And now I ask you to present the results of your work, the opposite group makes entries in the worksheet (group report on the work performed)

Well done! Everyone did their job. (physical minute)

Now let's conclude, shall we? So what kind of locality is called a city? (children's answers) . Let's make a note on the worksheet.

Where and when did the first cities appear? Are there cities in our area? Name them.

In terms of population, there are cities: small up to 50 thousand, medium 50-100 thousand, large more than 100 thousand, millionaires more than 1 million people. What group do you think our cities belong to? ( children's answers )

What is an urban agglomeration? Where is the largest one located? Are there urban agglomerations in Russia? What are their names? ( children's answers )

And what functions can cities perform? Make notes on your worksheet.

We are working well now with rural settlements. Let's first define what a countryside is? (territory outside the city). And what settlements will we call rural? Write your definition on a worksheet.

And now let's see what types of rural populations there are in different parts of the world. To do this, perform the following task: the worksheet contains drawings of rural settlements. I will read the definition of the paragraph to you, and you must guess what it is about.

A locality located outside the city limits. Can be working, resort, country (village)

A separate estate, which is located on a separate piece of land, which consists in the use of this owner (farm)

Large Cossack settlement (village)

Large estate in Brazil. Also called the program on channel 1 (hacienda)

Locality in the mountains. From the Turkic language - "village" (village)

A small peasant settlement without a church (village)

Homestead, cattle ranching in the USA (ranch)

Village in Central Asia. From the Turkic language - "winter hut" (village)

One of the oldest types of settlements among the Slavs (a settlement with a church) (village).

Do you and I live in what community? What features of the city can be noted? What features of the countryside do we have? Do you know that in 2011 we held a referendum, where most of the population expressed their desire that the village of Seryshevo should become a village. What do you think?(children's answers).

And so, we have done a great job. Tell me, have we achieved our goal?

Summarize what you learned in class today(children's answers).

The stage of primary verification of understanding of the studied

1. Establish the correctness and awareness of the studied material.

2. Identify gaps in the primary comprehension of the studied material, misconceptions of students

Well done! And now I suggest you do the following task. A well-known proverb is encrypted in front of you. Read it?

ABVGALLYEDI

KULIKNOPROMS

VARTYFSVOEBD

TOBOLOTORVSK

DLHACHVALITSI

Every sandpiper praises his swamp. How do you understand this proverb? Good. And now I suggest you praise the settlements. Now we are changing: the first group praises - the city, the second - the village.

The stage of consolidating new knowledge and methods of action

To ensure, in the course of consolidation, an increase in the level of comprehension of the studied material, the depth of its understanding

And so, we have done a great job. Tell me, have we achieved our goal? Have we achieved our goal?

What did we do today at the lesson to achieve our goal?

Summarize what you learned in class today (children's answers).

Let's return to our problematic question: Tell me, is there a place on Earth where everyone would like to live?

What can you say about this now (Probably not. All people are different: one likes the frantic pace of life among skyscrapers, another likes a quiet life in a small town, the third cannot live anywhere except in his native village in the mountains. For some, the most important thing is an interesting job, for others, clean air , for the third - friendly neighbors, for the fourth - a warm climate, etc. therefore, for society as a whole and for each individual, a variety of cities and villages are important and necessary)

Homework information stage

Ensure students understand the purpose, content and methods of implementation homework

Section 15

Choice task:

Create a presentation or booklet on the topic " Unusual cities»

Debriefing stage

Give a qualitative assessment of the work of the class and individual students

Let's summarize the lesson and evaluate our work. Who can be singled out in today's lesson?

Reflection stage

Ensure that students learn the principles of self-regulation and cooperation

Guys, I want to pay attention to the walls, on them the statement of great people. Think for 5 seconds and say which phrase best describesyour activity in the lesson, what suits you best:

Knowledge begins with surprise

Aristotle

I know that I know nothing .

Socrates

Tell me and I will forget.

