Dmitry Laptev Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev is a Russian explorer of the Arctic, Vice Admiral. Since 1736, he led one of the northern detachments of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. As a result of voyages and overland campaigns of the year, inventories of the northern sea coast were carried out.

Khariton Prokofievich Laptev is a Russian naval sailor, commander of the detachment of the Kamchatka (Great Northern) expedition, who described the previously unknown coast of the Taimyr Peninsula in years. The northwestern coast of Taimyr, which was photographed directly by Khariton Laptev, is called the Khariton Laptev Coast. Khariton Prokofievich Laptev

Vitus Bereng Vitus Jonassen Bering is a navigator of Danish origin, captain-commander of the Russian fleet, leader of the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions that laid the foundation for scientific research coasts of Russia. Vitus Bering was born in 1681 in the Danish city of Horsens, graduated cadet corps in Amsterdam in 1703, in the same year he entered the Russian service.

The northernmost point of Russia and the Eurasian continent, Cape Chelyuskin (77°43" N and 104°18" E), is named after the polar explorer Semyon Chelyuskin

Semyon Chelyuskin Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin - Russian polar explorer, captain of the 3rd rank (1760). Member of the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. B described part of the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, while reaching the northern tip of Eurasia. Chelyuskin was born in the Kaluga province in the Przemysl district in the village. Borishchevo.

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev - an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack ataman, and also a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648, 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, passed Beringov the strait separating Alaska from Chukotka.

Russian navigators, along with European ones, are the most famous pioneers who discovered new continents, sections of mountain ranges and vast water areas. They became the discoverers of significant geographical objects, took the first steps in the development of hard-to-reach territories, and traveled around the world. So who are they - the conquerors of the seas, and what exactly did the world learn about thanks to them?

Afanasy Nikitin - the very first Russian traveler

Afanasy Nikitin is rightfully considered the first Russian traveler who managed to visit India and Persia (1468-1474, according to other sources 1466-1472). On the way back he visited Somalia, Turkey, Muscat. On the basis of his travels, Athanasius compiled the notes "Journey Beyond the Three Seas", which became popular and unique historical and literary aids. These records became the first book in the history of Russia, made not in the format of a story about a pilgrimage, but describing the political, economic and cultural features of the territories.

He was able to prove that even as a member of a poor peasant family, one can become a famous explorer and traveler. Streets, embankments in several Russian cities, a motor ship, a passenger train and an aircraft are named after him.

Semyon Dezhnev, who founded the Anadyr prison

Cossack chieftain Semyon Dezhnev was an Arctic navigator who became the discoverer of a number of geographical objects. Wherever Semyon Ivanovich served, everywhere he sought to study the new and previously unknown. He was even able to cross the East Siberian Sea on a makeshift koch, going from Indigirka to Alazeya.

In 1643, as part of a detachment of explorers, Semyon Ivanovich discovered Kolyma, where he founded the city of Srednekolymsk with his associates. A year later, Semyon Dezhnev continued his expedition, walked along the Bering Strait (which did not yet have this name) and discovered the easternmost point of the mainland, later named Cape Dezhnev. An island, a peninsula, a bay, a village also bear his name.

In 1648, Dezhnev set off again. His ship was wrecked in the waters located in the southern part of the Anadyr River. Having reached on skis, the sailors went up the river and stayed there for the winter. Subsequently, this place appeared on geographical maps and was called the Anadyr prison. As a result of the expedition, the traveler was able to make detailed descriptions, draw up a map of those places.

Vitus Jonassen Bering, who organized expeditions to Kamchatka

Two Kamchatka expeditions inscribed the names of Vitus Bering and his associate Alexei Chirikov in the history of marine discoveries. During the first trip, the navigators conducted research and were able to supplement the geographical atlas with objects located in Northeast Asia and on the Pacific coast of Kamchatka.

The discovery of the Kamchatka and Ozerny peninsulas, the bays of Kamchatsky, the Cross, the Karaginsky, the Bay of Conduct, the island of St. Lawrence are also the merit of Bering and Chirikov. At the same time, another strait was found and described, which later became known as the Bering Strait.

The second expedition was undertaken by them in order to find a way to North America and explore the Pacific Islands. On this journey, Bering and Chirikov founded the Peter and Paul prison. It got its name from the combined names of their ships ("Saint Peter" and "Saint Paul") and subsequently became the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

On the approach to the shores of America, the ships of like-minded people lost sight of each other, heavy fog affected. "Saint Peter", driven by Bering, sailed to the west coast of America, but got into a severe storm on the way back - the ship was thrown onto an island. The last minutes of Vitus Bering's life passed on it, and the island subsequently began to bear his name. Chirikov also reached America on his ship, but successfully completed his voyage, finding several islands of the Aleutian ridge on the way back.

