets? If I were them, I would choose sweets.

Story 4. So different aboutBlaka!

One day a pig named Zucchini was tumbling in the sand and suddenly saw clouds. Before, he had never looked at the sky and did not know that there were clouds there, and even such different ones - white, gray, curly, plump and all sorts of others. And the piglet decided to ask the mole where the clouds come from. After all, he is so majestic, thoughtful in appearance, which means he must know a lot of things. But the mole never saw any clouds in his life for the simple reason that he endlessly dug underground, where it was not necessary to see at all. However, he did not want to admit his ignorance, and, sticking his nose out of the hole, he muttered displeasedly: - Clouds, clouds ... Some have nothing to do! I dig underground tunnels, get food. I'm not up to the clouds! Then the Zucchini asked his question to the cock, who often flew up to the high fence and sat there for a long time. He must have known about the clouds if he climbed so high. No wonder his feathers look like cirrus clouds! The rooster did not want to admit that the clouds were as far from him as from the pig, and he thought about feathers only when he finished plucking them after another fight, and therefore arrogantly declared: - Once I stare at the sky in vain, look for clouds. I only watch the sun so I can crow in time. And then the piglet went to Kirill. Kirill Kabachka listened and told him everything he knew about clouds. And about the fact that they consist of water vapor, that is, from the smallest droplets of water, and when it's cold, from ice crystals, and that clouds are different at different heights, and even about the rarest and most unknown mother-of-pearl and silvery clouds, which are very high climb into the sky. Those extraordinary clouds cannot be seen during the day, the sun's rays overshadow them. They are visible either early in the morning or late in the evening when the sun illuminates them from behind the horizon. It is worth the rays of light to break through and shine a little lower, and unusual clouds seem to disappear. “All clouds are extraordinary and each one is uniquely beautiful,” the boy explained to the pig, not noticing how confused he was, “but how they look and what falls out of them depends on what is in the cloud. And there can be only water vapor, only ice floes, or both. If the water droplets or ice crystals in the clouds become too large, they become heavier and fall to the ground. And then we have rain, snow or hail. For example, cirrus clouds, which are so named for their external resemblance to rooster feathers, consist only of ice crystals. And the hail ... Kirill spoke for so long, he explained in such detail that the piglet became completely confused and asked: - Come on, I will come to you again, then you will tell about the hail. “Perhaps you are right,” Cyril agreed. “About the city next time. Come, always happy to help.

Story 5. hail

The zucchini came as promised next time. But that next time did not come soon, but only when a large hailstone reminded of itself. She did this rather unceremoniously - she simply fell on the piglet's back. Behind her, another, and a third, and a fourth... The poor fellow barely ran to the saving barn in which he lived, and immediately promised himself that he would certainly deal with the unscrupulous precipitation that took advantage of his tender back, like drumsticks drumming. That same evening, the piglet, wet and angry, came to Kirill and shouted from the threshold: - Hail is the most terrible of all that falls from the clouds! Just some stone rain! “Well, not stone,” the boy corrected, “but ice.” But sometimes hailstones grow to a considerable size. Then, of course, it is unpleasant to be in their way. “I’m not with them, but they were on my way,” muttered the piglet. - And why do such hefty ice cubes continue to hold on to the cloud, and do not fall to the ground while they are small? I would have tolerated the little ones somehow. And in general, I did not like your vaunted clouds! - In vain you are offended by them, - Cyril smiled. “They do us a lot of good. Water, for example, is supplied and the sun's rays are regulated. And the wind helps the hailstones not to fall, or, scientifically, vertical air currents, which, by the way, keep the birds, allow them to soar for a long time on high altitude without flapping its wings. - I thought the wind only blows sideways, and he, therefore, can go up? - And up and down, and even in a spiral, - Kirill grinned. - Then it's called a cyclone. But come on, about him some other time next time, but for now, listen further about the hail. A cloud for small ice floes is like your barn, your home, they are in no hurry to leave it, they “feed” on cold drops of water and get fat, overgrown with ice scales. And there comes a time when there are too many hailstones in the cloud. It’s crowded for them, fat women knock against each other, and then it snows, but if they suddenly collide with drops of water, it will be hail. And plump icicles jump out, no wind can stop them, and fall to the ground, and beat the gaping Zucchini. “Yes,” thought the piglet. “Know their schedule. “About predicting the weather, too, next time,” the boy laughed.