Show me and I will understand

Let me do it myself

And I will learn

Confucius

The population density of settlements (i.e., their size in terms of the number of inhabitants) is associated with the production functions of the settlement, with the form of settlement, with the history of the given settlement. When classifying settlements according to their population in statistical accounting, they are all distributed into a larger or smaller number of groups, from the smallest (1-5 inhabitants) to the largest (10 thousand inhabitants or more), following the general principles of statistical groupings. From a typological point of view, it is important to single out such values ​​of population that are associated with significant qualitative features of settlements.

So, a special type - odnodvorki, single detached housing - represents most of the places with a population of less than 10 people. Small settlements with up to 100 inhabitants, as well as isolated residential areas, are most dependent on the nearest larger settlements in terms of servicing their population. Only selectively (in one small village for a whole territorial group of them) can certain elements of public services be created (elementary school, medical center, red corner, reading room or club, village shop - all of the smallest sizes).

With a size of 200-500 inhabitants, each settlement can have a similar minimum set of service institutions, but just as small in size, providing the population with relatively limited opportunities for cultural and community services. An agricultural settlement of this size can be organizationally the base of a certain production unit (a team of a collective farm, a branch or a large farm of a state farm).

With the size of a rural settlement of 3-5 thousand inhabitants, the most favorable opportunities are created for providing urban 1st level of improvement and cultural and community services with the construction of large standard schools, cultural centers, medical institutions, a specialized trading network, etc. In terms of production, such settlements are recognized as optimal as centers of large farms in conditions that allow a significant concentration of labor and production facilities.

Functional types of rural settlements. People are engaged in various activities, and settlements play a different role in the territorial organization of social production. These differences are taken into account primarily in the functional typology.

In the population of settlements, several groups can be distinguished: 1) those employed in agriculture; 2) employed in forestry; 3) employed in external transport; 4) employed in industry; 5) combining occupations in agriculture and industry in the same locality (during different seasons of the year); 6) employed in institutions (economic, administrative, cultural, medical, trade), to a large extent serving other villages of the district; 7) employed in various institutions, mainly serving the "temporary" population arriving in a given place for recreation, treatment.

Consider the most common functional types of rural settlements.

Among the agricultural settlements, the two main functional types are the central settlements of collective farms and state farms.

As a rule, this is the largest settlement on a collective farm or state farm, accommodating a significant part of its population (sometimes the entire population) and the main production buildings, as well as the largest public buildings on a collective farm or state farm - a club, a school, etc. The central settlement is usually built and developed at a faster pace than the rest of the settlements of the collective farm or the settlements of branches in the state farm.

Other types of settlements common on collective farms are brigade settlements of field-growing and complex brigades, "branches" of brigade settlements, undifferentiated "ordinary" settlements, and various kinds of specialized settlements.

Brigade settlements are the most numerous in modern collective-farm settlement. Collective farm members living in such a settlement form a production brigade (sometimes several brigades in large settlements). The brigade is assigned a certain economic territory adjacent to the given village, it has its own production facilities (the brigade's household yard), and all this makes up the site, the organizational unit of the collective farm.

The brigade settlements of complex brigades are distinguished by the fact that they have a wider “set” of production functions and economic independence, serving, in addition to field lands, also farms, sometimes gardens, auxiliary enterprises, etc., located on the territory of a given production site of the collective farm. Often these are the former central settlements of small collective farms, which later merged in the order of enlargement, retaining a number of production facilities and public buildings.

Along with this, there are several types of highly specialized settlements of collective farms, which, as a rule, are small in size. Of these, near-farm settlements are most common at those livestock farms that are located according to local conditions (mainly due to the need to bring them closer to natural fodder lands and fields that require manure fertilizer) remotely from existing settlements. Their sizes are limited by the size of farms admissible for economic reasons and also depend on the degree of mechanization of labor operations in animal husbandry.

The main types of settlements of state farms, in addition to the central settlements (the central estate), are the settlements of departments and farms. In terms of their position in the economy, they are similar to the brigade and near-farm settlements of collective farms. A significant part of the state farm settlements was built anew, according to the plan, in full accordance with the projects for the organization of the economy, therefore such settlements have a very clearly defined functional type, a homogeneous composition of the population, consisting of workers and employees of this enterprise. In those state farms that were created on the basis of some lagging collective farms and have not yet had time to carry out the necessary restructuring of settlement on their territory, one can meet state farm settlements - analogues of settlements and branch settlements found on collective farms that are not differentiated in terms of their position in the economy (constituting only a part of farm departments).

