Scientific work in a higher educational institution is carried out:

– the teaching staff of the university in accordance with individual plans during main working hours;

-scientific, engineering and technical workers, specialists and workers of scientific and design organizations of the university during the main working hours;

- by students in the course of coursework, diploma projects, other research work provided for curricula, in student scientific circles, student bureaus, research and production teams, centers of scientific and technical creativity of youth of educational institutions and other organizations of student scientific creativity, as well as in departments, research institutions, design and technological organizations of the university in their free time from study for a fee;

– doctoral students, graduate students, research assistants and lecturers-trainees of the higher educational institution in accordance with individual plans for their training, as well as in their free time from study (work) at departments, research institutions, design and technological organizations for an additional fee.

To the implementation of scientific works financed from the republican budget Russian Federation and under economic contracts, including on a part-time basis, faculty, researchers, managers and other employees of the university, as well as enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of ownership, are involved in their free time from their main work.

The requirements for the scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities of a higher educational institution and the procedure for its evaluation are established by the federal education management body in agreement with the federal executive body responsible for the formation and implementation of the state scientific and technical policy.

The assessment of the scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities of a higher educational institution and its relationship with the educational process is carried out by the executive authority in charge of it.

The results of the evaluation of scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities in a higher educational institution form part of the overall evaluation of the activities of a higher educational institution during its state accreditation and are one of the grounds for establishing (confirming) the type of higher educational institution for the federal education authority.

An approximate list of works at the stages of research is given in the table.

Stages of R&D and the scope of work on them

As a result of mastering this chapter, the student should:

know

• the concept of fundamental, exploratory and applied research work (PIR);
• the procedure for performing research;
• main stages and stages of R&D implementation;

be able to

• carry out information support for research;
• carry out research work;
• determine the commercial value of R&D results;

own

• methodology for the development of project documentation;
• information handling skills;
• technique for reporting research results.

The main stages and stages of the implementation of research work

R&D includes theoretical, exploratory and applied research aimed at solving major problems of important national economic, scientific or military importance, as well as those carried out in order to create a scientific reserve on certain topical problems.

The relationship between the stages and the content of fundamental, exploratory and applied R&D can be conditionally represented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 7.1).

Most of the R&D, the results of which are directly applied in economic activity, constitute applied work carried out in order to obtain reasonable initial data necessary for the development of terms of reference for experimental design work (R&D) or experimental technological work (OTR).

Rice. 7. 1.

The results of research are creative scientific and technical solutions in the form of: works of science as a certain system of new knowledge, concepts, categories, concepts, etc.; constructive implementation of new means of production and consumer goods and their components; technological processes, devices, substances and methods of their application; artistic design solutions for products that define them appearance; nanotechnical equipment and technologies; scientific theories

and mathematical methods, rules; algorithms and programs for computers; projects and planning schemes for structures, buildings, territories; topology of integrated circuits, etc.

The results of research are drawn up in the form of scientific and technical reports with various applications, models, experimental samples of products (products, materials, substances), which in the aggregate are objects of legal protection.

An approximate description of the model, layout and experimental sample is shown in fig. 7.2.

Rice. 7.2.

The final refinement of R&D to practical implementation in production is carried out in the process of experimental design work (R&D) and experimental technological work (OTR).

The R&D results are a set of reporting design and technological documentation containing the data necessary for the development, manufacture, control, acceptance, delivery, operation and repair of products (products).

The results of the OTR are a set of reporting and technological documentation containing the data necessary for the development and description of the technological process for the production of a substance or material.

Documentation, depending on its purpose, is divided into design(Table 7.1), working and informational. At the same time, each of the stages of project documentation may contain know-how.

Working design documentation (or working technical documentation), depending on the scope of use, is divided into production, operational and repair(Table 7.2).

The information documentation includes a map technical level and product quality, a patent form and a report on patent research, an information card for calculating the economic efficiency and prices of new (modernized) products, catalogs, an expert opinion, acts and test reports, a decision to withdraw products from production, etc.

