But pantaloons, tailcoat, vest,
All these words are not in Russian ...

A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" (Ch. I, XXVI)

- I'm tired of you with your killers, faces, bucks! - said the grandmother with anguish and began to cry.

Newspaper "Moskovsky Komsomolets" from 11.02.95

Time rushes at the turn of the century at such a speed that you do not have time to stop and realize everything new that appeared in the literal sense of the word yesterday and this morning. Just as rapidly, not lagging behind a single step, the language is changing, or rather, its vocabulary, that is, the vocabulary. For the language, the concept of "new" (neologisms) is new words and new meanings of words.

Many new words come from other languages. They are called by different names, most often - borrowing. The introduction of foreign words is determined by the contacts of peoples, which makes it necessary to name (nominate) new objects and concepts. Such words may be the result of the innovation of a particular nation in any field of science and technology. They can also arise as a result of snobbery, fashion. There are also linguistic reasons proper: for example, the need to express polysemantic Russian concepts with the help of a borrowed word, to replenish the expressive (expressive) means of the language, etc.

All the words falling out source language into the borrowing language, go through the first stage - penetration. At this stage, the words are still connected with the reality that gave birth to them. AT early XIX century among the many new words that came from of English language, were, for example, tourist and tunnel. They were defined in the dictionaries of their time as follows: tourist- an Englishman traveling around the world (Pocket Dictionary foreign words included in the Russian language. Ed. Ivan Renofants. SPb., 1837), tunnel- in London, an underground passage under the bottom of the River Thames (ibid.). When the word has not yet taken root in the borrowing language, its pronunciation and spelling are possible: dollar, dollar, dollar(English) dollars), for example: "By January 1, 1829, the United States Treasury North America was 5,972,435 dollars "(" Moscow Telegraph "for 1830, .2, p. 249). At this stage, even a foreign language reproduction of a word in writing is possible. Pushkin in "Eugene Onegin": "Before him, a bloody roast-beef, / And truffles, the luxury of youth..." (Ch. I, XVI). Let us pay attention to the fact that the word truffles, written in Russian, seems to Pushkin to have already mastered the language.

Gradually word foreign language, due to frequent use in oral and written form, takes root, its external form acquires a stable form, the word is adapted according to the norms of the borrowing language. This is the period borrowing, or language entry. At this stage, the strong semantic (relating to meaning) influence of the source language is still noticeable.

At the stage of assimilation of a foreign word in the environment of native speakers of one language begins its action folk etymology. When a foreign word is perceived as incomprehensible, they try to fill its empty sound form with the content of a close-sounding and similar in meaning native word. The famous example is spinzhak(from English. pea jacket- jacket) - an unfamiliar word, correlated in the popular mind with the word back.

The last stage of the penetration of a foreign word into a borrowing language is rooting when the word is widely used among native speakers of the recipient language and is fully adapted according to the grammar rules of this language. It is included in a full-fledged life: it can acquire single-root words, form abbreviations, acquire new shades of meanings, etc.

If we look into the past, into the history of the Russian language, we will see that many of the processes observed in the modern Russian language have repeatedly occurred before. When the Slavic world only adopted Christianity and at the same time encountered Byzantine culture, the successor greatest culture antiquity, a stream of new words (Greek in origin) poured into the language, some of which remained only in literary monuments, and some are still alive. These are borrowing words: angel, apostle, arithmetic, aroma, astronomy, barbarian, grammar, demon, devil, deacon (archdeacon), gospel, evangelist, bishop, heretic, abbot, idol, priest (bishop), icon, hippodrome, historian, history, cell, monastery, marble, chamber, pop, psalm, sandals, verse, meal, philosopher, date, economy(originally icon), all current month names (from Latin through Greek), many names of precious and semi-precious stones ( onyx, sardonyx and etc.). The list can be continued for a long time.

Along with this, Slavic scribes created words in their own language on the model of Greek words (the so-called derivational calques), hence the now obsolete word wisdom, corresponding to the Greek philosophy, and accustomed, forever included in the language, derivational tracing paper Mother of God, also created according to the Greek word-formation model.

The language allows the introduction of meaning from the language with which it is in contact, and then new meanings appear in the original words. This is the meaning of "icon" in the Slavic word image. Such cases are called semantic tracing papers.

The examples given are taken from the literary language, that is, from the normalized language literary works. The literary language, the bearer and guardian of the norm, has always been more conservative than the spoken language. If we try to highlight the most common phenomena characteristic of spoken language inhabitants of a modern big city (sometimes in scientific literature he is called common jargon, in English - slang), then in contrast to literary language(the language of highly educated people, as well as the "correct" language of radio and television), it, being very lively and unstable, is characterized by some features.

Firstly, it does not contain as many foreign words as is commonly believed. Among the most used: bucks(American dollar; from the American English plural form bucks, perceived as the initial form of the word), gi(e)rla(girl; borrowed from English. girl and completed with the ending -a, characteristic of the words of youth jargon), pop music(popular pop music; from English. pop. The corresponding adjective is associated with this word. pop), fe(e)ys(face; of school jargon from English. face) and some others.