A special functional type is made up of permanent specialized settlements of workers and employees at separately located procurement points (especially for the procurement of livestock, which is kept and fattened at such a point until the batches are completed for shipment to meat processing plants). They are usually very small.

Seasonally inhabited areas - "second dwellings", used by part of the workers in collective farms and state farms for temporary stay in places of the economic territory remote from the main settlements, represent a wide variety in their functional types. They always have one or another industrial buildings and a place to sleep, sometimes devices for domestic and cultural services, functioning temporarily, during the period of use of this point.

The most common are agricultural field camps and livestock breeding centers on seasonal pastures, which differ in seasons and duration of use. Along with them, in different regions there are haymaking, horticultural mills, points for receiving and delivering agricultural products, etc.

Field camps of collective farms and state farms with a short period of use (sowing, harvesting, sometimes caring for crops and preparing land for sowing) accommodate a fairly large population (a field-growing brigade or a significant part of it, up to 60-100 people) and in modern form they represent a group of dormitory houses with a dining room, a shower room, a red corner, a first-aid post, a trading stall, etc., with sheds for storing inventory and fertilizers; in their most primitive form, they represent a group of light buildings adapted for temporary lodging for the night, eating and storing the necessary property. They are common in areas where agriculture is carried out on vast tracts of arable land with a rare network of permanent settlements.

Seasonal livestock settlements are especially common in areas of desert-pasture and mountain animal husbandry, where their number is many times greater than the number of permanent settlements. Their types and variants are extremely diverse, most often they consist of 1-2 residential buildings near wells, livestock buildings or pens. There are more complex shapes, up to entire seasonal villages with schools, medical centers, shops, playing the role of temporary centers for livestock workers in remote intensively used pasture areas.

Non-agricultural settlements in rural areas are represented by very different types associated with the performance of various economic functions. Among the non-agricultural rural settlements, the following functional types, or groups of types, are distinguished.

1. Settlements of industrial enterprises, in terms of their size, do not meet the "qualification" established for urban settlements. According to the degree of their ties with agriculture of various kinds, small workers' settlements in rural areas constitute a certain "typological range" - from completely "autonomous" (for example, mining enterprises, individual textile and other factories with their settlements) to closely associated with it (settlements at starch, vegetable-drying, wine-making, dairy and other factories; settlements of local enterprises for the production of building materials).

2. Settlements on communication routes. Most of them are connected with railway transport - from one-yard "residential points" of trackmen scattered along the line, to sidings and small stations. A smaller number of them are served by waterways (estates of buoy-makers, carriers, settlements on locks, piers, etc.), small airports, and highways (settlements on road sections, gas stations, etc.). AT last years settlements appear serving gas and product pipelines, their pumping stations, as well as long-distance power lines.

3. Settlements of builders at new buildings. Most of them, for a limited period of their existence, belong to "rural" settlements, constituting a special, specific type of inhabited places (more precisely, a group of types, since along with crowded workers' settlements there are also single "barracks" - hostels on lines under construction, gatehouses and hostels at warehouses and bases, etc.). After fulfilling their functions, they either disappear or are absorbed by the urban settlement that arises at the new industrial point, and sometimes turn into a rural non-agricultural settlement of a different type (industrial, transport settlement - see above).

4. Timber industry and forest protection villages. Timber settlements are located, as a rule, on timber transportation routes and very often on rafting tracks, at the exit points of logging roads to rafting tracks6. Their main types are: a) settlements of forest plots where brigades of lumberjacks live; b) settlements of logging stations, uniting several sites; c) the center of the timber industry - the central village for a certain local system of forest settlements; d) intermediate settlements on timber export routes (rafting, transshipment); e) settlements at the exit of the forest to the main roads (usually these are settlements of a mixed type, combined with a pristansky or station settlement); f) settlements on the main routes - roadsteads, near the floodwaters, etc. Settlements of type "a" (often others) usually have a limited lifespan (until the forest resources in a given place are exhausted); when designing logging, it is determined at 10-15 years. But similar settlements quickly spring up elsewhere. The settlements of forestries and forest protection services (cordons, forest lodges) are smaller in size, but more durable.

