- an unconjugated verb form expressing a sign of a person, an object that arose as a result of an action: comrade(which?), arrived from Moscow(comrade who came from Moscow);
book(which?), read me(the book I read).

The participle combines the grammatical features of a verb and an adjective. In it, as in the verb, it differs,; the participle governs the same case as the verb, the same adverbs can adjoin the participle as to the verb. But at the same time, the participle declines and agrees with the noun in gender, number and case, like an adjective.

Participles are divided into valid and passive present and past tense. There is no future participle tense.

Valid participles

Valid participles denote a sign of a person, object, resulting from the actions of this person, object: reading student book, standing table in the room.
Real participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, retain the control inherent in the verb; real participles from reflexive verbs retain the particle (meeting, met, met).

Formation of real participles

Active present participles formed only from verbs perfect look by adding the present tense to the stem (for the first conjugation) or -ash-/-box-
push-ut - push-ush-th (writing, writing, writing),
know - knowing (knowing, knowing, knowing),
knock-at - knock-ash-th (knocking, knocking, knocking),
pageó -yat - stró -box (pageó building, building, building).

Real past participles are formed from imperfective and perfective verbs by adding a suffix to the basis of the past tense -vsh-(after a vowel) or -sh-(after a consonant) plus generic adjective endings: wrote-l(non-Nov.) - write-vsh-th, wrote-l(owl) - write-vsh-th, carried(non-Nov.) - brought sh-th, brought(owl) - brought sh-th.

Passive participles

Passive participles indicate a sign of a person, an object undergoing some action: book, read comrade(a book read by a friend); house, built workers(the house that the workers built). Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs.

The formation of passive participles

Passive present participles are formed from imperfective verbs by adding a suffix to the stem of the present tense -eat-(for the first conjugation) or -them-(for the second conjugation) plus the generic endings of the adjective:
read - read-em-th (readable, readable, readable),
vúd-im - vúd-im-th (visible, visible, visible).

From many transitive imperfective verbs, passive participles of the present tense are not formed (for example, from protect, beat, shave, bend, warm, hold, fry, measure, wash, crumple, drink, drown, clean, sew etc.).

Passive past participles are formed from transitive imperfective and perfective verbs by adding suffixes to the stem of the past tense -nn- , -enn- , -t- plus the generic endings of the adjective: read-l - chúta-nn-th, brought - brought-yonn-th, closed-l - closed-t-th.

Suffix -nn- joins past tense stems ending in a vowel and I, sometimes e:sow-l - sow-nn-th, out-l - out-n-th.

Suffix -enn- (or -yonn- ) is attached to stems ending in a consonant (see above for an example) or in a vowel and , which drops out (in this case, the final consonants of the stem alternate, similar to the alternations in the formation of the 1st liter of the present or future simple tense): kupú-l - purchased-enn-th(cf. buy), ask-l - ask-enn-th(cf. ask).

Suffix -t- joins the stems of verbs ending in the indefinite form in -no, -ot, -eret , and to monosyllabic stems (the prefix is ​​not taken into account): pulled out(from take out) - taken out,number(from prick) - number one, wiped(from wipe) — wiped, bi-l(from beat) — bú-t-th(similarly: nailed, broken).

The most common are passive past participles from perfective verbs.

Participle Declension

Participles are declined like full adjectives: real participles are declined like adjectives with stems on w, w(for example, general, good), passive participles - modeled on adjectives with a solid consonant stem (for example, new): reading-th, reading-him ... reading-th, reading-him .., hú tann-th, hú tann-th etc.

Passive participles of the present and past tenses have a short form, which is formed similarly to the short form of adjectives: masculine - without ending, feminine - with ending -a , neuter - with the ending -about , plural - with the ending -s (for all births): from favorite - love, love-a, love-o, love-s; from brought-ny - brought, brought-a. brought-o, brought-s.
In a sentence, short participles, like short adjectives, are used as a predicate (in combination with or without an auxiliary verb): Score closed; window was closed;
Books will be bought .

