Topic 2. Stages of research work

Stages of research work. Feasibility study (feasibility study) of the topic. Justification of the relevance and significance of the work for the industry and National economy countries. Solution methods, tasks and stages of research. Estimated (potential) economic effect. Estimated social outcomes. Feasibility study approval. Target theoretical research. Rationale physical model, development mathematical model. Analysis of preliminary results. Guidelines to conduct the experiment. Working plan of experimental works. Introduction of fundamental and applied scientific research into production. State tests.

Federal Law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" dated August 23, 1996 N 127-FZ (current version, 2016)

Types of R&D and their main stages

Scientific research can be divided into fundamental, exploratory and applied.

Types of research work

Fundamental and prospecting works are usually not included in the product life cycle. However, on their basis, ideas are generated that can be transformed into R&D projects.

Applied R&D is one of the stages life cycle products. Their task is to answer the question: is it possible to create a new type of product and with what characteristics?

The procedure for conducting research is regulated by GOST 15.101-98.

The specific composition of the stages and the nature of the work performed within their framework are determined by the specifics of R&D.

Stages scientific research and their summary.

Any particular study can be presented as a series of steps.

1. Choice of research topic.

2. Definition of the object and subject of research.

3. Definition of goals and objectives.

4. Formulation of the title of the work.

5. Development of a hypothesis.

6. Drawing up a research plan.

7. Work with literature.

8. Selection of subjects.

9. Choice of research methods.

10. Organization of research conditions.

11. Research (collection of material).

12. Processing of research results.

13. Formulation of conclusions.

14. Registration of work.

Each stage has its own tasks, which are often solved sequentially, and sometimes simultaneously.

Choice of research topic. Scientific research always involves the solution of some scientific problem. Lack of knowledge, facts, inconsistency of scientific ideas create grounds for scientific research. The formulation of a scientific problem involves:

Detecting the existence of such a deficit;

Awareness of the need to eliminate the deficit;

Formulation of the problem.

It is preferable to investigate those problems in which a person is more competent and which are related to his practical activities (sports, educational, organizational, teaching or technical, etc.). At the same time, the proposed topic must be assessed from the point of view of the possibility of conducting an experiment, i.e. the presence of a sufficient number of subjects to form experimental groups (experimental and control), research equipment, create appropriate conditions for conducting the process in the experimental group, etc.

Help in choosing a topic can be provided by viewing catalogs of defended dissertations, review publications in special scientific and methodological periodicals.

The topic should be relevant, i.e. useful to meet the scientific, social, technical and economic needs of society.

Definition of the object and subject of research. An object research is process or phenomenon, which are selected for study, contain a problem situation and serve as a source of information necessary for the researcher. (Technological process, managerial task, social issues of employees).

However, it is recommended that the object of study be formulated not indefinitely broadly, but in such a way that it is possible to trace the circle of objective reality. This circle should include subject as the most important element, which is characterized in direct relationship with other constituent parts of a given object and can be unambiguously understood only when compared with other aspects of the object.

The subject matter is more specific and includes only those connections and relationships that are subject to direct study in this work.

From what has been said, it follows that object what is being investigated is the subject, and that which receives a scientific explanation in this object is the subject. Exactly subject research defines the research topic. For example: “The effect of adding cumin essential oil for the expiration date(or: palatability) sausage products (Hungarian sausages) ».

Definition of purpose and objectives. Based on the object and subject, you can begin to determine the purpose and objectives of the study. The goal is formulated briefly and extremely precisely, in a semantic sense expressing the main thing that the researcher intends to do, to which end result he aspires. The purpose of research within the course and theses may be the development of new product formulations, new methods for determining the components of food products, the introduction of new components into food products, development of functional nutrition recipes, etc.

The goal is concretized and developed in the objectives of the study.

Several tasks are set, and each of them, with a clear formulation, reveals the side of the topic that is being studied. When defining tasks, it is necessary to take into account their interconnection. Sometimes it is impossible to solve one problem without first solving another. Each task must have a solution reflected in one or more conclusions.