5. Fishing and hunting settlements. A large state fishing industry creates, as a rule, large urban-type settlements with ports, fish factories, refrigerators, etc. But there are many fishing collective farms and fishing brigades in agricultural collective farms with their settlements on the coasts of moraines and lakes, on rivers and river channels, in deltas, etc. There are also small specialized settlements - "rear bases" for commercial hunting in the northern collective farms , settlements - supply bases for reindeer herding brigades, etc.

6. Settlements of scientific stations, permanent (at observatories, meteorological stations, etc.) or temporary (bases of exploration parties, expeditions).

7. Villages of health and education institutions are of various types: a) staff camps at rural schools and hospitals located at some distance from the villages; b) out-of-town hospitals, nursing homes, sanatoriums, forming entire villages with their own facilities; c) orphanages, forest boarding schools located among nature, in rural areas; d) settlements of rest houses, out-of-town sports and tourist bases. Most of these functional types are characterized by the predominance (or a significant proportion) of the temporary, "variable" population.

Along with the permanent ones, there are also seasonally inhabited settlements of this kind - at tourist bases for winter or summer use, climbing camps, and summer pioneer camps.

8. Dacha settlements - the second housing of the urban population in the summer. In fact, this is a special type of seasonally inhabited settlements, which differ from the previous group (tourist camps, holiday homes, etc.) in that they, like most modern agricultural settlements, consist of individual cells - single-family houses, estates. Collective-farm settlements used simultaneously as dachas (renting rooms for the summer) or resorts do not belong to this type, as do “bedroom settlements”, the population of which works in the city.

9. Out-of-town residential settlements of workers and employees (villages - "bedrooms" in the countryside). This specific type of settlements is widespread in the near suburban area of ​​large cities, forming a kind of "residential branches" of the city. They historically arose in the process of urbanization in all countries of the world with big cities, in the presence of convenient and fast transport links with the city as a place of work for their residents. They often have large sizes, constituting a special kind of satellites of a large city and greatly increasing the daily passenger traffic between it and its suburban area. This type of settlements is distinguished by the fact that the function of “housing place” common to all settlements is the only one here.

Agro-industrial settlements in rural areas should be divided into two fundamentally different groups: in some cases, work in industry and work in agriculture are carried out by different persons living in a given settlement, in other cases, the labor of the same persons is used in different time(mainly seasonally) in various industries. The existing types of agro-industrial settlements belong to the first group. The second form of combining various branches of production in rural settlements is just beginning to develop (being very progressive and promising) and still exists in the initial stages in the settlements of individual large collective farms and state farms that have their own production enterprises.

Among the agro-industrial settlements of the first group, representing a combination of an agricultural settlement and an industrial settlement, several types are distinguished depending on the nature of industrial production and its links with agriculture.

One of the types is characterized by the development in the agricultural settlement of industrial processing of local agricultural products (sugar, oil mills, butter, vegetable canning, starch and other plants). Another type is formed when agricultural and timber enterprises are combined (and the former often turn into an auxiliary "food shop" of a timber industry enterprise). The third type is created with the development in the agricultural settlement of industries serving local needs, working wholly or partially on local raw materials. The fourth type is made up of settlements where, along with agriculture, small non-local enterprises have emerged using local subsoil resources. The fifth type includes the occurring combination of an agricultural settlement and the settlement of a small industrial enterprise that is not associated with the use of local raw materials and the local market (such, for example, are many metalworking and textile industries that historically developed in rural settlements that were previously centers of the corresponding handicrafts).

Making your home memorable and beautiful is the dream of any owner. If the house is no longer new, it is not so easy. One of the possibilities is carved platbands. They even turn an ordinary “box” into a masterpiece.

Trim material

Carved platbands are made mainly from coniferous wood. The best option is pine, it is normally cut, inexpensive, and durable due to the high resin content. In principle, you can use any other coniferous board, but it is better not to try with a spruce board: it is too fibrous, it cannot be cut even with the sharpest tool.

