Message topic Russian language modern world. The role and functions of the Russian language in the modern world

1. Introduction. General provisions . 3 2. The role of the Russian language in the world . 5

3. The Russian language is one of the world's leading languages. 7

4. Russian language in international communication. 9 5. Will the Russian language be among the world languages in the future. fourteen

6. Conclusion. 16

7. List of used literature. 17

Introduction. General provisions .

Russian is the official language Russian Federation. Belongs to the eastern group Slavic languages included in Indo-European family languages. Official language of the UN. It is used as a language of interethnic communication in the former Soviet republics of the USSR. The number of Russian-speaking St. 250 million people.

The invaluable wealth of the nation is the language - a kind of gene pool of national culture. The language in the life of the people performs ethno-differentiating and ethno-integrating functions, occupying not a secondary, secondary place somewhere on the periphery, but one of the leading ones, as it acts as the bearer of the spiritual independence of the nation. The loss of language for her is the loss of mutual understanding not only outside but also inside her.

Language is the main spiritual territory of the people. Those who call it the backbone of national culture are right. In Ancient Russia, the word "language" also had a second meaning - "people". To cherish one's native speech is a high moral sign of loyalty to the Motherland and the nation. These feelings were expressed with great artistic power during the years of the Great Patriotic War Anna Akhmatova.

“It’s not scary to lie down dead with bullets,

It's not bitter to stay white

And we will save you, Russian speech,

Great Russian word

We'll carry you free and clean

And we will give to our grandchildren, and we will save from captivity

The words of the Avar Rasul Gamzatov echo the feelings of the Russian poetess:

"And if tomorrow the language disappears,

I'm ready to die today »

In spite of wide use national-Russian bilingualism ( specific gravity fluent in Russian as a second language increased from 80.1% in 1970 to 83% in 1979), all nationalities use their native language (93.1% of the total population).

The Russian language is a familiar and convenient tool for spiritual communication. Pushkin bequeathed to the Russian language a dual mission - the mission of unity and the mission of preserving other languages and cultures. In the current conditions, it is the most important lever for the rapprochement of independent states. One remarkable fact should be recalled. In 1948, during the cold war» Allen Dulles taught: in order to destroy the USSR, it is not necessary atomic bomb, it is only necessary to inspire his peoples that they can do without knowledge of the Russian language. Economic, cultural and other ties are broken. The state will cease to exist.

THE ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE WORLD

The Russian language has been and continues to be one of the world's languages. According to estimates, the Russian language in terms of the number of people who speak it (500 million people, including more than 300 million abroad) ranks third in the world after Chinese (over 1 billion) and English (750 million). It is the official or working language in most authoritative international organizations (UN, IAEA, UNESCO, WHO, etc.).

At the end of the last century in the field of the functioning of the Russian language as a world language in a number of countries and regions, for various reasons, alarming trends emerged.

The Russian language found itself in the most difficult situation in the post-Soviet space. On the one hand, due to historical inertia, it still plays the role of a language of interethnic communication there. The Russian language in a number of CIS countries continues to be used in business circles, financial and banking systems, and in some government agencies. The majority of the population of these countries (about 70%) is still quite fluent in it.

On the other hand, the situation may change dramatically in a generation, as the process of destruction of the Russian-speaking space is underway (it has recently slowed down, but has not been stopped), the consequences of which are beginning to be felt today.

As a result of the introduction of the language of the titular nations as the only state language, the Russian language is gradually being squeezed out of socio-political and economic life, the field of culture, and the media. Reduced opportunities for education on it. Less attention is paid to the study of the Russian language in general education and professional educational institutions in which teaching is conducted in the languages of the titular nations.

The narrowing of the scope of the Russian language deeply affects, firstly, the rights of millions of our compatriots who ended up abroad as a result of the collapse of the USSR, and secondly, this does not meet the national interests of the newly independent states. An erroneous language policy can cause serious difficulties in the development of cooperation both within the framework of the CIS (economic and scientific and technical integration, the formation of a single educational space etc.) and in the sphere of mutual bilateral relations.

The problem of giving the Russian language a special status in the CIS and Baltic countries has acquired particular relevance and importance. This is a key factor in maintaining its position.

In the field of spreading the Russian language abroad, the most active activities are carried out by Russian center international scientific and cultural cooperation (Roszarubezhtsentr) under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, State Institute Russian language and literature. A.S. Pushkin, Center for the Development of the Russian Language and the Russian Society of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (ROPRYAL).

Of course, in the field of promoting the Russian language abroad, the problem of resources remains the most acute. Despite the emerging, as noted above, some positive developments, financial opportunities remain very limited. Currently, the issue of creating a fund to support the Russian language abroad, which could partially solve these problems, is being worked out.

Russian is one of the world's leading languages

The Russian language has been and continues to be one of the world's leading languages. According to the latest data, the Russian language in terms of the number of people who speak it (and this is over half a billion people) ranks third in the world after Chinese and English. Experts note that Russian belongs to those languages, the knowledge of which is in the interests of almost all states. It is no coincidence that today in about 80 countries of the world the Russian language is considered almost mandatory for learning. For example, in the Czech Republic, more students choose Russian as the language of study than French. In China, only English language more loved by students, and in Bulgaria the Russian language has moved from the 14th most popular language studied in schools to the second place. And as experts say, in the coming years, the popularity of the Russian language will only increase.

Sergey Morgunov, First Deputy Executive Director of the Russkiy Mir Foundation, agrees with this assessment: “According to our information, the Russian language is becoming more and more popular in various countries. This applies not only to people who come to work with us and have some kind of integration ties with Russia, but also to people who have some kind of relationship through family ties. This refers to our compatriots in some generations - the third or fourth and already forgetting the language. This interest is also growing due to the fact that Russia, as an active political player in last years, is highly significant on the world stage. Interest in Russian culture has always been quite high, but latest research conducted by our foundation, show a constant, active increase.”

The Russkiy Mir Foundation was established by decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin to create centers of the Russian language and Russian culture around the world. To date, the Foundation has opened more than 20 Russian centers in the USA, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, China, Estonia and Latvia. An important role in supporting the Russian language abroad, especially in the CIS, is also played by the Moscow government, which is implementing a number of programs to promote education in Russian. For example, in the Baltic countries the program "Scholarship of the Mayor of Moscow" is being implemented. During its operation, more than 500 people became scholarship holders. International Olympiads in the Russian language are held among schoolchildren from the CIS countries, and advanced training courses are organized for teachers of Russian-speaking schools in the near abroad. As a gift from Moscow, Russian-language schools in the former Soviet republics receive hundreds of thousands of textbooks every year. But, according to experts, this is still not enough. It is no coincidence that Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has repeatedly stressed that Moscow's growing role in the world arouses a logical interest in the Russian language and Russian culture. And one of the main tasks of the government is to make the Russian language one of the main languages in the world, so that in the future it will be spoken by over a billion people.