The first task, as a rule, is associated with the identification, clarification, deepening, methodological justification of the essence, structure of the object under study.

The second is related to the analysis of the real state of the subject of research.

The third task is related to the transformation of the subject of research, i.e. identifying ways and means of increasing the efficiency of improving the phenomenon or process under study (for example, developing an experimental methodology for introducing a new component).

The fourth - with an experimental verification of the effectiveness of the proposed transformations.

Tasks should be formulated clearly and concisely. As a rule, each task is formulated in the form of an assignment: “Study...”, “Develop...”, “Reveal...”, “Establish...”, “Justify...”, “Define... ”, “Check…”, “Prove…”, etc.

Formulation of the title of the work. Having defined the topic and specific tasks, specifying the object and subject of research, it is possible to give the first version of the wording of the title of the work.

The title of the work is recommended to be formulated as briefly as possible, exactly in accordance with its content. It must be remembered that the subject of research should be reflected in the title. Vague wordings should not be allowed in the title of the work, for example: "Analysis of some questions ...", as well as stamped wordings such as: "To the question of ...", "To the study of ...", "Materials to ..." .

Finding a complete and concise wording right away is not an easy task. Even in the course of research, new, better names may emerge.

Hypothesis development. A hypothesis is a scientific assumption that requires experimental verification and theoretical justification, confirmation. Knowledge of the subject of research allows us to put forward a hypothesis. All hypotheses are divided into descriptive and explanatory. The first describes the relationship between the quality under study and the result of experimental activity (for example: essential oils have antimicrobial activity - can increase the shelf life by suppressing pathogenic microorganisms;) the second - explanatory - reveals internal conditions, mechanisms, causes and effects.

Sources for developing a hypothesis can be generalization of experience, analysis of existing scientific facts and further development of scientific theories. Any hypothesis is considered as an initial canvas and a starting point for research, which may or may not be confirmed.

Drafting a research plan. The research plan is a planned action program that includes all stages of work with the definition of calendar deadlines for their implementation. The plan is necessary in order to properly organize the work and give it a more purposeful character. In addition, he disciplines, makes you work in a certain rhythm.

In the course of work, the initial plan can be detailed, supplemented and even changed.

Literature work. The place of this stage of work is determined conditionally, since in reality the work with literature begins in the process of choosing a topic and continues until the end of the study. The effectiveness of working with literary sources depends on the knowledge of certain rules for their search, the appropriate methodology for studying and taking notes. A "literary source" is a document containing any information (monograph, article, theses, book, etc.).

Selection of subjects. Any study is ultimately comparative.

You can compare the results of the experimental system (sausage product) i.e. system in which the new component was used, with the results of the control system (in which the usually accepted recipe was saved for comparison).

You can also compare the results of "today's" studies with the results that were obtained earlier (for example, the same material - a sausage product, with the addition of dry cumin or other essential oils)

Finally, you can compare the results obtained on this model with those standards that exist in the food industry.

It is known that any research is carried out on a relatively small number of models. At the same time, conclusions are drawn in relation to all similar systems (all sausages of the same variety). Such a transfer of experimental results is based on the statistical law big numbers. The objective effect of this law makes it possible to use the sampling method in statistics, in which not all units of a particular population are studied, but only a selected part of them. In this case, the generalized characteristics of the selected part (sample population) apply to the entire population (general population). The main requirement for the sample is that it should maximally reflect the features population(i.e. be representative - representative).

Using the sampling method, each experimenter solves two problems: what choose as research and How many they must be chosen.

Choice of research methods. A research method is a way of obtaining the collection, processing or analysis of data. Various methods of scientific knowledge from other areas of science and technology are widely used in research. On the one hand, this phenomenon can be considered positive, since it makes it possible to study the issues under study in a comprehensive manner, to consider the diversity of connections and relationships, on the other hand, this diversity makes it difficult to choose methods appropriate for a particular study.