Story 6. Origin of people

Somehow two friends learned about biological evolution, namely, that all living things are constantly changing and developing, and more complex ones arise from simple beings. And the guys argued about how people appeared on earth. One said that they appeared directly here as a result of this most wonderful evolution, and the second claimed that they flew from space. "I will settle your dispute very simply," said Kiryusha. - And who is right? the boys asked in unison. - Both of you are right! -- How is that? It can not be! - And here it can! Because there is evolution, and we are from space. All living things are from outer space, or rather, from the stars. The fact is that in the stars -complex-- composite particles are formed, from which then, almost like from cubes, living beings are added. Stars are also not immortal, and from time to time one of them explodes, and then those amazing particles scatter around the Universe, but far from finding suitable conditions everywhere. Once upon a time, such conditions existed on our planet, and so they appeared, first primitive, and then, as a result of evolution, more complex living creatures.

Story 7. How cancer surrendered to tweezers

In the summer, Kirill brought a red swamp crayfish from a school living corner. Mom bought an aquarium and a water filter and made two grottoes out of plastic bags. It turned out, if not a swamp, then almost a real coastline. Cancer, who lived in a basin at school, must have liked it. He probably liked it, because he behaved appropriately, as it should be for an arthropod representative of the aquatic fauna to behave in natural conditions - he pretended to have died a long time ago, even probably rotten, and for this reason was of no interest to the surrounding predators, which all they did was run around endlessly, yelling, banging and scattering the remains of tasty prey. The cancer very skillfully used the sluggishness of its enemies, picking up tidbits, while the screamers ran away to hunt in other places. And at night he studied the hospitable dwelling, rested near the filter, which he noticed from the first day, rearranged the grottoes and checked if there was anything left to eat. Unfortunately, there was never anything left, but in the morning the food reappeared, so there was no reason to be upset. Once the electrical outlet to which the filter was connected failed. It turned out she was too busy. The reason was determined in the evening by dad, and until that time the water in the aquarium was not purified and soon began to resemble a not very pleasant slurry in which the cancer lived in a school basin. Therefore, when the filter started working, the owner of the "coastal" rushed to him with all his strength and, apparently, decided not to let such a useful object out of sight. However, the opposite was later revealed. Cancer mistook the cleaning device for a competitor that took over the best corner of the aquarium, and as soon as mom pulled out the filter to rinse it, he immediately took the elite place. Mom tried to pull her pet away in a proven way - with plastic tweezers. It used to work ... And now the cancer regularly grabbed it with its claws, but as soon as the terrible two-horned monster that attacked it began to drag its prey (well, of course, in order to devour it or, at best, drive it away and take possession of a wonderful place!), It immediately let go of the tweezers . Then mom just moved the stubborn to the side and installed a filter. And she was surprised to find that the crayfish had rolled over on its back and lifted its claws up. - He gave up! exclaimed the father. And everyone agreed with him. Only one cancer, probably did not understand anything. After all, he was not kicked out and not eaten, but left to live in a beautiful coastal area with such terrible, but absolutely harmless predators!

Scientific and educational story - what is it? Popularization scientific knowledge about the surrounding world is a necessary link in the education system. It makes it possible to convey complex information about the content of various branches of science (natural and humanitarian) in an accessible form, literary language. Popular science literature includes biographies of historical figures, figures of science and culture, and travel stories, stories about nature and physical phenomena, historical events.

Optimal Genre

To be more specific, in relation to the child's consciousness, which is just beginning to master the diversity of phenomena and objects known by man, then for the development of needs, first of all, scientific and educational literature is necessary. It can be represented by various genre formations. The simplest and most appropriate for children's perception is the story. Compact in volume, it allows you to focus on any one topic, on homogeneous phenomena, choosing the most characteristic ones.

Artistic or informative?

The story as a genre involves narrative, plot, a consistent presentation of facts or events. The story should be interesting, contain intrigue, an unexpected, vivid image.

What is a scientific-cognitive story, and how does it differ from a literary one? The latter does not aim to convey any accurate information about the surrounding world, although it cannot but be present there. A fictional story creates, first of all, a world based on both knowledge and fiction.

The writer uses the factual material known to him not to acquaint someone with it and replenish knowledge about the subject, but, firstly, to create a convincing image (draw in words), and secondly, to express his attitude to the depicted realities: their feelings, thoughts - and infect the reader with them. That is to express your creativity.

To what category can M. Prishvin's prose miniatures about nature be attributed? "Gadgets" - an artistic or scientific and educational story? Or his own "Top melters", "Talking Rook"?