Table 7.1

Stages of design documentation

As a result of R&D, the characteristics and scientific and technical appearance of the object are determined, technical requirements for it, technical documentation, mock-ups, experimental and prototypes are developed. These results are objects civil rights, as evidenced by the separation of the legal norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation related to the performance of the work in question into a separate part (IV part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Table 7.2

The composition of the working technical documentation

R&D results can be recorded on magnetic or paper media information (in the form of a verbal description, diagrams, drawings, etc.) or embodied in models, layouts, experimental and prototype samples, etc. In order for the R&D results contained, in particular, in the reporting scientific and technical documentation, to fall under legal protection, it is necessary to issue appropriate security documents - patents, certificates, etc.

R&D results almost always have uniqueness and novelty, the terms of use of which require a special agreement between the parties. These conditions are provided for in the R&D contract and are regulated by Ch. 38 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. According to Art. 769 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the terms of the contract for the performance of R&D must comply with laws and other legal acts on exclusive rights (intellectual property).

Unless otherwise provided by the contract for the performance of R&D, the parties are obliged to ensure the confidentiality of information relating to the subject of the contract, the progress of its implementation and the results obtained. The volume of information recognized as confidential is determined in the contract. Each of the parties undertakes to publish information received during the performance of work, recognized as confidential, only with the consent of the other party (Article 771 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

The agreement must agree on the terms of ownership in relation to the results of intellectual activity and the transfer of exclusive and non-exclusive rights. For example, it is provided that applications for obtaining patents are filed by the customer or the performer jointly with the customer or by the contractor in agreement with the customer, but the contractor is obliged to provide the customer with an exclusive license to the patented solution. Other options are possible, however, in any of them, the rights to the protected elements contained in the results obtained under the contract must correspond with the rights to use the results as a whole, otherwise these rights cannot be exercised by the right holder.

The contractor is obliged to provide patent purity as a legal property of the results of contractual work transferred to the customer.

If the exclusive rights to a patented object belong to a third party, then its use in R&D is allowed only with the execution of a license or other agreement authorizing the use of the protected object, or an agreement on the assignment of exclusive rights.

Aforementioned exclusive right on the result of activity enables the right holder: to allow or prohibit other persons from using the result of intellectual activity or means of individualization; exercise your right. It should be borne in mind that the transfer of ownership of a thing (material carrier), in which the corresponding result of intellectual activity is expressed, does not entail the transfer of intellectual rights.

The subject of the exclusive right is the author - a citizen whose creative work created the result of the intellectual activity of RIA. When RIA is created by the joint creative work of two or more citizens (co-authorship), the exclusive right belongs to the co-authors jointly.

When concluding an agreement on the performance of R&D, it is necessary to determine the type of obligations of the contracting parties on the distribution between them of the created intellectual property and methods for its implementation. At the same time, intellectual property should be divided into previous(belonging to the parties to the contractual relationship, the use of which is necessary for the performance of work) and created(exclusive rights to the obtained results of intellectual activity). Contracts and agreements also provide for the right of the contracting parties to use the intellectual property created, including, where possible, joint commercial use.

The basis for the intended commercial use of the created intellectual property should be licensing and other agreements, which can later be concluded for any objects of intellectual property. It should be taken into account that the commercial use of intellectual property often includes the manufacture, use, sale, or other introduction into the economic circulation of products (products) containing an object of intellectual property. In this regard, it is in licensing and other agreements that it is required to correctly determine the entities receiving the rights to use property, the nature and scope of these rights, the conditions and procedure for their implementation, including taking into account territorial and other aspects.

Thus, the disposal of the exclusive right of RIA is possible in two ways:

• 1) by concluding an agreement on the alienation of an exclusive right;
• 2) by granting the right to use the object of intellectual property within the limits established by the license agreement.

By agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right one party (right holder) transfers or undertakes to transfer its exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity or to a means of individualization in full to the other party (acquirer).

By license agreement one party - the owner of the exclusive right to RIA or to a means of individualization (licensor) grants or undertakes to grant to the other party (licensee) the right to use such a result or such means within the limits stipulated by the agreement.

According to paragraph 3 of Art. 1234 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under an agreement on the alienation of an exclusive right, the acquirer undertakes to pay the right holder the remuneration provided for by the agreement, unless otherwise provided by the agreement.

In the absence in the compensated agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right, as well as in the license agreement, the conditions on the amount of remuneration or the procedure for determining it, the agreement is considered not concluded.

The license agreement must specify the territory in which the use of RIA or means of individualization is allowed. If the territory is not specified in the contract, then the licensee has the right to use them throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.

