Corresponds. activity morfol. digits of words and otd. word forms in conversation. style different, than in other functions. styles. Verb forms such as participle and gerund, in conversation speech practically are not used. The absence of gerunds can be compensated to some extent by the second predicate, expression. "associated" feature: "And I'm sitting writing"; "I see: it is staggering." Izv. analogy (but not identity) with turnovers of the type "Please get out the pliers that are on the shelf" (or "lying on the shelf") constructs: "Get some pliers, please... they're on the shelf over there."

In conversation. speech common forms on - a (-i), (-in) shi (s), reminder. gerunds: "I lay all Monday without getting up"; "Further go without turning anywhere until the store itself." Such forms are considered adverbs of the adverbial form. Forms of the same type "Is he a knowledgeable specialist?" are adjectives.

Other than other styles is ratio of full and short adjectives. Short forms of most quality. adjectives are not used, preference is given to short adjectives of the type grateful, faithful, satisfied, needed, for cat. full forms are not characteristic, as well as adjectives that have the meaning of inconsistency in a measure of quality, for example, "dress is short for you."

Characterized by the prevalence of unknown. words (pronouns, particles); famous words are used less often. When the situation. conversation attachments. speech pronouns with their generalizations. semantics are used instead of nouns and adjectives: "Be kind, get me that ... well ... that on the top shelf ... on the left" (book); "And what is he like? - Yes, such ... you know ...". Often unknown. words are used not so much to express some shades of meaning, but for filling forced in conversation speeches pauses:"Well ... since you have come ... well ... be, well ... consider yourself a guest"; "Well... I don't know... do as you please."

Among the pad. word forms of the noun most act. turns out nominative form, which is explained by the peculiarities of conversations. syntax, i.e. the prevalence of constructions with "nominative topics" ("Buy there ... well, kefir, cheese ... yes ... here's another ... sausage ... don't forget it", as well as the use of nouns in names. case with various kinds of additives, clarifications (“Well, you won’t remember everyone ... Sveta ... I know her”).

In conversation. speeches def. group of things nouns used in counting form in the meaning of "portion of this substance": two milk (two bags or bottles), two sour cream, two borscht, etc.

Activated also feminine form when designating a profession, position: cashier (instead of the official "cashier"), librarian (instead of "librarian").

19. Conversational style syntax

The most peculiar feature of conversations. style is its syntax, in the cat. reflects the unpreparedness of conversations. speech.

In particular, in conversation. speech structures are widespread, cos. perform functions and absences. parts of the statement - for example, the so-called main self. and an adjective independent. So, at the end of the conversation, touched. complex, conflict issues, solution cat. turned out to be problematic, or even later means. time after such a conversation, a person says: "Oh, I don't know, I don't know." Due to the special intonation, this structure performs the function of the main and unsubstituted subordinate clause:"... then it will be (... what will come of it)".

Sentences are used as "subordinate clauses" only in cases where the content included in them is irreplaceable. the main finds expression in intonation and union or union word or is suggested by the very structure of the sentence: "what is she, what is not her"(instead of "It doesn't matter if she exists or doesn't exist"). Conversation. style has a variety of types incomplete structures.

Very characteristic irreplaceable. syntax. position of the verb-predicate in constructions like "he's home". Under. the statement will be correctly understood in the situation of the context. Unsubstituted can be very diverse. ranks of verbs - verbs of motion: "Where are you going? - Only to the store"; speech verbs: "It's not very interesting - you're shorter"; with a meaning close to the meaning of "to study, study": "She does gymnastics every morning. Regularly."

Conversation. speech differs in elevation. emotionality, which is achieved by decomp. ways. An important role is played word order and intonation. So, to focus on that part of the message, the cat. expressed by an adjective as a predicate, it is made the beginning of a sentence; she pulls on herself logical. stress and is separated from the noun bezud. to be a link: the river was small; mushrooms were great. Useful and express. designs, in a cat. inform. the center of the statement tends to max. forms. independence from the parts of the utterance.

Characteristic for conversation. speech and addition design("And your daughter, is she a historian?"); question. structures with additional phrases. border (like "You did it on purpose, right? You brought a raw log"); imp. subordinate designs ("Do you want a pie - did your grandmother bake it?").

In conversation. speech is not strictly fixed. the location of the components of the phrase, so the main means of the act. articulation is not word order, but intonation and logical stress. This does not mean that here word order does not play a role at all in the expression act. articulation. Act. by means of an act. divisions are special highlight words and repetitions:"What about the teachers' council? Will it not be today?"; "For how many years now he has been resting in Gelendzhik every year ... in Gelendzhik."

