L.N. Gumilyov writes: "The most ancient Mongols had nothing in common with the blondes who inhabited Europe. European travelers of the 13th century did not find any similarities between the Mongols and themselves." But, nevertheless, as he reasonably explains, not even the most "ancient Mongols (that is, the tribesmen of Genghis Khan and their ancestors) were, according to the testimony of chroniclers and frescoes found in Manchuria, a tall, bearded, fair-haired and blue-eyed people. Modern appearance, as well as the language that we now call Mongolian, their descendants acquired through intermarriage with undersized, black-haired and black-eyed tribes, which the neighbors collectively called the Tatars.

But LN Gumilyov did not say everything, taking into account the political situation in the country, regarding the time by which the tribesmen of Genghis Khan "acquired the appearance and language, which we now call Mongolian." Also, the Great Eurasian of the Soviet era was forced to remain silent about whether all representatives of the "ancient Mongols" ethnos acquired the appearance that we call "Mongoloid" and, accordingly, the Khalkha-Mongolian language.

Therefore, let's not be mistaken about the fact that this "change in appearance and language" did not happen with all the "ancient Mongols", or otherwise, the Tatars of Genghis Khan, and by no means before the "era of the Mongols". These changes occurred much later than that and only with individual individuals of this ethnic group, left after the complete destruction of a significant part of this people living in the eastern part of Eurasia, in China and Mongolia. That is, the corresponding changes in the "look and language", complete assimilation, occurred with individual descendants of the Mongol-Tatars who remained among the "black-haired and black-eyed tribes" of Mongolia after the genocide carried out against this people by the Chinese of the Ming dynasty. And this happened only after the collapse of the Mongol state, more precisely, at the end of the XIV century.

Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov could not write this openly in his time.

But most importantly, L.N. Gumilyov still did not keep silent, but pointed out the point of view of academician V.P. Vasiliev that Genghis Khan comes "from the Tatar tribe", and gave a link to the works of this Russian academician so that readers could personally compare them with the works of LN Gumilyov himself.

V.P. Vasiliev writes that approximately in the 6th - early 7th centuries, part of the inhabitants of Manchuria, who lived independently of the Khitans, without submitting to them, migrated to the Yinshan mountains and became known as the Tatars. Neighbors, "the black-haired tribes surrounding them," called this people "yellow-headed."

"The Caucasoid anthropological race of the first order can be traced in Central Asia and Siberia from the Upper Paleolithic and genetically goes back to the Cro-Magnon type, being a special branch that developed in parallel with the races of Europe and the Middle East" (L.N. Gumilyov, "In Search of a Fictional Kingdom").

Also, L.N. Gumilyov cites information that in the second half of the 1st century AD. after the devastation of the principality of Cheshi, allied with the Huns, located in the Tarim Basin (Turfan oasis - the territory of modern Uighuria), "the Xiongnu chanyu gathered the rest of the Cheshi people and resettled them on the eastern outskirts of their state." Thus, among the "emphatically Mongoloid peoples of the Amur basin" an ethnos appeared, consisting of representatives of the "eastern branch of the Indo-Europeans."

Apparently, the "remnant of the people" was still quite numerous in order to retain their abilities for state organization and other skills and abilities, for example, a penchant for "growing", the ability to make tools from iron, copper, and other properties inherent in highly developed at that time. time for the peoples. We also note that most likely this people, judging by the fact that they were "an ally of the Huns", and were close to them in language.

It must be assumed that mixed marriages also took place between settlers from the Tarim basin and representatives of the local population, the ancestors of the Manchus and Khalkha, but the ancestors of the "ancient Mongols", apparently, did not have their own anthropological characteristics, like their language, level of development and other properties of the ethnic group. lost. Migrating from the Amur basin southwest to the Yinshan mountains, these "ancient Mongols" were already known to their Chinese neighbors as Tatars. And it is not surprising that at the same time they became allies of the Uighurs and the Shato Turks, which can be explained by the closeness of their languages ​​and the similarity of their appearance, which is how they all differed from the Chinese (Han) and other inhabitants of the east of Eurasia, the ancestors of the Khalkha and Manchus.

And not only did the "ancient Mongols" become allies of the Uighurs and the Turks of the Shato, but began to "mingle with them and gave them their name," as V.P. Vasiliev writes, giving rise to the birth of a new ethnic group under the same name and self-name "Tatars."