The main guideline for choosing research methods can be its tasks. . It is the tasks set before the work that determine the ways to solve them, and therefore the choice of appropriate research methods. At the same time, it is important to select methods that would be adequate to the uniqueness of the phenomena being studied.

In the practice of conducting research in the food industry aimed at solving various problems, the most widespread following methods:

Analysis scientific and methodological literature, documentary and archival materials;

Poll (conversation, interview and questioning);

Control tests (testing);

Expert assessment;

Observation;

Experiment;

Methods of mathematical processing.

These groups of methods are closely related. They cannot be used in isolation. For example, to conduct an observation or experiment, it is necessary to first obtain information about what is already in practice and theory, that is, use the methods of analyzing scientific and methodological literature or a survey. The factual material obtained during the research will not be reliable without the methods of mathematical processing.

The essence of any experiment is a combination of several of these methods.

Organization of research conditions. The organization of the experiment is associated with the planning of its implementation, which determines the sequence of all stages of work, as well as with the preparation of all conditions that ensure a full-fledged study. This includes the preparation of the appropriate environment, raw materials, instruments, means, instruction of assistants, planning of observations, selection of experimental and control groups, evaluation of all the features of the experimental base, etc.

For a successful experiment, certain conditions are necessary: ​​the presence of a base (----), appropriate inventory (-----). The question of the place of the experiment in practice, especially at the initial stage, is most often decided on the basis of the personal agreement of the experimenter (for example, the technologist-director of the company). In all cases, the permission of the head of the organization in which the experiment is supposed to be carried out must be obtained for the experiment.

Conducting research. At this stage of work, using the selected research methods, the necessary empirical (experimental) data are collected to test the hypothesis put forward.

Initial, intermediate and final studies provide for obtaining indicators using methods for collecting current information, and conducting classes ensures the direct implementation of the intended process (the use of new tools, methods, etc.).

The time intervals between the initial, intermediate and final studies are extremely variable and depend on many reasons (tasks and research methods, real conditions for organizing the experiment, etc.).

The study is carried out on the basis of the general program of the experiment, the programs of conducting classes in the experimental and control groups, as well as the program of conducting observations.

The program indicates the content and sequence of all actions(what, where, when and how will be carried out, observed, verified, compared and measured; what will be the procedure for measuring indicators, their registration; what equipment, tools and other means will be used; who will perform the work and what).

Processing of research results. Primary data processing. It is important to process the results of each study as soon as possible after its completion, while the experimenter's memory can suggest those details - which for some reason are not fixed, but are of interest for understanding the essence of the case. When processing the data collected, it may turn out that they are either not enough, or they are contradictory and therefore do not give grounds for final conclusions. In this case, the study must be continued, making the required additions to it.

In most cases, it is advisable to start processing with the compilation of tables (pivot tables) of the received data.

For both manual and computer processing, initial data is most often entered into the original pivot table. Recently, computer processing has become the predominant form of mathematical and statistical processing, so it is advisable to enter all the signs of interest to you in the form of a decimal number in the table. This is necessary because the data format for most of the computer programs imposes its own limitations.

Mathematical data processing. To determine the methods of mathematical and statistical processing, first of all, it is necessary to evaluate the nature of the distribution for all the parameters used. For parameters that have a normal distribution or close to normal, you can use parametric statistics methods, which in many cases are more powerful than non-parametric statistics methods. The advantage of the latter is that they allow checking statistical hypotheses regardless of the form of distribution.

The most important statistical characteristics are:

a) arithmetic mean

b) standard deviation

c) coefficient of variation

Based on these features normal distribution, we can estimate the degree of closeness of the considered distribution to it.