Russian language in international communication

Russian language in international communication. The Russian language is one of the most widespread and richest languages in the world, which are spoken outside the main territory of their distribution by representatives of different peoples, communicating not only with the native speakers of these languages, but also among themselves.
Just like English and some other languages used outside the countries for which they are state or official, the Russian language is widely used outside of Russia. It is used in various areas of international (interstate) communication, for example. acts as a "language of science" - a means of communication between scientists from different countries, a means of coding and storing universal knowledge (60-70% of all world information is published in English and Russian). Rus. language is a necessary accessory of world communication systems (radio broadcasts, air and space communications, etc.). English, Russian and some others, i.e. world languages are characterized not only by the specifics of social functions (for example, the function of lingua franca, i.e. an intermediary in the dissemination of knowledge and leveling their level in different countries; function of the language of diplomacy, international trade, transport, tourism; educational function - they teach young people in developing countries, etc.), but also by the conscious choice of these languages for study and use (recognition as a "foreign language", i.e. the subject of teaching in schools and universities in most countries; legal recognition as a "working language" in international organizations, primarily in the UN, at international congresses, etc.).
Rus. the language, in terms of the absolute number of those who speak it, ranks fifth in the world (after Chinese, Hindi and Urdu together, English and Spanish), but this feature is not the main one in determining the "world language". For a “world language”, it is not the number of people who speak it, especially as a native language, that is essential, but the global distribution of native speakers, the coverage of different countries, the maximum number of countries, as well as the most influential social strata of the population in different countries (for example, scientific, technical and creative intelligentsia, administrative apparatus). Before the collapse of the USSR, Russian. the language was studied by 20-24 million schoolchildren, students, and other persons in 91 countries, ch. arr. in the Eastern countries. Europe and other former so-called. socialist states. It was also recognized as the language of interethnic communication among all the peoples of the present "near abroad", even the "second native language" non-Russian. peoples living in the USSR. In the 90s. 20th century the number of Russian students. the language in the world (excluding the former republics of the USSR) is estimated at 10-12 million people. (a decrease in the number of those studying the Russian language occurred in the countries of Eastern Europe; in developed countries and a number of other countries, the relative number of those choosing the Russian language for study has increased). Cancellation of the obligation to study Russian. language in those countries that gave high statistics, led to an improvement in the quality of mastering Russian. language by those persons who study it free choice, without k.-l. coercion. Improving the level of proficiency in Russian. language contributes to the liberation of his teaching from the ideological coloring of the "language of communism", from the "political and educational function." Like other languages of wide international study and use, Rus. the language entered the "club of world languages" due to the action of social and linguistic factors. Social factors are associated with the importance of the native speaker of a given language in the history of mankind and its role, authority in modern world. Distribution of Russian. language in the countries of Europe and Asia comes from the 11th century. in an ascending line, Rus plays an important role in this process. classical 19th-century literary writer, he was promoted - often contradictory - by the events of the 20th century, including political, economic, social and other changes in Russia that began with the 2nd half. 80s 20th century
Linguistic factors are derived from historical-social, and not self-sufficient, erected to the "natural, innate superiority" of a given language (for example, to the type of its morphological structure, as the adherents of the superiority of English analytic grammar believed).Rus. language and other "world languages" are highly informative, that is, the ability to store in their system the maximum experience of communication and verbal creativity, tested means and possibilities for expressing and transmitting thoughts. Information value is the quality of the elements of the language themselves, but, naturally, it is closely dependent on the quantity and quality of information presented in long language in original and translated publications. The informational value is associated with the communicative efficiency of a given language, its ease of use for speakers of other languages.
In a concrete linguistic plan, the following are significant: the development of semantics, both lexical and grammatical, especially syntactic, stylistic and other differentiation of the dictionary, in particular, the presence of special terminologies; the adaptability of language to the expression of the subtlest shades of thoughts; the stability of the generally accepted standard (lit. language) and the degree of its normalization; the relationship between book and colloquial speech, as well as the state of the oral form lit. language; the degree of internationalization of language units and the preservation of their national identity; the nature of writing, etc. The function of an international intermediary requires the language not to become similar to other or all languages, but to be able to express everything that is expressed in them (this thesis is associated with the concept of “intertranslatability”).
Rus. the language, preserving its uniqueness and identity over a vast space and a long time, absorbed the riches of the languages of the West and East, mastered Greek-Byzantine, Latin, Eastern. and st.-glory. heritage. He accepted the achievements of the new languages of the Romance and Germanic areas of Europe. However, the main source of its development, processing and polishing was the creative work of Rus. people, especially generations of Russian. and everyone grew up. figures of science, politics, technology, culture and literature - rus. the language has become a highly developed, rich, revealed in its potentialities, ordered, stylistically differentiated, historically balanced language, capable of serving all needs - not only national, but also universal.
The Russian language, like other languages of wide world study and use, is especially intensively studied as a linguistic phenomenon, including from a contrastive-comparative point of view, i.e. from the standpoint of the linguistic consciousness and culture of other peoples: various monographic descriptions appear all its aspects, different types of dictionaries, grammars, stylistics, theoretical and practical grammars for all categories of users, etc. (see Russian Studies). Since 1967, the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature has been working MAPRYAL (see), since 1973 - the Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin (see) in Moscow, the journal Russian Language Abroad has been published since 1967 and other periodical educational literature in Russia and other countries.

The modern language situation is characterized by the development of processes that negatively affect the state of the Russian language:
- the spheres of functioning of the Russian language on the territory of the former USSR are being reduced, as a result of which many millions of people who speak Russian cannot fully use it in the areas of administration, education, culture, literature and computer science;
- the concept of the development of national-Russian bilingualism in the former republics of the USSR is changing, which leads to a weakening of the significance of the Russian language in the CIS and Baltic countries; this, in turn, negatively affects the attitude towards the problems of bilingualism in certain regions of the Russian Federation;
- the volume of business correspondence in Russian is reduced; changes in the forms and methods of management in the context of the transition to a market economy are not supported by new standards and rules for business correspondence, office work and archives;
- the publication of books in Russian is being reduced, their circulation has significantly decreased, the book market is flawed and primitive, the production of serious scientific and artistic publications, including books on the Russian language, has sharply decreased due to the conversion of many publishing houses to the production of opportunistic literature;
- do not fully meet the needs of modern Russian society, mainly translated Information Systems;
- normalizing work has lagged behind: the creation and dissemination of the norms of the Russian literary language does not fully meet the needs of modern society;
- there were serious difficulties in teaching the Russian language and literature in schools and universities: the existing educational and methodological literature does not meet modern requirements;
- there is no well-established system of propaganda of the Russian language in the media, in the middle and high school, in professional areas.

Will the Russian language be among the world languages in the future.

At the beginning of the 20th century, about 150 million people spoke Russian - mostly subjects of Russian Empire. Over the next 90 years, the number of those who knew Russian (actively or passively speaking it) more than doubled to about 350 million people, and 286 million of them lived in a country where Russian was the state language and for most of its inhabitants was relatives.

More than 70 million people (mainly in the Soviet Union republics of Eastern Europe, the Balkans and a number of Asian countries) knew the Russian language to one degree or another. Fourteen years after the collapse of the USSR, by 2005, the number of people who spoke Russian to varying degrees had dropped to 278 million, including 140 million in the Russian Federation itself.

At present, the Russian language is native for 130 million citizens of the Russian Federation, for 26.4 million residents of the CIS and Baltic republics, and for almost 7.4 million residents of non-CIS countries (primarily Germany and other European countries, the USA and Israel), then eat for a total of 163.8 million people.

More than 114 million people speak Russian as a second language (mainly in the CIS and Baltic countries) or know it as a foreign language (in non-CIS countries). In 10 years, by 2015, the number of those for whom Russian is their native language will decrease, according to our estimates, to 144 million (including 120 million in Russia itself). In addition, another 68 million people will speak it as a second or foreign language.

At present, the degree of prevalence of the Russian language still ranks fourth in the world. Leading are English (an estimated 500 million people use it as their first or second language and over 1 billion more speak it as a foreign language) and Chinese (more than 1,350 million speak almost exclusively as a native language (including Mandarin) 900 million people).The third place is occupied by Spanish(it is owned by about 360 million people, including an estimated 335 million - as a native).

The states of Eastern Europe have traditionally been the second most important region in terms of the prevalence of the Russian language outside of Russia. The peak of interest in the Russian language and culture in countries Western Europe was the end of the 1980s, which was associated with the so-called perestroika and certain expectations from it.

Maintaining interest in the Russian language and culture in the countries of Western Europe, to a certain extent, can be facilitated by the Russian-speaking community, which was formed from several waves of emigration. Its population is, according to our calculations, 4.3 million people, the largest part of which lives in Germany, France, Greece, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain

Conclusion.

The problems of the Russian language are organically connected with the place of Russian culture in modern society - its great literature and painting, philosophy and history, its role in all spiritual life. They are connected with those new tasks that Russian culture is called upon to solve not only on its own national soil, but also in the context of consolidating a multinational national culture.

With all the acuteness there is a question about his protection and protection, alien words crippling him invade him. The Russian language began to deteriorate, become poorer, lose its wealth, and be washed away by the so-called language of the outskirts. In many regions, the teaching of the Russian language is weak. There is a shortage of more than five thousand Russian language teachers.

Russian is a world language. Little studied (lesser taught), but world in the sense that the entire heritage of world civilization has been translated into Russian.

List of used literature .

1. Trushkova Yu. V. Problems of description of modern sociolinguistic terminology (the term "state language") // Problems of language 2. Khaleeva II. Language will bring to Europe // gas. "Trud", February 7, 2010
3. Chelyshev E. P. "The Great and Mighty" is taken under protection // "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", November 17, 2009

In modern world. Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation and the language of interethnic communication
If you look around, you can find a lot of things created by the mind and hands of man: radio, telephone, car, ship, plane, rocket ...

But the most amazing and wise thing that humanity has created is language. Almost all people on Earth can speak. They speak different languages, but all languages have the same task - to help people understand each other when communicating, when working together.

Without language, a person, people, society are impossible; development of science, technology, art. The meaning of language (speech, words) is noted by many Russian proverbs.
The human word arrows are sharper.
Good speech is good to listen to.
A bullet will hit one, but a well-aimed word will hit a thousand.
The wind destroys the mountains, the word of the people raises.
There are also a number of statements by famous figures of literature, philosophy, art
Language is the key to all knowledge and all nature (G. R. Derzhavin).
Writing gives strength to the flying word, conquers space and time (Ya. K. Grot).
It is impossible for him to glorify himself, who does not know grammatical properties and rules (A.P. Sumarokov).

Language refers to those social phenomena that operate throughout the existence human society. The main purpose (or function) of language is to serve as a means of communication, communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking, human consciousness, serves as a means of forming and expressing our thoughts and feelings.

There are more than two thousand languages on our planet. Among them, the Russian language is one of the most common. It includes all the variety language tools used in communication between people. Despite the fact that the languages differ from each other, nevertheless, each of them has "relatives" among other languages. The Russian language, like Ukrainian and Belarusian, belongs to the East Slavic languages. The languages of this group have the same source of origin - Old Russian language. Hence - a number of close features (in particular, the similarity of vocabulary: nouns - Russian "protein", Ukrainian "bilok", Belarusian "byalok"; adjectives - Russian "white", Ukrainian "bily", Belarusian "white"; verbs - Russian "whiten", Ukrainian "bility", Belarusian "belets").

The Russian language exists and develops only because it simultaneously performs all the universal functions inherent in any language.

With the help of language, people communicate, transmit thoughts, feelings, knowledge about the world around us to each other. Any word of our language is not just a set of sounds: it has its own meaning. And we think with the help of the same meanings. Therefore, language is closely connected with thinking and cognition. All human knowledge about the surrounding reality is fixed in the language and expressed in words, phrases and sentences that are generally accepted and understandable. This allows people to pass on knowledge from generation to generation.

In the modern world, the Russian language performs, in addition to those mentioned, three more functions.
First, the Russian language is the national language of the Russian people. Wonderful monuments of art and literature have been created on it, it is the language of science and culture. In the arrangement of words, their meanings, the meaning of their combinations, there is information that conveys to us knowledge about the world and people, introducing us to the spiritual wealth created by many generations of ancestors.

Secondly, Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation. When the USSR existed, the Russian language was not such - too many nationalities inhabited the territory Soviet Union. Now it is a language that serves not only the needs of people at home and at work, but also the official language of the state, the language of science, production and, of course, culture.

Thirdly, the Russian language is one of the international languages.

AT international relations states use world languages legally proclaimed by the United Nations as the official and working languages of the UN. These languages are English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic. In any of the six languages, interstate political, economic, scientific and cultural contacts can be carried out, international meetings, forums, etc. can be held.

The study of the Russian language at school is designed to reveal the richness, beauty and grandeur of the Russian national language, to strengthen and make more conscious pride in it and love for it. The Russian language is the language of the great Russian people, which has a heroic history, outstanding achievements in culture, science, social thought, etc. In all these achievements, the great contribution of the Russian language as a means of communication, as a form of national culture.

The study of the native language should begin with the study of statements about it by those who were fluent in the Russian word.

Our unusual language is still a mystery. It has all the tones and shades, all the transitions of sounds - from the hardest to the most tender and soft N.V. Gogol.
We have been given possession of the richest, most accurate, powerful and truly magical Russian language. True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language. Language we learn and must learn continuously until last days of his life K. G. Paustovsky.
The Russian language in skillful hands and experienced lips is beautiful, melodious, expressive, flexible, obedient, dexterous and roomy A.I. Kuprin.

Need a cheat sheet? Then save it - » Russian language in the modern world. Answer to ticket number 1. Literary writings!

Russian language - it combines the power of the people, its centuries-old history, the culture of many generations and the original traditions of the nation. For each person, the native language is not only a means of communication or information transmission, but also priceless gift passed on to him by his ancestors.

Russian language as a cultural phenomenon

It was in Russian that unsurpassed literary works, Mendeleev and Lomonosov, Pushkin and Lermontov, Tchaikovsky and Rimsky-Korsakov spoke it.

The Russian language has a rich history, foreign tribes tried to assimilate it many times, but still, like the Russian people, it was able to maintain its independence, strength and power.

The Russian language is extremely multifaceted - it can easily convey all the feelings that arise in the human soul, thoughts and desires.

Modern Russian

In addition to the basic functions that are inherent in every language, the Russian language has another very important purpose - it is a unifying link for many peoples and nations. Russia is a multinational country, each ethnic group has its own language, but often each of them provides an opportunity to communicate with a certain group of people.

The Russian language erases this obstacle. Also Russian is international language communication between the Slavic countries: Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia.

According to the total number of people who speak it, the Russian language ranks 6th in the world. More than 200 million people consider it their native language, and the number of those who speak it reaches 360 million. In more than 10 countries, Russian has the status of an official language, among them - Russia, Belarus, Abkhazia, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan.

It is noteworthy that according to the laws of New York, official documents in the city must be published along with English, also in Russian, since the Russian diaspora in this city is growing every year. Despite the fact that in many independent countries of the post-Soviet space Russian does not have the status of an official language, it is spoken by about 50% of the population.

Unfortunately, among the Russian diaspora there is a tendency to reduce Russian-speaking youth: children in Everyday life communicate not in the language of their parents, but in the language taught at school and communicated in public places. However, among the youth of the post-Soviet countries, the Russian language acquires a literary coloring.

The generations born during the Soviet era speak mainly in dialects, with the use of various sound distortions. The speech of the younger generation is cleaner, even taking into account modern slang.

Problems of the modern Russian language

At the moment, the Russian language is experiencing a kind of crisis: it is saturated with profanity, Americanisms and numerous jargons.

Very often there are cases when a distorted language is very actively promoted by the media, as well as by high-ranking officials who make many mistakes in their speech without attaching absolutely any importance to this, although the role of language in society is huge and its impact is very strong.

Illiteracy also distinguishes modern Russian music of the popular genre, which is oriented towards immature rising generations. Over time, the meaningless set of words inherent in many songs will become an element of youth communication.

Polyabin Ivan

Abstract "Russian language in the modern world"

CONTENT

1 Language and society

3 Problems of language ecology

4 Outstanding Russian scholars

1 LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

The social essence of language:

Functions of language in society;

Languages and ethnic groups;

Language situations;

Language contacts;

3 PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

4 FAMOUS RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS

Russian language linguistic

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CONTENT

1 Language and society

2 Russian language in the modern world

3 Problems of language ecology

4 Outstanding Russian scholars

1 LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

Language arises, develops and exists as a social phenomenon. Its main purpose is to serve the needs of human society and, above all, to ensure communication between members of a large or small social collective, as well as the functioning of the collective memory of this collective.

The concept of society is one of those difficult to define. Society is not just a set of human individuals, but a system of various relations between people belonging to one or another social, professional, gender and age, ethnic, ethnographic, confessional groups, where each individual occupies a certain place and, therefore, acts as the bearer of a certain public status, social functions and roles. An individual as a member of society can be identified on the basis of a large number of relationships that bind him to other individuals. The peculiarities of the individual's linguistic behavior and his behavior in general turn out to be largely determined by social factors.

The problem of the relationship between language and society includes many aspects, including those that are included in groups.

The social essence of language:

Functions of language in society;

The main directions of the social evolution of languages;

The history of the language and the history of the people.

Variation of language in society:

Functional variants (forms of existence) of the language;

Language and territorial differentiation of society (territorial dialects);

Language and social differentiation of society (social dialects);

Language and social roles of speakers.

Interaction of languages in a multi-ethnic society:

Languages and ethnic groups;

Language situations;

National language policy;

Language contacts;

Multilingualism in the sociological aspect”.

Their study is carried out by sociolinguistics (social linguistics), which arose at the intersection of linguistics and sociology, as well as ethnolinguistics, ethnography of speech, stylistics, rhetoric, pragmatics, the theory of linguistic communication, the theory of mass communication, etc.

Language performs the following social functions in society:

Communicative / informative (carried out in acts of interpersonal and mass communication, the transmission and receipt of messages in the form of linguistic / verbal statements, the exchange of information between people as participants in acts of linguistic communication, communicators),

Cognitive / cognitive (processing and storage of knowledge in the memory of the individual and society, the formation of a picture of the world),

Interpretive / interpretive (disclosure of the deep meaning of perceived language statements / texts),

Regulatory / social / interactive (linguistic interaction of communicants, aimed at exchanging communicative roles, asserting their communicative leadership, influencing each other, organizing a successful exchange of information due to the observance of communicative postulates and principles),

Contact-establishing / phatic (establishment and maintenance of communicative interaction),

Emotionally expressive (expression of one's emotions, feelings, moods, psychological attitudes, relationship to partners in communication and the subject of communication),

Aesthetic (creation of works of art),

Magic / "incantation" (use in a religious ritual, in the practice of spellcasters, psychics, etc.),

Ethno-cultural (unification into a single whole of representatives of a given ethnic group as native speakers of the same language),

Metalinguistic / metaspeech (transmission of messages about the facts of the language itself and speech acts in it). The history of each language is most closely connected with the history of the people who are its bearers.

Identifying (there are significant functional differences between the language of the tribe, the language of the people and the language of the nation. Language plays an extremely important role in the consolidation of related (and not only related) tribes into a people and in the formation of a nation.

One and the same ethnic group can use two or more languages at the same time. Thus, many peoples of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages used both their spoken languages, and Latin. In Babylonia, along with Akkadian (Babylonian-Assyrian), the Sumerian language was used for a long time. And vice versa, the same language can simultaneously serve several ethnic groups. Thus, the Spanish language is used in Spain, and also (often simultaneously with other languages) in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Republic of Cuba, Philippines, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, etc. An ethnic group may lose its language and switch to another language. This happened, for example, in Gaul due to the Romanization of the Celts.

Describing the relationship used in the same social community different options language or different languages, talk about the language situation. Language situations can be single-component and multi-component, equilibrium and non-equilibrium. Iceland is an example of a one-component language situation. The equilibrium situation takes place in Belgium (the same status of French and Dutch languages).

In many states of West Africa, disequilibrium situations are observed: local languages have greater demographic power, and in terms of communicative power they are inferior to European languages. One language can dominate: Wolof in Senegal. Nigeria is dominated by several languages (Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo). The languages used may have different prestige (in the case of diglossia). The choice of a rational language policy pursued by the state is based on a thoughtful analysis and balanced assessments of language situations.

Correlation of different language systems and different types culture (as well as different ways of categorizing the phenomena of the world) is the content of ethnolinguistics. Many representatives of ethnolinguistics often unduly exaggerate the role of language in the knowledge of the world (the school of Leo Weisgerber in Germany, the hypothesis of linguistic relativity put forward in the USA by Edward Sapir and Benjamin L. Whorf).

The language in a certain way reflects the territorial differentiation of the people who speak it, speaking in the form of many dialects, and the social differentiation of society into classes, layers and groups, the differences existing between them in the use of a single language as a whole, acting in the form of many options, varieties, social dialects (sociolects). The language in the form of many forms of a general and specialized nature, such as literary language, vernacular, koine, functional styles, sublanguages of science, jargons and slang, reflects the diversity of spheres and environments of its application.

On the given language the emergence of their own writing system and the formation of a written language, the invention and distribution of printing, newspapers, magazines, radio, telegraph, telephone, television, and the Internet affect. Because society, in the process of historical development the functions of the language serving it, its social and functional stratification, the relationship between territorial and social dialects, social status different forms the existence of a language.

For theoretical linguistics, the problem of the relationship between internal (intrastructural) and external (primarily social) factors in the development of a language system is of considerable interest. The language (and, above all, its vocabulary) is sensitive to the development of material culture (technology and technology), to the achievements of spiritual culture (mythological, philosophical, artistic, scientific comprehension of the world, the formation of new concepts).

2 RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE MODERN WORLD

Russian language total number speaker occupies a place in the top ten world languages, but it is rather difficult to pinpoint this place.

The number of people who consider Russian as their mother tongue exceeds 200 million people, 130 million of whom live in Russia. The number of people who are fluent in Russian and use it as a first or second language in everyday communication is estimated at 300-350 million.

In total, more than half a billion people in the world speak Russian to one degree or another, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.

Today, the question remains whether the influence of the Russian language in the world has been falling in recent decades or not.

On the one hand, the linguistic situation in the post-Soviet space, where before the collapse of the USSR, the Russian language served as the generally recognized language of interethnic communication, is very contradictory, and a variety of trends can be identified here. On the other hand, the Russian-speaking diaspora in the far abroad has grown many times over the past twenty years. Of course, back in the seventies, Vysotsky wrote songs about “the spread of our people around the planet,” but in the nineties and two thousandth this spread became much more noticeable. But to begin consideration of the situation with the Russian language as of the end of the 2000s, of course, one should start with the post-Soviet states. In the post-Soviet space, in addition to Russia, there are at least three countries where the fate of the Russian language does not cause any concern. These are Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

In Belarus, the majority of the population speaks Russian in everyday life and in general in everyday communication, and in the cities, young people and many middle-aged people in Russian speech practically lack even the Belarusian accent that was characteristic in the past.

At the same time, Belarus is the only post-Soviet state where the state status of the Russian language was confirmed in a referendum by an overwhelming majority of votes. Obviously, the services of translators from Russian into Belarusian will not be in demand for a long time, and possibly never - after all, almost all official and business correspondence in Belarus is conducted in Russian.

The language situation in Kazakhstan is more complex. In the 1990s, the share of Russians in the population of Kazakhstan decreased markedly, and Kazakhs became the national majority for the first time since the 1930s. According to the Constitution, the only state language in Kazakhstan is Kazakh. However, since the mid-nineties there has been a law equating the Russian language in all official areas with the state language. And in practice most public institutions at the city and regional level, as well as in the capital's government institutions, Russian is used more often than Kazakh.

The reason is simple and quite pragmatic. Representatives of different nationalities work in these institutions - Kazakhs, Russians, Germans, Koreans. At the same time, absolutely all educated Kazakhs are fluent in Russian, while representatives of other nationalities know Kazakh much worse.

A similar situation is observed in Kyrgyzstan, where there is also a law giving the Russian language official status, and in everyday communication, Russian speech in cities can be heard more often than Kyrgyz.

Azerbaijan adjoins these three countries, where the status of the Russian language is not officially regulated in any way, however, in the cities, the majority of residents of the indigenous nationality speak Russian very well, and many prefer to use it in communication. This is again facilitated by the multinational character of the population of Azerbaijan. For national minorities since the times of the Soviet Union, the language of interethnic communication has been Russian.

Ukraine stands apart in this row. Here the language situation is peculiar, and the language policy sometimes takes on extremely strange forms.

The entire population of the east and south of Ukraine speaks Russian. Moreover, attempts at forced Ukrainization in a number of regions (in the Crimea, Odessa, Donbass) lead to the opposite result. The previously neutral attitude towards the Ukrainian language is changing into a negative one.

As a result, even the traditional mixed speech disappears in these territories - Surzhik in the east and Odessa dialect in Odessa and its environs. The new generation learns the language not on the example of parental speech, but on the example of the speech of Russian television announcers, and begins to speak correct Russian literary language(with slang features of the XXI century).

An illustrative example: in the Russian speech of Ukrainian youth, the guttural Ukrainian “soft” Г (h) is replaced by the “hard” Ґ (g) of the Moscow-Petersburg type.

And in western Ukraine, too, not everything is simple. After all, the population of Carpathian and Transcarpathian Ukraine speaks dialects that are considered a separate Rusyn language in neighboring countries (Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia).

And it turns out that the Ukrainian literary language and dialects close to the literary one in the Ukrainian state are spoken by a minority of the population. However, in recent years, the Ukrainian authorities have been busy inculcating the Ukrainian language with completely ridiculous methods - like the useless, but mandatory translation of all films shown in cinemas into Ukrainian.

However, the Baltic countries, especially Latvia and Estonia, remain unsurpassed in their desire to require the services of translation agencies to translate from Russian.

True, it should be noted that the language policy of the state and the attitude of the population are still two big differences (as they still say in Odessa). Rumors that a Russian tourist needs a translation from English in order to communicate with the local population are greatly exaggerated.

The demands of life are stronger than the efforts of the state, and in this case this is manifested as clearly as possible. Even young people who were born in Latvia and Estonia already in the period of independence speak Russian well enough to be able to understand each other. And cases when a Latvian or an Estonian refuses to speak Russian on principle are rare. So much so that each of these cases is the subject of heated discussion in the press.

According to the testimonies of the majority of Russians who have visited Latvia and Estonia in recent years, they did not have to deal with signs of language discrimination. Latvians and Estonians are very hospitable, and the Russian language continues to be the language of interethnic communication in these countries. In Lithuania, the language policy was initially softer.

In Georgia and Armenia, Russian has the status of a national minority language. In Armenia, the proportion of Russians in the total population is very small, but a significant proportion of Armenians can speak Russian well. In Georgia, the situation is approximately the same, and the Russian language is more common in communication in those places where the proportion of the foreign-speaking population is large. However, among young people, knowledge of the Russian language in Georgia is very weak. In Moldova, the Russian language has no official status (with the exception of Transnistria and Gagauzia), but de facto it can be used in the official sphere.

In Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the Russian language is less commonly used than in neighboring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In Tajikistan, according to the Constitution, the Russian language is the language of interethnic communication, in Uzbekistan it has the status of a national minority language, in Turkmenistan the situation remains unclear.

One way or another, in all three states, the majority of the urban population speaks Russian. On the other hand, the indigenous people speak their native language among themselves, and they switch to Russian only in conversation with Russians or with representatives of national minorities.

For example, in some new Uzbek films, reminiscent of Indian melodramas in plot, the characters switch to Russian to express feelings or clarify relationships that do not fit into patriarchal local customs. And there is a kind of language barrier. In a fairly Europeanized Uzbek society, any topic can be discussed - but not all can be discussed in the Uzbek language. For some, Russian is better. One way or another, the Russian language is still the language of interethnic communication throughout the post-Soviet space. Moreover, the main role here is played not by the position of the state, but by the attitude of the population. But in the far abroad, the situation with the Russian language is the opposite. Russian, alas, is one of the languages that are lost in two generations.

Russian emigrants of the first generation prefer to speak Russian, and many of them learn the language new country not fully and speak with a strong accent. But already their children speak the local language with almost no accent (the girl, who was familiar to the author from her birth and left with her mother for Sweden at the age of 11, by the age of sixteen, the Swedes took for a local, speaking village dialect) and prefer the local language in communication.

They speak Russian only with their parents, and recently also on the Internet. And by the way, the Internet plays an extremely important role in preserving the Russian language in the diaspora. But on the other hand, in the third or fourth generation, interest in the roots of the descendants of emigrants is revived, and they begin to specifically learn the language of their ancestors. Including Russian.

Today, in the last year, related to the "zero", the Russian language not only remains the main language of interethnic communication throughout the post-Soviet space. It is well spoken by the older generation and well explained by the younger generation in many countries of the former socialist bloc. For example, in the former GDR, schoolchildren were taught Russian, to be honest, much better than Soviet schoolchildren were taught German. And it is hardly possible to say that the role of the Russian language in the world has fallen over the past twenty years. One can only rejoice that the role of national languages has increased over the years in the post-Soviet space. But the Russian language continues to be the language of interethnic communication and one of the world languages, which is not in vain one of the official languages of the UN.

3 PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The Moscow House of Nationalities not so long ago hosted a "round table" "Russian language in the 21st century". A lot has been said here about the fact that the culture of speech is being lost everywhere, that the language is in a deep crisis. Needless to say, this is a very common opinion. It is noteworthy that among the participants in the discussion, there was only one linguist - Professor of the Russian Language Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University Lyudmila Cherneiko. So she considers such statements to be exaggerated: “I don’t see anything deplorable in the state of the Russian language. I see only threats to him. But we do listen to each other. We speak very well. I listen to students. They speak great. Generally speaking, specialists have always been interested in language. If society shows such an interest in the Russian language, as it has shown now in the last, at least 5 years, this is evidence of an increase in national self-awareness. This inspires optimism.”

Surprisingly, only linguists tend to discuss linguistic problems in a more or less restrained register. Non-specialist debates tend to be heated. Busy: in this case, the arguments are often given the most slanderous. Moreover, it is not only disputes that cause a painful reaction. Many can catch themselves on the fact that, noticing in the speech of an official or, say, a TV journalist, just one, but a gross mistake, they are suddenly ready to jump with indignation or exclaim something like: “Oh, Lord, well, you can’t !"

No wonder there are stable phrases "native language" and "native speech". The word “native” in the Russian national consciousness is closely related to very important deep concepts for everyone, for example, “ native home' or 'native person'. Attacking them causes anger. Damage to the native language too. Lyudmila Cherneiko notes that there is another reason why we are so embarrassed when we learn that we have pronounced or written a word incorrectly. (Compare with your reaction to an error, say, in arithmetic calculations - it will not be so emotional).

Lyudmila Cherneiko believes that speech is a social passport that tells a lot about a person: “Moreover, we will find out the place where a person was born, the place where he grew up. So, you need to get rid of some territorial features of your speech, if you do not want to give extra information to the listener. Further. The level of education. As we say, it depends on what kind of education we have, and especially in the humanities. Why has Bauman University now introduced the subject of “culture of speech”? More than that, why is slang, such thieves' slang, an esoteric system, closed system, why? Because a stranger is recognized by speeches. By speeches we find like-minded people, by speeches we find people who have approximately the same worldview as ours. It's all about words." And these speeches have not become more illiterate in recent years, rather, on the contrary. Why do many people have a strong feeling that the Russian language is degrading? The fact is that his existence has changed to a large extent. Previously, oral utterance in a number of cases was only an imitation of such, and, in fact, was a written form of speech. From all stands, starting with the factory meeting and ending with the platform of the CPSU congress, the reports were read from a piece of paper. The vast majority of TV and radio broadcasts were recorded, and so on and so forth. People of the middle and older generation remember with what eager interest the whole country listened to the speeches of Mikhail Gorbachev, who had just come to power, easily (here's a rare case) forgiving him "begin" instead of "begin". The new leader was able to speak without looking at a pre-written text, and it seemed fresh and unusual.

Since then, public oral speech has become predominant, and, of course, if a person does not speak according to what is written, he is more often mistaken. Which does not justify some extremes, emphasizes Lyudmila Cherneiko: “The television audience is colossal. In the absence of self-censorship, when in a program for young people it’s “cool”, “high”, this is an endless “wow” - this way of communication is set as a model, as a standard, as something that they want to imitate.

By the way, Lyudmila Cherneiko does not like the English exclamation “wow” for the simple reason that it has a Russian counterpart. Therefore, she declares, a person who cares about the purity of speech will not use this word. Yes, it probably won’t take root: “If we don’t say “wow” to you, then we won’t say it. We will say the Russian “ah”,” says Lyudmila Cherneiko.