In order to use the result of intellectual activity as part of a complex object (movie, multimedia product, single technology, etc.), the person who organized the creation of such an object, including several protected RIAs, acquires the right to use agreements on the alienation of exclusive rights or license agreements concluded by such a person with holders of exclusive rights to the corresponding RIA.

When RIA is used as part of a complex object, the author of such a result retains the right of authorship and other personal non-property rights to such a result. The person who organized the creation of a complex object has the right to indicate his name or designation, if we are talking about the organization.

Disputes related to the protection of violated or disputed rights are considered or resolved by the court (Article 1248 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Protection of intellectual property rights can be applied at the request of right holders, organizations managing rights on a collective basis, as well as other persons in cases where statutory(Article 125 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Civil law methods of protecting exclusive rights to RIA and means of individualization are carried out, in particular, by presenting a requirement (Article 1251 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation):

• 1) on the recognition of the right - to a person who denies or otherwise does not recognize the right, thereby violating the interests of the right holder;
• 2) on the intersection of actions that violate the right or create a threat of its violation;
• 3) on compensation for losses - to a person who unlawfully used the result of intellectual activity;
• 4) on the seizure of a counterfeit material carrier;
• 5) on the publication of a court decision on the violation committed, indicating the actual copyright holder.

The right holder has the right to demand from the infringer compensation for losses, payment of compensation, compensation for moral damage for each case of unlawful use of the result of intellectual activity or means of individualization.

The law provides for criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary liability for violation of intellectual property rights. The legislator is on the way of strengthening responsibility for violation of intellectual property rights. Legal regulation of new objects of legal protection has been introduced: know-how (secrets of production), commercial designations, RIA as part of a single technology, a complex object, related rights of a database manufacturer and a publisher of works of science, literature and art, etc.

Scientific research can be divided into fundamental, exploratory and applied (Table 1)

Table 1 - Types of research work

Fundamental and prospecting works are usually not included in the product life cycle. However, on their basis, ideas are generated that can be transformed into R&D projects.

Applied R&D is one of the stages life cycle products. scientific research experimental design

Their task is to answer the question: "Is it possible to create a new type of product and with what characteristics?"

The procedure for conducting research is regulated by GOST 15.101-80. The specific composition of the stages and the nature of the work performed within their framework are determined by the specifics of R&D.

• 1) development of terms of reference (TOR) for research;
• 2) choice of research areas;
• 3) theoretical and experimental research;
• 4) generalization and evaluation of research results.

An approximate list of works at the stages of research and development is given in table 2.

Table 2 - Stages of R&D and the scope of work on them

6.4. Scientific training production

6.4.1. Research work (R&D)

Scientific research can be divided into fundamental, exploratory and applied (table 6.2).

Table 6.2

Research work

Directly to the processes of creating new goods are applied R&D.

Fundamental and exploratory R&D are usually not included in the scope of work on the creation and development of new products.

The procedure for conducting research work (R&D) of an applied nature is regulated by GOST 15.101.-80.

The main stages of research:

1) development of terms of reference (TOR) for R&D;
2) choice of research direction;
3) theoretical and experimental research;
4) generalization and evaluation of research results.

The specific composition of the stages and work on them is determined, of course, by the specifics of R&D. An approximate list of works at the stages of research is given in Table. 6.3.

Table 6.3

Stages and scope of research work

6.4.2. Development work (R&D)

After the completion of applied research, subject to the positive results of an economic analysis that satisfies the company in terms of its goals, resources and market conditions, they begin to perform development work (R&D). R&D is the most important link in the materialization of the results of previous R&D. Based on the results of research, new products are created and tested.

The main stages of R&D (GOST 15.001-73):

1. Development of technical specifications for R&D.
2. Technical proposal.
3. Preliminary design.
4. Technical design.
5. Development of working documentation for the manufacture and testing of a prototype.
6. Preliminary testing of the prototype.
7. State (departmental) testing of a prototype.
8. Development of documentation based on test results.

An approximate list of works at the stages of R&D is given in Table. 6.4.

Table 6.4

Approximate list of works at the stages of R&D

6.5. Evaluation of the effectiveness of research and development work

The probabilistic nature of R&D results complicates the assessment of economic efficiency and leads to their step-by-step determination with an increasing degree of accuracy. In the early stages of implementation design work Calculations are predictive in nature and include:

Feasibility study of expected results;
- selection of a base for comparison and reduction of options to a comparable form;
- calculation of pre-production and capital costs in the field of production and operation;
- calculation and analysis of indicators of economic efficiency.