Khariton and Dmitry Laptev and their “named” sea

Cousins ​​Khariton and Dmitry Laptev were like-minded and assistants to Vitus Bering. It was he who appointed Dmitry the commander of the Irkutsk ship, and Khariton led his double boat Yakutsk. They took part in the Great Northern Expedition, the purpose of which was to study and accurately describe and map the Russian shores of the ocean, from Yugorsky Shar to Kamchatka.

Each of the brothers made a significant contribution to the development of new territories. Dmitry became the first navigator to survey the coast from the mouth of the Lena to the mouth of the Kolyma. He made detailed maps of these places, based on mathematical calculations and astronomical data.

Khariton Laptev and his associates conducted research on the northernmost section of the coast of Siberia. It was he who determined the size and shape of the huge Taimyr Peninsula - he surveyed its eastern coast, and was able to identify the exact coordinates of the coastal islands. The expedition took place in difficult conditions - a large amount of ice, snowstorms, scurvy, ice captivity - the team of Khariton Laptev had to endure a lot. But they continued the work they had begun. On this expedition, Laptev's assistant Chelyuskin discovered the cape, which was later named after him.

Noting the great contribution of the Laptevs to the development of new territories, members of the Russian Geographical Society decided to name one of the largest seas in the Arctic after them. Also, the strait between the mainland and Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island is named after Dmitry, and the western coast of Taimyr Island bears the name of Khariton.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - organizers of the first Russian circumnavigation

Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky are the first Russian navigators to circumnavigate the world. Their expedition lasted three years (started in 1803 and ended in 1806). They set off with their teams on two ships, which bore the names "Nadezhda" and "Neva". Travelers passed through the Atlantic Ocean, entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean. On them, sailors sailed to the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.

This trip allowed us to collect important information. Based on the data obtained by navigators, a detailed map Pacific Ocean. Another important result of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was the data obtained about the flora and fauna of the Kuriles and Kamchatka, local residents, their customs and cultural traditions.

During their journey, the sailors crossed the equator and, according to maritime traditions, could not leave this event without a well-known ritual - a sailor dressed as Neptune greeted Krusenstern and asked why his ship arrived where the Russian flag had never been. To which he received the answer that they are here solely for the glory and development of national science.

Vasily Golovnin - the first navigator who was rescued from Japanese captivity

Russian navigator Vasily Golovnin led two round-the-world expeditions. In 1806, being in the rank of lieutenant, he received a new appointment and became the commander of the sloop "Diana". Interestingly, this is the only case in the history of the Russian fleet when a lieutenant was entrusted with the management of a ship.

The leadership set the goal of the round-the-world expedition to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, with special attention to that part of it that is within the native country. The path of "Diana" was not easy. The sloop passed the island of Tristan da Cunha, passed the Cape of Hope and entered the port, which belonged to the British. Here the ship was detained by the authorities. The British informed Golovnin about the outbreak of war between the two countries. Russian ship was not declared captured, but the team was not allowed to leave the bay. After spending more than a year in this position, in mid-May 1809, the Diana, led by Golovnin, tried to escape, which the sailors successfully succeeded in - the ship arrived in Kamchatka.

Golovnin received his next responsible task in 1811 - he was supposed to compile descriptions of the Shantar and Kuril Islands, the shores of the Tatar Strait. During his journey, he was accused of not adhering to the principles of sakoku and was captured by the Japanese for more than 2 years. It was possible to rescue the team from captivity only thanks to good relations one of the Russian naval officers and an influential Japanese merchant who was able to convince his government of the harmless intentions of the Russians. It is worth noting that no one in history has ever returned from Japanese captivity before.

In 1817-1819, Vasily Mikhailovich made another round-the-world trip on the Kamchatka ship specially built for this.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev - discoverers of Antarctica

Captain of the second rank Thaddeus Bellingshausen was determined to find the truth about the existence of the sixth continent. In 1819, he went to the open sea, having carefully prepared two sloops - Mirny and Vostok. The latter was commanded by his associate Mikhail Lazarev. The first round-the-world Antarctic expedition set itself other tasks. In addition to finding irrefutable facts confirming or refuting the existence of Antarctica, the travelers were going to explore the waters of three oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian.