One of the most common tasks in data processing is to evaluate the validity of differences between two or more series of values. AT mathematical statistics there are a number of ways to solve it. The computer variant of data processing has now become the most common. In many applied statistical programs there are procedures for estimating differences between the parameters of one sample or different samples. With a fully computerized processing of the material, it is not difficult to use the appropriate procedure at the right time and evaluate the differences of interest.

Formulation of conclusions. Conclusions are statements that express in short form meaningful results of the study, they reflect in the thesis form the new that was obtained by the author himself. A common mistake is that the author includes in the conclusions generally accepted in science provisions that no longer need proof.

The solution of each of the tasks listed in the introduction should be reflected in the conclusions in a certain way.

Registration of work. The main task of this stage of work is to present the results obtained in a publicly accessible and understandable form, allowing them to be compared with the results of other researchers and used in practice. Therefore, the design of the work must comply with the requirements for works sent to print (qualification work-requirements).

An approximate list of works at different stages of research is given in the table.

Stages of R&D and the scope of work on them

The development of a new recipe at food industry enterprises ends with the preparation of regulatory documents (TU, STO); obtaining Certificates, Declarations; making amendments to the technological process (if required) - writing instructions, etc.

The main research topics of the Expert-Analytical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences:

Research Performance Standards (R&D)

What is NIR?

Research work (R&D) is an activity, the purpose of which is to obtain new or deepen existing scientific knowledge and achievements in a particular area.

• 1. Planning (choosing a topic, drawing up a work plan, etc.).
• 2. Formulating a hypothesis, choosing a method for testing it, collecting data, analyzing data, confirming or refuting the hypothesis. (Western sources pay the most attention to this stage).
• 3. Creation of the text of R&D based on the results of paragraphs 1 and 2.
• 4. Publication of the results of work in scientific publications, participation in conferences, seminars.
• 5. Public defense.

R&D is an important component and a necessary condition for the training of qualified specialists. For example, to obtain a Ph.D. or Ph.D. degree, you must independently complete your research work. The scientific community believes that in the conditions of the information society and the constant updating of knowledge, the ability to quickly navigate the flow of information, analyze, highlight what is needed, conduct independent research and prove their effectiveness in practice are very important and useful skills.

Standard stages of research work

Despite the different directions and areas of research, R&D has one common basic structure and is carried out in stages.

1. Stage I: definition of the problem and formulation of the topic.
2. Stage II: goal setting and hypotheses.
3. Stage III: work with literature, including search required material and its analysis.
4. Stage IV: preparation of the theoretical part of the work.
5. Stage V: conducting an experimental study.
6. Stage VI: registration of work. Summarizing.
7. Stage VII: announcement of the results (public defense, publications in scientific journals, participation in conferences, etc.).

Accordingly, different chapters of scientific work are written at different stages. For example, for a Ph.D. thesis, a structure of 3 chapters is adopted. The first chapter includes work on the first three stages, the second chapter includes the 4th and 5th stages of work, the third - the sixth. Public defense is carried out separately from the scientific work itself, and for its implementation one more research work is done - under the generalized name "dissertation abstract".

Common Research Tasks

Scientific work is carried out under the guidance of an experienced specialist in this field (supervisor). It has specific tasks:

Scientific discoveries, new theoretical knowledge, based on the needs of their commercialization, move into the phase of applied research, including the stages of exploratory research and research work. This is preceded by strategic decisions special generation, thanks to which the newest generation of innovative processes develops. Somewhere in the middle stage of R&D, there is a watershed line between scientific thought and market and social needs. Innovation, on the other hand, provides a shift in the embodied scientific knowledge to the right, during which the R&D project is transformed into an investment and innovation project.

History of the development of scientific activity

Any kind of human activity is associated with the implementation of a productive or reproductive function. A productive function is realized through an activity aimed at obtaining a subjectively perceived or objectively evaluated new result. Examples are an innovative project, invention, scientific discovery etc. The reproductive function is associated with the reproduction of a person, copying his own activities or the activities of other people. Examples of this type can be: the function of procreation, the performance of production operations, business processes and processes of the social and social structure.