Annual economic effect and economic efficiency in the operation of new products.

Methods for calculating the annual economic effect depend on whether the annual productivity of products differs in the compared options. If their annual productivity is equal (Q H = Q A), the calculation of the annual economic effect is based on the absolute values ​​of capital investments K and operating costs (expenses) AND:

At .

If, in the new version, the annual productivity of the product is higher than in the analogue , then the annual economic effect Eg is calculated on the basis of specific cost values ​​k, u:

At ,

where K is the absolute value of capital investments;
And - the absolute value of operating costs;
k - specific capital investments;
u - specific operating costs;
E n - rate of return.

During the economic evaluation of a new product, the payback period for additional investments and the return on investment (in our case, capital investments) are also calculated (see Section 4.8 of Topic 4).

Investments (capital investments) are made in order to bring a profit greater than the cost of acquiring capital by an entrepreneur or when investing capital by an investor in another business or placing capital in a bank at interest. Therefore, to analyze new projects associated with the need to make a profit, often use the rate of return corresponding to different types capital investments. The use in the calculations of one or another value of the rate of return depends entirely on the entrepreneur and investor, the goals of the company and the specific market situation. However, it is possible to recommend approximate values ​​of E n depending on the types of capital investments mentioned above (Table 6.5).

Table 6.5

Rates of return depending on the types of investments

Estimated profitability(accounting rate of return) of capital investments are estimated by the ratio

Payback period calculated as the reciprocal of the estimated profitability (accounting rate of return):

The value of the rate of return E n can also be taken equal to the actual return on investment best projects in a similar direction, the real interest rate on the capital market or bank interest. The real interest rate is the nominal interest rate expressed in current prices but adjusted for inflation.

The developed product in operation is cost-effective if the inequality is observed.

Within the limits of compliance with this inequality, it is possible to change the price level of a new product depending on the goals pursued by entrepreneurs (developer and manufacturer).

If the strategy of capital owners is the strategy of "skimming the cream", that is, extracting the maximum profit during the billing period, then the most likely decision will be to set the maximum price for a new product that the market can only withstand (products will remain competitive and will be successfully sold during the billing period). ).

With a strategy of "deep market penetration" (gaining market share), prices can be reduced to the minimum level at which inequality is observed among the producer.

If during the operation of a new development (new product) there is an increase in profits and a decrease in the cost of manufactured products or work (in an organization using a new development), the annual economic effect can be calculated by the formula

,

where P a is the annual profit from the operation of an analogue product available at the enterprise (machine, device, etc.);
Q is the volume of production (works);
Q n - during the operation of a new product development;
Q a - during the operation of the product development available at the enterprise);
Z n, Z a - the cost of manufactured products, respectively, during the operation of a new product and an analogue product;
K - additional investment in new product development;
E n - rate of return.

When determining the annual economic effect, it is necessary to ensure the comparability of the compared options for a new product and an analogue product in terms of such indicators as:

The volume of products (work) produced with the help of a new product;
- quality parameters;
- time factor;
- social factors of production and use of products.

Comparability in terms of the volume of products produced with the help of a new product and an analogue product was considered earlier.

It should also be taken into account that the transition from single to serial and mass production significantly reduces the cost of a unit of production by reducing the share of semi-fixed costs and increasing the level of mechanization of processes.

An analogue product and a newly developed product must be qualitatively comparable. Depending on the purpose and conditions of its operation, qualitative indicators of comparability can be, for example, reliability, durability, maintainability, power consumption, weight, dimensions, accuracy, speed, degree of automation, etc.

If an analogue product does not provide the performance of any function that is available in a new product, then additional funds should be provided for it, necessary to bring this indicator to the level of a new product.

In the designed products, there may be several indicators that must be taken into account when determining the overall quality indicator. Usually define specific gravity importance of each indicator in general characteristics new development. They are then evaluated by point system(for example, ten points). The scoring is made by an expert (Table 6.6).

The integral indicator (coefficient) of quality (K and) of a new product is determined by the formula

where n is the number of product parameters;
a i - weight coefficient of importance of the i-th parameter;
b in, b ia are the values ​​of this parameter, respectively, of a new product and an analogue product, evaluated by experts in points.

Calculation of the annual economic effect in the production of new products

Annual economic effect in the production (development) of new products E g

,

where P h - profit from the sale of new products after paying taxes and interest on loans;
K - capital investments.

In the case when a new product is mastered instead of an analogue product,

where - respectively, the economic effect in the production of a new product and an analogue product.

If capital investments are associated with the commissioning of fixed assets, depreciation deductions (A d) can be taken into account when calculating the annual economic effect, then

In this case, the annual profitability of capital investments for the development of new products is estimated by the ratio

The criterion for making a decision on the development of new products in the production is

(or ),

where and - respectively, the payback period of investments: calculated and standard.

The indicator of the economic effect from the production of new products should be a positive value, which means the excess of the return on investment (capital investment) over the norm E n.

When calculating when bringing income and costs to one point in time (t 0), you need to solve the following problem. Find the value at which the integral economic effect for the calculation period (term of the economic life of investments) Ei would be equal to zero:

at ,

where - profit from the sale of new products of the t-th year;
- capital investments of the t-th year;
T is the number of years of the investment life cycle;
J q - discount factor.

This method of calculation is discussed in detail in the course "Analysis of economic activity".

Taking into account the time factor in assessing the economic efficiency of research and development

When performing economic calculations at the stages of research and development, it must be taken into account that capital investments, as a rule, are made in the years preceding the start of production of new products at the manufacturer and prior to the start of operation of these systems. Therefore, all indicators of income and costs are considered reduced to one point in time - the first year of the billing period (the beginning of the manufacture or operation of new products). If necessary, such a reduction is done by dividing the indicators of a given year by the discount factor Jq:

where t is the number of years between year t, to which this indicator refers, and year "0" - the first year of the calculation period.

In the economic calculations of indicators after the billing year, they are brought to the calculated "0" year by multiplying by the discount factor.

Determination of production costs of products at the stages of research and development

At the stages of research and development, there is still no data on the technology of manufacturing a new product, its labor intensity and material consumption, therefore, determining production costs at these stages presents certain difficulties. At the same time, a comprehensive economic analysis, both in production and in the field of operation, is necessary to make decisions about the feasibility of new developments.

Approximate cost calculations, in these cases, are carried out by establishing analogies between the created product and the previously created product based on the analysis of its parameters, elements and functions. Most often, the cost price is calculated using one of the following methods:

According to specific indicators;
- by specific weight costs;
- scoring;
- correlation;
- normative calculation.

Method of specific indicators

When calculating according to this method, it is assumed that the costs change in proportion to the change in the defining parameter of the product (for example, power consumption, performance, speed, etc.).

Typically, indicators such as the cost per unit of weight, the cost per unit of power, speed, the cost of one function, etc. are used.

The unit cost of the selected parameter is determined on the basis of the statistical data of the analogue product.

The cost of a new product Z n is determined as the product of the specific cost Z ud ​​by the value of the main parameter of the new product X n:

Calculations of this type can be refined with the help of differentiated specific indicators, such as the cost of materials Z m.ud and labor intensity t ud per unit of the main parameter. Then

where C t is the hourly rate of a piece worker (or the hourly rate of a time worker);
- coefficients taking into account, respectively, shop, factory and non-production costs.

Weighted cost method

This method is based on calculating one of the costing items of a new product in a direct way, for example, the cost of basic materials and components, and determining the cost of a new product, based on the assumption that the share of this article in the cost structure of a new product will be equal to the share of this article in the cost structure of an analogue product:

Point method

The method of points is based on the assessment of the main technical and operational characteristics of products by conditional points, for example, according to a ten-point system.

The scoring procedure is performed using line graphs (Figure 6.8) or tables (Table 6.6).

Rice. 6.8 Graph of the scoring of parameters A and B for two types of materials M c and M d (n - new product; a - analogue product)

Table 6.6

Table of scoring parameters X i of a new product (H) and an analogue product (a)

The scores established for each parameter by an expert are summed up for a new product and an analogue product separately.

The calculation of the cost of a new product Z n is carried out according to the formula

,

where is the value multiplier obtained by dividing the actual cost of the analogue product For by the sum of points corresponding to its technical characteristics:

where a i is the weighting coefficient of importance of the i-th product parameter.

The method of points is applicable in the early stages of design for rough cost calculations only if the principle of proportional dependence of costs on parameters is preserved.

Correlation Method

The method is based on the correlation dependence of the cost on any parameters of the product.

This dependence can be expressed either as a linear equation

or in the form of a power dependence (with a curvilinear form of the correlation field)

For i=1, ..., n,

where Z n - cost;
x i - considered parameter;
- constants characterizing the degree of influence of the considered parameter on the cost price.

On the basis of statistical data for 3-5 years on the production of analogous products, it is possible to determine the trends in the cost of change and, if the results of research and development do not radically change the structure and value of the cost, determine the coefficients of the equation (using the least squares method).

So, for example, the equation for the relationship between the cost of Z n (for a group of semiconductor devices) and the labor intensity of manufacturing tpcs, the yield factor of suitable K v.g, the production volume Q and the year of manufacture T has the following form:

The process of establishing correlation dependencies is very time-consuming, it requires the selection of a large statistical material on analogous products, but the accuracy of determining the cost of costs in the early stages of design increases.

Standard costing method

The standard costing method (see topic 4, section 4.3) is the most accurate method for determining the cost of products, but the lack of reliable standard data on actual production costs makes it impossible in the early stages of design.

Method of average cost of functional elements

The method is based on the limited set of functional elements in the manufacture of the product and is mainly used in instrumentation. The average cost of some classes of functional elements differs slightly. The average cost of phase detectors, modulators, UPT triggers and other elements is almost the same for all radio equipment. This allows you to determine the cost of a product (device) by summing up the costs of functional elements, taking into account their class:

,

where n is the number of different classes in a given device;
N i - number of elements of one class;
S i - average cost of a functional element;
W sb - the cost of the overall layout and adjustment.

The values ​​of n and N i are most often known or can be determined at the stage of preliminary design. The average cost of a functional element is determined by dividing the cost of a block of the same i-th class of an analogue device by the number of functional elements in the device. The costs associated with the overall layout, setup and adjustment of the instrument are determined by any known methods of determining the cost. The total error of the deviation of the actual cost from the calculated one is no more than 10%, which is quite acceptable for economic calculations at the early stages of design.

Accounting for price changes when determining the cost (cost indexation)

To determine the overall level of cost increases, it is necessary to determine private indices of price changes for individual components and take into account the share of these costs in total costs. The summary index of change in the cost price I can be determined by the formula

where n is the number of individual components;
- the share of material, labor costs and (or) costs for the sale of products and other costs;
- index of changes in prices for materials, consumer prices, average wages, product sales prices, etc.

When determining the change in cost, it is advisable to take into account only the main cost items, that is, those costs that are directly related to ensuring the release of products.

Calculation and comparison of capital investments for new products of compared options

The calculation of capital investments of the consumer is given earlier (section 4.5 of topic 4).

Calculation and comparison of specific capital investments

In cases where the annual productivity of new products (for example, devices) in the compared options is not the same, it is necessary to compare not absolute, but specific values ​​of capital investments:

,

where k - specific capital investments in the new (k n) and the old (k a) version;
K - the absolute value of capital investments in the new (K n) and former (K ​​a) options;
Q - annual productivity of the product (Q n - new; Q a - analogue).

6.6. Market testing of goods (trial marketing)

At successful completion functional testing of a new product, many firms produce market tests (trial marketing). The problem of conducting market trials of new products depends on many factors, the main of which are the following:

The goals and resources of the firm;
- type of product, expected volume of production and type of market;
- the degree of reliability of marketing information and research;
- the degree of firm confidence in the competitive success of a new product in the market;
- the company's policy in relation to risk;
- assessment of the time delay of the full range of work on the creation and development of a new product.

Deciding whether to conduct (or not to conduct) market tests, as well as deciding which design documentation (prototype, mass production) and in which production (pilot or serial) will be used to produce a pilot batch of a new product for trial marketing and whether to suspend or to continue pre-production work until the results of market tests are obtained - depend on the specific conditions of the functioning of the firm, its goals, resources, working methods and policies.

Purpose of Market Tests- testing the product in real-life conditions, identifying opinions, comments from consumers and salespeople about the features of its use and sales problems, as well as determining the size of the market and the overall sales forecast, i.e. production program.

Market test results and their use

Tests in market conditions provide management with information to make a final decision on the advisability of releasing a new product. If the firm goes into commercial production, it will face high costs for the completion of pre-production, the cost of capital property and development of production, the cost of distribution channels and promotion of the new product. At the same time, it must solve the following main questions - when, where, to whom and how to sell a new product.

WHEN. The first decision is made on the timeliness of the release of a new product on the market. If the new product undermines the sales of other similar products of the firm, or if further improvements can be made to its design, it is likely that the introduction of the new product to the market will be delayed.

WHERE. A decision is made on the sale of goods in certain geographical markets or on a national or international scale. In the absence of sufficient confidence, funds and opportunities to enter the national market with a new product, a time schedule for the consistent development of markets is established.

TO WHOM. The most profitable markets in the group of developed markets are selected and sales promotion efforts are concentrated to develop them.

HOW. An action plan is being developed for the consistent launch of a new product on the markets - a marketing plan.

The answers to these questions, simple in form, but extremely complex in their essence, have an impact on the further course of preparation for production and the industrial development of new goods, since they determine:

The production capacity of the company;
- type of production;
- production structure;
- production schedule by years.

The name and content of the R&D stages are currently not regulated by Russian regulatory documents.

In the USSR, there was GOST 15.101-80 "System for the development and launch of products for production. The procedure for conducting research. Basic provisions", which regulated the planning and conduct of research, preceding the development of new products in all industries, except for defense and food.

This GOST provided for the following stages of research:

Development of technical specifications for research.

Choice of research direction.

Theoretical and experimental studies.

Generalization and evaluation of research results.

These stages are divided into the following sections.

Stage 1"Development of terms of reference for research":

1. Purpose and initial data for conducting research.

2. Stages of research.

3. Basic requirements for the implementation of research.

4. Method of implementation.

5. List of technical documentation to be submitted after completion of research.

6. The order of consideration and acceptance of R&D.

7. Feasibility study.

Stage 2"Selecting the direction of research":

1. Drawing up an analytical review.

2. Formulation of several possible tasks and their comparative evaluation.

3. Choice and justification of the accepted research direction.

4. Comparison of expected indicators from the implementation of R&D with the best analogues.

5. Evaluation of economic efficiency.

6. Development of a general methodology for conducting research (program and work schedule).

Stage 3"Theoretical and experimental studies":

1. Development of working hypotheses, construction of models of the object of study, substantiation of assumptions.

2. Identification of the need for experimental studies.

3. Development of experimental methodology, preparation of test equipment.

4. Conducting an experiment, processing the obtained data.

5. Comparison of experimental data with theoretical studies.

6. Correction of the theoretical model of the object.

7. Carrying out additional experiments.

8. Conducting feasibility studies.

Stage 4"Generalization and evaluation of research results":

1. Generalization of all stages of research. Evaluation of the completeness of studies.

2. Carrying out (if necessary) additional research.

4. Formulation of technical requirements for the terms of reference for the development of new products.

5. Compilation and execution of a research report.

6. Consideration of the results of research and acceptance of work.

The allocation of stages and sections of research in most cases is determined by the traditions of research teams. So, for example, at the Department of Technology for the Processing of Plastics at the UGLTA, when planning and implementing research, the following mandatory sections are provided:

Clarification of the goals and objectives of research.

Drawing up an analytical review.

Choice and substantiation of research direction.

Preparation for conducting research.

Conducting research.

Generalization and evaluation of research results.

Registration and examination of research results.

You may have a question: "Why do you need to know the classification of sections and stages of research? After all, the main thing for science is a good idea!"

There is no doubt that without good ideas there is no good scientific research. However, it often happens that great ideas die only because the author does not know how to put them into practice. Therefore, the success of scientific research largely depends on the knowledge and skills ("technique") of planning and conducting research.

I will not acquaint you in detail with the specifics and recommendations for the implementation of all sections of the research work, but will focus only on some issues that are most often encountered in practice (including student practice) and are not clearly stated in the literature.

Where to start R&D? It is recommended to start R&D by clarifying the goals and objectives of all stages of scientific research, including the R&D itself, and after that proceed to the search for information and compiling an analytical review on the research topic.

Example. You had an idea to get a cure for AIDS from oak wood, which, according to known data, has an antibacterial effect. Obviously, the volume, content, timing and costs of research will significantly depend on the ultimate goal of the scientific research (what are you going to get after the completion of the scientific research: industrial production a new drug or just a patent-protected method of obtaining it?). Only after clarifying the ultimate goals of scientific research is it recommended to proceed to the plan for compiling an analytical review.