The results of this expedition exceeded all expectations. During the 751 days that it lasted, Bellingshausen and Lazarev were able to make several significant geographical discoveries. Of course, the most important of them is the existence of Antarctica, this historical event took place on January 28, 1820. Also during the trip, about two dozen islands were found and mapped, sketches were created with views of Antarctica, images of representatives of the Antarctic fauna.

Interestingly, attempts to discover Antarctica were made more than once, but none of them were successful. European navigators believed that either it did not exist, or it was located in places that simply could not be reached by sea. But the Russian travelers had enough perseverance and determination, so the names of Bellingshausen and Lazarev are included in the lists of the world's greatest navigators.

There are also modern travelers. One of them .

The native language is a living connection of times. With the help of language, a person realizes the role of his people in the past and present, joins cultural heritage, to modern processes of spiritual development of society, nation.

“Living in society”, the language develops according to its own inherent laws, but society not only uses it as a ready-made tool, but also influences it, improves and enriches vocabulary and grammar, teaches the language to the younger generation, instills love for the native language.

Names surround us. It is no exaggeration to say that we live in the world of geographical names. Without names, no activity is practically possible: they fix the place of our birth, residence, work and rest. It is impossible to imagine even the smallest trip out of town without resorting to names: the station where we will board the train; stations where we will get off; the river in which we are going to swim. And if we take a long, long journey, then the number of names that we will have to refer to will increase many times over.

On Earth, the continents and parts of the world have their own names; states and their constituent regions, provinces, states; cities, towns, villages and villages; mountainous countries, ranges, spurs and peaks; passes and glaciers, major rivers and small streams; vast deserts, steppes, tundras and small tracts. No one has yet accurately calculated how many geographical names there are on the whole Earth, but calculations in selected countries, regions, districts allow us to estimate their total number in hundreds of millions.

It turns out that the names are not as simple as it seems at first glance. They contain many mysteries. Looking at the geographical map, I find many names in which the history of their appearance is hidden.

In my work, I tried to answer the following questions:

✓ What sciences study geographical names?

✓ What is "toponymy" and "onomastics"?

✓ Why are words-names so unusual? What do they stand for?

✓ How are names chosen and given?

✓ Are there the same names on the world map?

✓ Why do we need names, what is their role in human life?

✓ What can a name on a geographical map tell about?

✓ Are there names on the map of the Urals related to the topic of my essay?

✓ Which streets in my village have names famous people?

Scientists have long paid attention to the longevity of names, many of which live for millennia. Peoples die out, languages ​​disappear, and names continue to live, although they do not remain unchanged: over time, their sound, spelling, and sometimes semantic meaning change. Newer generations use names, often without knowing either the language in which they were once given or their meaning. The inquisitive human mind cannot put up with such a situation, and people have long sought to understand the names surrounding them. But without proper preparation, it is far from possible in all cases to reveal the meaning of names that arose in the distant past, in alien, often already dead languages. The result of an amateur interpretation of the name is usually their rethinking, the desire to explain incomprehensible names from words modern language. As a rule, legends, traditions, stories telling about the circumstances of the appearance of such names are immediately composed. Similar naive conjectures in the XVIII, XIX centuries. and even in the first half of the 20th century were often cited by the authors of serious scientific papers, penetrated the pages of the encyclopedia.

Nowadays, geographical names are the subject of study of a special science - toponymy, which provides a correct, objective approach to their origin and semantic meaning. Often in the literature, geographical names are replaced by the Greek word "toponym" (topos - place, area; onoma - name).

Onomastics is a branch of lexicology that studies proper names: personal, geographical, cosmic, mythological.

Toponymy - the doctrine of geographical names, their origin, patterns of education, semantic content, grammatical design.

Toponymy arose in Russia quite a long time ago - the first scientific toponymic studies appeared back in early XIX century, but it received rapid development only from the middle of the XX century. Over the years, a lot of various toponymic literature has been published, toponymy began to be studied at institutes and universities, toponymic divisions appeared in scientific institutions, and the word "toponymy" became known to a wide range of readers and even schoolchildren.

Toponymy in Russia developed as an applied historical and geographical discipline. At the same time, it was clear that the traditional historical and geographical use of toponyms could be effective only on the basis of a scientific linguistic base.

The development of toponymy as a science, as well as the successful use of toponymy in order to solve various practical and theoretical tasks requires, first of all, knowledge of the factual material itself, complete and systematized reports of geographical names. These summaries can be published in the form of dictionaries, lists, catalogs of titles, or presented in the form of handwritten file cabinets.

