Russian is the state language Russian Federation and therefore the whole life of the state and society without it is unthinkable.

In the Russian Federation, all official documents are written in Russian, without which the state cannot exist: texts of laws and various orders, job applications and questionnaires, explanatory notes and reports. All these documents must be written clearly and unambiguously, and every citizen of the country must be able to read such documents and, if necessary, draw them up himself. Presidential addresses are announced in Russian and parliamentary debates are heard - therefore, any citizen, if he wants to be active, informed member of society must be able to understand quite complex texts by ear. Teaching is conducted in Russian educational institutions countries. Therefore, knowing well Russian language, a citizen of Russia - regardless of nationality - fully enjoys all the benefits that the state can provide him. In addition, in our multinational state, knowledge of the Russian language provides a person with the opportunity to communicate freely with people of all nationalities.

However, language can be learned in different ways. One person, stumbling on every word, with difficulty expresses a more or less complex thought. Another is able to write a brilliant, persuasive article. A good knowledge of the Russian language for any person living on the territory of our country, and especially for someone who is in a state or socially significant service (officials, journalists), is a manifestation of respect for the state and society, and nationality does not matter here. Can there be tongue-tied parliamentarians or ambiguously interpreted laws and documents? They can, but they shouldn't! By the way, in France, any official applying for a position takes a knowledge test French; the president is even being tested publicly.

Unfortunately, our society, including the educated part of it, does not yet understand how important it is for everyone and everyone to have an impeccable command of the language, which is native for most of us. Since childhood, we have been speaking, thinking and expressing our thoughts on it, with its help we get to know the world and join Russian and world culture. And, perhaps, the habitual, everyday life of the Russian language prevents many of us from realizing that our command of it is far from perfect. But the better we know how to use it, the more we can achieve: the ability to expressively speak and write often becomes the key to professional success, to winning the sympathy of others. Having learned to understand, analyze any text and all its subtexts, a person will not succumb to unscrupulous advertising or political demagogy, will not allow himself to be manipulated.

The faster the changes in the culture and way of life of the people, the faster the vocabulary of the language and the compatibility of words change. Of course, speed here is a relative concept: with a slow pace of language development, changes within the life of one generation are generally imperceptible, with an increase in the pace, a person is able to notice that 20 years ago “they didn’t say that”. The conscious variability of the language is perceived painfully: the older generation feels discomfort in communicating with the younger, the younger generation is reluctant to read books. A serious gap between linguistic generations could lead to the loss of national and cultural identity. Therefore, in any sufficiently developed society, the immutability of the language is artificially maintained. The idea of ​​immutability is embodied in a system of various language norms.

Spelling rules are fixed in spelling dictionaries, and punctuation - in reference books. The orthoepic dictionary shows pronunciation norms and the most significant grammatical features. The explanatory dictionary reflects the lexical norm, in the grammatical marks that are available in any dictionary entry, there is information about the features of the declension or conjugation of the word, partly also about its syntactic compatibility (in an implicit form, this information is also contained in illustrative examples).

Society maintains the immutability of language in various ways. One of the main ones is a standardized education system. At school, children, among other things, get an idea of ​​the language norms. By encouraging the best students, society creates an idea of ​​the importance of knowledge, and in particular - correct speech. Participate in the formation of our ideas about the correct speech and the media. special role called to play fiction, the best examples of which, written by masters of the word, sometimes set the language standard for several generations of readers.

Since the 1990s, our country has been living in conditions of social and linguistic instability. Language norms are shaken, and the existence of the Russian literary language in its current form is under threat. The objectively prevailing conditions are such that the natural social support literary language does not.

Firstly, live broadcast on radio and television, by virtue of the peculiarities of colloquial speech, excludes the observance of many language norms (errors in stress, in verb control, repetitions, etc. are inevitable). Second, the situation has changed publishing: Printed products have long become a source of income, not knowledge. Books are published very quickly and in maximum economy mode, which is why the quality suffers (even in school textbooks and children's literature there are not just typos, but outright spelling errors - let alone entertainment literature or periodicals). Thirdly, the creative elite (writers, directors, critics), in pursuit of absolute freedom of creativity, excluded the normativeness of language and the elegance of speech from the list of virtues of books, plays and films. Fourthly, on the political Olympus, the correctness of speech is not considered as an integral part of a positive image: it is enough to recall the orthoepic characteristics of M.S. Gorbachev or semantic and syntactic features of V.S. Chernomyrdin.

And only the education system is trying to preserve the traditional speech culture of Russia, and this imposes a special responsibility on both school teachers and university teachers, and on every person who receives higher education. Of course, laws can be enacted to prohibit the release of printed matter without proofreading, publishers can be fined for spelling errors, and the media for obscene language, but repressive actions of this kind will inevitably lead to the fact that violation of language norms will be associated for many citizens with the idea freedom of the individual. So, apparently, the only way to preserve the Russian language as the language of civilization, science and culture is to help a person receiving an education to understand that an impeccable command of the Russian language makes him an aristocrat of the spirit, a person capable of thinking analytically, feeling deeply, expressing his thoughts and feelings, to convince others, to succeed.

Language is the most important means of human communication. It is necessary for the existence and development of society. Language and society are closely related to each other. Just as there can be no language outside of society, so society cannot exist without language. Their influence on each other is mutual.