Research activity (R&D) is inherently productive and also has the features of a project-organized system. Therefore, it has all significant features organization and a certain methodology and implementation methodology are inherent. With this in mind, your attention is invited to the model of the two-component structure of the NIA, presented below. In connection with the design type of the NID device, it, like any project, goes through the following phases.

1. Design. The result here is a scientific hypothesis, a model of a system of new knowledge, a work plan.
2. Conducting research in order to test the proposed scientific hypothesis.
3. Summing up and rethinking the results obtained to build the following hypotheses and test them in the course of setting new design tasks.

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The current state of culture and the level of development of scientific research did not arise from scratch, it was preceded by a long genesis of scientific creativity. Science arose along with other forms of perception, comprehension of reality, and even much later. It's about about religious outlook on Peace, Art, Aesthetics, Ethics and Philosophy. It can be assumed that in the history of mankind, science originated about 5 thousand years ago. Sumer, Ancient Egypt, China, India - these are the civilizations where protoscience was formed and gradually began to develop, so to speak. The great names of the titans of thought have reached contemporaries and are personified with major milestones of this thorny path, among them:

• ancient Greek thinkers Aristotle, Democritus, Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy;
• scientists of the early Middle Ages of Persia and Asia Biruni, Ibn Sina and others;
• the scholastics of the Middle Ages in Europe Eriugen, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, etc.;
• alchemists and astrology more late era period of the Great Inquisition.

Since the 12th century, universities began to emerge as scientific and educational centers, known so far, in such European cities as Paris, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, Naples. Closer to the end of the Renaissance, in the period of the Late Renaissance, geniuses appeared in Italy and England, raising the "banner of scientific craft" to new heights. Bright "diamonds" sparkled on the scientific Olympus: Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton and others. The replacement of the feudal system by the bourgeois one led to an unprecedented development of science. In Russia, the same processes went on as usual, and the names of Russian scientists are deservedly inscribed in the World Chronicle:

• Mikhail Lomonosov;
• Nikolay Lobachevsky;
• Pafnuty Chebyshev;
• Sofia Kovalevskaya;
• Alexander Stoletov;
• Dmitry Mendeleev.

From the middle of the 19th century, the exponential growth of science and its role in the social structure began. In the 20th century, one scientific breakthrough began to be replaced by another; scientific and technological revolution began in the 1950s. At the current moment, during the transition of world civilization to the 6th technological order, it is customary to talk about the symbiosis of science and business, expressed in a mature innovative type of development of the economy of Western states and some countries of the 3rd World, although in fact the 2nd World is no longer over 25 years.

The essence of the concept of research

Research activities are divided into three large sequential and parallel blocks: fundamental research, applied research and development. The purpose of fundamental research is to discover, study new laws, natural phenomena, expand scientific knowledge and establish its suitability in practice. These results, after theoretical consolidation, form the basis of applied research, which is aimed at finding ways to use laws, finding and improving the ways and means of human activity. In turn, applied scientific research is divided into the following types of research and work:

• search;
• research;
• experimental design.

The goals and objectives of research work (R&D) are specific results expressed in the creation of new pilot plants, models of equipment, instruments, fundamentally new technologies. The formulated problem is the central source of R&D. A problem is understood as a contradiction (uncertainty), which is established in the process of cognition of a particular phenomenon. The elimination of this contradiction or uncertainty is not possible from the standpoint of existing knowledge. Based on the scientific method and from the point of view of the dialectical approach in philosophy, the problem is formed as a contradiction that has arisen within the framework of the whole.

Taking into account the direction of research, several types of problems can be distinguished, which serve as one of the grounds for classifying the types of research work.

1. The scientific problem is the contradiction between knowledge about the needs of society and ignorance of the ways and means of satisfying them.
2. A social problem is an established contradiction in the development of social relations and individual elements of the social system.
3. A technological problem is a contradiction (uncertainty) that arises during the creation of technologies, which cannot be eliminated on the basis of the current technological concept.