You can also make carved architraves from hardwoods - linden (the softest), poplar, maple, oak, cherry, etc. But with each breed you need to be able to work, fill your hand and there is no guarantee that something digestible will turn out, and hardwood is expensive. Therefore, platbands are made on windows more often all the same from pine. You just need to pay attention to the quality characteristics.

Carved platbands on the windows - a way to make your home unique

If there is wood or a board that has lain for 3 years or more, you can use it: it is already dry for sure, only processing and calibration will be required. If there is no woodworking equipment at home (thickness gauge and circular saw), a cutting board will be needed. Under carved platbands, wood of the first or highest grade is suitable. This means that there should be no knots, chips, resin pockets on the board. Take wood chamber drying, with a moisture content of not more than 8-12%. This is not for sale in the markets; you need to look for it at sawmills and hardware stores.

Why chamber drying? Because it is dried in a special chamber, quickly removing moisture. At the same time, part of the boards cracks, bends - these go to rejection, the rest are sold. If you make carved architraves from chamber-dried wood, they will definitely not be warped and they will not crack.

Tools

To make carved platbands with your own hands, you will need the following minimum set:

• drill with a set of drills;
• electric jigsaw with a soft start and a bunch of different saws for wood;
• chisels;
• sandpaper with grains of different sizes;
• petal disk from sandpaper for wood on a drill.

To reduce the time it takes to create carved patterns and polishing, it is better to have a router and grinder.

One by one or in bulk?

Carved platbands usually consist of repeating elements. At least two vertical slats on each window are made the same. And since several windows are usually designed, a lot of identical elements are required. If you are going to make platbands slotted, naturally there is a desire to cut several pieces at the same time, folding the boards in a pile and somehow fixing them.

The desire is understandable, but difficult to implement, and the benefits over time are not as great as it seems. The first difficulty is that home craftsmen usually have jigsaws of not too much power. To cut through several boards, you have to move the file more slowly along the intended pattern. On straight lines, the speed is still tolerable, on curves - low. And, the smaller the bending radius, the slower you have to move the file. If you work with one board, there are no such problems. So in terms of time, the gain, if any, is quite small.

One more moment. Even thick, good, expensive files are rejected with a large thickness of the workpiece. So, when cutting several boards at the same time, the quality of the cut on the bottom (or two) remains a big question.

The procedure for manufacturing a platband with a slotted thread

We transfer the desired drawing using a template to the board (where to get it, how to enlarge it, how to make a template, read below). If necessary, we correct, draw the details well. Next, we describe the procedure step by step.

We remove wood in the slots of the pattern

Since the carving will be looked at from afar, some inaccuracies are not fatal, but it is still worth striving for the ideal.

Making a curved edge

Some platbands have a smooth edge. Then we skip this step. If the edge is curly, you will still have to work with a jigsaw.

If the cut is difficult, not very attractive places may remain. It's not scary, then we will process them where necessary - with chisels, the same jigsaw, emery. When you are satisfied with the result, you can move on.

Finalization

Owners of wooden houses probably know everything about how to process wood. But, just in case, we repeat once again the general rules.

The choice of paints and varnishes is very wide. Suitable for any outdoor use. But keep in mind that opaque paints will have to be updated periodically - once a year for sure. And that means - to remove the old paint, primer, paint again. The situation is simpler with oils for wood - they do not leave a film on the surface of the wood, but are absorbed into the fibers. It is also necessary to update the coating, but just clean it of dust and cover with a new layer. And the processing frequency is less. Cons of oil for wood - higher price, fewer colors.

How to enlarge a template

Simple carved platbands can be made without templates. A few examples will be in the video - it shows how to draw, how to cut. But not everyone can draw more or less complex patterns on their own. It takes skill and talent. The easiest way is to find a diagram, print it in the right size, transfer it to cardboard and cut it out. You will get a template that you can circle.

The second way: draw from a photograph. Not all schemes can be found. Some, especially antique window frames, you will not find anywhere else. If there is at least some drawing ability, they can be copied.

Even such an ornament can be copied ... if you have the skill

You may have questions about how to increase the size of the found scheme or template. There are three options:

• With the help of any graphic editor. The simplest - Paint - is on any computer running Windows (tab "Image", line "Resize image", select "centimeters" and put the desired length (height) in the box. The resulting file can be printed. If the printer is small, it may be necessary to split into several pages.They should then be glued together and, according to the resulting drawing, make a template.
• With a photocopy. Copiers have a zoom function.
• Taking graph paper, transfer the drawing to the desired scale. To do this, we divide the original image into squares with a side of 0.5 or 1 cm (you can print it on a sheet in a cage). Then we transfer the lines to graph paper, increasing them in the desired proportion.

The first two methods are faster. But when scaling, the picture may turn out to be fuzzy and blurry. It can be corrected by hand, it can be drawn in some editor, for example, CorelDRAW. See the video for how to do this. Just an example of drawing a diagram for a thread.

Related videos

Schemes, patterns, patterns

The style is completely different...

There are dozens of options for classifying rural settlements in medieval times. Western Europe. From all their diversity, two main types of settlements can be distinguished - these are large compact (villages, villages, semi-agricultural towns) and small scattered ones (farms, settlements, separately located farm houses). Compact settlements, villages differ greatly in their planning from each other; so, for example, they distinguish between "nuclear", cumulus, linear and other types of villages. In the first type, the “core” of a settlement is a square with a church, a market, etc. located on it, from which streets and alleys branch off in a radial direction. In a street village, the layout is most often based on several streets intersecting with each other at different angles. Houses in such a village are located on both sides of the street and face each other. In a linear village, the houses are arranged in a single line - along a road, a river, or some fold in the terrain - and often only on one side of the road; sometimes there could be several such streets in a village: for example, in mountainous areas, courtyards often consisted of two rows, one of which runs at the foot of the slope, the other parallel to it, but somewhat higher. In the cumulus village, the houses are randomly scattered and connected with each other by lanes and driveways.

No less diverse options for small settlements. Usually, settlements are considered to be farms, in which there are 10-15 households (in Scandinavia - up to 4-6 households). However, these yards can either be concentrated around some center (square, street), or lie quite far from each other, being connected only by a common pasture, plowing, management, etc. Even individual buildings require their own classification: after all, large, several-storey farms of the plains are incomparable with the small huts of mountain dwellers.

A diverse picture of the settlements of the medieval era has survived to this day: the vast majority of the settlements of the continent, it is believed, arose even before the 15th century. At the same time, certain regularities can be observed in their occurrence. Thus, the system of open fields was most often combined with compact settlements. The Mediterranean economic system allowed the existence of different types of settlements, but starting from the 15th century. in places of greatest development of agrarian relations (Central Italy, Lombardy), individual farm houses became dominant. Geographical factors also influenced the distribution of one or another type of settlements: as a rule, large villages predominated in the flat areas, and small farms dominated in the mountainous areas. Finally, the decisive role in many cases was played by the historical features of the development of each area and, first of all, the nature of its settlement. For example, military colonization explains the predominance of large settlements in East Germany and in the central regions of the Iberian Peninsula. The development of the former forest, swamps, low-lying coastal territories led to the spread of small forms of settlements - farms, settlements, zaimok with separate buildings. The nature of the settlements was also influenced by the orders characteristic of the former population of this area (Celts, Slavs, etc.). However, all these regularities did not always manifest themselves; for example, in Frioul, whose relief represents the whole gamut of landscapes from the Alpine mountains to the lagoon lowlands, the distribution of settlement types was the opposite of that indicated above: in the mountains - compact multi-yard villages, on the plain - isolated houses. It should also be taken into account that the character of the dominant type of settlement could change several times during the Middle Ages. So, in England in the Celtic era, small settlements prevailed, but already the first wave of the Anglo-Saxon invasion led to an increase specific gravity large villages, as the conquerors preferred to settle in large tribal groups. In general, during the early Middle Ages, compact villa-communities in Central, Southern and East Anglia were predominant. Further resettlement of the population proceeded by branching off small settlements from large settlements; their number increased even more during the period of internal colonization. As a result, in many rural areas of the country by the 15th century. small scattered settlements became the dominant type of settlements. Later, as a result of fencing, many villages were abandoned and the number of small farms and individual farms increased even more.

In Germany, the border between different types of settlements was the Elbe. To the west of it dominated cumulus villages, small settlements of irregular shape, farmsteads and separate buildings, sometimes with some kind of

Rural settlements of Central Europe:
1 - cumulus and nuclear villages; 2 - farms and small villages; 3 - individual farms; 4 - small cumulus and nuclear villages of a more ordered type (colonization areas); 5 - large street and nuclear villages; 6 - farmsteads; 7 - later forms of settlements

a common center or, conversely, located around an arable array. Small villages and farms were also common in the eastern lands (Lausitz, Brandenburg, Silesia, Czech territories); here their presence is often explained by the form of the previous Slavic settlements. In the main, East Germany is an area dominated by large villages of a street or linear type, as well as smaller settlements that have grown up on forest clearings or in mountainous areas, but are of the same orderly character.

Types of rural settlements in Italy:
1 - large villages and agricultural towns; 2 - farms and mountain villages; 3 - separate houses and households; 4- mixed forms of settlements

In the north and northeast of France, large villages were the dominant type; here the line between a small town and such a village was small. In the rest of the country (Massif Central, Maine, Poitou, Brittany, the eastern part of Ile-de-France), small settlements and farms dominated. In Aquitaine, the Toulouse region, Languedoc, since the time of developed feudalism, the picture has become somewhat different: centuries-old wars have brought to life a different type of settlements - bastides, fortified centers built according to a certain plan; the inhabitants of the former settlements began to flock to them.

The pattern of Spanish settlements also changed as the Reconquista progressed. From time immemorial, the north and north-west of the peninsula was a territory occupied by small farms and buildings scattered one by one, however, by the beginning of the Reconquista, in the lands of Leon and Old Castile, which bordered on the Arabs, there was a process of enlargement of settlements. On the conquered lands of New Castile, rare but large villages or, in the north of the region, small farms grouped around a fortified castle became the dominant type of settlements. Similar large villages dominated Portugal south of the Tagus; however, to the north of it, hamlets remained the most common type of settlement.

The picture of Italian settlements is no less diverse. Most of the south of the peninsula was occupied by large villages, sometimes mixed with small settlements and farms; only in Apulia and Calabria did scattered small farms dominate. Large villages and semi-agricultural towns also dominated south-central Italy. In the northern part of Lazio, Marche, Tuscany, Emilia, a significant part of Lombardy, Veneto and Piedmont, the most common type of settlements were small villages, farms and individual farms - podere.

The presence of a dominant type of settlements in each of the regions of the continent did not at all deny the existence of settlements of a different type in it. As a rule, in almost every locality there were large rural settlements, and small settlements, and even separate farm houses. It's about only about the predominant type of settlement that determines the face of this territory.

Types of rural settlements

There are dozens of options for classifying the rural settlements of medieval Western Europe. From all their diversity, two main types of settlements can be distinguished - these are large compact (villages, villages, semi-agricultural towns) and small scattered ones (farms, settlements, separately located farm houses). Compact settlements, villages differ greatly in their planning from each other; so, for example, they distinguish between "nuclear", cumulus, linear and other types of villages.

In the first type, the "core" of the settlement is a square with a church, a market, etc., located on it, from which streets and alleys diverge in a radial direction. In a street village, the layout is most often based on several streets intersecting with each other at different angles. Houses in such a village are located on both sides of the street and face each other.

In a linear village, the houses are arranged in a single line - along a road, a river, or some fold in the terrain - and often only on one side of the road; sometimes there could be several such streets in a village: for example, in mountainous areas, courtyards often consisted of two rows, one of which runs at the foot of the slope, the other parallel to it, but somewhat higher. In the cumulus village, the houses are randomly scattered and connected with each other by lanes and driveways.

No less diverse options for small settlements. Usually, settlements are considered to be farms, in which there are 10-15 households (in Scandinavia - up to 4-6 households). However, these courtyards can either be concentrated around some center (square, street), or lie quite far from each other, being connected only by a common pasture, plowing, management, etc. Even individual buildings require their own classification: after all, large , several stories high, the farms of the plains are incomparable with the small huts of the mountain dwellers.