• ← Communion →

A selection of rules: participle (definition, signs, pledge of participle, declension, orthograms).

Participle- this is an independent part of speech, which denotes a sign of an object that manifests itself in time by action, refers to a noun or pronoun and answers questions which? which? which? which? (whitening, deciding, listening).

signs

1. Permanent signs

• pledge (real, passive);
• time (present, past);
• perfect (from perfective verbs), imperfect (from imperfective verbs);
• transitivity (transitive (from transitive verbs), intransitive (from intransitive verbs);
• recurrence (from verbs that are not used without -СЯ).

2. Non-permanent signs

• genus (male, female, middle);
• number (singular, plural);
• the form (full, short);
• case (only for the full form);
• recurrence (from verbs having a form with and without the suffix -sya).

Communion Pledge

• valid- denote signs of objects that themselves produce an action ( waiting passenger).
• passive- are formed only from transitive verbs and denote signs of such objects on which actions are performed ( expected train).

Full and short participles

Full form have all participles (decorated).

short form only passive participles have perfect form ( decorated).
Short forms of participles change by gender and number.

Participle Declension

The participle in changes by number, by case, by gender.

initial participle form- nominative masculine.

• Nominative case — reading(m.r.), reading(female), reading(s.r.).
• Genitive — reading(m.r.), reading(female), reading(s.r.).
• Dative — reading(m.r.), reading(female), reading(s.r.).
• Accusative — reading(m.r.), reading(female), reading(s.r.).
• Instrumental case — reading(m.r.), reading(female), reading(s.r.).
• Prepositional- (about) reading(m.r.), (o) reading(female), (o) reading(s.r.).

Spelling participle suffixes

Valid participles

• -USCH-, -USCH- are written in real participles of the present tense, formed from verbs of the I conjugation ( count Yusch uh, write yi uy).
• -ASCH-, -YASCH- are written in real participles of the present tense, formed from verbs of II conjugation ( glue crate uh, tremble ash uy).
• -VSh- form vsh ooh, hearing vsh uy).
• -SH- written in the real participles of the past tense (formed from verbs of an indefinite form) ( passed w uh, grew up w uy).

Passive participles

• -EM-, -OM- are written in passive present participles formed from verbs of the I conjugation ( carried away eat oh, ved ohm th).
• -THEM- is written in the passive participles of the present tense, formed from verbs of the II conjugation ( view them oh, listen them th).
• -T- written in the passive past participles ( pony t oh, I'll wrap t th).
• -HH- written in passive past participles formed by adding -HH- to suffixes -AND I- verbs of indefinite form ( heard nn oh, dispel nn th).
• -ENN-, -ENN- are written in passive past participles formed from verbs of an indefinite form by replacing suffixes -ET, -IT (resentment enn oh, no wind enn oh, shot enn th).

REMEMBER! glimpse - glimmering, basing - basing

Spelling -Н- and -НН- in participles

-NN- is written:

• in perfect participles (decide nn th problem);
• if there is a prefix ( except NOT) (read nn th book);
• if there is a dependent word ( wound nn saber fighter);
• in participles on - EVAN / - EVAN(marinova nn th cucumbers). Exceptions: chewing n oh, cova n th.

-N- is written:

• in short participles ( eat pizza n a);
• if there is no prefix ( baptized n th baby);
• if there is no dependent word ( more beautiful n th floor);
• if there is a prefix NOT- (uglier n th floor).

REMEMBER: a dead man - a report finished on time, a named brother - named above, a planted father - a tree planted in the park, a bride's dowry - given to something.

REMEMBER!

These participles without prefixes are written with -НН-: bought, deprived, abandoned, decided, promised, born, caught, forgiven, captivated, given, offended, seen, read.