By analogy with the problems mentioned above, one can quite simply formulate the concept of managerial and market problems, which, together with a technological problem and a number of social difficulties, resolves innovative activity. Innovative inventions serve to eliminate such problems, and the first step innovation process perform R&D. GOST 15.101-98 is the basic normative document that defines the essential characteristics of R&D and their content, requirements for organization, sequence of implementation, related workflow and reporting. An extract from this standard with the basic concepts of R&D is given below.

Extract from GOST 15.101-98, entered into force on 01.07.2000

The key document for launching research work is the TOR for research and, if the customer is present, the contract for the performance of work concluded between the customer and the contractor. In chapter " General provisions» standard describes what requirements must be included in the terms of reference for R&D without fail. The document "Terms of Reference" or the corresponding Annex to the contract is prepared on the basis of the following information elements:

• description of the object of study and requirements for it;
• functional composition of a general technical nature in relation to the objects of study;
• a list of theories, regularities, physical and other effects that make it possible to formulate the principle of operation of the subject of study;
• proposed technical solutions;
• information about the resource components of R&D (potential of the contractor, required production, material and financial resources);
• marketing and market information;
• expected economic effect.

Methodological aspects of research

Before we move on to the analysis of the structure of research work, we will once again return to the question of the classification of R&D. Classification features can be:

• the nature of the connection with production;
• importance for the country's economy;
• sources of financing;
• type of research worker;
• level of problem with associated types of scientific management units;
• the degree of involvement in the innovation process.

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Although, from the standpoint of innovation, R&D is not often used in fundamental research, nevertheless, this practice is also gaining ground, including in large corporate research centers of the Russian Federation. Take, for example, pharmaceuticals, the automotive industry, which is actively moving towards the creation of unmanned crews and electric vehicles that can compete with internal combustion engines, etc. Let's move on to the consideration of the sequence of research activities and outline the main stages of research. They differ in composition from the stages of the R&D process and consist of eight stages of research work.

1. Formulation of the problem, topic, purpose and objectives of research.
2. The study of literary sources, the implementation of research, preparation for technical design.
3. Carrying out work on technical design in several versions.
4. Development and feasibility study of the project.
5. Implementation of working design.
6. Creation of a prototype with subsequent production tests.
7. Development of a prototype.
8. Tests with the participation of the state acceptance committee.

In turn, the R&D process consists of six typical stages.

1. Clarification of the problem, choice of research direction, formulation of its topic. Start of work on planning research work, drawing up technical specifications, preliminary calculations of economic efficiency.
2. Formulation, setting goals and objectives of research based on selected literature, bibliography, patent research, annotations and abstracting of sources, analysis of the information received. At this stage, the terms of reference for R&D are finally agreed and approved.
3. The stage of theoretical research, during which the essence of the phenomenon under consideration is studied, hypotheses are formed, models are created, their mathematical justification and analysis.
4. Experimental studies with their own structure of methodological development, planning and execution. The direct conduct of a series of experiments ends with the issuance of a conclusion based on the processing of the results of experimental studies.
5. Analysis and presentation of research results, preparation of a report on research work. The analysis involves: terms of reference for research, theoretical conclusions, models, experimental results. Hypotheses are confirmed or refuted, scientific conclusions are formulated as the most important aspect of the research report, the theory is developed.
6. The stage of introducing the results of research into production, the formation of prerequisites for the commercialization of the innovation being created, the transition innovative project to the OKR stage.

Stage of experimental studies

The theoretical stage of research is a separate subject area with its own specifics. And it is obvious that the formulated theoretical conclusions must be confirmed by experiment, which is one of the key parts of scientific research. It is understood as a set of actions aimed at creating the necessary conditions to reproduce the phenomenon under study in the purest, undistorted form. The purpose of the experiment is to test the hypotheses under consideration, to test the properties of the objects of study, to test the conclusions of the theory.