For colloquial and everyday speech, an informal, relaxed, relaxed atmosphere is typical. The specific features of the colloquial-everyday style are usually most clearly manifested when it comes to objects, situations, and topics that are relevant in everyday life. In colloquial communication, a special, everyday type of thinking prevails. Colloquial speech occupies an exceptional position in the system of the modern Russian language. This is the original, original style of the national language, while all others are phenomena of later secondary education. Colloquial speech was often characterized as vernacular, which was considered outside the framework literary language. In fact, it is a kind of literary language.

Conversational style is opposed to book styles. It forms a system that has features at all levels of the language structure: in phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology, word formations, morphology and syntax.

Conversational style finds its expression both in writing and orally.

“Colloquial everyday speech is characterized by special conditions of functioning, which include: the absence of preliminary reflection on the statement and the associated lack of preliminary selection of linguistic material, immediacy speech communication between its participants, the ease of the speech act, associated with the lack of formality in relations between them and in the very nature of the utterance. An important role is played by the situation (the environment of verbal communication) and the use of extralinguistic means (facial expressions, gestures, the reaction of the interlocutor). The purely linguistic features of colloquial everyday speech include the use of such non-lexical means as phrasal intonation, emotional and expressive stress, pauses, speech tempo, rhythm, etc. In colloquial and everyday speech, there is a wide use of everyday vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally expressive vocabulary (including particles, interjections), different categories introductory words, originality of syntax (elliptical and incomplete sentences of various types, words-addresses, words-sentences, repetitions of words, breaking sentences with plug-in constructions, weakening and violation of the forms of syntactic connection between parts of the statement,

connecting structures, etc.).

In addition to its direct function - a means of communication, colloquial speech also performs other functions in fiction, for example, it is used to create a verbal portrait, for a realistic depiction of the life of a particular environment, in the author's narrative it serves as a means of stylization, when confronted with elements of book speech, it can create a comic effect.

§ 2. Language features of conversational style

Pronunciation. Often, words and forms in a colloquial everyday style have an accent that does not coincide with the accent in more strict styles of speech: dabout dialect(cf.: normative great danesabout R).

Vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary, being part of the vocabulary of oral speech, is used in casual conversation and is characterized by various shades of expressive coloring.

These include:

nouns: lies, nonsense, wickedness, mohustle, hustle, rubbish and etc.;

adjectives: meticulous, sophisticated, psloppy, lax and etc.;

Verbs: to be mean, to be greedy, to be secretive,to babble, to babble, to shake and etc.;

adverbs: that's it, quietly, somersault, instantly, little by little,slowly, fine and etc.

There are also colloquial pronouns (sort of), unions (once - in meaning if), particles (maybe out in the meaning here, hardly whether), interjections (well, uh).

Phraseology occupies a significant place in colloquial everyday speech. This is due to the dominance of a specific way of thinking in the sphere of everyday communication. Concrete thinking does not shy away from abstraction. A person generalizes his specific observations, highlighting something significant and digressing about some particulars. For example: No smoke without fire. Awl in a baghide. Leopard change his spots. Mathematics for me- darkforest. Quieter than water, lower than grass. Instead of saying Aliveunfriendly, quarreling- they say: They bite like dogs.

Colloquial phraseology is the great guardian of the traditional form. It contains many phraseological units that have arisen in ancient times.

Word formation. In the category of nouns, the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial everyday character:

- ak (-yak) - good-natured, healthy, simpleton;

- an (-yang) - rude, old man;

- ah - bearded man;

- agi- merchant;

- ak-a (-yak-a) for words of a general gender - a reveler, a bully, onlookers;

- szhk-a - sharing, cramming, feeding;

Yen is a minion;

- l-a - tycoon, thug, crammer;

- n-i - fuss, squabble;

- rel-I- running around, dirtying;

- tai - lazy, slobbery;

- un- talker, talker, screamer;

-uh-ah- dirty, fat woman;

- ysh - silly, naked, strong man, baby;

- yag-a - poor fellow, hard worker, hard worker.

Colloquial vocabulary also includes words with the suffix -Ш- a, denoting female persons by their profession, position, work performed, occupation, etc.: director, secretary, librarian, cashier.

AT In most cases, subjective evaluation suffixes give words a colloquial coloring: thief, rascal, little house; grtongues, beards; big, furious; in the evening, in a whisper etc.