Modern toponymy has established that attempts to study an isolated, single name in most cases cannot be effective. To get the correct conclusions, it is necessary:

Determine the place of the name under study among other names of the same territory, its connections and parallels;

Find similar names in other places, put them on the map, try to understand the reason for the territorial distribution.

The names of settlements are the only category of names that are well systematized on the territory of the globe, naturally, and on the territory of our country. In the 19th century, lists of settlements of the Russian Empire were published, compiled by provinces. After the October Revolution, regional directories of administrative-territorial division were regularly republished, containing the names of all settlements. Changes taking place on the territory of our country and associated with the administrative-territorial division at the end of the 20th century. and the beginning of the XXI century. have been reflected.

In order for a proposed geographical name to pass through the approval organizations, it must be “successful”, i.e., satisfy some elementary requirements:

The object for which a name is proposed must be unnamed, that is, it must have neither a local name nor an assigned one.

The name should be organically included in the regional system of geographical names - this concerns the language of the name, its model, the use of local geographical terminology.

The name should clearly characterize the object and be simple, short, clear and easy to use. Names-dedications must be accompanied by a convincing justification for their legitimacy.

The spelling of Russian names must strictly comply with the rules of Russian spelling, and foreign names must strictly comply with the rules for their translation into Russian, which are accepted and used by the commission on geographical names.

The value of toponymy as a science is not limited to explaining the semantic content of the name. This is her very important task, but far from the only one. The results of toponymic research are widely used in linguistics, geography, and history. Each toponym carries a variety of information: historical, geographical, linguistic.

1) Geographical names, first of all, are the words of the language, therefore, they are included in the sphere of interests of linguistics.

Toponyms are a linguistic category and therefore obey the laws of the language. However, one cannot put an equal sign between ordinary words that we use to convey images and thoughts, and toponyms, which often do not carry a semantic load and meet only an official task - the designation of a given geographical object. They are more nominative.

The most important direction in the practical use of toponymy is the transfer of geographical names into Russian from all other languages. The variety of languages ​​existing in the world, the presence in many of them of sounds that are absent in the Russian language, the specifics of the writing systems used make this task far from easy.

2) The names refer to geographical objects and often contain a clear description of them, reflecting the geographical features of the area, therefore they are also of interest to geography.

It is geographers who can understand the semantic nuances of local geographical terminology and geographical names over wide areas. Very often the name is due to the essence of the geographical object itself.

3) The naming process has its own patterns and is primarily due to historical reasons. Names after their appearance live for centuries and even millennia, many of them characterize not modern geographical conditions, but those that existed in the past. In addition, the names are social - they are given by representatives of certain segments of the population in certain historical conditions. Therefore, the study of geographical names is especially important in the interests of history.

Geographical names, in their essence, are similar to archaeological materials.

4) The historicism of names is widely used in linguistics, when the former lexical composition of the language is restored, word-formation means used in the past, pronunciation features, and in historical geography, which studies the once existing natural conditions, features of the settlement and migration of peoples, the former territorial organization of the economy. Geographical names are used to judge the past migrations of the population, the contacts of different nations with each other, and the ancient areas of ethnic groups. Therefore, historians, archaeologists, ethnographers are increasingly turning to the help of toponymy.

5) Cartography constantly faces the problem of transferring the name. Place names are the most important element of a map. They have a spatial reference and often reflect the nature of the landscape, speak about the nature of human settlement of a new territory, about natural resources and other geographical features of the territory.

It is enough to imagine the "Big Geographical Atlas of the World" to understand that there is no such language, such a country, in the names of which cartographers would not be interested. The wide variety of atlases and maps published in our country determines the requirements for a correct and uniform, strictly standardized transfer of names. The same name must be written in the same way on the map for elementary school, and in the capital scientific reference atlas. At the United Nations, a special council of experts on geographical names has been established, which is responsible for the standardization and normalization of the transfer of names and is of great international importance.

6) Another extensive area of ​​application of toponymy is the work on creating names for new settlements, railway stations, sea and river ports, airports, replacing unsuccessful names that still occur, perpetuating the memory of certain people, events, organizations in the names .

Toponymy is of interest to tourist instructors and guides.

When studying the region, it is necessary to refer to geographical names that can tell a lot of interesting things about the past and present of the area under study, about famous people.