On the one hand, the author absolutely reliably, in detail describes appearance and bird habits. On the other hand, he composes a dialogue that titmouse-gadgets allegedly conduct among themselves, and very clearly makes it clear what surprise and admiration these birds evoke in him. He speaks in the same spirit in other stories. Of course, these are artistic stories, especially since, in general, they add up to a broad one that allows you to evaluate them in the categories of artistic natural philosophy. But you can’t refuse them in a cognitive sense either.

Fiction and educational literature

A number of specialists in literary criticism and the teaching of literature at school introduce such a concept as artistic and educational literature. Of course, the stories of M. Prishvin, as well as those of V. Bianchi, N. Sladkov, completely fit into this concept, correspond to it.

This example clearly shows that the concept of "scientific cognitive story" can hardly have a precisely defined and limited scope. Strictly speaking, it must be admitted that its functions serve primarily educational purposes. What matters is not only the content - certain information necessary for assimilation, but also how it is organized, how it is communicated to the reader.

What is a scientific and educational story? Its functions

A scientific and educational work reveals its theme from historical positions, in development and in logical interconnectedness. Thus, it contributes to the development logical thinking, helps to understand the causal relationship between phenomena. Clever storytelling can contribute to the transition from objective thinking to operating with abstract concepts.

It is designed to introduce into the mental everyday life of a child (or adolescent) an idea of ​​the special terminology used in a particular branch of knowledge. Moreover, this should happen in stages: from disclosing the content of a strict scientific concept to more complex texts using certain terminology.

A scientific and educational story stimulates the student to master special reference literature, helps to learn how to use encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books on various branches of knowledge. It contributes to the creation of a clear understanding of the system of reference manuals that clearly reveal the terminology or the essence of the subject of interest.

and education

Expanding the volume of knowledge, the informative base of the emerging personality and at the same time nurturing intellectual activity, stimulating mental growth - this is what a scientific and educational story is. Skillfully and talentedly composed text of the story necessarily affects and emotional sphere. Only a machine can operate with “pure”, “naked” knowledge.

The assimilation of the material is much more successful against the background of interest. A scientific cognitive story should cause a desire to read something new, form a desire for knowledge. Therefore, a personal attitude, a personal author's intonation - and this is a trait fiction- are still a necessary component of such a work.

The inevitability of artistic bias

Here we have to return to the comparison of fiction and scientific-cognitive literature. Its elements, illustrativeness, descriptiveness, the creation of a verbal picture and, above all, the presence of an emotional aura and individual intonation endow the work with an educational function. They awaken curiosity in the little reader, help to determine the value attitude to the world around, with value orientations.

Therefore, artistic and educational literature is indispensable for perception in the early school age. There is no impassable abyss between these two types of educational literature. Artistic and educational stories correspond to the very first step of the educational process, it precedes the reading of scientific and educational stories.

Scientific and educational story (definition)

So what is it? A scientific and educational story is a kind of teaching aid introduced in studying proccess since the mid-1970s, at the same time, a methodology for using this literature was developed, methods for assimilating and memorizing it, and ways to motivate reading were worked out. Its functions are defined: cognitive, communicative, aesthetic.

The authors of such works, for their part, use various techniques that facilitate the understanding and memorization of the information presented. The narrative is built in the form of questions and answers, in the form of a dialogue with the reader. The author, who narrates in the first person, acts as a mentor, friend, and adviser. A scientific and educational story is also a guide to performing various experiments and experiments, it includes their description and instructions.

Know yourself

Man as an object of knowledge, as a biological and social phenomenon, as well as society - all this is also the subject of study. A scientific and educational story about a person can be devoted to an infinite number of topics.

The primary need for the younger generation is to imbue the norms of social morality created by generations of people, on which human solidarity rests. It is precisely such material that is provided, for example, by stories about great people of the past, national leaders, politicians, geniuses of science and culture - all those who created human civilization.

How beautiful is this world! How extraordinarily beautiful the Creator made it! And how much we still do not know about it ... How many secrets and secrets are kept in the oceans, jungles, deserts and even tiny anthills that seem so ordinary and unremarkable to us!

Let's all go on an amazing journey around our planet to see its beauty! And, now we will visit the bees ...

From this informative story for children, you will learn why bees harvest honey, how their families are arranged, why beekeepers need “armor”, how in the old days people protected a precious delicacy from bears and much, much more interesting things!

And, of course, speaking of little striped workers, it is impossible to keep silent about honey! Therefore, we will tell amazing facts about him.

This is an amazing story about an amazing civilization of small creatures that we are so used to that we have already stopped noticing. And, by the way, in vain! After all, these are one of the most mysterious insects on our planet! We are sure that after reading this informative story, you will learn a lot of new things!