The medieval Tatars did not lose their anthropological and other signs and properties, which sharply distinguish them from the inhabitants of China and Mongolia, during the time of Genghis Khan and much later. For example, the tribesmen of Genghis Khan "distinguished green or bluish eyes, Chinese historians called them" glass ", and blond with red hair", "the Borjigins (genus of Genghis Khan) have blue-green or dark blue eyes, where the pupil is surrounded by a brown rim. " In support of the above, L.N. Gumilyov refers to data from the work of Abul Gazi, translated and published in 1874 in Paris, and other information from the works of French Orientalist historians, published in 1896.

A sufficient idea of ​​the appearance of the representatives of the Mongol-Tatar ethnic group can also be obtained from the medieval portrait of Genghis Khan, in which he is depicted, most likely, most similar to himself. The portrait was painted on silk either during the lifetime of Genghis Khan himself, or during the reign of the Mongol-Tatars in China. And it is unlikely that anyone would have portrayed at that time the founder of the State with a Caucasoid appearance or the appearance of a Khalkha (or Chinese) for the sake of someone's political interests, but to the detriment of truth. It is clearly seen that the portrait depicts a man with a thick beard and mustache, Caucasian appearance. Also appearance Mongol-Tatars is reflected quite clearly in the drawings of the XII-XIII centuries.

"The Tatar nation for the most part was not tall, no higher than five feet with two or three inches, and there are also no fat and fat between them. Their face is wide, flat and quadrangular with protruding cheekbones" (V.P. Vasiliev "History and antiquities of the eastern parts of Central Asia, from the 10th to the 13th centuries).

It should be noted that from the foregoing it is impossible to conclude that the Tatars of Genghis Khan were "short" dwarfs compared to other inhabitants of the medieval world, given that the statesman of the Sung Empire (South China), whose text is quoted by V.P. Vasiliev, possessed a sufficient outlook and had, presumably, a sufficient understanding of the anthropological features of many, many peoples of the world. "Five feet with two or three inches" (150-160 cm) is the average height for the period under review. By the way, knightly armor medieval Europe designed just for people of about the same build. This is explained by the fact that in the Middle Ages the average height of people was much lower than that of their modern descendants.

Marco Polo also left valuable information that the medieval Tatars of Genghis Khan were representatives of the Caucasoid race. He compares the characteristic appearance of the Chinese, who, as is known, belong to the Mongoloid race of the continental type, with the appearance of the medieval Tatars: "the Chinese are by nature without beards, while the Tatars, Saracens (here we mean Persians) and Christians (Europeans) - with beards" . Here "beard" is mentioned as the most important feature by which the Chinese were supposed to distinguish their own from others during the fighting. Since during the uprising, which was prepared by the "noble Chinese" against the Mongol-Tatars, the rebels had to "kill all the bearded ones" throughout China.

At the same time, it should be noted that Marco Polo knew many Tatars "scattered all over the world", moreover, he lived and served with the Tatars of the Great Khan of the Mongol state Kubilai in China for 17 years, and apparently, he learned to distinguish Tatars and other Caucasians from the Chinese and their kindred peoples.

For the Chinese, the Tatars seemed to be people of "very disgusting appearance", most likely precisely because of their dissimilarity. By the way, the Arabs also believed that the Russians were "a people of ugly appearance", there were enough differences in the appearance of both, although these differences are much less than in the case under consideration.

And there is, at first glance, quite strange fact. Meng-hung's notes note the absence of "upper eyelashes" among the Tatars. Many facts contained in Meng-hong's notes are "not noticed" by Eurocentric historians, but this example of the "lack of upper eyelashes" is often copied from one work "on the history of the Mongol-Tatars" to another precisely as evidence of a kind of "ugliness" of the Tatars. No one can explain the reason for this "shortcoming", but everyone constantly quotes this very place from Meng-hung's notes, they will never ignore it.

Most likely, it was the difficulties of translation or a change in the language over the centuries that caused a distortion in the translation of the exact meaning of the quoted words of Meng-hun about the absence of "upper eyelashes" of the Tatars, the tribesmen of Genghis Khan. Otherwise, the Chinese military diplomat, who was extremely accurate, as can be seen from the content of his notes, would not fail to explain the reasons for this strange "shortcoming" of the Mongol-Tatars, or to make a reservation, they say, such and such a group of Tatars have no eyelashes, but others have it in stock.

Mongolia is an amazing country that amaze tourists with its uniqueness and originality. Located in Central Asia, this country borders only Russia and China and is landlocked. Therefore, the climate of Mongolia is sharply continental. And Ulaanbaatar is considered But anyway, Mongolia is popular among tourists from all over the planet.

General information

Mongolia still keeps its traditions, it managed to carry its cultural heritage through the centuries. The Great Mongol Empire had a huge impact on world history, the famous leader Genghis Khan was born on the territory of this particular country.

Today, a unique place on the planet attracts primarily those who want to take a break from the noise of megacities and familiar resorts and immerse themselves in a special world of pristine natural beauty. Geographical location, climate, plants, animals - all this is unusual and unique. High mountains, endless steppes, blue sky, unique world flora and fauna cannot but attract tourists from all over the world to this country.

Geographical position

Mongolia, whose relief and climate are naturally interconnected, unites on its territory the Gobi desert and such mountain ranges as the Gobi and Mongolian Altai, Khangai. Thus, on the territory of Mongolia there are both high mountains and vast plains.

The country is located on average at an altitude of 1580 meters above sea level. Mongolia is landlocked and shares borders with Russia and China. The area of ​​the country is 1,566,000 sq. km. The largest rivers flowing in Mongolia are the Selenga, Kerulen, Khalkhin Gol and others. The capital of the state - Ulaanbaatar - has a long and interesting history.

Population of the country

Today, about 3 million people live in the country. The population density is approximately 1.8 people per sq. m. territory. The population is unevenly distributed, in the capital the population density is very high, but the southern regions and desert territories are less populated.

The ethnic composition of the population is very diverse:

• 82% - Mongols;
• 4% - Kazakhs;
• 2% - Buryats and other nationalities.

There are also Russians and Chinese in the country. Among the religions, Buddhism prevails here. In addition, a small percentage of the population professes Islam, there are many adherents of Christianity.

Mongolia: climate and its features

This place is called "the country of the blue sky", as it is sunny most of the year. Located in the temperate climate zone, Mongolia has a sharply continental climate. This means that it is characterized by sharp temperature changes and low rainfall.

Cold, but almost snowless winter in Mongolia (temperature can drop to -45˚C) is replaced by spring with its strong gusts of wind, sometimes reaching hurricanes, and then by warm and sunny summer. This country often becomes the site of sandstorms.

If we briefly describe the climate of Mongolia, it is enough to mention the large temperature fluctuations even within a day. There are severe winters, hot summers and increased dryness of the air. The coldest month is January, the warmest is June.

Why such a climate in Mongolia

Sharp temperature changes, dry air and a large number of sunny days make this place special. It can be concluded that what are the reasons for the sharp continentality of the climate of Mongolia:

• remoteness from the seas;
• an obstacle to the entry of moist air currents from the oceans are the mountain ranges that surround the country's territory;
• formation of high pressure combined with low temperatures in winter.

Such extreme temperature fluctuations and low rainfall make this country special. Familiarization with the reasons for the sharp continental climate of Mongolia will help to better understand the relationship between the relief, geographic location and the climate of this country.

Seasons

The best time to visit Mongolia is from May to September. Despite the fact that there are many sunny days here, the amplitude of temperatures is very large for the seasons. The climate of Mongolia by months has very characteristic features.

Vegetable world

Mongolia, whose climate is sharply continental, has a rich and unusual flora. On its territory there are various natural zones: highlands, taiga belt, forest-steppe and steppe, desert and semi-desert zones.

In Mongolia, you can see mountains covered with deciduous, cedar and pine forests. In the valleys, they are replaced by hardwoods (birch, aspen, ash) and shrubs (honeysuckle, bird cherry, wild rosemary and others). In general, forests cover about 15% of Mongolia's vegetation.

The vegetation cover of the steppes of Mongolia is also very diverse. It includes plants such as feather grass, wheatgrass and others. Saxaul prevails on the territory of semi-deserts. This type of vegetation makes up about 30% of the entire flora of Mongolia.

Of the medicinal plants, juniper, celandine, and sea buckthorn are most widely used.

Animal world

Several very rare species of mammals are represented in Mongolia, such as the snow leopard, Przewalski's horse, Mongolian kulan, wild camel and many others (about 130 species in total). There are also many (over 450) various species of birds - eagles, owls, hawks. In the desert there is a wild cat, goitered gazelle, saiga, in the forests - deer, sable, roe deer.

Some of them, unfortunately, need protection, as they are under the threat of extinction. The Government of Mongolia takes care of the preservation of the existing rich fund of flora and fauna. For this purpose, numerous reserves and national parks were organized here.

This country is unique. Therefore, it attracts many tourists who want to learn more about Mongolia. There are several features that characterize it:

• Mongolia, whose climate is quite severe, is the country with the coldest capital in the world.
• It has the lowest population density among all countries in the world.
• If you translate the name of the capital Ulaanbaatar from, you get the phrase "red hero".
• Another name for Mongolia is the "Land of the Blue Sky".

Not all tourists aspiring to these parts know what the climate is in Mongolia. But even a detailed acquaintance with its features does not frighten lovers of exotic and wildlife.

The territory of Mongolia is a huge plateau, which is elevated above sea level. Mountains with a height of 1500-3000 m occupy at least 40% of the area of ​​the country from the area of ​​the whole country, and its high-mountainous sections with a height of more than 3000 m - about 2.5-3%. Mongolia ranks 17th in the world in terms of its territory.

An interesting fact: Mongolia is the smallest country in terms of population density, its density is approximately 1.7 people / sq. km. And the total population reaches about 3 million people.

Mongolia is a country where you can travel hundreds of kilometers and not meet a single person. In a number of areas, such as deserts and highlands, the population density reaches a minimum threshold - from 0.01 to 1%.

In his great history The ethnic groups of Mongolia have gone through a great many different periods of development. As a result, with the formation of a single, cohesive Mongolian people, the Greatest Mongolian state appeared. It was a great world empire, which to this day has no equal. Arin V.D. Russia and Mongolia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries: economics, diplomacy, culture / V.D. Arin.--Irkutsk, BSUEP, 2013.--402 p.

In Mongolia, there is the world's tallest statue of a rider on a horse, which is an hour's drive from the capital. The Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar is the coldest capital in the whole world.

Mongolia is home to 25% of all snow leopards living on our planet.

Mongolia country with ancient history, and is fraught with many mysteries from the past.

An interesting find was announced in Mongolia. A Scythian warrior was found. It was discovered in the Altai Territory at an altitude of 2.6 kilometers. And the most interesting thing is that it was completely undamaged in the burial mound. Obviously, he was a rich man, as he was covered with beaver and sable fur, and he was also wearing a sheepskin. The body of the warrior was covered with many tattoos.

And main feature this find was the hair of a warrior, he was blond. True, some scientists say that the hair could have become this color even after his death.

Near the grave, 2 horses were found, on which were richly decorated bridles and saddles, as well as weapons, a vessel made of clay and animal horns. They were placed in the grave next to the mummy so that they could accompany him to the other side of life.

The rivers of Mongolia are born in the mountains. Most of them are the headwaters of the great rivers of Siberia and Far East carrying their waters towards the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The largest rivers of the country are the Selenga (within the borders of Mongolia - 600 km), Kerulen (1100 km), Tesiin-Gol (568 km), Onon (300 km), Khalkhin-Gol, Kobdo. The most full-flowing - Selenga.

Mongolia has many permanent lakes and a much larger number of temporary lakes that form during the rainy season and disappear during the drought. In the early Quaternary period, a significant part of the territory of Mongolia was an inland sea, which later divided into several large reservoirs. The current lakes are what is left of them.

Next, consider the climate of Mongolia. Mongolia has a sharply continental climate with harsh winters and dry, hot summers. In the capital, the city of Ulaanbaatar, located approximately in the middle between the mountain ranges of the northwest and the desert arid zone of the southeast of the country, the temperature ranges from minus 25 - 35 degrees in winter to plus 25 - 35 degrees in summer. Ulaanbaatar is one of the coldest winter capitals in the world: the coldest month is January. The warmest month is July.

In mountainous areas, in the north and west of the country it is often cold. Most of the country is hot in summer and very cold in winter, with January averages dropping to -30 degrees.

Consider in detail Administrative division Mongolia.

Mongolia is divided into 21 aimags, which in turn has 329 soums. The capital Ulaanbaatar is an independent administrative unit.

Mongolia has an interesting address system. Due to the large number of temporary settlements (yurts) in the country that change spatial position over time, traditional address systems (city, street, house) are not very suitable for Mongolia.

On February 2, 2008, the Government of Mongolia decided to adapt the technology of the Universal Address System for the needs of the country, that is, the use of the Natural Area Code for addressing objects on the ground. This system allows you to address on the ground within the Earth, both entire regions and cities, individual houses and even small objects with an accuracy of up to a meter. The more precisely the address is specified, the longer its code. For example, the address of the city of Ulaanbaatar as a whole is RV-W QZ, and the address of the monument in the center of Sukhbaatar Square in Ulaanbaatar is RW8SK QZKSL.

Although more people live in cities, Mongolia's economy is concentrated in industries such as mining and Agriculture. Such mineral resources, as copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold make up a significant part industrial production countries.

In the period from 1924 to 1991, the MPR received large financial and economic assistance from the USSR. At the peak of this assistance, one third of its GDP is accounted for. In the early 1990s. years and in the next decade, the Mongolian economy experienced a strong decline followed by stagnation.

Exports: copper and other non-ferrous metals, fluorspar, uranium ore, coal, petroleum, clothing, farm animals, wool, hides, animal products, cashmere. The main buyers in 2011 are China (85.7%), Canada (6.3%) in 10th place is Russia (3%).

Imports: machinery and equipment, fuels, automobiles, foodstuffs, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, Construction Materials, cigarettes and tobacco products, household appliances, soaps and detergents, sugar, tea. The main suppliers in 2011 are China (43.4%), Russia (23.3%, mainly oil and electricity), South Korea (5.6%), Japan (5.1%).

Mongolia is a member of the World Trade Organization (since 1997). The main trading partners of the country are China and Russia, and Mongolia's economy is largely dependent on these countries. In 2006, 68.4% of Mongolia's exports went to China, while imports accounted for only 29.8%. Mongolia imports about 95% of oil products and part of electricity from Russia, which makes the country extremely dependent in economic terms.

In 1578, Tibetan Buddhism was officially adopted in the country, but shamanism continues to be practiced by a small part of the population (primarily in the north of the country). By the time of the People's Revolution of 1921, there were 755 Buddhist monasteries and 120,000 monks and priests in the country (with a total population of 650,000 people).

As a result of repression, by the end of the 1930s. years, all the monasteries were closed or destroyed, and their property was nationalized.

In 1949, the only monastery was reopened in Ulaanbaatar, but the freedom of religion declared by the 1960 constitution was ensured only in the late 1980s. years and the revival of traditional Buddhism, shamanism, Islam (among the Kazakhs) began. From the beginning of the 1990s, foreign Christian missions, Baha'is, Munists and Mormons began their activities. Baabar History of Mongolia: From world domination to the Soviet satellite / Baabar. - Kazan: Tatarstan, 2010. - 543 p.

The culture of Mongolia is heavily influenced by the traditional Mongolian nomadic lifestyle, as well as Tibetan Buddhism, Chinese and Russian cultures. Love for one's lineage and family is valued in Mongolian culture; this manifests itself in everything from old Mongolian literature to contemporary music. Another characteristic and most important feature of the steppes is hospitality. The yurt is an important component of the Mongolian national identity; up to the present time, many Mongols live in yurts.

Education is one of the priorities domestic policy Mongolia. To date, illiteracy in the country has been virtually eliminated, thanks to the creation of seasonal boarding schools for children from nomadic families.

Since 1990, social changes and improvements in health care have been taking place in Mongolia. The healthcare system includes 17 specialized hospitals, four regional diagnostic and treatment centers, nine district hospitals, 21 aimag and 323 somon hospitals. In addition, there are 536 private hospitals.

Some of the earliest examples of Mongolian fine art are rock carvings and bronze and copper weapons depicting animals. There is also a stone stele from the Iron Age. Mongolian art was strongly influenced by the visual canons of Tibetan Buddhism, as well as Indian, Nepalese and Chinese art. At the beginning of the 20th century, a tradition of secular painting began to develop in Mongolia; Baldugiin Sharav became its founder. After the revolution, for a long time the only acceptable style in Mongolian painting was socialist realism, and only in the 1960s did artists get the opportunity to move away from the canons. The first representatives of modernism in Mongolia were Choidogiin Bazarvaan and Badamzhavyn Chogsom.

The oldest literary and historical monument is the Secret History of the Mongols. One of the founders of modern Mongolian literature is the writer, poet and public figure Dashdorzhiin Natsagdorzh, the first translator of Pushkin's works into Mongolian.

The instrumental ensemble occupies an important place in Mongolian music. folk instruments: amankhur (harmonica), morinkhur and limbo (bamboo flute). There are traditional pieces for key instruments in Mongolian music. Vocal art also has a long tradition. Baldaev R. L. Public education in the Mongolian People's Republic/ R.L. Baldaev. - M.: Mir., 1971. - 230 p.

AT modern types Mongols are traditionally strong in single sports. This is boxing, freestyle wrestling, judo, bullet shooting. In terms of the number of Olympic awards per capita, Mongolia is ahead of many highly developed countries. Quite exotic sports for the Mongols, like bodybuilding and powerlifting, are developing at an active pace.

population armed forces 10.3 thousand people (2012).

Manning is carried out on conscription, the service life is 12 months. Men are called from the age of 18 to 25 years. At present, the army of Mongolia is undergoing a reform aimed at increasing the combat capability and updating the technical fleet of weapons and military equipment. Russian, American and other specialists take an active part in this process.

Since 2002, Mongolia has been participating in peacekeeping activities.

The most characteristic sign of the Mongoloids is a combination of very dark, coarse hair and a special cut of the eyes, in which the upper eyelid hangs over the inner corner, making the eyes narrow and slanting. Most often, representatives of this race are recognized precisely by these features. It should also be noted that they are characterized by brown, sometimes almost black eyes and a yellowish or brownish complexion.

Looking more closely at the representatives of the Mongoloid race, one can notice other signs. The nose of such people is usually either thin or moderately wide. Its lines are clearly defined, and the bridge of the nose is slightly shifted down. The lips of the Mongoloids are not too, but not too thin. Another feature is prominent, very clearly defined cheekbones.

Representatives of the Mongoloid race are also distinguished by poorly developed body hair. So, Mongoloids rarely see hair growing on the chest or in the lower abdomen. Facial hair is also quite rare, which becomes especially noticeable when comparing the appearance of representatives of this race with the appearance of Caucasians.

Different variants of the appearance of representatives of the Mongoloid race

All representatives of the Mongoloid race are usually divided into two types. The first - continental - includes people with a darker skin tone, thin lips. The traits of representatives of the second type - the Pacific - are a relatively bright face, a medium-sized head, thickened lips. In addition, it should be borne in mind that the second type is characterized by a very slight, almost imperceptible protrusion of the upper jaw above the lower one, while in representatives of the first type the jaw does not stand out in comparison with the general outlines of the face.

Geographically, the Mongoloids are divided into northern and southern. Representatives of the first type are Kalmyks, Tuvans, Tatars, Buryats, Yakuts. They tend to have fairly fair skin and round, somewhat flat faces. The second type includes the Chinese, Koreans and Japanese. They are often distinguished by shorter stature, refined, medium-sized facial features, and a special section of the eyes. It should be borne in mind that many representatives of the second type have clear signs of mixing with Australoids. Due to this, the features of their appearance become more diverse, so it can be somewhat difficult to accurately determine their belonging to the Mongoloid race.

|
Mongolian peoples of Russia, Mongolian peoples of Dagestan
Total: over 10 million
PRC PRC: 7.0 million
Mongolia Mongolia: 3.0 million
Russia Russia: 647 747 (2010)

• • Buryatia Buryatia: 287 234 (2010)
  • Kalmykia Kalmykia: 162 847 (2010)
  • Irkutsk region Irkutsk region: 78,534 (2010)
  • Trans-Baikal Territory Trans-Baikal Territory: 74,073 (2010)

Mongolian, Chinese, Russian

Buddhism, Islam, Shamanism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Tengrianism

Mongoloids

Mongolian

Mongolian peoples- a group of related peoples who speak Mongolian languages, and are closely connected by a common centuries-old history, culture and traditions.

Inhabits the north of China, Mongolia and regions Russian Federation- Republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia, Irkutsk region and Trans-Baikal Territory.

More than 10 million people consider themselves Mongols. Of these, 3 million - in Mongolia, 4 million - in the Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, up to 3 million - in Liaoning, Gansu, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and other regions of China.

The composition of the Mongolian peoples includes: Khalkha Mongols, Barguts, Buryats, Oirats (Kalmyks), as well as ethnic groups of the southern Mongols: Chahars, Khorchins, Kharachins, Aruhorchins, Tumets, Jalayts, Avga, Avganars, Baarins, Chippins, Mu-myangats, Naimans, Aokhans, Onnyuts, Durben Khukhets, Urats, Gorlos, Ordos, Khongirats, Dzharuts, Uzumchins, Kheshigtens, Khuchits.

The Mongols (tu), Daurs, Dongsyans, Baoan belong to the Mongolian group of peoples on the basis of language.

The Mughals and Hazaras in Afghanistan are of Mongolian origin, but have been Iranian-speaking Muslim peoples for several centuries. Sogwo Arigs speak Tibetan.

• 1 Title
• 2 History
  • 2.1 Khamag Mongol
  • 2.2 Mongol Empire
  • 2.3 Yuan Empire
  • 2.4 Mongols during the Lesser Khan period
  • 2.5 XVII-XIX centuries
  • 2.6 XX century
• 3 See also
• 4 Notes
  • 4.1 Footnotes
  • 4.2 Sources
• 5 Literature
• 6 Links

Name

A number of researchers (N. Ts. Munkuev) note that the ethnonym "Mongol" is first found in the Chinese sources "Jiu Tang shu" ("The Old History of the Tang Dynasty", compiled in 945) in the form "men-wu shi-wei" - "Mongols-Shiwei", and in "Xin Tang shu" ("New history of Tang", compiled in 1045-1060) in the form "men-wa bu" - "tribe of men-wa". various Khitan and Chinese sources of the 12th century also used the names of meng-ku, manguli, manguzi, mengu guo for these tribes.:238

“In the 12th century, the aristocratic family of Khabul Khan bore the name Borjigin and adopted the name Mongol after he subjugated and united several neighboring clans and tribes, thus forming a single political entity, one clan-ulus; this ulus was given the name Mongol in memory glorious name some ancient and mighty people or clan"

Russian Mongolian scholar B. Ya. Vladimirtsov

Perhaps the name of the Mangut clan (Mong. Mangud) was the ancient sound of the name "Mongols".

Story

Proto-Mongolian tribes that lived in Central Asia in the II - I millennium BC. e., created the so-called culture of slab graves.

In 209 BC, King Mode founded the state of the Xiongnu (209 BC to the 2nd century AD) on the Mongolian plateau. Mongolian scientists attribute the Xiongnu to the Proto-Mongols. The proto-Mongolian states of Xianbi (93-234), Northern Wei (386-534), Juan Khaganate (330-555), Kidan (907-1125) and the Kara-Kitai Khanate (1125-1218) existed until the 13th century.

For the first time, the ethnonym of the Mongols (men-gu, men-gu-li, men-wa) is found in historical chronicles Tang era (7th-10th centuries). Presumably, the initial place of settlement of the Pro-Mongolian tribes was the interfluve of the Argun and Onon rivers, from where in the 8th century they migrated to the Three Rivers (the basin of the Onon, Kerulen and Tuul rivers).:238

Khamag Mongol

In the XII century, the state formation of the Mongols of the Three Rivers took shape - the ulus of Khamag Mongol ("All Mongols"). The first ruler of the state was Khabul Khan, who united, according to the Secret History of the Mongols, 27 tribes of the Nirun-Mongols (“actually the Mongols”), among which the Khiad-Borjigin and Taijiut clans dominated: 238-239. In addition to these Mongols, there were tribes of Darlekin-Mongols (“Mongols in general”), not included in the Khamag Mongol association and nomadic in the areas adjacent to the Three Rivers.

Mongol Empire

In the 13th century, the Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan and two generations of his descendants, created the most significant empire of the era. At the same time, the tribal division was abolished and gave way to a division according to tumens and military branches. As a result, the ethnonyms of those Mongolian tribes that played a significant role in the pre-imperial era (for example, the Saljiut) remained on the outskirts of the empire, and after the collapse of the state, a number of new ones appeared in addition to them, based on military affiliation (for example, Torgout Sharayd, Kubdut). A significant part of the Mongols consider themselves Borjigins - the descendants of Genghis Khan and his relatives.

Yuan Empire

At the end of the 13th century, the grandson of Genghis Khan Kublai founded the Yuan dynasty with capitals in Beijing and Shangdu. After defeating opponents among the Mongol nobility, he subjugated most of the territory of modern Mongolia.

A significant part of the Mongols made up the highest stratum of the administration and internal troops of China, along with those attracted by Khubilai and his heirs who came from other non-Chinese peoples. This created populations such as the Yunnan Mongols in South China.

In 1368, the Mongols, after internecine clashes between the Mongol nobility, were expelled from China to the north by the troops of Zhu Yuanzhang, who, having captured Beijing, proclaimed the Ming dynasty.

Mongols during the period of the Lesser Khans

In the XIV-XVII centuries, the territory of Mongolia was divided between the Chingisids and the Oirats - the Western Mongols, who gradually created a strong Dzungar Khanate.

XVII-XIX centuries

In 1640, the last all-Mongolian congress was held, which was attended by both the Khalkha Mongols and the Oirats (including the Kalmyks).

In the 1670s-1690s, the Oirat leader Galdan-Boshogtu, the first in Dzungaria to proclaim himself a khan, successfully subjugated a number of cities on the Silk Road and made successful campaigns against Central Mongolia. The Genghisid princes turned to their Manchu allies for help, who provided it on the condition that the Mongols accept the citizenship of the Manchu Emperor.

In the 17th century, the lands of the Mongolian peoples and the peoples themselves fell under varying degrees of dependence on China and Russia. In the Qing empire, the Mongols of Inner and Outer Mongolia had different rights and lost the possibility of free communication, which caused the addition of separate nationalities.

There are significant movements and a clear change of identity. For example, Dagur farmers leave Transbaikalia for Manchuria, freeing up land in the area of ​​modern Aga for settlement by Buryat nomads, who, in turn, seek to leave the territories ceded to China.

20th century

In 1911, the independence of Outer Mongolia from the Manchurian Qing Empire was proclaimed, and after the revolutions in Russia, autonomous formations of the Mongolian peoples inhabiting it were formed as part of the RSFSR - the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR (1923) and the Kalmyk ASSR (1935). For Inner Mongolia, autonomy was proclaimed in the Republic of China, then (1936-1945) on part of its territory, with the help of Japanese militarists, during the war with China, the state of Mengjiang (“Mongolian border lands”) was formed, headed by Borjigin Prince Demchigdonrov, which ceased its existence after the surrender of Japan in World War II. A significant part of the Mongol administration of Mengjiang fled to Taiwan and partly to Mongolia.

see also

• World Mongolian Association
• Mongolian name
• Mongolosphere

Notes

Footnotes

1. 1 2 The first khan of the Khamag Mongol ulus ("All Mongols") in the valley of the Onon, Kerulen and Tuul rivers in the 12th century, the grandfather of Genghis Khan (Temuzhin).

Sources

1. name="Mongolian">Population of China according to ethnic group 2010
2. 1 2 3 4 5 including Buryats, Kalmyks and Mongols
3. 1 2 3 4 5 All-Russian population census 2010. Official results with extended lists of national composition population and by region: see
4. Mongols // BDT. T.21. M., 2013.
5. 1 2 3 4 Genghisian: a collection of testimonies of contemporaries / Transl., Comp. and comment. A. Melekhin. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 728 p. - ISBN 978-5-699-32049-3.
6. History of Mongolia (2003) Volume 2
7. N. Navaan, Bronze Age of Eastern Mongolia,
8. History of Mongolia, Volume I, 2003
9. Mongols - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

Literature

• Steindorf L. A foreign war: the military campaigns of the Mongols in 1237-1242 in the chronicle of Thomas the Archdeacon of Split // Ancient Russia. Mi questions. 2008. No. 4 (34). pp. 18-29

Links

• Photo catalog of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. Peter the Great (Kunstkamera) RAS
• Maps with the share of peoples by counties of China

Mongolian peoples of Dagestan, Mongolian peoples of the world, Mongolian peoples of Russia, Mongolian peoples of the north

Mongolian peoples information about