Geographical names arose in ancient times, their origins lie in primitive society. Creating them, man proceeded from the need to distinguish one place from another. The primitive man did not have a large vocabulary, so his possibilities in the process of naming were limited. So it was at the dawn of human civilization. “At least, not a single tribe has yet been discovered, so primitive that it does not use names - both for people and for localities. A person is called a thinker, a tool maker, etc. We can also consider a person the creator of names, ”writes the famous American toponymist George Stewart.

The issues of classification of names of geographical objects are disputable and contradictory. Different categories of classifications are of different interest to specialists. One of them will most of all attract the attention of linguists, others - historians, ethnographers or geographers.

A relatively detailed division of the names of settlements into seven categories was carried out by V.P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1924).

An interesting classification was presented by the Slavist A. M. Selishchev (1939).

There are classification schemes of toponymists, which are built according to the morphological and derivational principle. There were attempts to combine the lexical-semantic and morphological-word-building principles in the classification, but such a combination can hardly be considered successful: the schemes are devoid of logic and harmony.

In recent years, a new classification was proposed by the American scientist George Stewart. According to J. Stuart, the whole variety of toponyms gets its place in his scheme. But from the point of view of logic and principles of classification, it is far from perfect.

Different classifications of geographical names are based on different principles of division of toponymy. Their common drawback is the impossibility to fit into the framework of one or another classification the whole variety of millions of geographical names.

Russian names, Russian names of seas, straits and bays, islands and capes, mountain ranges and glaciers and, of course, cities, villages - large and small - are scattered all over the map of the world, they exist far beyond the borders of Russian lands. It would seem that these geographical names, proper names belong to geography - the science of the earth, and not the science of language. Indeed, at first glance, the names of cities, seas, as well as people, are arbitrary. And can they tell anything about the object itself, the very reality that bears this or that name, about those who gave it? Can they talk about the language from which they are taken?

Russian names on the world map are milestones on the difficult path of Russian pioneers - explorers and sailors. Let's try to approach geographical names from the perspective of a linguist. A proper name - a Russian geographical name - is a word from the Russian language.

Boats, schooners, ships of brave Russian sailors passed the Arctic Ocean, the Great, or Pacific, Ocean, and then the Atlantic. Russian people climbed the mountain ranges of the Pamirs, Altai, were the first to map the coasts North America. Their path is not always marked by milestones of Russian names, as Russian explorers sought to preserve local names, if they already existed. Part of the Russian names are buried in a series of renamings, usually carried out by subsequent explorers of new lands who came from other countries. And yet, even a cursory glance at the world map, at the dotted line of Russian words, allows us to present a historical map of heroic journeys, discoveries, settlements, and later sad migrations in search of a better life.

Ancient Slavs Kievan Rus paved the famous route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" - from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Afanasy Nikitin went "over three seas". The name of the legendary Sadko, who sailed on boats to distant lands, has also been preserved in the memory of the people. The descendants of the Novgorodians - Russian Pomors - already in the 15th century knew the North Seas - the White and the Barents. And now on the modern map we find names - Starostin Cape, Dezhnev Cape, Bering Strait, Chelyuskin Cape, Laptev Sea, Dmitry Laptev Strait, Khariton Laptev Shore, Pronchishchev Shore, Pronchishcheva Bay.

Ivan Starostin lived settled on Grumant (this is the old name of the island of Svalbard), his ancestors knew this island since 1426. Bold Pomors swam for walrus tusks and lard, by the 16th century about 32,000 miles of polar regions were described in sailing directions. This story of the discovery and development of the northern lands is behind the name Starostin, but the name itself, like the Russian flag, is on the map. The name was formed from the headman - old (senior, respected) and a typical Russian suffix of belonging - in (starostin - about the children of the head of the family).

Cape Dezhnev. This name not so long ago reappeared on the maps of the world.

On June 26, 1648, S. I. Dezhnev, together with F. A. Popov and 90 Cossacks, left the mouth of the Kolyma on seven horses. Koch is a single-deck ship, ten times smaller than Columbus's caravels. Semyon Dezhnev sets off across the Arctic Ocean and in September goes around Cape Bolshoy Kamenny Nos, as Dezhnev himself called it. So the discovery was made: Asia and America are separated by a strait. It was a great geographical discovery, but Dezhnev himself did not know this, and his report on the voyage lay in the Yakut archive for almost a hundred years. In 1664 Dezhnev visited Moscow. The royal decree is known: "For Evo, Senkin, service and for the mine of a fish tooth, for a bone and for wounds, turn into chieftains." And one more important piece of evidence. The world map (atlas), compiled in 1784 in Nuremberg, marks the "Dezhnev Strait". And yet, Dezhnev's discovery remained in the shadows.