For colloquial adjectives, one can note the use of the suffix -ast-: big-eyed, toothy,tongued and etc.; as well as prefixes pre-: kind, gracious,unpleasant and etc.

Colloquial vocabulary includes many verbs in - nothing: to roam, to wander, to swindle.

Morphological features colloquial speech are characterized by the following:

prepositional form of nouns: I'm on vacation, in the shop (cf .: on vacation, in the shop);

plural nominative form: contracts, sectors (cf.: contracts, sectors);

genitive plural form: orange,tomato (cf.: oranges, tomatoes);

colloquial version of the infinitive: see, hear (cf.see, hear).

Syntactic features of colloquial speech are of great originality. It:

- the predominant use of the form of dialogue;

- predominance simple sentences; of the complex, compound and unionless are more often used;

- wide use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;

- the use of words-sentences (affirmative, negative, incentive, etc.);

- wide use incomplete sentences;

- breaks in speech caused by various reasons (excitement of the speaker, an unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.);

- the use of introductory words and phrases of different meanings;

- the use of insert structures that break the main sentence and introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into it;

- wide use of emotional and imperative interjections;

- lexical repetitions: - Yes Yes Yes.

- various kinds of inversions in order to emphasize the semantic role of the word highlighted in the message: I like those shoes betterwhite;

- special forms of the predicate.

In colloquial speech, there are complex sentences, parts of which are connected by lexical and syntactic means: in the first part there are evaluative words - smart, smart, stupid etc. The second part serves as the rationale for this assessment: Well done thatinterceded.

Control questions and tasks

Exercise 1.

Pronunciation. Often, words and forms in a colloquial everyday style have an accent that does not coincide with the accent in more strict styles of speech: contract (cf .: normative contract).
Vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary, being part of the vocabulary of oral speech, is used in casual conversation and is characterized by various shades of expressive coloring.
These include:
nouns: lies, nonsense, meanness, good fellow, crush, nonsense, etc .;
adjectives: meticulous, sophisticated, hard-working, lax, etc.;
verbs: to be sarcastic, to be greedy, to be secretive, to be ill, to chatter, to bother, etc .;
adverbs: that's enough, quietly, somersault, instantly, little by little, slowly, well, etc.
There are also colloquial pronouns (sort of), conjunctions (once - in the meaning of if), particles (maybe, out in the meaning of here, hardly), interjections (well, ege).
Phraseology occupies a significant place in colloquial everyday speech. This is due to the dominance of a specific way of thinking in the sphere of everyday communication. Concrete thinking does not shy away from abstraction. A person generalizes his specific observations, highlighting something significant and digressing about some particulars. For example: There is no smoke without fire. Don't hide the awl in the bag. Leopard change his spots. For me, mathematics is a dark forest. Quieter than water, lower than grass. Instead of saying Alive unfriendly, they quarrel - they say: They bite like dogs.
Colloquial phraseology is the great guardian of the traditional form. It contains many phraseological units that have arisen in ancient times.
Word formation. In the category of nouns, the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial everyday character:
- ak (-yak) - good-natured, healthy, simpleton;

• - an (-yan) - rude, old man;
• - ah - bearded man;
• - agi - huckster;
• - ak-a (-yak-a) for words of a common gender - a reveler, a bully, onlookers;
• - szhk-a - sharing, cramming, feeding;
• - en - minion;
• - l-a - bigwig, thug, crammer;
• - n-i - fuss, bickering;
• - rel-I - running around, dirtying;
• - tai - lazy, slobbery;
• - un - talker, talker, screamer;
• - wow - dirty, fat woman;
• - ysh - silly, naked, strong man, baby;
• - yag-a - poor fellow, hard worker, hard worker.

Colloquial vocabulary also includes words with the suffix - Sh-a, denoting female persons by their profession, position, work performed, occupation, etc.: director, secretary, librarian, cashier.
In most cases, subjective assessment suffixes give words a colloquial coloring: thief, rascal, little house; dirt, beards; big, furious; in the evening, in a whisper, etc.
For adjectives that have a colloquial character, one can note the use of the suffix -ast-: big-eyed, toothy, tongue-tied, etc .; as well as prefixes pre-: kind, sweet, unpleasant, etc.
The colloquial vocabulary includes many verbs in -nicat: misbehave, wander, cheat.
Morphological features of colloquial speech are characterized by the following:

• the form of the prepositional case of nouns: I'm on vacation, in the workshop (cf .: on vacation, in the workshop);
• the form of the nominative case of the plural: contracts, sectors (cf .: contracts, sectors);

• plural genitive form: orange, tomato (cf.: oranges, tomatoes);
• colloquial version of the infinitive: see, hear (cf .: see, hear).

The syntactic features of colloquial speech are distinguished by great originality. It:
- the predominant use of the form of dialogue;
- the predominance of simple sentences; of the complex, compound and unionless are more often used;
- wide use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
- the use of words-sentences (affirmative, negative, incentive, etc.);
– widespread use of incomplete sentences;
- breaks in speech caused by various reasons (excitement of the speaker, an unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.);
- the use of introductory words and phrases of different meanings;
- the use of plug-in structures that break the main
proposal and introducing additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc.;
- wide use of emotional and imperative interjections;
- lexical repetitions: - Yes, yes, yes.
- various kinds of inversions in order to emphasize the semantic
the role of the highlighted word in the message: I like those shoes more
white;
- special forms of the predicate.
Found in colloquial speech complex sentences, parts of which are connected by lexical and syntactic means: in the first part there are evaluative words - well done, clever, fool, etc. the second part serves as a justification for this assessment: Well done for interceding.

More on the topic § 2. Language features of conversational style:

1. 3.2. Genre-stylistic and linguistic features of scientific functional style
2. §3. Linguistic features of the official business style of speech
3. Spoken vocabulary. Groups of colloquial vocabulary. Word-building signs of colloquial words. Stylistic marks in explanatory dictionaries characterizing the colloquial form of the modern language.

1. Morphological features of everyday colloquial speech are manifested, first of all, in the very set of parts of speech. So, we can note the absence in colloquial speech of participles and gerunds, short adjectives (in their syntactic opposition to complete ones), a decrease in the proportion of nouns, an increase in the proportion of particles.

2. Colloquial speech is no less peculiar in the distribution of case forms. Typical, for example, is the predominance of the nominative case: Shoe house.// Where to go?// Porridge/ look.// Not burnt?

3. The presence of a special vocative form is noted: kat! Mom!

4. In contrast to the book styles of the literary language, many words naming a substance can be used in the sense of "portion of this substance": two milk, two ryazhenka.

5. In colloquial speech, truncated versions of service words, conjunctions and particles are widely used: so, what, so that, at least, as well as truncated variants of nouns: five kilograms of orange(right: kilograms of oranges).

Pronouns very popular in modern colloquial speech. Being insignificant words, i.e. words without lexical meaning, they, like a sponge, absorb various meanings, playing a particular role. The word sounds meaningful in the mouths of modern youth something, which, depending on the situation, can show positive or negative shades of meaning:

- Well? you talked to her?

- It's something! (conversation failed)

- Well, like the movie?

- It's something! (a very good movie)

- I saw his sister. It's something. (strange girl, extravagant, like no one else).

The pronoun can act as a form of alienation, unwillingness to communicate. This role is especially evident in modern oral speech. The words nothing, nothing, somehow, ever become an obstacle in conversation between people. A person seems to outline the boundary of his world, not wanting to let anyone into it:

- Can I help you?

- Yes, somehow I… (I don't need your help)

- Come in somehow. We will be glad.

- Thank you, let's go. (An indefinite, non-specific form of polite etiquette invitation, after which people may not see each other for years).

characteristic feature colloquial speech is also the use of the pronoun we when addressing (questioning) to one person. So, most likely, the doctor will turn to the patient during a round in the hospital or an adult to the child. We in meaning you- the appeal of the strong to the weak, the loving to the beloved:

- How do we feel?

- We are already awake?

- We are still angry?

“Game” with a personal pronoun is a striking feature of Russian speech, introducing many semantic shades into it. In particular, the pronoun you it can be a manifestation of friendly feelings, love, familiarity, or a contemptuous, and even offensive attitude. It all depends on who and in what situation the interlocutor addresses, what cultural environment the interlocutor belongs to. For example, in the village, unlike the city, it is more customary to contact you, on the other hand, respectfully address parents on You. Sometimes you acts as a sign of trust or belonging to one "caste", a group connected by common interests (for example, speaking in you motorists). On the you appeal to all small children, as they have not yet had time to master the rules of etiquette. You more characteristic of male than female communication.

The syntactic specificity of colloquial speech is that a unit larger than a sentence, in it, as in dialogic speech, is a combination of a number of replicas connected by structural-semantic interdependence. N.Yu. Shvedova suggested calling them dialogic unity. In most cases, these are two-term unities - question-answer, with pickup, with repetition, or syntactically parallel. This connection of replicas is the reason for the prevalence of one-part sentences. Here are some examples from the works of J. Galsworthy, which we borrow from the article by S.S. Berkner: 1) question-answer unity: "When do you begin?" - "Tomorrow,".