Speaking about the social conditionality of language development, we note that it should not be understood as a direct reflection in the language of all social events or as the presence of social causes for each fact of language change. Social factors do not affect the language in a straight line: they can speed up or slow down the pace of language evolution, contribute to the restructuring of individual components of the language system. Vivid examples of the influence of society on the language are: the social stratification of the language (literary language, territorial dialects, professional and social-group jargons, etc.); the presence of social components in the structure of language units, etc.

In addition to the influence of society on the language, which does not depend on the will of individuals, a conscious, purposeful influence of the state (and society as a whole) on the development and functioning of the language is also possible - the so-called language policy. It includes the creation of normative dictionaries and reference books by linguists, the promotion of language knowledge and culture of speech in the media, etc.

The influence of language on society has been studied much less. However, the very fact of such an influence is obvious, since the language has an organizing function in relation to society, being the basis of mutual understanding, social peace and development.

Russian language is a complex, multifaceted and changing phenomenon. This is due to the fact that the people who use it as a means of communication are heterogeneous. "Diversity", the heterogeneity of native speakers depends on the vast territory of our country, divided into regions, territories, republics. In each administrative unit there are large and small cities, villages, villages, farms, which are very distant from each other. This is what determines the presence of dialects, folk dialects. They exist only in oral form, serve only as a means of everyday communication, have their own set of phonetic, grammatical vocabulary. For example, in the Don dialect G becomes aspirated before a vowel. However, the Russian language has a national basis: no matter who and in what territory its speakers communicate, they understand each other, since dialects (as professional and social-group jargons) are part of the national language, the highest form of which remains the literary language.

Language is a historically established system of sound, vocabulary and grammatical means that allows people to express their thoughts (orally and in writing), to communicate. This system includes various levels, which have their elementary units. So, the main element of the phonetic level is the sound, phoneme, the lexical level is the word and its meaning, the morphemic level is the part of the word (root, suffix, etc.), the morphological level is the forms and classes of words, the syntactic level is the phrase and sentence. These levels are studied in the relevant sections of linguistics: phonetics, lexicology, word formation (morphemic), morphology and syntax. The language system in grammars and dictionaries is described. All levels of the language are sequentially interconnected: sentences are built from words, words - from morphemes, morphemes - from sounds. Thus, all elements of the linguistic structure form a unity: each higher level consists of at least one lower level (union and consists of one sound, a sentence can consist of one word). Changes that occur at the lower levels are gradually reflected in the higher ones. For example, speeding up the pace of speech leads to indistinct pronunciation, so the speaker, wanting to be understood, narrows the vocabulary used, simplifies syntactic constructions (for example, when communicating with children). Or often a borrowed word becomes "Russified". It undergoes changes at all language levels, in use it is likened to Russian words: in pronunciation, declension, conjugation, plural formation, etc.

language they name a certain code, a system of signs and rules for their use. So, a letter means a sound, a word means a concrete or abstract phenomenon, a punctuation mark means a pause or a question, for example. The sign nature of the language allows it to serve as a reliable means of storing and transmitting information.

A sign is a substitute for an object (concept) for the purposes of communication; a sign allows the speaker to evoke an image of an object or concept in the mind of the interlocutor.

Sign has the following properties:

1) it is aimed at meaning;

2) the sign must be material, accessible to perception;

5) a sign is always a member of the system, and its content largely depends on the place of this sign in the system.

Language does not create things and concepts, it only reflects them, fixes them with the help of words. Words are the most numerous and main characters in the language. Since the meanings of words are associated with concepts, a certain mental content is fixed in the language, which turns into a hidden (internal) part of the meaning of words, which speakers do not pay attention to due to the automatism of using the language. Language could not serve as a means of communication if the meaning of each word in each case of its use became a matter of dispute.

Meaning is the content of a linguistic sign, which is formed as a result of the reflection of extralinguistic reality in the minds of people.

The words of the human language are signs of objects and concepts. Distinguish subject and conceptual meaning of words:

subject the meaning consists in the correlation of the word with the object, in the designation of the object;

conceptual value serves to express a concept that reflects an object, to specify a class of objects denoted by a sign.

The meaning of the language unit in the language system virtually, i.e. determined by what the unit can stand for. In a particular utterance, the meaning of the language unit becomes relevant, since the unit is related to a specific object, to what it really means in the statement.

The language mark may be code sign and text sign:

code signs exist in the form of a system of units opposed in the language, connected by a relation of significance, which determines the content of signs specific to each language;

text signs exist as a formally and semantically connected sequence of units.

Understanding the sign properties of the language is necessary in order to better understand the structure of the language and the rules for its use.

Classes: 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9

Presentation for the lesson

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Class: 5-9

Technology: workshop + ICT.

Goals:

• To give an idea of ​​the role of language in the life of society and man, of the functions of language.
• To know about the origin of languages, their distribution, sphere of use, number.
• Be able to build an associative array, select the main information, analyze the language material, master the skills of translation (comparative analysis).
• To cultivate a respectful attitude towards the native language, a culture of communication (in groups, with a teacher, in society), to instill the skills of highly cultured communication.
• Develop students' creative and research skills.
• To be able to form and prove their point of view on the basis of linguistic material.
• Use visualization to assimilate more information (through a presentation).

Preparing for the lesson:

• Prepare cards with samples of various alphabets.
• Write greetings to different languages.
• Prepare informative material for each group, dictionaries.
• Use the presentation "The role of language in society"

During the classes

Slide number 1.

1. ORGMOMENT.

Teacher: Hello children. Today we will talk with you about the role of language in human life and society. Do you think language plays different roles in human life and society, or one? ( Children reason, give examples).