Second, the language still creates semantic tracings: Godfather (the owner of a mafia group; descriptive semantic tracing paper from English. godfather), soap(soap opera; truncated semantic tracing paper from English. soap opera- translation of the first part of this combination of words - soap).

Thirdly, this type of spoken language is characterized by certain word-building techniques, for example, the active use of suffixes -uh (a) (order - order, calm - calm, relax - relax), -ag (a) (hostel - hostel), -ug (a) (driver - driver), -ar (a) (vodka - vodyara ), -on (throwing - zakidon), -ota (limiters - limit), -§zh (goal - baldzhzh) and etc.

Slang word formation is very fond of punning convergence: The Gorbunov House of Culture is popularly called Gorbushka, where part of the original name sounds at the same time and there is a punning convergence with the consonant word Gorbunov - humpback.

Another word-formation technique is interesting, called in science telescopic way. Its use involves the inclusion of the initial part of one word and the final part of another. The newly created word contains the meaning of both words: Khrushch (§v) + (t) slum = slum- 1) houses built during the reign of Khrushchev, 2) reminiscent of slums.

Slang word formation tends to get away from literary, neutrally colored words. Jargon needs brightness, expression, imagery!

What are the sources of replenishment of the spoken language? it vernacular(language of the uneducated part of society) ( to boil, to get drunk), jargon of students and schoolchildren (nerd, botanist), business jargon (cash- cash, non-cash- cashless payments), police jargon (household goods), argo (criminal language), including thieves' slang (money- money), etc.

Unfortunately, it must be recognized that the words of the general jargon often reflect the criminal sphere. The fact is very sad, but characteristic of our time ( authority- a person who enjoys unquestioned power, influence in a criminal social group, huckster- dealer, speculator important- investigator for especially important cases, and much more). The only consolation is that in the use of all these words of a reduced lexical layer, a contemptuous-pejorative or contemptuous-mocking coloring is noticed, which, of course, indicates a negative attitude of native speakers towards them, and towards the realities that stand behind these words.

Total computerization has led to the fact that in the Russian language, especially among the youth, a kind of computer jargon has developed.

No matter how the jargon speakers strive for the original brightness of speech and its difference from the normalized Russian language, all the same, any innovations occur within the language system and are built according to the laws of the Russian language. In youth computer jargon there are many words from the English language, often altered or deliberately distorted.

English verb crack(split) becomes a verb crack(or jokingly: grunt), a hack(shred, break) - hack with Russian suffix -well, which here serves to denote a single action (as shout- shout once, in contrast to the verb denoting a long action, scream- make a sound; cf. knock - knock etc.). Under the influence of folk etymology, hacking programs received an ironic and loving name quacks, where the sound appearance of the English word is correlated with the Russian onomatopoeic interjection quack denoting, in the view of some, the sound that occurs when splitting, for example, a tree, and in the view of others - similar to a duck cry quack quack. Two ways to reproduce one English word game(game) led to two varieties of his transmission in different words: according to the way of writing - gameses(games), according to the way of pronunciation - gamer(player). Generally English suffix -er turned out to be very common for naming various kinds of figures: user, lamer etc.

Many Russian verbs have acquired new meanings in this jargon, for example: hang up(stop responding to commands); pump, drain(rewrite information) and many others.

Like general jargon, computer jargon loves truncated words: comp(instead of a computer), screw(instead of Winchester, with simultaneous punning rapprochement with the Russian word screw), etc. Here, the same suffixes are used to form new words, reflecting the speaker's attitude to what they mean: vidyuha(suffix - wow (a), which, depending on the situation, conveys an expression of rudeness, disdain or irony).

In general, computer jargon is very close to general jargon and develops according to the same patterns.

Researchers of the Russian language seek to fix the innovations that arise in the language. This task is served by special neological dictionaries: annual dictionaries (series "New in Russian vocabulary"), "ten-year" dictionaries, which contain observations accumulated over the past ten years, and "Dictionary of new words of the Russian language". However, it is tricky to keep up with the language - after all, it is alive, like life itself.

The given examples on the history of penetration English words into Russian are taken from the book "English-Russian Language Contacts" by V. M. Aristova. L., 1978.

See for more details: Ermakova O. P., Zemskaya E. A., Rozina R. I. Words that we all met. Dictionary Russian general jargon. M., 1999. In this section Articles provide examples from this dictionary.

Jargon is the speech of any group united by common interests, containing many words and expressions other than common language, including artificial, sometimes conditional.

About the author: Margarita Chernysheva - Doctor of Philology, Leading Researcher, Department of Historical Lexicology and Lexicography, Institute of the Russian Language. V. V. Vinogradov RAS, has about fifty publications in the field of historical lexicology and lexicography of the Russian language.

What if you try to count how many words there are in Russian? Of course, this is not an easy task, because first you need to decide what exactly to calculate. Is it possible to take into account everything that has ever been said or written by a Russian person?

Language life

Oral speech is quite dynamic, and words have a certain life cycle.