2) unity formed by picking up: "So you would naturally say." - "And mean."

3) unity formed by repetition: “There"s - some - talk - of - suicide," he said. James "s jaw dropped. - "Suicide? What should he do that for?”

4) The unity of syntactically parallel replicas: "Well, Mr Desert, do you find reality in politics now?" - "Do you find reality in anything, sir?"

C.C. Berkner believes that both pickup and repetition express an expressive reaction to the words of the interlocutor, but there is also a significant semantic and structural difference between them. The pickup develops the dialogue, contains a new message, often ironically refuting the first one: "...Americans are generally important, sooner or later." - "To themselves," said Fleur, and saw Holly smile. Pickup sometimes interrupts the interlocutor and changes the direction of the dialogue: "I feel you"re a rock" - "Built on sand," answered Jolyon... Repeat, according to S.S. Berkner, is limited only to the assessment of what he heard and does not convey a new thought: "... But you "re the head of the family, Jon - you ought - to settle." - Nice head! said Jon bitterly.

Repeated exclamations express indignation, mockery, irony, and much less often a positive reaction. Possible repeat-request: "What do you call it?" - Call it? The big field."

The structural difference between pickup and repeat is more pronounced. The pickup syntactically continues the first line and in most cases (85%) is connected with it by a connecting word, so that it turns out, as it were, one sentence distributed between two interlocutors ...

Contact-establishing and emotive functions play a specific and very important role in this style. They are perceived by society in the form of norms and formulas of politeness accepted in the team and should be studied in sociolinguistics. Speech should be tactful, not too confident, not too categorical and tough, and at the same time not indifferent to the interlocutor. Hence the variety of forms of polite modality, which can be expressed intonationally, lexically, morphologically and syntactically. Consider examples of the manifestation of these functions in the literary and colloquial style on the material of the verb do. In order to express, for example, some uncertainty in the answer and readiness to accept objections or considerations of the interlocutor, the verb do can be used in an affirmative sentence, as in the example recorded by B. Charleston: "What has happened to your strange neighbor?" "I did hear he "d gone to Australia."

A tactful interest in the opinion of the interlocutor and the subject of conversation can be expressed in a replica that develops or illustrates what was heard and reinforced by the same do sometimes with the addition of a dismembered question:

"You can" t blame anyone, it "s the war."

"The war does spoil everything, doesn't it?"(Gr. Greene)

Such a polite remark is often purely mechanical.

In response, the interlocutor can use do, expressing agreement, which can be sincere and complete, or, on the contrary, ironic, as in the following example:

"Perhaps I "d better tell the police to call," he said. "You" d feel more comfortable, wouldn't you. Mr Jimson, if the police were in charge - less responsibility ..." "Thank you," I said, "You"re a good chap. For I do certainly feel a lot of responsibility" (J. Cary. The Horse's Mouth).

Do often used in replicas of mild reproach, admiration, irritation, and also if the speaker wants the interlocutor to show his understanding, consent, trust.

In all the examples given, the intellectual-logical function does not disappear, but appears in combination with the emotive, contact-establishing and often, as in the last example, voluntarily. It is generally accepted that these structures do serves to amplify. Amplification certainly takes place, but, as we have just seen, this is not the only thing, and the very need for amplification is dictated by various functions.

Emotive and contact-establishing do can be supported by a combination with words such as actually, in fact, indeed, really, undoubtedly etc. and verb seem:

You really did go too far.

In the conditions of the great role of the voluntative function in combination with the imperative mood do, on the contrary, really becomes purely emphatic: "Oh go away, do, Mr Jimson"(J. Cary. The Horse's Mouth).

The same is true when strengthening the emotive function in exclamatory sentences: ...and then suddenly I sat up and called out as loud as I could, “I do want to go on a donkey. I do want a donkey ride!"(K. Mansfield. Lady's Maid).

The emotive function is the reason for the abundance of various kinds of amplifiers in colloquial speech, which can appear in various combinations and are different for literary colloquial and familiar colloquial styles. So, for example, in a familiar colloquial style how, when, where, who, which, what, why combined with the word ever, or the suffix ever, or with expressions like: on earth, the devil, the hell etc. For example: Whatever are you doing? or What ever are you doing? Whoever's that? However did you get in here? What on earth are you doing? Who the devil do you think you are? Who on earth can that be? Why the hell do you ask?