2. WORKING WITH ASSOCIATIONS.

Teacher: And what associations do you have when you hear the word "language"? Slide number 2. (Children write down the answer on separate sheets of paper, transfer them to the first desk, assistants group them by similarity). Let's look at your associations. We have the following groups:

1. Group 1: Language is a system of words.
2. Group 2: Language is style.
3. Group 3: Language is speech.
4. Group 4: Language is a system of signs.
5. Group 5: The tongue is the organ of taste.

3. FORMATION OF GROUPS FOR THE WORKSHOP.

Teacher: I suggest you form groups according to similar associations ( Children are seated in groups, the number of children in the group does not matter).

4. WORKING WITH A GLOSSARY ENTRY IN GROUPS (slide number 3, 4).

Teacher: And now the task for the groups. Try to make a dictionary entry about the language that displays only the meaning that formed the basis of your group.

(Children make up a dictionary entry, write it down on a separate sheet of A4)

Teacher: open explanatory dictionaries that lie on your desks, and check your entry with the dictionary entries of V.I. Dal and S.I. Ozhegov. ( work with dictionaries).

Which linguist were you closest to? Did you find it necessary to change something in your article? Make adjustments to your entry. Post the edited article on the board. The most accurate interpretation is worth 10 team points.

5. STUDY STUDY "LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD". (slide number 5)

Teacher: Do you know how many languages ​​there are in the world?

(Children put forward their versions).

Teacher: With a reference on the number of languages ​​​​will speak ( pre-prepared student), who prepared a message on this topic for today.

(Slide number 6).

Student: There are several thousand languages ​​in the world. According to the Ethnologue, there are 6909 of them, and according to - 4994. Why do you think there is such a big difference in the calculations? This is due to the counting of languages ​​of small nationalities and the inclusion of dead languages.

(Slide number 7).

Dead language - a language that does not exist in living use and, as a rule, is known only from written monuments, or is in artificial regulated use. This usually happens when one language is replaced by another language, such as Coptic - Arabic, Latin - the ancestor of modern Romance languages, Old Russian gave rise to East Slavic languages, Ancient Greek - Modern Greek languages ​​\u200b\u200band dialects. In some cases, dead languages, having ceased to serve as a means of live communication, are preserved in writing and used for the needs of science, culture, religion: Sanskrit, Latin, Church Slavonic, Coptic, Avestan, etc.

There is an example when a dead language became alive again, as happened with Hebrew.

6. COMPOSITION OF THE CLUSTER "LINGUISTICS".

Teacher: Thank you for the interesting presentation. What do you understand by the term "linguistics"? What does this science study? Can you diagrammatically represent the main areas of study of linguistics?

(Each group provides its own scheme).

Teacher: And now let's compare your laughter with mine. (Slide number 8) Whose group is closest to the truth? Who needed to make changes and additions? Post the final version on the board. The most resourceful team gets 10 points.

7. CREATIVE TASK "TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN". (Slide number 9)

Teacher: Each group will now receive a sample of the alphabet of a language you do not know and a card with an inscription that needs to be translated into Russian. Get started.

Children translate the words:

• Group 1 - knot letter. The word "SALUT".
• Group 2 - cuneiform. The word "HELLO".
• Group 3 - hieroglyphs. The word "GOOD EVENING"
• Group 4 - sign language. The word "HELLO".
• Group 5 - pictograms. The word "GOD'S DAY!".

Teacher: Let's summarize. 10 points are given to the team that completed the task the fastest.

*Bonus points can be given for the most difficult riddle solved, for team cohesion, etc.

8. INQUIRY BY HEARD.

Teacher: There is an opportunity to earn points for your team by answering questions correctly. Ready? Then we start.

1. Live or dead language you worked?

2. Is it possible to do without language? (slide number 10)

3. And who has to communicate with gestures?

4. In what situations do we do without words?

5. How to display silence in a letter? (Ellipsis instead of dialogue line)

6. Why is language called the universal way of communication?

7. How did writing originate among the Slavs?

8. What are its original functions?

9. How did the modern language system develop?

10. Did Cyril and Methodius use the services of an interpreter when they created the alphabet for the Slavs? (slide number 11 - 12)

Teacher: Well done, listened to the lesson carefully, remembered a lot. Move on.

The words that you translated, as you already understood, are words of greeting. A small message about greetings prepared for us:. (another student).

9. MESSAGE ON THE TOPIC "GREETINGS".(slides 13-16)

Student: Greeting each other is an ancient tradition, which consists in wishing each other health, good luck, luck. In Russian, the following words are used for greetings:

• Hello),
• Great,
• You live well
• Hello
• Good afternoon,
• Good morning,
• Good evening,
• Hi,
• Greetings),
• My (our) respect (obsolete),
• Our respect to you
• Ours to you with a ponytail, etc.

Not all of these forms are stylistically neutral. They can be grouped according to the sphere of use into colloquial, official business, bookish, stylistically neutral. For example:

• colloquial: hello, great, great life, ours to you with a ponytail.
• Stylistically neutral: hello (those), hello (you).
• Official business: I wish you health.
• Book (High): our respect to you, God forbid.

* (You can invite children to distribute these words into groups on their own).

But there are such forms of greeting that you don’t need to say if you consider yourself at least a little educated and cultured person. Let's look at the slides and you will understand everything yourself. (slides 17-18)

10. VIRTUAL JOURNEY AROUND THE COUNTRY.(slides 19-26)

Teacher: Do you know that in Altai they greet with words that sound like this: "Tyakshi lar ba" - (is everything okay?). Yakuts pronounce: "Noruon norguy" (hello).

In Kazan, when they meet, they say: "Isenmesez" (Are you healthy?). Erzya and Moksha greet each other with the word "Shumbrat" (strong, healthy). The official greeting of the Chuvash "Yra kun" is translated as "good afternoon". The Mari people greet each other with the words: "Salam liyzhe" (hello). Bashkirs at a meeting say "Khaumygygyz?" (are you healthy?). "Mendwt!" - Kalmyks say when they meet. And many, many other nationalities inhabiting the territory of the Russian Federation have their own forms of greeting, their own languages. It turns out that it is necessary to learn all, all languages ​​and dialects in order to communicate with them? It's not much: just over 100 languages!

11. COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE.

Teacher: Surprised? Scared? But there is a universal means of communication. Don't tell me which one? (slide number 27) (Children answer).

Teacher: The Russian language is studied in all schools in Russia. A teacher from Chuvashia can calmly give a lesson in mathematics to the children of Yakutia and they will understand him, because he will communicate with them in Russian, which is understandable to all of them. That is why it is so important to know the Russian language well for everyone who lives in Russia. It turns out that communication is one of the main functions of the language, communicative.

12. WORK IN GROUPS "FUNCTIONS OF THE LANGUAGE".

Teacher: And what other functions does the language perform? Let's work in groups. As a hint, I suggest you use the slide (#28).

Children write down the answer options on A4 sheet, then compare them with the slide, make adjustments, and the finished work is posted on the board. (slides 29-31) Points.

13. MESSAGE "ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL DAY OF GREETINGS".

(slide number 32)

Student: Do you know that there is an International Day of greetings. It has been celebrated since 1973 on November 21 in 140 countries around the world. On this day, it is customary to greet both acquaintances and strangers. That's when you can show off your knowledge and greet friends in different languages, for example, in English: Or the way Jordanians greet each other - marhaba (hello). Norwegians pronounce "guddag" (good afternoon). Romanians say Alo. The Finnish "hello" is terve.

Moldavian "hello" - mink, this is a greeting with a wish of good luck. But there are quite exotic greetings that you also need to know about so as not to get into a stupid situation if you suddenly have to greet someone in such a country. For example, in the Zambezi people clap and curtsy when they meet, in some African tribes they rub their noses, and in the Akamba African tribe in Kenya they spit at each other.

14. GAME "GUESS".

Teacher: Are you ready for the journey, we will find out now. I will call you greetings, and you try to determine in which country people greet each other like that. For each correct answer - a point for the team.

• "Märhaba" (Hello), but in the last 10 years - "Salam" = Turkey.
• "Barev dzez" (good to you) - Armenia.
• "Gamarjoba" = Georgia.
• "Bzyarash Bai" - Abkhazia.
• Good morning - ohayo gozaimas, good afternoon - konnichiwa, good evening- Kombanwa = Japan.
• Good afternoon - Guten so, good morning - Guten Morgen, good evening - Guten Abent = Germany.
• Hai (Hello), good afternoon - Yuna Pot = Hungary.
• Hello, good morning, good afternoon - it's all bonjour, hello - salyu, and good evening - bonsuA = France.
• Hello - olA, hello, good morning - buEnas dIas, good afternoon - buEnas tardes, good evening, good night - buEnas noches = Spain.
• Hi - Yasu, good morning - kalimEra, good evening - kalispEra = Greece.
• Hello - ni hao (ni hao), good morning - zao-zao - zao An. But there are no good afternoon and evening forms, as such, at all = China.

15. RESULTS OF THE LESSON. (slide number 33).

Teacher: This is the end of our lesson. You learned something new, something you remembered. Let's summarize everything we know about the topic of today's lesson.

1. What is language as a phenomenon?

2. What is linguistics?

3. What functions does language perform in human life?

4. What is the role of the Russian language in our country and in the world?

Let's count the number of points scored by the teams, determine the winner.

16. HOMEWORK. (slide number 36):

1. Write a mini-essay on the topic of today's lesson.

2. Research: find all kinds of forms of farewell in Russian, distribute them according to the sphere of use.

3. Search engine: report or abstract "Words of farewell in different languages ​​of the world". You can make a presentation on this topic. The last task can be group.

* The first is mandatory for everyone, the other two are optional.

Language plays a huge role in human life. It is hard to imagine what would have happened if such a variety of languages ​​did not exist on Earth. From the earliest years, the child begins to understand the name of this or that object, parents are extremely happy when he manages to pronounce the first word. Through language, people understand each other - language performs a communicative function.

In addition, the language reflects the mentality of the people. What is characteristic of a particular nationality will certainly be reflected in the language. For example German seems to us rather rough, dry. This is not just so - people who speak this language are characterized by some rigidity, discipline, punctuality.

Our language has many forms, it is very difficult to master. Most people who study it note that it is very difficult to understand. So the Russian people are very contradictory and ambiguous.

Besides the fact that language helps people understand each other, it creates a huge ground for creativity. How many poems, songs are composed in different languages ​​of the world. We read literature, develop, learn something new, master some skills. All this happens through the word. In synthesis with other types of art, he is able to create a real masterpiece.

With the help of language, our history is restored. Most events, historical dates are passed from mouth to mouth, forming knowledge about the past, about how everything happened before our appearance.

4th, 5th, 6th grade

Some interesting essays

• Analysis of Dostoevsky's novel The Brothers Karamazov

  The work "The Brothers Karamazov" is a very philosophical and psychological work of Fyodor Dostoevsky consisting of 12 books. In fact, this novel tells us about the confrontation between two brothers in court.

• Kramskoy I.N.

  Comes from a family of an official. From an early age he was drawn to art. After graduating from college in 1850, he worked as a scribe. Then he became an assistant photographer and did photo retouching. At the age of 19 he comes to St. Petersburg. Enters the Academy of Arts.

• Composition The ideal state as I see it

  An ideal state, first of all, should provide a decent life for those living in it. Citizens of this state should have complete confidence in the future, good salaries, decent housing

• Analysis of the work of Dostoevsky's Demons

  A work called "Demons" was written by the Russian writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. It is rightfully considered one of the most profound and difficult to perceive creations of this author.

• Composition based on the painting by Levitan Quiet monastery 3, 4, 9 grade description

  This well-known and popular painting depicts Russian nature in all its glory. With all its values, which are so dear to every Russian person.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

higher professional education

Tula State University

Department of the Russian language

Abstract on the topic

"The role of language in the development of society"

Tula 2007

Introduction

Language as a means of human communication

Language. Its functions. Communication

Speech culture. Culture of communication. Speech etiquette

5. Conclusion

6. References

Introduction

It so happened that living in words and words, and not reality, accustomed to semantic unambiguity, people lost the ability to understand the different meanings of words, to see the degree of their correspondence to reality. This is connected with the problem of the spiritual state of society, with the speech culture of its members, the culture of their communication.

The problem that interested me is the moral character, the culture of the individual, since in solving economic, general social and cultural issues, the efforts of not only the team, but also each person are important.

The increased interest in moral issues in recent times is also caused by the awareness of a rather low culture in the field of communication.

Modern speech reflects the unstable cultural and linguistic state of society, balancing on the verge of the literary language and jargon. The question arose of preserving the literary language, of the ways of its further development in connection with the change in the contingent of speakers.

A high level of speech culture is an integral feature of a cultured person. To improve our speech is the task of each of us. To do this, you need to monitor your speech in order to avoid mistakes in pronunciation, in the use of word forms, in the construction of a sentence. You need to constantly enrich your vocabulary, learn to feel your interlocutor, be able to select the most suitable words and constructions for each case.

The importance of language in people's lives is enormous, and the appropriate use of all its many functions is simply necessary both for us and for its existence.

Language as a means of human communication.

Human language is an amazing, unique miracle. Well, what would we, people, cost without language? It is simply impossible to imagine us as speechless. After all, it was language that helped us stand out from the animals. Scientists have known this for a long time. The two most important features of language, more precisely, two of its functions, were once pointed out by Lomonosov: the function of communication between people and the function of forming thoughts.

Language is defined as a means of human communication. This one of the possible definitions of language is the main one, because it characterizes the language not from the point of view of its organization, structure, etc., but from the point of view of what it is intended for. There are other means of communication as well. An engineer can communicate with a colleague without knowing his native language, but they will understand each other if they use blueprints. Drawing is usually defined as the international language of engineering. The musician conveys his feelings with the help of a melody, and the listeners understand him. The artist thinks in images and expresses it with lines and colors. And all these are “languages”, so often they say “the language of the poster”, “the language of music”. But that's another meaning of the word. language .

Let's take a look at the modern four-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language. It contains 8 meanings of the word language , among them:

1. Organ in the oral cavity.

2. This human organ, involved in the formation of speech sounds and thus in the verbal reproduction of thoughts; organ of speech.

3. A system of verbal expression of thoughts, which has a certain sound and grammatical structure and serves as a means of communication between people .

4. A type of speech that has certain characteristic features; style, style.

5. A means of wordless communication.

6. Obsolete People.

The fifth meaning refers to the language of music, the language of flowers, etc.

And the sixth, obsolete, means people . As you can see, the most important ethnographic feature is taken to define the people - its language. Remember, Pushkin:

The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Russia,

And every language that is in it will call me,

And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild

Tungus, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.

But all these "languages" do not replace the main thing - the verbal language of a person. And Lomonosov wrote about this at one time: “True, besides our word, it would be possible to depict thoughts through different movements of the eyes, face, hands and other parts of the body, somehow pantomimes are presented in theaters, but in this way it would be impossible to speak without light , and other human exercises, especially the work of our hands, were a great insanity for such a conversation.

Thus, language is the most important means of communication. What qualities must he possess to become just that?

First of all, everyone who speaks the language must know the language. There is, as it were, some general agreement that the table will be called the word table , and running is a word run . It is impossible to decide now how it happened, because the paths are very different. For example, here is the word satellite in our time has acquired a new meaning - "a device launched with the help of rocket devices." The date of birth of this value can be indicated absolutely exactly - October 4, 1957, when the radio announced the launch in our country of the first artificial satellite of the Earth. Such a meaning itself was already prepared by the Russian language: in the XI-XIII centuries it had the meaning of “comrade on the road” and “accompanying in life”, then - “satellite of the planets”. And from here it is not far to a new meaning - "a device accompanying the Earth." This word immediately became known in this sense and entered into the everyday life of all peoples of the world.

But often not all words are known to speakers of given language. And then normal communication is disrupted. Most of all, this is connected with foreign words. But misunderstanding can also be associated with original Russian words, known only in a certain territory, or with words that are rarely used, outdated.

But if there are a lot of similar words, it makes it difficult to read the text. Therefore, critics oppose such a heap of dialectisms. This is what the satirists laugh at.

Difficult communication and professional words, known only to people of this profession. However, professional vocabulary is a very important part of the vocabulary of the language. It contributes to a more accurate and fruitful communication of people of a certain profession, which is extremely necessary. The larger and more accurate the dictionary, the more detailed it allows you to talk about the processes, the higher the quality of the work.

The comprehensibility of the language ensures it role in organizing people. Born as a product of collective labor, the language is still called upon to unite people in labor activity, in the field of culture, etc.

The second quality on which communication depends is that the language should cover everything that surrounds a person, including his inner world. This, however, does not mean at all that the language should exactly repeat the structure of the world. We really have "words for every essence," as A. Tvardovsky said. But even that which does not have a one-word name can be successfully expressed by combinations of words.

It is much more important that the same concept in the language can have, and very often has, several names. Moreover, it is believed that the richer such rows of words - synonyms, the richer the language is recognized. This shows an important point; language reflects external world, but it is not absolutely adequate to it.

Here, for example, is the color spectrum. There are several primary colors of the spectrum. It now relies on precise physical indicators. As you know, light of different wavelengths excites different color sensations. It is difficult to separate exactly “by eye”, for example, red and purple, which is why we usually combine them into one color - red. And how many words are there for this color: red, scarlet, crimson, bloody, rye, red, ruby, pomegranate, red, cherry, raspberry etc.! It will not be possible to distinguish between these words according to the length of light waves, because they are filled with their own special shades of significance.

The fact that the language does not blindly copy the surrounding reality, but somehow in its own way, highlighting something more, attaching less importance to something, is one of the amazing and far from fully explored mysteries.

The two most important functions of the language that we have considered do not exhaust all its advantages and features. Some will be discussed next. Now let's think about how we can evaluate a person. Of course, there are many reasons for this: it appearance, attitude towards other people, towards work, etc. All this, of course, is true. But language also helps us to characterize a person.

They say: they meet by clothes, see off by mind. How do you know about the mind? Of course, from the speech of a person, from how and what he says. His dictionary characterizes a person, that is, how many words he knows. So, the writers I. Ilf and E. Petrov, having decided to create the image of the primitive bourgeois Ellochka Shchukina, first of all, spoke about her dictionary: “William Shakespeare's dictionary, according to researchers, is twelve thousand words. The vocabulary of a negro from the cannibalistic tribe of Mumbo Yumbo is three hundred words. Ellochka Shchukina easily and freely managed thirty ... ”The image of Ellochka the Cannibal became a symbol of an extremely primitive person and one sign contributed to this - her language.

Language. Its functions. Communication

The language of any nation is its historical memory, embodied in the word. The thousand-year-old spiritual culture, the life of the people are reflected in the language, in its oral and written forms, in the monuments of various genres in a peculiar and unique way. And, therefore, the culture of the language, the culture of the word appears as an inseparable bond of many, many generations.

The native language is the soul of the nation, its primary and most obvious sign. In the language and through the language, such important features and traits as national psychology, the character of the people, the way of thinking, the original uniqueness of artistic creativity, the moral state and spirituality are revealed.

Language can be defined as a system of communication carried out with the help of sounds and symbols, the meanings of which are conditional, but have a certain structure.

Language is a social phenomenon. They cannot be mastered social interaction, i.e. without interacting with other people. Although the process of socialization is largely based on the imitation of gestures - nodding, smiling and frowning - language is the main means of transmitting culture. Another important feature is that it is almost impossible to unlearn how to speak a native language if its basic vocabulary, rules of speech and structure are learned at the age of eight or ten, although many other aspects of a person's experience can be completely forgotten. This indicates a high degree of adaptability of the language to human needs; without it, communication between people would be much more primitive.

Language includes rules. There is right and wrong speech. The language has many implied and formal rules that determine how words can be combined to express the desired meaning. However, deviations from grammar rules associated with the characteristics of various dialects and life situations.

When using a language, it is necessary to follow its basic grammatical rules. Language organizes the experience of people. Therefore, like the whole culture as a whole, it develops generally accepted meanings. Communication is possible only if there are meanings that are accepted, used by its participants and understood by them. Indeed, our communication with each other in everyday life is largely due to our confidence that we understand each other.

The main functions of the language are realized by its native speakers on an intuitive level. Speech experience, language practice provide knowledge about the language, the rules of its use, the laws of its functioning in speech.

The basic functions of language are communication, cognition and influence. Language is always good, it can be bad speech or a native speaker who creates bad speech out of good language. Any language, accumulating experience folk life in all its fullness and diversity, is also his actual consciousness. Each new generation, each representative of a particular ethnic group, mastering the language, joins through it to the collective experience, collective knowledge about the surrounding reality, generally accepted norms of behavior, assessments rejected or accepted by the people, social values. It follows from this that language cannot but influence the experience of a particular individual, his behavior, culture. Under the explicit or implicit influence of the literary language, its institutions, traditions are all spheres of human life, and its success largely depends on the language environment in which a person lives, how he mastered his native language.

The unconscious need of the individual for literacy, imposed from above, democratizing speech behavior, has become the basis of speech permissiveness, has led to the fact that the modern language life of society is marked by the loss of value language guidelines. The language ability of a person is considered in psycholinguistics as a mechanism that provides speech activity. Speech activity associated with the use of language is one of the most important in human life - a thinking, thinking, knowing, communicating, reasoning, explaining, arguing, persuading being.

Speech communication in all its forms, types, genres, types allows a person to receive ready-made social experience, meaningful and systematized by previous generations. Communication, like any human activity, has a number of incentives. Among them - the knowledge of the surrounding world, the knowledge of oneself and as a result of knowledge - the adjustment of one's behavior.

The power of the impact of the word, as it turns out, does not depend directly on the power of its sound. The effectiveness and efficiency of the word are determined by expediency, which implies that the speaker takes into account the conditions and place of communication, the addressee. Speech communication skills, which provide an expedient, communicatively-motivated choice of words, are correlated, as analysis shows, with a life position, interconnected with a form of behavior.

The disunity of people, misunderstanding of each other, inevitable in the conditions of antagonism, leave their mark on their speech behavior, linguistic consciousness, deforming the personality. Moral forms of behavior, the general cultural level of the environment determine speech behavior, due to a certain set of communicative skills.

If a person speaks briefly and impressively, quietly and sincerely, dryly and businesslike, people like it, as well as even, simple, clear, weighty speech, when the speaker has distinct thoughts. A distinct thought, clothed in a clear and simple form, is not often found.

Speech has a socio-historical nature. People have always lived and live collectively, in society. Public life and the collective work of people make it necessary to constantly communicate, establish contact with each other, influence each other. This communication is done through speech. Thanks to speech, people exchange thoughts and knowledge, talk about their feelings, experiences, intentions.

Communicating with each other, people use words and use the grammatical rules of a particular language. Language is a system of verbal signs, a means by which communication is carried out between people. Speech is the process of using language to communicate with people. Language and speech are inextricably linked, they represent a unity, which is expressed in the fact that historically the language of any nation was created and developed in the process of speech communication between people. The connection between language and speech is also expressed in the fact that language as an instrument of communication exists historically as long as people speak it. As soon as people stop using this or that language in speech communication, it becomes a dead language. Such a dead language has become, for example, Latin.

Cognition of the laws of the surrounding world, the mental development of a person is accomplished through the assimilation of knowledge developed by mankind in the process of socio-historical development and fixed with the help of language, with the help of written speech. Language in this sense is a means of consolidating and transmitting from generation to generation the achievements of human culture, science and art. Each person in the learning process assimilates the knowledge acquired by all mankind and accumulated historically.

Speech culture. Culture of communication. Speech etiquette

Speech culture is a relatively young area of ​​the science of language. As an independent section of this science, it took shape under the influence of the fundamental social changes that took place in our country. The involvement of the broad masses in active social activities required increased attention to raising the level of their speech culture.

In the section "Speech culture" speech is studied. The culture of speech deals with the qualitative assessment of statements. It, as a section of linguistics, considers the following questions: How does a person use speech for the purpose of communication? What is his speech - right or wrong? How to improve speech?

In modern linguistics, two levels of human speech culture are distinguished - the lower and the higher. For the lower level, for the first stage of mastering the literary language, it is enough to have correct speech, adherence to the norms of the Russian literary language: lexical, orthoepic, grammatical, derivational, morphological, syntactic.

If a person does not make mistakes in pronunciation, in the use of word forms, in their formation, in the construction of a sentence, we call his speech correct. However, this is not enough. Speech can be correct, but bad, that is, not consistent with the goals and conditions of communication. The concept of good speech includes at least three features: richness, accuracy and expressiveness. Indicators of rich speech are a large volume of active vocabulary, a variety of morphological forms and syntactic constructions used. The accuracy of speech is the choice of such language tools which best express the content of the statement, reveal its topic and main idea. Expressiveness is created through the selection of language means that are most appropriate to the conditions and tasks of communication.

If a person has a correct and good speech, he reaches the highest level of speech culture. This means that he not only does not make mistakes, but also knows how to build statements in the best way in accordance with the purpose of communication, select the most suitable words and constructions in each case, taking into account who and under what circumstances he is addressing.

Our society has already felt the need for a culture of behavior and communication. Very often there are announcements that elective courses with the names “Etiquette”, “Business Etiquette”, “Diplomatic Etiquette”, “Business Communication Etiquette”, etc. are opening in lyceums, colleges, gymnasiums, schools. This is connected with the need for people to learn how to behave in a given situation, how to correctly establish and maintain speech, and through it business, friendly, etc. contact.

The broad concept of culture necessarily includes what is called the culture of communication and speech behavior. To own it, it is important to understand the essence of speech etiquette.

In communication, people convey this or that information, certain meanings to each other, communicate something, encourage something, ask about something, perform certain speech actions. However, before proceeding to the exchange of logical and meaningful information, it is necessary to enter into speech contact, and this is done according to certain rules. We hardly notice them, because they are familiar. It is just the violation of the unwritten rules that becomes noticeable: the seller addressed the buyer with “you”, the acquaintance did not say hello at the meeting, they did not thank someone for the service, they did not apologize for the misconduct. As a rule, such non-fulfillment of the norms of speech behavior turns into resentment or conflict in the team. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the rules for entering into verbal contact, maintaining such contact - after all, business relations are impossible without this. It is clear that awareness of the norms of communication and speech behavior is useful to everyone, and especially to people of those professions that are associated with speech. These are teachers, doctors, lawyers, service workers and businessmen, and just parents.

The rules of speech behavior are regulated by speech etiquette, which has developed in the language and speech by a system of set expressions used in situations of establishing and maintaining contact. These are situations of address, greetings, farewell, apologies, gratitude, congratulations, wishes, sympathy and condolences, approval and compliments, invitations, suggestions, requests for advice, etc. Speech etiquette covers everything that expresses a benevolent attitude towards the interlocutor, which can to create the benefit of a pleasant climate of communication. A rich set of language tools makes it possible to choose appropriate for the speech situation and favorable for the addressee ( you or you) form of communication, to establish a friendly, relaxed or, on the contrary, the official tone of the conversation.

It is important to emphasize that speech etiquette conveys social information about the speaker and his addressee, about whether they know each other or not, about the relationship of equality / inequality by age, official position, about their personal relationships (if they are familiar), about how setting (formal or informal) communication takes place, etc.

Thus, the choice of the most appropriate expression of speech etiquette constitutes the rules for entering into communication. It is clear that any society at any moment of its existence is heterogeneous, many-sided, and that for each layer and layer there is both its own set of etiquette means and neutral expressions common to all. And there is an awareness that in contacts with a different environment, it is necessary to choose either stylistically neutral or means of communication characteristic of this environment. Using the expressions of speech etiquette, we perform relatively simple speech actions, address, greet, thank ... There are a huge number of ways to do this in the language. The thing is that we choose each expression taking into account who - where - when - why - why we say. So it turns out that complex linguistic social information is embedded just in speech etiquette to the greatest extent.

There are several essential features of speech etiquette that explain its social severity.

The first sign is associated with the unwritten requirement of society for the use of signs of etiquette. If you want to be "your own" in this group, perform the appropriate rituals of behavior and communication.

The second sign is related to the fact that the performance of signs of etiquette is perceived by the addressee as social “stroking”. Psychologists, teachers know how important it is to approve, stroke a child, and even an adult, in time. Linguists thought about this and found that the language responded to such a need and created a system of verbal “strokes”.

The third important feature of speech etiquette is that the pronunciation of an etiquette expression is a speech action, or a speech act, that is, the performance of a specific task with the help of speech. It is known that for the implementation of many actions, states, speech is not needed. You sew, or cut, or saw, or walk - and for the "production" of this you do not need to say anything. But there are some actions that can be performed only with the help of one tool - language, speech. Studies have revealed that there are up to a thousand names of speech actions recorded in dictionaries, while there are a great many ways of direct expression.

The fourth important feature of speech etiquette can be considered its connection with the category of politeness. Politeness is a moral quality that characterizes a person for whom showing respect for people has become a familiar way of communicating with others, a daily norm of behavior. On the other hand, it is an ethical category abstracted from specific people, which is also reflected in the language, which, of course, should be studied by linguistics. Polite people in different situations and in relation to different partners behave correctly, courteously, gallantly. But inept and inappropriate politeness is perceived as mannerism, ceremony. At the same time, one must understand that there is politeness-sincerity, coming from a pure heart, and there is politeness-mask, hiding other relationships behind external manifestations.

The manifestations of rudeness are manifold. This is arrogance, and arrogance, and arrogance, this is an insult, an offense. It is impolite to fail to comply with the rules of speech etiquette (they pushed and did not apologize), the wrong choice of expression in this situation and for this partner, hurting the partner with the help of words that have a negative connotation. A correct, and under an hour emphatically polite answer, as a rule, puts a rude person in his place. Speech etiquette serves as an effective means of removing speech aggression.

The fifth feature is related to the fact that speech etiquette is an important element of the culture of the people, a product of human cultural activity and an instrument of such activity. Speech etiquette, as can be seen from the foregoing, is an integral part of the culture of human behavior and communication. Being an element of national culture, speech etiquette is distinguished by bright national specifics.

Conclusion

Such is the miraculous power of the word. It is especially important and valid in difficult communication situations. The word can be the strongest weapon not only in the hands of self-serving demagogues. It can be an even more powerful weapon in the hands of wrestlers. And although they use it, they are far from always aware of the power of the word - both destructive and constructive.

The possibilities of the language are endless. Thus, a common language supports the cohesion of society. In addition, between people who speak the same language, mutual understanding and sympathy almost automatically arise. The language reflects the general knowledge of people about the traditions that have developed in society and current events. The leaders of developing countries where tribal dialects exist are striving to ensure that a single national language is adopted, so that it spreads among groups that do not speak it, understanding the importance of this factor for uniting the whole nation and combating tribal disunity.

Although language is a powerful unifying force, at the same time it is capable of dividing people. The group that uses this language considers everyone who speaks it as their own, and people who speak other languages ​​or dialects as strangers.

Know means of expression language, to be able to use its stylistic and semantic riches in all their structural diversity - every native speaker should strive for this.

The protection and protection of natural resources and the health of the people are now recognized as an important national matter. Protected and restored monuments of material culture - part of the spiritual historical heritage. Our language needs the same careful approach. The Russian literary language must be protected from clogging with vulgarisms and jargon, from stylistic “decrease” and stylistic “averaging”. It must be protected from unnecessary borrowings in foreign languages, mistakes and inaccuracies, in a word, from everything that leads to its impoverishment, impoverishment or death of thought.

Society. Natural science is a complex of sciences about living and non-living nature. Society... the trait is faith. Story development religious knowledge shows, testifies, ... for all people, its language unambiguous. Objectivity is the result...