The methodology of experimental research is determined by the purpose of this stage of research and the type of experiment used. Experiments differ in many ways: goals, methods of forming the conditions for execution, types of organization of the conduct. The grounds for their classification can also include the nature of external influences on the object of study, the type of model studied in the experiment, the number of variable factors, etc. Among the specific types of experimental studies, the following stand out.

1. Natural and artificial types of experiments.
2. Ascertaining experiment.
3. Search experiment.
4. control experiment.
5. Decisive experiment.
6. Laboratory and full-scale types of experiments.
7. Mental, informational and material types of experiments.
8. Technological and computational experiments.

For each of the above types, the corresponding experimental methods. But whatever method is chosen, due to the uniqueness of each such work, in any case, it is necessary to clarify or even re-develop the methodology for its implementation. In doing so, it is necessary to provide:

• resources for preliminary observation of the object under study;
• selection of objects for the experiment with the exclusion of the impact of random factors;
• ensuring systematic monitoring of the development of a process or phenomenon;
• selection of measurement limits;
• systematic registration of measurements;
• creating situations that complicate the experiment;
• creation of conditions for the transition from empirical experience to analysis, logical generalizations and synthesis in support or refutation of theoretical assumptions.

At this stage of research, among the work performed, the following stages of experimental research are distinguished.

1. Formulation of the purpose and objectives of the experiment.
2. Choice of experimental area, variable factors, mathematical model of data presentation.
3. Planning of experimental activities (development of a methodology for conducting, justification of the scope of work, number of experiments, etc.).
4. Description of the experiment and organization of its implementation (preparation of models, samples, equipment, measuring instruments, etc.).
5. The actual experiment.
6. Checking the prerequisites of a static nature to obtain the correct data and the primary processing of the results.
7. Analysis of the results and comparison with the hypotheses of the theoretical stage.
8. Preliminary conclusions and correction of theoretical generalizations.
9. Appointment and conduct of additional experiments.
10. Formulation of final conclusions and recommendations on the use of the information obtained.

We conclude this article on the basics of research work - the first stage of a fully deployed innovation project. It is high time for a modern project manager to turn "Terra Incognita" R&D into a completely understandable and clear process. This is due to the fact that this is an inevitable global trend. And although not every company is able to afford its own science, but to imagine how a scientific product arises, it becomes more and more important for business and its representatives every day.

For some reason, few people like to immediately document their code, write down the main ideas of the articles they read, and formalize their results immediately after receiving them.

There are two good reasons for doing this right away.

• First, as long as you remember all the details, you will be able to do it better. Sooner or later you will have to write down, but then more time will be spent, and the quality of the document will be lower.
• Secondly, verbal formulation puts thoughts in order and magically increases the efficiency of the next stage of work.

So, if you read a good article, write down the main ideas in the form of an abstract. The best way to do this is to create a publish page on website.

Once you have completed the experiment, write down the experimental conditions and conclusions for each graph. The best way to do this is to write it on your personal page, or a subpage of it, or on the appropriate virtual seminar page.

Current reports

A good student periodically (for example, once every two weeks) sends a brief report to the supervisor of the following content:

• what new things have been learned from the literature;
• what has been done during this period;
• which of these is the result that you can write about in the course text (articles, dissertations);
• that it is not clear what problems have arisen;
• what are the ideas for their solution, including the possibility of changing the formulation of the entire problem or its parts;
• work plan for the next period (for example, two weeks).

This work instills the habit of structuring your thinking, and saves time for the ever-busy supervisor.

Even if your supervisor did not ask you to send him such reports, send them anyway! Show your best side.

Semester reports

Each semester, your individual research work should move a little further. The result of the work must be material; it can be a program, a report, experiments performed. Just showing up at the end of the semester and presenting your new ideas is not enough, even if they seem brilliant to you.