For some, it is short, like the life of a one-day butterfly (wet shoes, poduha, Ksyushad ...). Others bloom like leaves on trees and die at the change of season (konka, fireman, floppy disk…). The life of the third lasts for centuries - these are amazing long-livers, imperceptibly accompanying many generations of speakers (family, love, homeland ...).

Too quickly, time strikes the newest words in the Russian language, but just as rapidly they are lost, erased from the memory of its speakers.

How are words counted?

In order to consider the word "officially" existing, as a rule, it is entered into a special register - a dictionary. In it, in special articles devoted to each individual concept, the meaning is explained, grammatical features are indicated, examples of the compatibility of a given word of the Russian language are given.

The very first dictionaries designed to clarify the situation were quite small. Published from 1789 to 1794. The Dictionary of the Russian Academy contains just over 42,000 items. The Academy of Sciences in 1847 presented the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language", which already contains about 115,000 lexemes.

The largest and most authoritative publication today is the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language, the third edition of which is being prepared for publication since 2004 (30 volumes are planned). The first edition of 1965 consisted of 17 volumes, fixing 131,257 words. On the this moment Volume 23 has been published, and the declared total number of words that will be entered in the dictionary is about 150 thousand. The authors-compilers emphasize that this scientific work captures the actual, living vocabulary, thus, many obsolete layers are removed from it (for example, the Soviet era).

In addition to classical publications that deal with the fixation of popular and predominantly literary vocabulary, there are interesting thematic dictionaries that just "catch" specific, rare units of the language. These books help to more accurately establish statistical validity and calculate how many words there are in the Russian language, because it is very rich!

What escapes from the dictionaries of the literary language?

Unfortunately, codification is a very conservative and lengthy process, which does not allow simultaneously to embrace both the past and the present, which is frozen in words as in forms. Therefore, the data of dictionaries are very different from the real situation and it is very difficult to calculate how many words there are in the Russian language. They do not include dialect, slang, children's vocabulary, professionalism and many swear words - but in total they "run over" to a seven-digit figure.

In addition, participles, gerunds, adverbs, forms of subjective evaluation are not presented in the dictionaries, the numeral can be considered a truly endless area of ​​​​lexicon (for example, half an apple, seven-legged, lonely, twenty kilograms ...). Many modern words in Russian, produced according to the regular model, also escape the dictionary, since their meaning is transparent.

Russian vocabulary groups

In order to understand which units are not included in the classical normalized, "combed" dictionaries, it is necessary to generally designate the groups of words in the Russian language that form speech richness.

Special in its origin in the Russian language, foreign vocabulary is considered a separate group: perfume (fr. parfum), voyage (fr. voyage), carte blanche (fr. carte blanche); jazz (English jazz), whiskey (English whiskey), football (English foot - foot, ball - ball); landscape (German Landschaft), sandwich (German Butterbrot), tie (German Halstuch), etc.

In relation to modernity and reality, there are:

• obsolete words - archaisms and historicisms (veno, chain mail, boyan, onuchi, marketer);
• the latest words in Russian, abbreviations (moon rover, commander, NEP, collective farm, yo-mobile, iotafon, USE, ZhEK).

A special group is formed proper names(Roman, Chernomyrdin, Alexander Pushkin, Yalta, Sharik, Fearless, Tokyo, Makeevka, Spartak, Ruslan and Lyudmila, Lada Priora, Russian Reporter, Crimea Island).

For communication in a narrow circle of “initiates”, there is a so-called passive vocabulary of the language - it objectively exists, but functions in a limited area, among a certain contingent of people, in a single text:

• terminology and special scientific vocabulary (devaluation, photosynthesis, idiom, palpation, paleography, litote, haplology);
• dialect vocabulary (talk - repeat the same thing; balodka - one-handed hammer; shukhlyadka - locker, poles - wild apricot, fathers - parents);
• jargon and argotism (common fund, tyrit, dude, chirp, cool);
• foul language.

An interesting origin of words in Russian is noted by many researchers. Thus, occasionalisms - “word-meteors” created on occasion have an individual creative beginning: author's innovations (chelovekkin - M. Yasnov, white-salted - V. Vysotsky, bourgeois - V. Mayakovsky); colloquial vocabulary (drunk, bum, belolentochniki); children's vocabulary (mapa - mom and dad; stew - fireman).

Foreign borrowings in Russian

The largest group of new words is foreign vocabulary, penetrating into the native language for many centuries. Here one can trace a certain linguistic fashion, one can feel the trend of diplomatic relations, the political situation, the situation on the market for goods and services.

For example, in the 18th century, German and Dutch words mainly penetrated the Russian language. So, many nautical terms were borrowed thanks to the active creative activity of the sovereign Peter I: raid, fleet, shipyard, harbor, drift, pennant, sailor, pilot, flag, etc. Thanks to the development of the military department during the reign of the great Peter I and Catherine II, the vocabulary of the Russian language was replenished with military Germanisms: attack, camp, headquarters, corporal, officer, uniform.