But in general, in the current abundance of borrowings (and this is considered by many to be one of the main threats to the language), the linguist does not see anything terrible: “The language is so arranged, especially the Russian language is open system, a language that has always absorbed other people's influence, reworked it creatively. When, quite recently, our graduate, who has been working in America for many years, spoke at the university, he said: “Let's throw out all foreign roots.” His mission is to cleanse the Russian language of all foreign roots. But I, as a linguist, have a completely natural question - and you, in general, suggest that a Russian person throw out the word “soup”. Yes, he will be very surprised. But the word "soup" is borrowed. Therefore, when some completely utopian ideas are offered to me - let's clean the Russian language from foreign borrowings - it seems ridiculous to me. Because it is impossible. For example: "Only a vulgar face does not have a physiognomy." This is Turgenev. You are the word "physiognomy", borrowed, where are you going? Incidentally, it is a scientific fact that you will not find a single borrowed word rooted in the Russian language that would fully reflect the semantics of the recipient's language, that is, the language from which it was taken. This is not and cannot be. The language takes everything and builds it into its system, because it lacks some means. Among other things, here are such banal things - why was the "laborer" lost as the name of a profession in Russian? Because you will never cleanse a Russian word from age-old connotations, from associations. Because in every word the associative meaning sticks out in a beam in all directions. Mandelstam wrote about this. foreign word, especially in term creation, especially in term systems, is absolutely necessary, like air. Because it does not have any unnecessary connotations that are unnecessary for scientific thinking. And here's something else. It is generally accepted that language is a self-organizing system that lives according to its own internal laws. But not only, says another participant of the round table in the Moscow House of Nationalities - the head of the coordination and analytical department of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Vyacheslav Smirnov. According to him, the political component also plays a significant role, at least if we are talking about the area of distribution of the language: “Its scope is narrowing - narrowing in the former republics of the former Soviet Union. Although not so long ago, the President of Kyrgyzstan spoke in favor of maintaining the status of the Russian language as an official one.” And yet this is an exception. The Russian language is less and less often used as a means of interethnic communication.

4 FAMOUS RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS

Russian language linguistic

A.A. Reformed (1900-1978) - a remarkable philologist. He gained fame in wide circles thanks to the famous textbook for university students "Introduction to Linguistics". His scientific interests are extremely diverse, and his works are devoted to various problems of language: phonetics, word formation, vocabulary, writing theory, the history of linguistics, the relationship between language and speech. Together with other outstanding linguists - Kuznetsov, Sidorov and Avanesov - Reformatsky was the founder of the Moscow phonological school, the ideas of which are still being developed today.

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1 Language and society

2 Russian language in the modern world

3 Problems of language ecology

4 Outstanding Russian scholars

1 LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

The concept of society is one of those difficult to define. Society is not just a set of human individuals, but a system of various relations between people belonging to one or another social, professional, gender and age, ethnic, ethnographic, confessional groups, where each individual occupies his own specific place and, therefore, acts as the bearer of a certain social status, social functions and roles. An individual as a member of society can be identified on the basis of a large number of relationships that bind him to other individuals. The peculiarities of the individual's linguistic behavior and his behavior in general turn out to be largely determined by social factors.

The problem of the relationship between language and society includes many aspects, including those that are included in groups.

The social essence of language:

Functions of language in society;

The main directions of the social evolution of languages;

The history of the language and the history of the people.

Variation of language in society:

Functional variants (forms of existence) of the language;

Language and territorial differentiation of society (territorial dialects);

Language and social differentiation of society (social dialects);

Language and social roles of speakers.

Interaction of languages in a multi-ethnic society:

Languages and ethnic groups;

Language situations;

National language policy;

Language contacts;

Multilingualism in the sociological aspect”.

Language performs the following social functions in society:

Cognitive / cognitive (processing and storage of knowledge in the memory of the individual and society, the formation of a picture of the world),

Interpretive / interpretive (disclosure of the deep meaning of perceived language statements / texts),

Contact-establishing / phatic (establishment and maintenance of communicative interaction),

Emotionally expressive (expression of one's emotions, feelings, moods, psychological attitudes, attitudes towards communication partners and the subject of communication),

Aesthetic (creation of works of art),

Magic / "incantation" (use in a religious ritual, in the practice of spellcasters, psychics, etc.),

Ethno-cultural (unification into a single whole of representatives of a given ethnic group as native speakers of the same language),

One and the same ethnic group can use two or more languages at the same time. Thus, many peoples of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages used both their spoken languages and Latin. In Babylonia, along with Akkadian (Babylonian-Assyrian), the Sumerian language was used for a long time. And vice versa, the same language can simultaneously serve several ethnic groups. Thus, the Spanish language is used in Spain, and also (often simultaneously with other languages) in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Republic of Cuba, Philippines, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, etc. An ethnic group may lose its language and switch to another language. This happened, for example, in Gaul due to the Romanization of the Celts.

Describing the relationship between different variants of a language or different languages used in one social community, one speaks of the language situation. Language situations can be single-component and multi-component, equilibrium and non-equilibrium. Iceland is an example of a one-component language situation. The equilibrium situation takes place in Belgium (the same status of French and Dutch languages).

The correlation of different language systems and different types of culture (as well as different ways of categorizing the phenomena of the world) is the content of ethnolinguistics. Many representatives of ethnolinguistics often unduly exaggerate the role of language in the knowledge of the world (the school of Leo Weisgerber in Germany, the hypothesis of linguistic relativity put forward in the USA by Edward Sapir and Benjamin L. Whorf).

This language is affected by the emergence of its own writing system and the formation, along with oral and colloquial written language, the invention and dissemination of printing, newspapers, magazines, radio, telegraph, telephone, television, and the Internet. Since society is constantly changing in the process of its historical development, the functions of the language serving it, its social and functional stratification, the relationship between territorial and social dialects, and the social status of different forms of existence of the language are also changing.

2 RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE MODERN WORLD

According to the total number of speakers, the Russian language ranks among the top ten world languages, but it is rather difficult to determine this place exactly.

In total, more than half a billion people in the world speak Russian to one degree or another, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.

Today, the question remains whether the influence of the Russian language in the world has been falling in recent decades or not.

The language situation in Kazakhstan is more complex. In the 1990s, the share of Russians in the population of Kazakhstan decreased markedly, and Kazakhs became the national majority for the first time since the 1930s. According to the Constitution, the only state language in Kazakhstan is Kazakh. However, since the mid-nineties there has been a law equating the Russian language in all official areas with the state language. And in practice, in most state institutions of the city and regional level, as well as in the capital's government institutions, the Russian language is used more often than Kazakh.

Ukraine stands apart in this row. Here the language situation is peculiar, and the language policy sometimes takes on extremely strange forms.

As a result, even the traditional mixed speech disappears in these territories - Surzhik in the east and Odessa dialect in Odessa and its environs. The new generation learns the language not on the example of parental speech, but on the example of the speech of Russian television announcers, and begins to speak the correct Russian literary language (with slang features of the 21st century).

An illustrative example: in the Russian speech of Ukrainian youth, the guttural Ukrainian “soft” Г (h) is replaced by the “hard” Ґ (g) of the Moscow-Petersburg type.

However, the Baltic countries, especially Latvia and Estonia, remain unsurpassed in their desire to require the services of translation agencies to translate from Russian.

First-generation Russian emigrants prefer to speak Russian, and many of them do not fully acquire the language of the new country and speak with a strong accent. But already their children speak the local language with practically no accent (the girl, known to the author from her birth and who left with her mother for Sweden at the age of 11, by the age of sixteen was mistaken by the Swedes for a local, speaking a village dialect) and prefer the local language in communication.

3 PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

No wonder there are stable phrases "native language" and "native speech". The word “native” in the Russian national consciousness is closely related to very important deep concepts for everyone, for example, “native home” or “native person”. Attacking them causes anger. Damage to the native language too. Lyudmila Cherneiko notes that there is another reason why we are so embarrassed when we learn that we have pronounced or written a word incorrectly. (Compare with your reaction to an error, say, in arithmetic calculations - it will not be so emotional).

Lyudmila Cherneiko believes that speech is a social passport that tells a lot about a person: “Moreover, we will find out the place where a person was born, the place where he grew up. So, you need to get rid of some territorial features of your speech, if you do not want to give extra information to the listener. Further. The level of education. As we say, it depends on what kind of education we have, and especially in the humanities. Why has Bauman University now introduced the subject of “culture of speech”? More than that, why is slang, such thieves' slang, an esoteric system, a closed system, why? Because a stranger is recognized by speeches. By speeches we find like-minded people, by speeches we find people who have approximately the same worldview as ours. It's all about words." And these speeches have not become more illiterate in recent years, rather, on the contrary. Why do many people have a strong feeling that the Russian language is degrading? The fact is that his existence has changed to a large extent. Previously, oral utterance in a number of cases was only an imitation of such, and, in fact, was a written form of speech. From all stands, starting with the factory meeting and ending with the platform of the CPSU congress, the reports were read from a piece of paper. The vast majority of TV and radio broadcasts were recorded, and so on and so forth. People of the middle and older generation remember with what eager interest the whole country listened to the speeches of Mikhail Gorbachev, who had just come to power, easily (here's a rare case) forgiving him "begin" instead of "begin". The new leader was able to speak without looking at a pre-written text, and it seemed fresh and unusual.

But in general, in the current abundance of borrowings (and this is considered by many to be one of the main threats to the language), the linguist does not see anything terrible: “The language is so arranged, especially the Russian language is an open system, a language that has always absorbed other people’s influence, processed it creatively . When, quite recently, our graduate, who has been working in America for many years, spoke at the university, he said: “Let's throw out all foreign roots.” His mission is to cleanse the Russian language of all foreign roots. But I, as a linguist, have a completely natural question - and you, in general, suggest that a Russian person throw out the word “soup”. Yes, he will be very surprised. But the word "soup" is borrowed. Therefore, when some completely utopian ideas are offered to me - let's clean the Russian language from foreign borrowings - it seems ridiculous to me. Because it is impossible. For example: "Only a vulgar face does not have a physiognomy." This is Turgenev. You are the word "physiognomy", borrowed, where are you going? Incidentally, it is a scientific fact that you will not find a single borrowed word rooted in the Russian language that would fully reflect the semantics of the recipient's language, that is, the language from which it was taken. This is not and cannot be. The language takes everything and builds it into its system, because it lacks some means. Among other things, here are such banal things - why was the "laborer" lost as the name of a profession in Russian? Because you will never cleanse a Russian word from age-old connotations, from associations. Because in every word the associative meaning sticks out in a beam in all directions. Mandelstam wrote about this. A foreign word, especially in term creation, especially in term systems, is absolutely necessary, like air. Because it does not have any unnecessary connotations that are unnecessary for scientific thinking. And here's something else. It is generally accepted that language is a self-organizing system that lives according to its own internal laws. But not only, says another participant of the round table in the Moscow House of Nationalities - the head of the coordination and analytical department of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Vyacheslav Smirnov. According to him, the political component also plays a significant role, at least when it comes to the area of distribution of the language: “Its use is narrowing – narrowing in the former republics of the former Soviet Union. Although not so long ago, the President of Kyrgyzstan spoke in favor of maintaining the status of the Russian language as an official one.” And yet this is an exception. The Russian language is less and less often used as a means of interethnic communication.

4 FAMOUS RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS

Russian language linguistic

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Language refers to those social phenomena that serve as a means of communication between people. First of all, people of the Russian nation communicate in Russian. Consequently, the main function of the Russian language is to be the language of national communication, i.e., the national language.
In accordance with Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian language is considered the state language throughout its territory. Until 1991, the concept of "state language" was not used, and the Russian language had the status of an international language. He was assigned all the necessary state language functions. It has been widely used in the field business communication, education, it was the language of science and scientific communication, was used in the media, in legal proceedings, etc.
Since the Russian Federation is a multinational state (in 2001 it included 176 nations and ethnic groups), the Russian language serves as a means of communication between representatives of different nations and nationalities living on its territory.
The emergence, formation, development, as well as the functioning of any language, including Russian, in interethnic communication is a complex and multifaceted process, depending on a complex of linguistic and social factors.
The status of the language of interethnic communication (since 1922), and this is another function of the Russian language - to be the language of interethnic communication, the Russian language received for a number of reasons.

linguistic reasons.

The Russian language is one of the most developed languages in the Russian Federation. It has a rich vocabulary and grammar, a well-functioning system of functional styles. This allows it to be used in all spheres of human life and activity. In Russian, you can convey a variety of scientific information, express feelings and emotions, create poetic and prose works. fiction. The Russian language has the richest writing in terms of its subjects, genres and styles, which is associated with a high culture. All this provides a huge communicative and informative value of the Russian language.

ethno-linguistic reasons.

The Russian nation is the most numerous on the territory of the Russian Federation;
The Russian language is widely spoken outside of Russia;
The Russian language has enriched other early written languages, on the basis of which writing has been created for more than 70 languages;
The Russian nation is characterized by a highly developed economy and efficient technology in many branches of technology.

At the same time, the Russian language does not compete with other languages for the right to be an international language - this role is due to objective factors and historical conditions.
The third important function of the Russian language in the modern world is to be a language international communication.
The Russian language is accepted into the club of world languages, along with English, Arabic, French, Spanish, and Chinese. These languages are considered official languages international organizations such as the UN, UNESCO, IAEA. The largest international conferences and symposiums are held in these languages, official documents, bulletins, special journals are published, Internet sites are created, and television and radio broadcasts are conducted. The Russian language as a world language ensures communication during meetings on highest level and at international conferences.
Russian is the language of one of the largest centers of international education. Knowledge of the Russian language contributes to the career growth of specialists in various fields of knowledge around the world. The Russian language provides access not only to the riches of science and culture in Russia, but also in other countries, acting as a kind of intermediary between different nations. After all, a significant part of scientific and fiction literature published in the world is translated into Russian.
Despite some decline in interest in the Russian language during the perestroika and post-perestroika periods, the situation has stabilized since the late 1990s: the Russian language is studied abroad in universities and secondary schools. educational institutions like second or third foreign language.
Of course, the place of the Russian language in the education system largely determines public policy Russia and other states, relations between countries.
The spread of the Russian language abroad is facilitated by a number of organizations: the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL), the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (OLRS). And the activities of these organizations, in turn, help to form a positive image of Russia in the world through acquaintance with the language and culture of the people.