Many departments and teachers require students to report on research at the end of each semester, in writing. This activity should not be treated as an empty formality. In the ideal case - if you do not change the topic of the study - these reports, acquiring details, will gradually develop into a final work. Report on scientific work(technical report) is written in the form of a scientific article. The requirements for the scientific content of reports will increase from semester to semester, while the requirements for the form will remain unchanged.

There is one more strong argument in favor of a serious attitude to reports. Nowadays, the exchange of professional information between people occurs mainly in electronic form - reports, articles, presentations, forums. You need to learn how to master all these genres of information exchange. Of these, reports and articles are the most weighty and require the greatest accuracy of presentation from the author.

Your first semester report has the right to look modest. It is enough if it contains only the statement of the problem, abstracts of the articles you have read and/or the results of your first experiments.

• Formulation of the problem. First, try to write in an informal language, how you understood it, why it is relevant (that is, what benefit and to whom its solution can bring), what open problems it has. It is very important to learn how to talk about the problem. Take as a model the descriptions you read in articles or on the Internet. Then formulate the problem formally, introduce the necessary notation.

• Abstracts. If you have worked with the literature, the report should contain abstracts ( brief retellings) articles you read. Abstracts should emphasize the connection of these articles with your task. It is very important to draw a conclusion that motivates your work, for example, if you find that everything notable works have a common drawback, which will be addressed by your research.

• Experiments. If you have done one or more experiments, the report should contain a description of the conditions and results of each experiment. The conditions must be described in a comprehensive manner, that is, in such a way that your experiment can be reproduced by another researcher. At the same time, programming and other technical details do not need to be described. The results are presented in the form of tables or graphs. Axes and a legend must be labeled on each chart (the legend is not needed if there is only one curve on the chart). Under the graph, it should be written under what conditions of the experiment it was obtained. Interpretations of the results obtained and conclusions should be given in the main text. If you do this carelessly, then even your leader, not to mention outsiders, will not understand the results of your experiment.

Research algorithm

All of the above can be summarized as Research algorithm. It consists in iteratively repeating certain types of work from the following list:

• immersion in modern scientific literature, mostly in English;
• conclusion of the theory (even if the work is experimental, it helps to understand the method and adapt it to your task);
• conducting experiments (even if the work is theoretical, it helps to discover new effects);
• analysis of simple special cases and extreme cases, even if they seem to be degenerate;
• changing the problem statement itself and solving simpler related problems;
• a written statement of the problem statement, a review of articles or already found partial solutions;
• discussions with the head and colleagues, participation in scientific seminars and conferences.

The order of these jobs is not important and is chosen according to the situation, but none of them should be systematically skipped - this is the essence of the algorithm, and only in this case does it guarantee successful progress.

Conferences

It is necessary to plan your participation in conferences well in advance, since the deadlines for submitting articles (abstracts) usually end a few months before the start of the conference. What conferences can students participate in:

• MIPT Annual Scientific Conference (November, submission in September).
• Annual scientific conference of students, graduate students and young scientists "Lomonosov" (April, filing in February).
• Conference

Like any other job, R&D begins with a plan. In his absence, our specialists will develop a plan for the implementation of research work and agree it with you. After that, you can proceed directly to the study.

When performing research or development work (experimental design work) to order, the author will coordinate with you every step and every study. You have full control over the process and can adjust the progress according to your wishes.

How to order R&D?

Spend 5 minutes filling out the application, and our manager is already working on your order. We guarantee confidentiality and safety of personal data. At the same time, we do not use a template approach in our work. Your research work will contain a full-fledged and unique research, fully comply with all the rules of registration. The main principles and principles of our company's work:

• We work on an advance payment, which is 25% of the order value;
• We cooperate with candidates and doctors of sciences. For your work, we will select a specialist on any topic;
• We provide a guarantee for work - adjustments, if necessary, are made free of charge;
• At your service - a support service and a personal manager, always ready to answer questions.