XIX century - the period of the so-called gallomania and the struggle against it. The French language and culture conquered noble circles. The elite spoke French even better than the language of their ancestors! A whole layer of vocabulary was fixed thanks to this language fashion: charm (charme), visitor (visiteur), cavalier (cavalier), tutor (gouverneur), curtsy (révérence), compliment (compliment). Amazing hybrid words appeared, the foundations of which were of foreign origin, and affixes - from the Russian language: skimp (from manquer - not to appear, be absent), run (from balloter - to elect by points), exaggerate (from mousser, lit. "foam" - increase, inflate rumors), cocotte (from cocote, lit. chicken - a woman of easy virtue, a kept woman), zhuirovat (from jouir - enjoy, live carefree).

It is interesting that the love for foreign vocabulary is explained by the opinion about the prestige of such a naming of an event or object and a special foreign-language euphony: a photo in the open air (from French plein air - in nature, in natural conditions), go to the promenade (from French promenade - a walk around the city), night rendezvous (from French rendez-vous - a date).

Neologism Words in the Language of the 20th Century

Neologisms are words that first appeared in the literary language of a particular period, new lexical elements. Natural changes in the life of society, scientific and technical solutions, the socio-political situation in the country - all these are significant driving forces to update vocabulary.

For example, significant social upheavals that affected society in the 20th century gave rise to several waves of neologization. After the 1917 revolution old world with its alien concepts disappeared, and the so-called newspeak was created with its own educational programs, NEPmen, people's commissariats, party organizers, registry offices, the NKVD, etc.

Since the second half of the 20th century, scientific progress has contributed to the formation of "technical" neologisms: spaceport, lunar rover, aerial photography, video festival, media library, body armor.

Noun in the Russian language of the post-perestroika period, it is characterized by linguistic emancipation, when there was a mixture of vocabulary groups, in particular, the penetration of jargon into colloquial speech: lawlessness, racket, gerych.

The form of speech economy is abbreviations and compound words, they can also be attributed to neolexics: Security Council, minimum wage, VAT, City Duma. Most actively, neologisms are formed as a result of social shifts and explosions: privatization, Fashington.

The problem of "Americanization" of the Russian language

In the 20th century, and especially at the beginning of the 21st, English is actively manifesting itself, claiming to be international.

Computerization, a wave of new entertainment and hobbies, the influence of the Internet, the emergence of the latest technology and electronics have given rise to an invasion of neologisms. Some of them are non-equivalent (pager, diver, underground, coaching, ATV, rating), others duplicate existing Russian words (gadget - device, cupcake - cake, helicopter - helicopter).

Borrowed vocabulary in the system of the Russian language is forced to adapt, acquire Russian affixes: smiley, follow, like, inflationism, engineering, parking meter (automated parking lot). However, an excessive number of foreign-language inclusions in speech makes it ugly: "Hipsters came out of co-working, sipping smoothies and discussing new startups and the resignation of Sergei Kapkov from the post of head of the Moscow Department of Culture..." (E. Kholmogorov).

Infinity sign

It is impossible to count absolutely all the words of the Russian language, because it does not remain unchanged for a single day, like any developing system. Separate words go out of common use, acquire and, conversely, lose some shades of meaning, neologisms and new formations appear.

It is physically impossible to fix most of these facts, because this is a smooth process consisting of many discrete moments. So, it can be argued that the language is quantitatively unlimited, and its units are incalculable. The correct answer to the question "How many words are there in Russian?" there can be only one - "Infinite number".

New words that have recently appeared in the language are called neologisms.

The term comes from the ancient Greek νέος (new), λόγος (speech, word). This term characterizes the enrichment of the vocabulary in separate historical periods. The language is in constant development, and a certain historical era is always distinguished by its events, discoveries, inventions, which inevitably leads to the emergence of new words. This is especially true for developed languages, they are constantly replenished with neologisms. But not everything new is fixed for a long time - fashion passes, tastes change ... Yes, the language is also subject to fashion, unfortunately. There is even a term “fashion words”, they are also called “glamorous vocabulary” in another way. But what is behind this? Most often it is just a devaluation of the meaning of words. For example, it is now fashionable to use the word "elite" in place and out of place, completely departing from its true meaning. The word "elite" meant selection, selection: elite wheat. Now, at every step, we see ads for elite housing, for elite clubs. And off we go: elite windows and doors, elite apartments, elite vacations... It's the same story with the word "exclusive". The meaning of this word is intended for a single person. For example, an interview given to only one newspaper can be exclusive. But we hear around: exclusive goods (I wonder how many copies?), exclusive cheese, exclusive film, etc.
The language also does not always preserve new phenomena - it is known that "fashionable" words suddenly disappear from the language, new ones appear. But some neologisms are fixed in the language for a long time, and sometimes forever. This happens if the concept that this word denotes remains relevant.
Let's talk about the varieties of neologisms and how they come to our language.

Language neologisms

Linguistic neologisms are created mainly to designate a new object, concept or phenomenon. Moreover, neologisms do not stay as a new word for very long, but only as long as the word retains a touch of novelty. Then the word passes into the category of commonly used vocabulary or into the category of terms.
For example, some words that were not so long ago neologisms are no longer such: astronaut, nylon, supermarket. Instead, other neologisms appear: copier, nanotechnology, ATM, cell phone, server and etc.