A diverse picture of the settlements of the medieval era has survived to this day: the vast majority of the settlements of the continent, it is believed, arose even before the 15th century. At the same time, certain regularities can be observed in their occurrence. Thus, the system of open fields was most often combined with compact settlements. The Mediterranean economic system allowed the existence of different types of settlements, but starting from the 15th century. in places of greatest development of agrarian relations (Central Italy, Lombardy), individual farm houses became dominant. Geographical factors also influenced the distribution of one or another type of settlements: as a rule, large villages predominated in the flat areas, and small farms dominated in the mountainous areas.

Finally, the decisive role in many cases was played by the historical features of the development of each area and, first of all, the nature of its settlement. For example, military colonization explains the predominance of large settlements in East Germany and in the central regions of the Iberian Peninsula. The development of the former forest, swamps, low-lying coastal territories led to the spread of small forms of settlements - farms, settlements, zaimok with separate buildings. The nature of the settlements was also influenced by the orders characteristic of the former population of this area (Celts, Slavs, etc.).

However, all these regularities did not always manifest themselves; for example, in Frioul, whose relief represents the whole gamut of landscapes from the Alpine mountains to the lagoon lowlands, the distribution of settlement types was the opposite of that indicated above: in the mountains - compact multi-yard villages, on the plain - isolated houses. It should also be taken into account that the character of the dominant type of settlement could change several times during the Middle Ages. So, in England in the Celtic era, small settlements prevailed, but already the first wave of the Anglo-Saxon invasion led to an increase in the proportion of large villages, since the conquerors preferred to settle in large tribal groups.

In general, during the early Middle Ages, compact villa-communities in Central, Southern and East Anglia were predominant. Further resettlement of the population proceeded by branching off small settlements from large settlements; their number increased even more during the period of internal colonization. As a result, in many rural areas of the country by the 15th century. small scattered settlements became the dominant type of settlements. Later, as a result of fencing, many villages were abandoned and the number of small farms and individual farms increased even more.

In Germany, the border between different types of settlements was the Elbe. To the west of it dominated cumulus villages, small settlements of irregular shape, farmsteads and separate buildings, sometimes having some kind of common center or, conversely, located around an arable massif. Small villages and farms were also common in the eastern lands (Lausitz, Brandenburg, Silesia, Czech territories); here their presence is often explained by the form of the previous Slavic settlements.

In the main, East Germany is an area dominated by large villages of a street or linear type, as well as smaller settlements that have grown up on forest clearings or in mountainous areas, but are of the same orderly character.

In the north and northeast of France, large villages were the dominant type; here the line between a small town and such a village was small. In the rest of the country (Massif Central, Maine, Poitou, Brittany, the eastern part of Ile-de-France), small settlements and farms dominated. In Aquitaine, the Toulouse region, Languedoc, since the time of developed feudalism, the picture has become somewhat different: centuries-old wars have brought to life a different type of settlements - bastides, fortified centers built according to a certain plan; the inhabitants of the former settlements began to flock to them.

The pattern of Spanish settlements also changed as the Reconquista progressed. From time immemorial, the north and north-west of the peninsula was a territory occupied by small farms and buildings scattered one by one, however, by the beginning of the Reconquista, in the lands of Leon and Old Castile, which bordered on the Arabs, there was a process of enlargement of settlements. On the conquered lands of New Castile, rare but large villages or, in the north of the region, small farms grouped around a fortified castle became the dominant type of settlements. Similar large villages dominated Portugal south of the Tagus; however, to the north of it, hamlets remained the most common type of settlement.

The picture of Italian settlements is no less diverse. Most of the south of the peninsula was occupied by large villages, sometimes mixed with small settlements and farms; only in Apulia and Calabria did scattered small farms dominate. Large villages and semi-agricultural towns also dominated south-central Italy. In the northern part of Lazio, Marche, Tuscany, Emilia, a significant part of Lombardy, Veneto and Piedmont, the most common type of settlements were small villages, farms and individual farms - podere.

The presence of a dominant type of settlements in each of the regions of the continent did not at all deny the existence of settlements of a different type in it. As a rule, in almost every locality there were large rural settlements, and small settlements, and even separate houses - farms. We are talking only about the predominant type of settlement, which determines the face of this territory.

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