Spelling not in participles

NOT spelled CONTINUOUSLY:

• with participles that are without NOT not used ( not visible, not fit);
• with participles formed from verbs with a prefix UNDER- (under considered);
• if there are no dependent words or opposition ( not observed error).

NOT spelled SEPARATELY:

• in the presence of dependent words ( not no one noticed a mistake);
• in the presence of opposition ( not noticed but missed error);
• with short passive participles ( error not noticed).

Participial

A participle with dependent words is called participle turnover. In the sentence, participial turnover and participle are a separate or non-separate agreed definition.

Participle- part of speech, which is a special form of the verb, which denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.

As a verb form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) slumbering(what to do? - doze off); jumping cat(what to do? - jump off);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) Dozing, cat (what?) Escaped);
• Returnability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic signs of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some of the characteristics of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).

Participles are real and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in the sentence plays the role of the nominal part compound predicates. For example: Textbook disclosed on the tenth page.

Participles are able to decline in cases, numbers and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Participles real and passive are formed with the help of suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are the participles that denote a sign that is created in one object under the action of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) Drawn or drawn by a student.

They are formed from the stems of the verb in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) - for verbs of I conjugation
• -im- for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Real participles.

Real Communion- this is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes

For others.

Interpretations of participles are different. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as independent part speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Do not be surprised, therefore, if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. Deciding which point of view to follow depends on the answers to some questions:

1. How many parts of speech are distinguished in Russian?
2. What form: the indefinite form of the verb or participle in the form of m.r. unit I.p. - consider the initial form?
3. What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does the verb have?

• Because he sees no reason to separate them into a separate part of speech.
• Because he patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the philological faculty of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
• Because he considers this position not only scientifically sound and consistent with common sense and a broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for children.

My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant for many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that the children easily, automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the spelling of the suffixes of the present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verbal stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from the 6th grade to the 11th. If we consider the participle as a verb form, then the question of finding the initial form, which constantly arises in the course of learning, will contribute to the development of the child, the awareness of the unified nature of verb forms, the originality of the verbal categories of aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are easier to orient themselves in distinguishing between participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, it is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study foreign languages(the attribution of participles to verbal forms has a common origin), since such an interpretation is supported by the material of foreign languages, such as English.

§2. General characteristics of the sacrament

1. Meaning: sign of the object by action. Questions: what? doing what? what did he do? what did he do?

2. Morphological features: Features of the morphological form: participles have the features of both a verb and an adjective.

• Constant (immutable) features are the features of the verb:
  • type: SV and NSV,
  • transitivity,
  • recurrence,
  • tense (present and past)
  • pledge.
• Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:
  • number,
  • case,
  • fullness-brevity (for passive participles).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence. In a sentence, full participles, like full adjectives, are a definition or part of the predicate, and short participles, like short adjectives, are only part of the predicate.

More:
for verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb.
for morphological features of the adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.

§3. Participle forms

Participles are: real and passive.

What does it mean?
We know that the participle denotes a sign of an object by action.
A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the attribute of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any sign, but only one that in a real situation is associated with an action. Loving mother- this is the one who loves, sleeping baby- this is the baby who sleeps, studied at school items are subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:

1) the action is carried out by the object itself,
2) the action is performed on the object by some producer of the action.

Valid participles

If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called valid. Examples:

Boy sitting on the windowsill...

defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sits)

Girl talking on the phone...

defined word girl, definition chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)

Passive participles

If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:

Tableware, washed in the dishwasher, sparkled like new.

Defined word tableware, the definition of dishwasher-washed (dishes didn't wash themselves, someone else did).

Essay, what I wrote last week is lost.

Defined word essay, definition written by me last week(the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself).

Passive participles have a full and short form.

§four. Full - short form of passive participles

Varieties of tulips bred in Holland are highly valued all over the world.

bred- full form

These varieties of tulips are bred in Holland.

withdrawn- short form

The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives.
Full forms vary by numbers, by gender (in the singular), and by cases. Examples:

Variety dark, almost black rose, bred in France, called Edith Piaf.

bred- unit, m.r., I.p.

We live in the country occupying one sixth of the land.

occupying- sing., w.r., p.p.

Our at home, located in the neighborhood, were not at all similar.

located- pl., I.p.

Short forms change in numbers and in singular. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:

The book was written and submitted to the publisher.
The novel has been written and has already been published.
The essay was written and published in a magazine.
Letters written and sent.

§5. Participle formation

Different verbs have a different number of participial forms. It depends on the form and transitivity of the verb.

NSV transitive verbs have 4 forms of participles:

reading,
reading
3) passive participle of the present tense: readable,
4) passive past participle: read.
Verb read NSV. From the NSV verbs, forms of both the past and the present tense are possible.

Transitive verbs ST have 2 forms of participles:

1) real past participle: bought,
2) passive past participles: bought.
Verb buy ST. Present tense forms from CB verbs are not possible.

Intransitive verbs NSV have 2 forms of participles:

1) real participle of the present tense: walking,
2) real past participle: walking.
Verb walk NSV. From the NSV verbs, forms of the past and present tense are possible.

Intransitive verbs ST have a single participle form:

real past participles: absentee.
Verb take a walk NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.

Attention:

Past participles are possible from CB verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. Participles do not have a future tense.
From transitive verbs, forms of both real and passive participles can be formed. From intransitive - only real participles. The formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs is impossible.

Exceptions:

• some transitive verbs do not have passive present participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Beaten, hand-written, sewn, swept- forms of passive participles of the past tense;
• some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. beloved, desired- forms of passive participles of the present tense;
• from the verb take forms of passive participles are not formed.

Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesov. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.

For the spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling participles.

§6. Participles - not participles: verbal adjectives

Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
Participle - if the object is involved in the action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: type, time.
Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent sign: frozen products, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.

1. Full form

one). The word in full form with suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:

• verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass(from mow- NSV);
• participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words with it: bought newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut until mid-July ( until mid July- dependent words)

2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:

• verbal adjective, if it is formed from an intransitive verb: combustible (from burn down- intransitive gl.), conceivable (from think- intransitive gl.), unfading (from fade- intransitive gl.);
• participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: declined (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from sweep), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.

2. Short form

In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung., The linen was washed.(action in the past, the result is relevant in the present). Can add: just now, for example: The letter is written just now. It can be transformed into a passive construction without changing the meaning: The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung.

In short adjectives, the sign is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. That is her these characteristics are common. Can't add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive construct.

§7. Participial

A participial turnover is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.

Do not confuse:

The dependent and defined word is different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle belongs, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that propagates the participle. Its form depends on the form of the sacrament.

Fog, which fell on the river at night, dissipated during the day.

Defined word - fog. Participle - drooping, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog(which?) drooping- unit, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: drooping(for what?) to the river- V.p.

Participial - descended on the river at night.

test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are permanent participle features?

2. Is it correct to assume that participles change like adjectives?

3. What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?

   • Defined word
   • dependent word

4. What participles do not have short forms?

   • Valid
   • In the suffering
   • Everyone has

5. How do short forms of participle change?

   • By cases

6. How do the full forms of the participle change?

   • By cases
   • By numbers and in the singular - by gender
   • By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender

7. What determines how many participial forms do different verbs have?

   • From recurrence of verbs
   • From verb conjugation

8. What verbs have all 4 forms of participles: real present tense, real past tense, passive present tense, passive past tense?

   • Transitional NAFs
   • Transitional SW

9. Which verbs have only 1 participle form: real past tense?

   • Intransitive NSV
   • Intransitive SW
   • Transitional NSV
   • Transitional SW

10. How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs CB?

11. How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs NSV?

Right answers:

1. dependent word
2. Valid
3. By numbers and in the singular - by gender
4. By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
5. From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
6. Transitional NAFs
7. Intransitive SW

• A16. Vowels in personal verb endings and participle suffixes

In contact with

The participle is a special part of speech, which is a verbal form, denotes a sign by action. It should be noted that being a verbal form, pr-e has some morphological features of the verb: aspect and tense for each verbal form, transitivity and reflexivity can be distinguished in some verbal forms.

Features of the part of speech

The sacrament answers the question:

• Which?
• Doing what?
• What did you do?
• What has done?

Here are some examples: melting snow (doing what?), melting snow (doing what), melting snow (doing what?), sown field (what?). It should be noted that the question "what?" can be set to all of the above, incl.

Since this part of speech answers the question "what?" and signifies action, it has several morphological features of an adjective: number, gender, case.

This part of speech has its own special morphemic features - suffixes:

• ushch (yusch) - ashch (box)
• vsh (sh)
• em-im (om)
• enn (yonn)

These suffixes distinguish it from other parts of speech.

In a sentence, it plays the role of an agreed definition or predicate.

For example:

• A melting snowflake lies on my palm. In this sentence, "melting" is the agreed definition and is underlined by a wavy line.
• snowflake melting. In this sentence, "melting" is part of a compound nominal predicate with an omitted linking verb (modality of the present tense).

About half of all participles have a short form. The short form is formed from the full form by truncation of the morphemic suffix. It is important not to confuse the short adjective form with the short participle form.

In Russian, this part of speech is of two types: real and passive.

Real Communion

The real participle denotes the object or person who himself performs the action.

For example: A running person (a person performs an action on his own), melting snow (snow performs an action on his own).

• Present tense suffixes: ush-yusch, ash-box.
• Past tense suffixes: vsh (sh).

These suffixes will help determine the time and type of the sacrament. All real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of verbs of the same form.

It should be noted that suffixes usch (yusch) form this part of speech from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes asch-yash - from the verb of the second conjugation. For example: "sower" is formed from the verb "sow" of the first present tense conjugation using the suffix "yusch".

Passive Communion

The passive form denotes a sign according to the action of that object, which itself this action does not perform (experiences this action on the part of another object or person).

For example: a reed swayed by the wind (a reed that is swayed by the wind, the reed itself did not perform this action), a sown field (a field that someone sowed, the field did not perform the action itself).

• Present tense suffixes of the passive pr-tion: am-em-im
• Passive past tense suffixes: n, t.

Passive present participle formed in the same way as the real, only other suffixes are used. When forming the past participle with the help of suffixes nn, t the stem of the infinitive from which this part of speech was formed is preserved.

Exception! When forming a passive participle from the verb to "it", the stem of the infinitive will be cut off and a suffix will be added to it enn.

The passive participle can be formed from a single intransitive verb. For example: The words managed and led are formed from the verbs manage and lead, which are intransitive.

The passive form of the past tense is formed from full perfective and imperfective verbs. However, there are very few participles formed from imperfective verbs in Russian.

It is impossible to form such forms from verbs: seek, take, love, write, sew, revenge, beat. The verb "to give" has the exclusive form "given".

It should be noted that there are several verbs in -sti- and -st-, the forms of which are formed from the basis of the future tense.

• Example: Bring - reduced, spin - spun

A return postfix can be added to the passive lines of the present and past tense "sya"

• Example: Sold (books, buns), conceited (children, athletes).

Participial

Before finding out the role of these parts of speech in turnover, you need to understand what a turnover is. So, participial turnover is the creation of a phrase with dependent words. Both in complex and simple sentences participial turnover can be:

• Before the word being defined;
• after the defined word.

It should be noted that participial turnover is always a single member of the sentence, namely the agreed common definition.

For example:

Painting, , hanging in the hall of our museum. In this sentence, the participial phrase " written famous artist » is in front of the defined word "picture" and is an agreed common definition.

We hope that our article has helped you improve your knowledge of the Russian language and understand what full passive participle is.