Lexical neologisms

Lexical neologisms are formed according to the models available in the language: venom rover, land on the moon or borrowed from other languages: makeup, sponsor, bobsleigh and etc.

Semantic neologisms

Semantic neologisms - new meanings of famous words: zebra (transition), slider (lightning lock).
Semantic neologisms can also appear as new names for objects that already have names. Neologisms were, for example, words that replaced others: the word "helicopter" replaced the former word "helicopter", the word "airship" replaced the word "zappelin", the word "pilot" replaced the word "aviator", etc.

Author's neologisms

Author's neologisms are created by writers, poets to create imagery artwork.
Author's neologisms formed according to language models are called potential words: bedbug, ober-admirer(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin), hammered, sickle, million-fingered hand(V. Mayakovsky).
Author's neologisms created according to unusual models are called occasionalisms(from lat. occasionalis - random): chilosophy(M. Gorky), athletic forehead(M. Tsvetaeva). Such words rarely go out of context, are not widely used and, as a rule, remain individual style so that their novelty and singularity are preserved. But sometimes the author's neologisms become commonplace: for example, the title of T. More's novel "Utopia". The word "utopia" means something unrealizable.
M. V. Lomonosov enriched the Russian literary language the words "atmosphere", "substance", "thermometer", "diameter", "minus", "horizon", "fire-breathing" (mountains), etc. N.M. Karamzin - the words "industry", "entertaining", etc. I. Severyanin introduced the word "mediocrity" into the Russian language.
Often neologisms occur in the speech of children under 5 years old. K. Chukovsky collected these children's neologisms in a whole book called "From two to five."
Seryozha 2.5 years old saw the fire for the first time. He clapped his hands and screamed.

School Educational Research Conference

"Youth of Pomorie"

Linguistics Section

Modern

neologisms

Popov Maxim Evgenievich

9 "B" class MOU "Oktyabrskaya

secondary general education

Ustyansky district,

Arkhangelsk region

Scientific adviser:

L. N. Osipova,

Russian teacher and

Literature MOU "Oktyabrskaya

secondary general education

School № 1"

Oktyabrsky, 2007.

1. Introduction page 3

2. Modern neologisms page 4

3. Conclusion page 11

4. References p. 12

5. Appendix p.13

Introduction.

I chose the topic “neologisms” for my project, because I was very interested in the new words of the Russian language. The purpose of my research work is to find out in more detail what neologisms are, their origin and use in modern Russian. To achieve this goal, I will need to research the media, as new words are constantly appearing in them. Conduct a survey among your classmates on the topic: "My attitude to neologisms." You can learn about the ways of the origin of new words from popular science literature.

I think my research work will be of interest to many, because neologisms are an integral part of our speech.

The subject of research is the word.

I use both the method of empirical research (observation) and methods theoretical research(analysis is a method based on the process of decomposing an object into its constituent parts and induction - a kind of inference from particular facts, provisions to general conclusions).

modern neologisms.

“The Russian language is unusually rich” (V. Belinsky).

“The Russian language in skillful hands and in experienced lips is beautiful, melodious, expressive, flexible, obedient, dexterous and roomy” (A. Kuprin).

The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly updated with new words. They, like leaves on trees, appear, the old ones “fly off”, and the new ones “grow up”. The international relations of the country are getting stronger. There are changes in cultural life. New sports are emerging. All this is reflected in the language. New words, or neologisms (from the Greek neos-new, logos-word) appear hourly, every minute, but not all words are stored in the people's memory, are recorded in various kinds of reference books.

For every generation of Russians, some words were new in their time. Older people well felt a few decades ago the novelty of such words as tape recorder, department store, TV. Those who were born in the 50s remember the appearance of the words satellite, space shuttle, moon rover. Now we are already accustomed to such words as computer, mobile communications, jet aircraft. But we also seem to be completely new, nanotechnologies that have arisen in our memory, laser beams, a laptop.

There are different ways to replenish vocabulary. The vocabulary of the Russian language is updated by the appearance of actually new words. The development of new meanings for old words also plays a significant role. It is no coincidence that the reference dictionary, published in 1971 and containing approximately 3,500 words, is called New Words and Meanings. This dictionary includes mainly vocabulary that replenished our vocabulary in the 60s. There, along with words new in those days, we also find those that at first glance do not seem new: denouement, gold, savage, start. These words have relatively recently acquired new meanings: interchange - a construction on roads that contribute to the continuous movement of transport; gold - gold medal; savage - a person who has a rest without a ticket.

Another way to replenish vocabulary- borrowing. As a result of political, trade, economic and cultural contacts, there has been and is a trade, cultural, scientific interchange, and, consequently, the penetration of foreign words.

The Russian language has always been open to borrowings. Starting from the era of Peter I, he focused on Western culture, which caused the penetration of numerous borrowings from Western European languages ​​into it. Especially many words came into the Russian language from French. These are political words avant-garde, activist, amateur, dissident, minister, democracy, despot, institute, officer, career, president, reform, tribune), art criticism ( announcement, ballet, masterpiece, fashion, miniature, visit, newspaper, masterpiece, scenery, conductor, genre, juggler, medallion, orchestra, carnival, waltz, romance, seance, piano, screen), names of household items, clothes, products (vest, muffler, coat, hood, suit, boots, galoshes, tulle, wardrobe, briefcase, car, subway, postman, parachute, vestibule, sofa, vinaigrette, vanilla, broth, puree, compote, dessert, jelly), the words of others thematic groups (terrace, grandstand, toilet, pavement, farm, restaurant, platform, tablet), etc. Some names of household items and products are borrowed from the Polish language ( bottle, screw, guitar, colander, turkey, jam, pate), names of clothes ( jacket, shawl), words of other semantic groups ( holidays, comedy, figure, cheat sheet, pension, surname, distance, apartment, carriage, factory). Italian in origin are some words associated with art ( cello, libretto, opera), food names (vermicelli, tomato). From the Dutch came to the Russian language the words of the "marine" theme ( shipyard, pilot, dam) and some others ( umbrella, saucepan, flag).

“For everything in the Russian language there are a great many good words” (K. Paustovsky).

From time to time, some people made attempts to "cleanse" the Russian language from non-Slavic influence. So, Shishkov proposed replacing borrowings with equivalents created using the means of the Russian language, for example, the word galoshes replaced by wet shoes. However, these attempts did not give any significant results. Therefore, the Russian language is one of the languages ​​in which borrowings are present in large quantities (unlike, for example, from another Slavic language- Czech, formed in a difficult struggle with German linguistic influence and preferring "its" lexical units to borrowed ones).

The tendency towards the "Americanization" of Russian life is reflected in the "Americanization" of the Russian language, which is expressed in the penetration into it of numerous Anglicisms and Americanisms (words borrowed from the English language and its American version).

Words from English have been borrowed by Russian before, for example: rally, inflation, import, interview, dollar, station, harvester, tape recorder, shampoo, capron, shorts, jeans, capron, cake, cracker and etc.

Let's analyze the language of some media, reflecting the state of the modern Russian language.

We will see that, first of all, groups of nouns with the suffix - ing(which are gerund forms of English: for example, bowling,roaming, lifting etc.), as well as with the suffix - ep(e.g. poster, roaster, biker, broker and etc.).

Borrowings are heterogeneous in composition. Among them are words that came into the language from another language as the name of a new object, a new reality, or are words - terms that have an international character. Their use in speech in most cases is justified, although the meaning is not always correctly understood due to ignorance of the English language.

From a thematic point of view, the most common words of this type can be divided into several groups:

1) words - terms, for example, economic: aboutoffshore, (offshore)aboutoffshoremoney , aboutoffshorezone in the meaning of "free", from English. off-shore “located at a distance from the coast, on the high seas” (“offshore money is a huge power”, AIF);

dumping- "decrease, decrease", from the English. damping, one of the meanings of which is “silencing, braking” (“The founder of the Swedish company IKEA began the conquest of the furniture market with what is called dumping in the language of business”, AIF);

roaming-- "Spread; the possibility of wide use", from English. to roam "wander, wander" ("Roaming around the world" - from advertising mobile phones on TV).

Some political terms of English origin have firmly entered the Russian language, for example,

speaker- President of Parliament, from the English. speaker - "speaker", as well as "the chairman of the House of Commons in England and the House of Representatives in the USA";

inauguration- "the ceremony of inauguration of the president of the country", from the English. inauguration "taking office";

In connection with widespread computers entered the Russian language words - terms related to computer technology, for example:

website- from English. site "location, location" ;

file-- from English. file "registrar; dossier, case; submission of a document" etc.

2) the names of some household items. So, recently, objects have firmly entered our lives, and the names denoting them have entered the language:

mixer-- from English. mixer "mixing apparatus or appliance";

toaster-- from English. toaster "device for toasting" (from toast "toasted slice of bread, toast");

roaster-- from English. roaster - "brazier" (from to roast "fry");

shaker-- from English. shaker "a vessel for making cocktails" (from to shake "to shake"), etc.

3) sports terms, as well as the names of some games or sports activities that have become fashionable and popular in recent times, for example:

bowling- a game in which a ball thrown on the floor must be knocked down by a group of skittles, from the English. bowl "ball; bowling";

diving- "scuba diving", from the English. to dive "dive, dive into the water" (hence diver- "a lover of scuba diving, a diver");

skateboard- "skating on a board with rollers", from the English. skate "skating, sliding" and board "board";

snowboard- "skating on a board in the snow", from the English. snow "snow" and board "board"; snowblade-- "skating in the snow on the largest stunt skis", from English. snowblade "stunt ski";

biker-- „cyclist; motorcyclist", from English. bike -- abbreviated, unfolded from bicycle "bike";

shaping-- from English. shaping "shaping" (from to shape "shaping"); fitness-- from English. fitness - "fit" (from to be fit "to fit, to be in shape", etc.

Another group of borrowings is words of foreign origin that have synonyms in Russian. Their penetration into the language creates lexical redundancy and can interfere with the understanding of the meaning. The presence of lexical doublets, “own” and “foreign” names, is eliminated over time: one of them is approved in the active composition of the language (as a result of its most frequent use), and the other goes to the periphery of the language system. It is sad to realize that after a few decades the Russian language may contain a large number of words of English origin, replacing their original Russian equivalents. Now such words are actively used in the media, in the language of numerous advertisements. But in many cases this can be avoided by using Russian synonymous words and expressions. So, the following anglicisms can be completely replaced by Russian equivalents:

3) the names of some phenomena of musical culture, culture in general, for example, hit- "popular song", from English. hit, one of the meanings of which is “success, luck” (“And what is not in his hits of nerve, anguish and other energy catalysts is the lot of others”, “World of News”);

single-- "song recorded separately", from English. single - “one, the only one” (“Songs that exist as separate singles also sound”, AIF);

remake (remake)- "alteration", from English. remake in the same sense ("Evgeny Popov wrote a remake of Turgenev's novel "On the Eve", AIF);

image- "image", from English. image “image, image” (“In his past programs there was adequacy to his image”, “The world is new.”);

design-- "decoration" from English. design "an idea, a plan; construction” (“The fondue tabletop brazier is distinguished by a rather clumsy design”, AIF);

poster- "a small poster with the image of an artist", from the English. poster - "poster, poster";

2) names of some professions, type of activity (which have become widespread recently), for example:

security- "protection", from English. security “security, reliability; protection, protection"; provider-- "supplier", from English. provider with the same value; realtor- “real estate agent”, from “Amer. realtor (from English realty "real estate"); broker- from English. broker „commission agent, appraiser; a person who sells property”; killer- "professional killer", from English. killer "killer" from to kill "kill"; racketeer- "extortionist", from Amer. racketeer „participant in a fraudulent enterprise; gangster, bandit-extortionist" from Amer. racket "blackmail, extortion", etc.;

3) terms used in cosmetology:

lifting- "tightening", from English. lifting "rise, lifting";

peeling- "cleansing the face", from the English. peeling "cleansing, cleaning" from to peel "to peel, peel; peel";

scrub- "cream for exfoliating, cleansing the skin", from the English. to scrab - “scratch”, etc.

second hand- "clothing, second-hand", from the English. second-hand "second-hand, second-hand" ("Now in the capital in every district you will definitely find one or two second-hand" , "The world is new.");

lunch(lunch) - from English. lunch “second breakfast” (“After a short lunch, I went up to my room”, “Koms. Pravda”);

teenager-- from English. teen-ager "teenager, boy or girl from 13 to 18 years old" ("The scale of beer addiction of teenagers, born under the influence of rampant advertising of a foamy drink, is becoming menacing", AIF);

parking-- from English. parking (“parking lot” (“The house provides for underground parking, centralized security, satellite TV”, “Koms. Pravda”);

sale-- from English. sale “sale at a reduced price at the end of the season” (“What about the famous Ramstore sales?”, AIF);

microvan- "minibus", from the English. van (abbreviated from caravan) "van" ("Audi's first microvan - aluminum", - headline in "Koms. Pravda"), etc.

Words of English origin used unmotivated are often agnonyms (that is, words whose meaning is not clear, unknown to most native speakers). Often they require special decoding, semantization by means of the native language. Such vocabulary clogs our language, leads to misunderstanding of speech, moreover, it can be easily replaced by Russian counterparts.

And back to the media:

showroom-- from English. show-room “an exhibition hall, a showroom for displaying samples of goods” (“In addition to the showroom, where all Volkswagen cars officially sold in Russia are constantly exhibited, a technical center is located here”, “Koms. Pravda”);

prime time-- from English. prime time „ best time“ (“Brazilian serials have no place in prime time!”, - headline in Koms. Pravda);

blockbuster-- „sensation; a film that has huge popularity ", from the English. unfold block-buster, the original meaning of which is “a large-caliber high-explosive aerial bomb” (“Today, one of the main blockbusters of the year, the film “Outcast”, “Koms. Pravda” comes out on the screens of Russian cinemas);

spread- "soft butter", from the English. spread, one of the meanings of which is “what can be spread on bread”, from to spread “to spread, cover, spread” (“Where did this “soft happiness” fall on us? Like much in last years-- from abroad, where spreads have been in use for a long time, AIF);

development firm - "construction, developing the construction of houses", from the English. to develop “to develop, improve, develop” (“The activity of real estate market participants - real estate, appraisal, development firms, which began to experience an urgent need for personnel”, “Green Avenue” became more active);

multiplex- "multi-hall complex", from the English. multiplex "complex, multiple" ("There will be a multiplex here - a multiplex cinema", "Koms. Pravda");

tuning- "turning work", from the English. turning turning” from to turn “rotate, sharpen” (“In addition to basic services, Rus-Lan also offers the installation of anti-theft systems, tuning and a wide range of spare parts”, Koms. Pravda).

The names of some professions also require further clarification, for example: handmaker- "one who does manual work", from the English. hand “hand” and make “to do” (“Specialists promise a great future for handmakers - those who are able to create high-quality and original things with their own hands”, “The world is new.”);

image maker- "the one who develops the image", from the English. image “image” and make “do” (“Who is your image maker?” - from an interview in the “World of News”);

futures trading - work with money;

leasing- long-term rental of machines and equipment, vehicles, industrial facilities, etc.;

tender- competition;

tocasting- selection (English);

rentier(French rentier, from rente - rent), persons living on interest from capital lent out or from securities;

time management- organization of work (plan);

half building- formation of a group of people, a team;

diversification(from medieval Latin diversificatio - change, diversity),

1) the penetration of firms into industries that do not have a direct industrial connection or functional dependence on the main industry of their activity. Diversification is associated with the process of concentration of production at the intersectoral level and the restructuring of the economy, which received the greatest development after the 2nd World War.

2) In a broad sense - distribution economic activity to new areas (expanding the range of products, types of services provided, etc.;

investment- the attachment;

recruiter- a person involved in the employment of people;

catering- exit restaurant;

guest worker- employee;

climbing- urban climbing;

merchandiser- "the one who is engaged in the design of retail shelves", from the English. merchandise "goods, trade" (From the announcement: "The company invites merchandisers to work (work on the design of shelves of chain supermarkets)"), etc.

Our speech is also clogged with barbarisms - words of foreign origin, used with the preservation of their phonetic and graphic appearance. Sometimes they are so replete with the speech of our correspondents, television and radio hosts.

Numerous Anglicisms and Americanisms penetrating the Russian language are a natural phenomenon, reflecting the economic, political, cultural, social ties and relations between Russia and other countries, in particular with America, that have become more active in the last decade. On the other hand, we have to state with sadness that (for the umpteenth time) in the pursuit of everything foreign, in an effort to copy Western models, we are increasingly losing our originality, including in language, because language reflects the way of life and way of thinking. As a consequence of this, there is a loss of interest in the native (Russian) language, Russian literature and culture, tongue-tiedness, a decrease in literacy and linguistic and general culture. Perhaps, where it is possible to get by with the means of the Russian language, one should not resort to foreign language elements, paying tribute to fashion and following the tendency not only to live, but also to think in an American way?

“Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this is our heritage, passed on to us by our predecessors” (I. Turgenev).

Conclusion.

After completing research work, I managed to learn a lot about neologisms, their origin and use in modern Russian. Analysis of newspapers: "Arguments and Facts", " TVNZ”, “World of News”, “Green Avenue”, helped in compiling his mini-dictionary of neologisms. A survey I conducted among 18 classmates showed that opinions about neologisms are different, even among a small number of people, but none of today's teenagers is against neologisms (for examples, see "Appendix" p. 1 p. 14). Also, the collected data helped to compile the percentage of opinions (see "Appendix", paragraph 2, p. 15). I find this hobby very useful. After all, the role of collectors of words is great. Among such heroes-zealots of the Russian word, in the first place is Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, who devoted his entire conscious life to collecting folk and foreign words, expressions, their systematization and compiling an explanatory dictionary.

I think my work will continue and next year there will be more neologisms in my dictionary.

Bibliography.

1. Gudkov L. New Russian Russian//Knowledge is power. - 1998. - from 23-31.

2. Neologisms//The Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. - 2005 (CD)

3. Neologisms//Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist/Comp. M. V. Panov. - M .: Pedagogy, 1984. - s166-167; 188-189.

4. Periodicals: Arguments and Facts (AIF). - 2006. - No. 1-8. TVNZ. - 2006. - No. 1-6. World of news. - 2006. - No. 1-8.

Application.

1. one). I do not care. I don't understand some words that appear in Russian.

2). My attitude to neologisms is neutral. It seems to me that people already have enough words to express their thoughts. Most neologisms are associated with high technologies, for example, with a computer. But the computer is absolutely useless for me. There are people for whom it is the meaning of life, and they encounter neologisms every day. Probably, when I grow up, I will meet with neologisms, but now they are not at all interesting for me.

3). In my opinion, neologisms are needed in speech. Because in the Russian language there are not many terms that are used in certain areas of science and technology. I think neologisms cannot but exist. Everyone uses new words. The Russian language will not become poorer from the abundance of neologisms, but, on the contrary, will gain strength, and its verbal treasury will become much larger.

four). It seems to me that neologisms are needed in the Russian language. They enrich the Russian language. It is useful to know new words, although our language is already full and difficult, but it will not become more difficult from neologisms. I think if there are a lot of new words, it will become easier to understand the modern language and easier to communicate. I myself often use them in my speech.

5). It seems to me that in the Russian language neologisms should be in moderation. In my opinion, these words should still exist, because they make our speech modern and beautiful. But the excessive use of new words makes our language not quite Russian. Neologisms in our speech are most often used by teenagers. Some of them speak only new words, but it seems to me that this is not correct. Often people who speak modern language do not know the meaning of the words used. In my opinion, there should not be many neologisms so that they do not overshadow the true beauty of the Russian language.