Peter I, in order to establish the truth, sends an experienced sailor Vitus Bering. And in 1728 Bering passes the strait. In 1778, the strait was named after Bering. And only in 1898, at the initiative of the Russian Geographical Society, Dezhnev was honored. Cape Big Stone Nose was renamed Cape Dezhnev. Now, at the most extreme northeastern point of our country, stands, like a flag, Russian name- Dezhnev.

Pronchishchev Coast, Pronchishcheva Bay, Cape Chelyuskin - these names not only mark geographical points, but can be a symbol of fidelity, friendship and love. On the ship "Yakut", brave sailors made their way through the ice and reached the maximum northern latitude for those times (1736) (77o29 /, taking into account imperfect instruments, it is possible even 77o55 /). At the end of the hard way back, Vasily Pronchishchev died, and a few days later, his wife, Maria Pronchishchev, who accompanied him, also died. The expedition was led by Lieutenant Semyon Chelyuskin. Deep reverence and gratitude should awaken in us such names on the map of Taimyr as the coast of Pronchishchev and Pronchishcheva Bay. By their labors I acquired my general form map of the coast of the Arctic Ocean, which we see today and which has become the property of all mankind.

The memory of the heroes of the Arctic is imprinted in the names of the Laptev brothers - the Dmitry Laptev Strait, the shore of Khariton Laptev.

At the beginning of the 20th century, an expedition of two ships "Taimyr" and "Vaigach" made a new geographical discovery - discovered an unknown land.

On September 4, 1913, the Russian flag was raised among the ice. And only in 1930, a new expedition on the ship "Sedov" explores an unknown land. The name appears on the map - the archipelago Severnaya Zemlya of four islands: October Revolution, Bolshevik, Komsomolets, Pioneer. These names, which appeared beyond the Arctic Circle, reflected the new life of the country.

Let's look at the map now South Pole- Antarctica. In the waters of the southern part Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, a chain of Russian names (names of the islands) marks the path of the Russian ships Mirny and Vostok, which explored these waters for the first time. These are the islands of Annenkov, Leskov, Zavadovsky, Vostochny, Sredny, Zapadny, Mikhailov, Vostok, Golenishchev-Kutuzov, the island of Peter the Great and, finally, the coast of Alexander. It was the coast of Alexander, named after the Russian Tsar, according to the then existing tradition, that was the desired land - Antarctica. The successful expedition lasted from July 1819 to February 1821, it was led by F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev.

In memory of this voyage, the southeastern part of the Great, or Pacific, Ocean was subsequently named the Bellingshausen Sea.

Now Antarctica has become a base for scientists around the world. Scientific, research work has reached a special upsurge in the International Geographical Year. Soviet stations leading scientific list, are named in memory of the discoverers of Antarctica - the Russian expedition - by the names of the ships "Mirny" and "Vostok". But they also receive a new understanding, echoing the aspirations of all modern mankind, with the politics of peace. The name of the Russian ship "Mirny" turned out to be a symbol coming from already distant times and characterizing the aspirations of Russian and Soviet scientists.

Let's pay attention to one more phenomenon connected with proper names on a geographical map. We see names given in honor of a certain specific person. “I named this island in the southern latitude 54o51 /, western longitude 37o13 / Annenkov in honor of the second lieutenant on the Mirny sloop,” the expedition leader Bellingshausen wrote in his diary

December 15, 1819. This was the first geographical discovery of the Russians on the way to Antarctica. But now we may not even know who Annenkov is.

Two more names on the sea chart are the Golovin Strait and the Miklukho-Maklay shore. In 1812, a new strait was marked on the map in the ridge of the Kuril Islands, named after the Russian captain V. M. Golovin. During a geographical expedition, Golovin was captured by the Japanese and remained in captivity from 1811 to 1813. He was a real scientist, a Russian man, even whose captivity became a definite starting point in the history of systematic relations between Japan and Russia. V. M. Golovin taught the Japanese the basics of the Russian language. It should be noted that after the visit to Nagasaki in 1853 of the frigate "Diana" under the command of Vice Admiral E.V. Putyatin, when the first Russian-Japanese treaty was signed in 1855, the Russian language began to penetrate into Japan, and the first Russian textbooks were compiled. language for Japanese. But the very first teacher was the captain-geographer V. M. Golovin.

N. N. