What is a psychological setting?
Installation- this is a tendency and readiness to perceive and respond in a certain way to events, people and various phenomena of the surrounding reality. In other words, attitude is our attitude to this or that object or phenomenon in our life, which forms our understanding of what is happening and subsequent behavior.

Installations, as a rule, are not realized by us, it is important to understand this. Your habitual way of interpreting and reacting to events often seems normal, natural, and correct to you. Psychological attitudes are formed as a result of a person’s past life experience, and most often come from childhood, and create for him both enormous advantages and great limitations. That is, when it comes to changing attitudes, it is more expedient to talk not about their correctness and incorrectness, positivity or negativity, but to rely on how much they help or hinder you both in life in general and in achieving your goals. The same is true with our limiting beliefs, which you can read about in my articles:

Let's look at irrational, interfering psychological attitudes using examples:

• There is always the only correct solution to any problem, and I must find it, otherwise negative consequences or even disaster cannot be avoided.
• I must be competent and successful, I must also get the approval of absolutely everyone important people in my life. It's terrible when it doesn't.
• Others should treat me kindly, fairly, appropriately. It's terrible when they don't.
• Everyone should love and support me, otherwise I am a worthless person who does not deserve love and respect (nothing good in life).
• All my desires must be fulfilled easily and quickly, without encountering too many difficulties. Unbearable when things are different.

At first glance, such attitudes may seem extreme, which are inherent in a very limited number of people. However, with a closer examination and analysis of your reactions, thoughts, emotions and behavior in certain situations, you may notice that you have similar attitudes. What impact such attitudes have on our lives, I think, is unnecessary to explain.

If a person perceives the world, the people around him and the events happening to him through the prism of “everyone should love and support me”, then every time his experience offers an alternative picture of the world, this person will experience anxiety, anger, indignation, his own worthlessness, his self-esteem will be underestimated and expectations from oneself will be painted in a negative connotation. Moreover, a person with such an irrational attitude will be extremely dependent on other people's opinions and attitudes towards him, will seek and try to earn the love and approval of not only significant others, but also people in general. In the end, life is more like suffering than a wonderful adventure.

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Psychologists distinguish three types installations on the perception of a person: positive, negative and adequate. A sign of a positive attitude is an overestimation of the positive qualities of a person. The presence of a negative attitude ultimately leads to the fact that we perceive mainly negative qualities person.

Optimally, of course, the presence of adequate psychological attitude that each person has both positive and negative personal qualities. The presence of attitudes is seen as an unconscious predisposition to perceive and evaluate the qualities of other people. These attitudes underlie the typical distortions of ideas about the other person.
Starting communication, people have a mutual influence on each other, which has deep psychological mechanisms.

Psychological methods of communication and mutual influence can be built in a certain psychological series. The very first in this series will be the property of infection - the effect of multiple amplification emotional states people communicating with each other. Infection occurs at an unconscious level and is especially pronounced in a crowd, queue, in public, but infection also occurs at the level of small groups. There is an expression " infectious laughter”, anger and other emotions can also be contagious.

The next in the series will be two properties: suggestion and imitation. Suggestion, or suggestion, can also be individual and group and occurs on a conscious or unconscious level, depending on the purpose of communication. Each person has the ability to perceive the ideas, actions, feelings transmitted to him in communication in such a way that they involuntarily become, as it were, his own.

Imitation is a dynamic property. Some of its manifestations range from blind copying of behavior, gestures and intonations to a completely conscious motivated imitation of behavior.
One of the psychological mechanisms of communication is competition - the ability of people to compare themselves with others, the desire to be no worse than others, not to lose face. Competition causes mental, emotional and physical strength. It's good when competition is an incentive for development, it's bad when it develops into rivalry.

And the third level of interaction is persuasion: a reasoned conscious verbal or written expression of ideas, opinions, and actions. Persuasion is effective only when it is based not only on words, but also on deeds, emotions, the effects of infection, suggestion and imitation. If the leader relies on all mechanisms, he will achieve good results.

The attitudes of a person considered in psychology are not only his prejudice. This is a certain attitude of his physical and mental forces to a particular situation or certain needs. Moreover, as noted in psychology, the setting of the personality is outside the consciousness of a person. What is this phenomenon? Let's consider this issue in more detail.

Psychological phenomenon

It is already obvious to a person living in the third millennium how rapidly the world in which he lives is changing. Moreover, any newly coming reality is invariably accompanied by certain changes. This requires a change in the people themselves. But admitting the need to change oneself is, you see, much more difficult. In each case, a mechanism of counteracting the newly created conditions begins to work in a person, which is called the psychological barrier. This is nothing more than a specific form of the resistance to change syndrome, which has two sides. A person is afraid of losing his old, familiar, and at the same time, he has a fear of what is unusual for him, new.

If we consider the concept of "barrier" in a broad sense, then it means a long partition, which is affixed as an obstacle to the path, that is, it is a barrier. This word has a similar meaning in the field of psychology. In this science, it denotes those external and internal obstacles existing in a person that do not allow him to achieve his goal.

A psychological barrier is understood as such a state of an individual, in which his inadequate passivity is manifested, which becomes an obstacle to the performance of certain actions. Emotionally, the mechanism of this phenomenon is an increase in attitudes towards low self-esteem and negative experiences. Psychological barriers also exist in the social behavior of the individual. They are expressed by communicative obstacles, which are manifested in the rigidity of interpersonal and other attitudes.

How to solve the problem of barriers? This will make it possible to make a broader framework for such a concept as a “psychological attitude”. It is expressed in the readiness of a person to act and perceive, as well as to interpret the object of thinking and perception or future events in one way or another.

What does the concept of attitude mean in psychology? This is a special vision, which is the basis of human behavior, his selective activity. It is able to regulate conscious and unconscious forms of personality activity in the emotional, cognitive and motivational spheres. Any installation develops thanks to the accumulated by man life experience and can be both a colossal advantage and a significant limitation for him.

Discovery history

In the inner quality of the subject, a psychological state not realized by him, which is based on his previous life experience, as well as a certain activity and predisposition in a given situation. The installation determines and precedes the deployment of any of the existing forms of mental activity. Moreover, its presence allows a person to respond in one way or another to a social or political event.

A similar phenomenon was discovered in 1888 by the German scientist L. Lange. Further, in general psychology, the attitude resulted in a whole theory developed by D.N. Uznadze together with students and followers of his school. The stages necessary for the formation of the installation were most fully disclosed thanks to such a concept as a contrast illusion. At the same time, along with the simplest, researchers have identified more complex types of attitudes - social, value orientations person, etc.

S. R. Rubinshtein paid considerable attention to installations. They found that this phenomenon is closely connected with the unconscious.

M. Rokeach also worked on the problem of attitudes in psychology. This researcher made a distinction between a person's attitudes and his values. The latter are the belief that sometimes applies to several situations and objects. An attitude, on the other hand, is a set of beliefs relating to only one situation or object.

Development of the theory

At an early stage of its study, it was believed that the attitude in psychology is one of the forms of nervous activity that is not realized by a person. This opinion has existed for a long time. The psychology of the attitude of D. N. Uznadze also adhered to it. This theory has continued to develop in this direction. The installation in domestic psychology was considered by the Georgian school, which included followers and students of Dmitry Nikolaevich Uznadze. This scientist not only created a theory of the phenomenon under consideration, but also organized the development of this problem.

Uznadze explained the phenomenon of perception as a reflection of reality and the behavior of a living being. Briefly, this can be explained as follows. In the life of every person, installations occupy an important place. They influence the perception of phenomena and objects, thinking, as well as the will of a person. Before the slightest movement of the soul takes place, it will necessarily be preceded by a certain attitude. And then the act of will, perception and cognition will necessarily be influenced by the life experience of a person, the goal or mood set by him. This does not exclude errors. This made it possible to prove the experimental foundations of attitude psychology. This is evidenced, for example, by the experience with balls. The person was asked to estimate the size of these objects. And if at first he was shown balls of different sizes 10-15 times, then in his mind there was an opinion that they must necessarily be different. After the researcher offered him the same objects, the reaction did not change. The person continued to perceive the balls as different.

Over time, it became obvious that all the laws and facts that were considered by the theory of set are by their nature general psychological. In this regard, this direction began to claim the status of a general psychological concept.

Term specification

In psychology? This phenomenon has a three-part structure, which includes:

• sensual image (effective component);
• actions related to the object of evaluation (behavioral component);
• cognitive factor.

According to the opinion of the students of D. N. Uznadze - T. Sh. Iosebadze and T. T. Iosebadze, the following definition of attitude in psychology can be given. This phenomenon is characterized by scientists as a mode or a specific state inherent in an integral object. That is, it determines the psychophysical organization of a person and his modification in each specific situation, as well as his readiness to perform one or another activity necessary to meet actual needs.

In psychology, the attitude and behavior of an individual are considered a reflection of his internal (subjective) and external (objective) state. At the same time, such a property is considered to be an indirect link, a kind of “connection principle” that exists between the individual states of the subject, its elements and functions.

A clearer position on this issue belongs to Sh. N. Chkhartishvili. This scientist divided the installation into primary and fixed. Both of them are easily differentiated into each other, but at the same time have different functions and properties.

Dispositional concept

There are other theories of attitude in psychology. One of them is the dispositional concept of V. A. Yadov. This scientist proposed his own approach when considering the backbone components that reflect the social behavior of a person.

The concept under consideration is based on a hierarchical system of dispositions. In the triad proposed by D. N. Uznadze, V. A. Yadov replaced the setting with the concept of disposition. This is nothing but the most diverse states of readiness or predisposition of a person to perceive situations. V. A. Yadov considers personality dispositions as a hierarchical system formed as a result of existing needs and conditions. In this system, the scientist identified three levels. They differ from each other in the different composition and ratio of their constituent elements (attitudes, needs, conditions of activity). Each of the levels of disposition predetermines the corresponding level of behavior. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Fixed installations

It is they who are at the very first and at the same time the lowest level of the disposition. What is an elementary fixed installation? This is in psychology the definition of the specific reactions of the subject to the objective, actual situation, as well as his perception of rapidly changing influences. environment. Elementary attitudes are formed on the basis of the basic needs of physical existence, as well as the simplest situations. This or that behavioral readiness of the individual in this case is fixed by his previous experience.

Social Attitudes

A similar phenomenon is found at the second stage of the dispositional stage. A social attitude is, in psychology, a person's need to be included in contact groups. What behavioral situations arise in this case? They are social. Such installations take place based on the assessment of individual public facilities. Social situations are also taken into account. At the same time, the individual performs certain actions. They are the elementary unit of behavior.

What else do we understand by the described term? A social attitude in psychology is nothing more than a stable attitude of an individual to people, as well as to all processes and events taking place in society. It is on her basis that a personality characteristic can be given.

The very term "social attitude" in psychology has several meanings that differ from each other in their characteristics. So, initially, this definition meant the readiness of an individual to solve a given problem. At the same time, what was the object of social installation? This is the person himself, as well as the people included in his environment, events and processes in society, objects of spiritual and material culture, etc.

Somewhat later, the term in question began to have a slightly different meaning. A social attitude in psychology is a stable attitude of one person or group of people towards something or someone. A careful study of this phenomenon made it clear that it is quite complex. At the same time, such an attitude began to be classified not only as a mental state of a person, but also as its psychological property.

General orientation of the individual

Consider the third level of disposition. It characterizes the general orientation of the individual in a certain area of ​​social action. At this level, the needs of a person regarding his social relations become more complex. For example, an individual seeks to join a particular area of ​​activity, wanting to turn it into the main dominant sphere.

Here, options such as professionalism, leisure or family can be considered. In this case, purposeful and consistent actions of a person form the basis of his behavior in the field of activity where he pursues more distant and significant goals.

Value Orientations

Consider the highest level of the disposition hierarchy. It is characterized by the formation of value orientations not only for the purposes of life, but also for the means necessary to achieve the goals. The fourth level includes higher social needs. At the same time, the life position of a person, into which the self-consciousness of the individual is transformed, becomes an important factor. This is nothing more than the principle of individual behavior, which is based on worldview attitudes, norms and ideals, social values, as well as on the willingness to act.

Thanks to the dispositional theory, direct links were established between the socio-psychological and sociological behavior of a person. At the same time, the highest forms of attitudes according to Yadov include:

• value orientations and life concept;
• generalized attitudes towards typical social situations and objects;
• predisposition to behavior and perception in the given conditions and in the given social and objective environment.

Value orientations are understood as the attitude of a person or a group of people to the totality of spiritual and material goods, considered as objects or their properties, goals, as well as means to satisfy the needs of an individual or group. This concept is expressed in the meaning of life, in ideals, and manifests itself in the social behavior of people. Value orientations reflect the attitude of the subject to the existing conditions of his being, which is the result of a conscious choice of objects and objects that are significant for the individual.

Types of psychological attitudes

In psychology, human perception is classified into the following groups:

• positive;
• negative;
• adequate.

What does each of these types mean? With a positive attitude, an assessment of the positive qualities of a person occurs. Negative perception leads to consideration of only the negative traits of a person's character. The most optimal setting is considered adequate. After all, every person has both positive and negative personal qualities. The presence of each of these attitudes is considered by psychologists as an unconscious predisposition to assess and perceive the qualities of the interlocutor.

Starting their communication, people influence each other with the help of deep psychological mechanisms. Researchers have proven that this creates such a property as infection. It is the effect of amplifying the emotions of people in contact with each other. Infection occurs at an unconscious level. And most often it is observed in public, in a queue or in a crowd. For example, laughter, anger and other emotions can be contagious.

Among the psychological attitudes, there are also such properties as imitation and suggestion. The first one is dynamic. Its manifestations can be blind copying of gestures and behavior, as well as intonation, up to a conscious imitation of behavior. Suggestion can be group and individual, occurring at a conscious or unconscious level, which will depend on the purpose of the contact. In psychology, this property is understood as the ability of a person to perceive the feelings, actions and ideas conveyed to him in such a way that they involuntarily become, as it were, his own.

Among the psychological mechanisms of communication is also competition. It represents the desire of people not to lose face, to be no worse than others, as well as the desire to compare themselves with others. Competition contributes to the creation of tension of physical, emotional and mental forces. It is good if such installations serve as an incentive for development. The worst option is when the competition develops into rivalry.

The next level of human interaction is the reasoned, written or verbal, conscious expression of actions, opinions and ideas for the purpose of persuasion. Such an attitude becomes effective only when it is based not only on words, but also on emotions, deeds, as well as on the effects of imitation, suggestion and infection.

Please, format it according to the rules for formatting articles.

Installation- an unconscious psychological state, an internal quality of the subject, based on his previous experience, a predisposition to certain activity in a certain situation. Installation anticipates and determines the deployment of any form of mental activity. It acts as a state of mobilization, readiness for subsequent action. Due to the corresponding situation, the subject has a need to satisfy it. The presence of an attitude in a person allows him to react in one or another specific way to a particular political or social event or phenomenon.

The phenomenon was discovered by the German psychologist L. Lange (L. Lange,); general psychological theory of attitude based on numerous experimental studies developed by D. N. Uznadze and his school (). The stages of formation of the installation are most fully disclosed on the basis of the concept of contrast illusion. Along with unconscious simplest attitudes, more complex social attitudes, value orientations of the individual, etc. are singled out. In addition, S.L. Rubinshtein paid great attention to attitudes, especially the role of attitudes in cognition. In his works, the concept of attitude is connected with the concepts of the Unconscious.

Development of the theory of installation

Uznadze's theory of set originated and developed as a theory describing one of the forms of unconscious nervous activity. He tried to explain the phenomena of perception as reflections of reality, and the behavior of a living being. Gradually, it became obvious that the facts and regularities considered by the theory of attitude are by their nature general psychological. Therefore, the theory of set began to claim the role of a general psychological concept.

Definition of the term Installation

The installation has a three-part structure: 1) affective component (sensual image); 2) behavioral component (actions in relation to the subject of assessment); 3) cognitive component.

The students of D. N. Uznadze T. T. Iosebadze, T. Sh. satisfaction of an urgent need. Being a reflection of the subjective (internal) and objective (external), as well as being an integral state of the subject, the attitude appears as an indirect link, the "principle of connection" both between its individual states, functions, elements (in the intrasubjective sphere), and between these latter (or an integral subject) and transsubjective reality. The installation contains not only a “causal” (incitement to activity, need), but also a “purpose-like” moment in the form of a general prospective non-deployed model of future activity, reflecting it in a peculiar way. final result. Consequently, the attitude as a modification of an integral individual, determined by subjective (internal - an actual need, past experience, in its broadest sense, the characteristics of a given individual) and objective (external - a specific situation) factors, reflects not only the present and past, but also the future.

A somewhat clearer position on this issue is taken by Sh. N. Chkhartishvili, dividing the installation into two types: fixed and primary. They are easily differentiated from each other, have different properties and functions. Shentsev also worked in this direction.

Additional concepts

Due to such features as “two-sided determination”, “connection principle”, “dynamicity” and at the same time, “certain stability”, “integrity”, etc., the attitude in this sense is more consistent with the role of a system-forming factor than such concepts , as "goal", "task", "motive", etc. (claiming this role). The concept of "attitude" should be considered not as a general attitude, position towards any object, phenomenon, person, but as a disposition - readiness for a certain behavior in a particular situation. This concept expresses a concrete relationship between internal and external. Therefore, we can have one, for example, negative attitude towards some person, but many (perhaps even mutually exclusive) attitudes towards this individual for various specific situations (recall the well-known La Pierre paradox, when the owner of one hotel, having a negative attitude to the Chinese, yet he received them at his hotel). Thus, the presence of any attitude is not enough for the behavior corresponding to it to take place in this particular situation, while in such a case the corresponding attitude will certainly guarantee its implementation (unless the situation in its psychological sense is changed).

Installation types

There are two types of installations: general and differentiated. A general attitude arises in relation to large classes of phenomena, a differentiated one - in relation to individual objects. The installation underlies the integrity and consistency of human behavior, determines the norm of his reaction. Installations can be associated with various activity components. Semantic attitudes determine the personal meaning of specific objects, phenomena, the readiness to act in relation to a significant object in a certain way. Goal settings provide a stable focus of actions, they are expressed in a tendency to complete the action under any circumstances, which can sometimes lead to inflexibility of behavior. Operational installations provide the psychophysiological pre-adjustment of the individual to perform an action in certain ways, a consistent system of habitual operations using means familiar to a person.

Installation and transformation of the concept of the Unconscious

Over time, the concept of the unconscious was partly transformed in the works of D. N. Uznadze's students. In an article by F. V. Bassin, A. S. Prangishvili, A. E. Sheroziy we read: “the unconscious is a concept, in any case, much broader than a “psychological attitude”. It is indisputable, however, that in a number of forms of concrete expression of unconscious mental activity, psychological attitudes are given a very important place. This idea is more specifically expressed in the work of A. E. Sheroziy, who summarizes his position as follows: “In interpreting the theory of an unconscious mental attitude, we rely on the three-term scheme for analyzing the human psyche “attitude - consciousness - unconscious mental”, instead of the two-term “attitude - consciousness ". Thus, A. E. Sheroziya does not identify the attitude and the unconscious mental, considering them separate but interrelated realities. At the same time, the attitude, according to A. E. Sherozia, performs the function of a connection between (a) the mental and the transpsychic, (b) separate conscious mental acts and (c) conscious and unconscious mental processes.However, with this interpretation, and with other interpretations, the declaration of the set as a mental reality, as it seems to us, is at least an inconsistent step. that the connection between the conscious psyche and the unconscious psyche is mediated by an attitude that I am declared to them as a psychic reality. For more details, see the abstract on this topic

Types of attitudes: 1 - social - readiness for perception and action in a certain way; 2 - motor - readiness for action; 3 - sensory - readiness to perceive; 4 - mental - readiness for certain stereotypes of thinking; 5 - diffuse - an attitude formed by the subject during a single meeting with an object, phenomenon;

Usually, the stronger the emotional reaction after the event, the stronger the setting is fixed.

Relationship between the concept of attitude and other psychological phenomena

The underlying mechanisms of functioning of many psychological manifestations are closely related to the concept of set. So, prejudice, or the concept of "friend or foe" are based on the internal norm subconsciously formed in a person. From this norm comes the usually unconscious counting of the observed "deviation" - that is, the assessment of the situation as normal or deviant (pathological, hostile, etc.). The installation phenomenon explains both the displacement of the internal standard, which ensures the ability of a person to adapt to changing social and psychological conditions of the environment, and such phenomena as prejudice, xenophobia , nationalism .

see also

• Mercantile prostitute

Links

• 2. Contrasting illusion according to Uznadze and expanding it to 3 or more objects

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Social attitudes are one of key concepts in social psychology, a separate area of ​​scientific research.

An active study of the phenomenon of the formation of social attitudes began in the first decades of the 20th century.

The phenomenon is based on the closest relationship between personality and society of which man is an integral part.

What is a person's social status? Learn about it from ours.

The concept of attitude

What is a social attitude?

With the growth and maturation of the individual, the accumulation of life experience, in the mind of a person develops a stable outlook on people, objects and events of the surrounding world.

This setting of consciousness acts as a regulator of reactions and behavior of a person in his interaction with life.

In psychology, the phenomenon is called attitude, or social attitude.

Most often, to determine the social attitude, they use the formulation of the American psychologist Gordon Allport: the past of a person forms in him a predisposition to act in the present in a certain way. This psychological readiness is a social attitude.

In general, the attitude is formed not only on the basis of personal experience person, but also through his perception of the experience of other people. Basically, people convey their views on life, experience in ordinary communication.

Personal installation received by a person as a result of an event, is strengthened if he hears the conclusions and opinions of other people confirming his own observations (the concept of a generalized attitude in psychology).

The social attitude in psychology is called attitude from English word"attitude", which means "attitude" in translation.

Structure

Back in the middle of the 20th century, an American psychologist Manuel Smith identified three main components of the social attitude:

1. Formed conscious opinion. It exists in relation to objects, objects, phenomena and events, about what properties and qualities they possess (in the view of the bearer of the social attitude), about the ways of effective and ineffective interaction with them.
2. Emotional attitude(affect). It is manifested by the experience of certain emotions, feelings, sensations in the form of a reaction to objects, people, incidents. There is a clear understanding of whether phenomena, incidents, subjects or objects are pleasant or repulsive (option - do not hurt, leave indifferent).
3. . A person is ready to act according to a certain pattern as a reaction to an event or a model of communication with people.

Thus, social setting includes affective and behavioral levels.

Kinds

Speaking about the types of social attitudes, they mean their certain characteristics:

In psychology, the concepts of stereotype and socialization are highlighted.

stereotypes

The concept of a stereotype was singled out in the 30s of the 20th century by an American publicist Walter Lippman.

The writer drew attention to a certain filter through which, in obedience to the formed life experience, a person recognizes and interprets information about the world around him.

The formed stereotype causes an attitude towards the phenomenon before the mind starts to work:

Of course, if the ability to think, analyze and perceive new not lost personality, it is possible to change the picture of the world and even the prevailing stereotypical social attitude.

The phenomenon of socialization

Contacting certain society, a person gradually learns his inherent norms of behavior, and the beliefs of others.

In order to successfully interact with people, an individual is forced to accumulate and systematize knowledge about the world, to master communication skills that allow him to establish productive connections and achieve what he wants.

All this is included in the concept of socialization, which, in fact, starts at birth and continues throughout a person's life. In psychology, the concept of socialization is considered in several aspects:

Affects small person's immediate environment. This is his father, mother, relatives, friends and peers, teachers and educators in educational institutions, that is, the inner circle of real communication.

When in psychology they talk about secondary socialization, they mean processes that are already taking place in large social groups.

For example, in circle of secondary socialization administrative bodies, people who form laws and attitudes social communication at the level of school, higher educational institution, city, region, state as a whole.

Installation examples

Popular, common examples of social attitudes:

All these factors are often perceived by a person who grew up in a certain society as the only true, correct ones, precisely because of the social attitudes formed from early childhood.

Functions

Any formed social attitude has a number of important functions (usually not realized by the person himself). There are four main purposes of social installations:

So the attitude is strong construction consciousness, which simultaneously serves to automate and simplify life processes, psychic self-defense and stabilization of a person in life.

Social Attitudes and Real Behavior

If the internal beliefs and views of the individual determine the actions of a person in society, then to change behavior enough to change his way of thinking?

Is it possible to predict her actions based on the voiced attitudes of a person?

The practice of psychological research has proven that this not true: the connection between a person's attitudes and his actual behavior is often absent.

A simple and common example of such a discrepancy is the general belief in the benefits healthy lifestyle life does not mean taking specific actions.

A person can be a carrier of a healthy lifestyle setting, but eat junk food, drink alcohol, smoke, and not play sports.

Disunity of social attitude and behavior explained in psychology by several factors:

1. The behavior of the individual is determined not only by the general attitude, but also by the specific situation.
2. The attitude toward assessing the phenomenon as a whole may not coincide with the assessment of a particular case.
3. Several social attitudes came into conflict in a particular case, which affected the choice of behavior.

For example, in one of the first scientific experiments to study the correspondence of social attitudes and specific situational behavior, conducted back in 1934 by the Stanford psychologist Richard Lapierre interesting facts were presented.

In the first half of the 20th century, the attitude towards black and yellow nations in the United States was negative.

However, Lapierre, traveling with a married couple of Chinese friends, visited more than 250 hotels, restaurants and cafes, and in each of them (except one and only) the Chinese were given a warm welcome and high level service.

Six months later, Lapierre sent letters to the same establishments asking whether the establishments would accept Chinese guests. And over 90% of institutions responded with racial denials.

The experiment clearly showed how, in a specific situation, when it was necessary to refuse service real people, the laws of hospitality and humanity outweighed the prevailing prejudice.

The formation of social attitudes is based on a complex system human perception of the environment, natural adaptation in it.

Scientists identify a number of reasons for the formation of attitudes: from the genetic characteristics of a person to the consolidation of successful patterns of behavior at the level of reflexes, awareness of all the pros and cons in the process of fixing a social attitude.

Attitudes (social attitudes) - structure and functions: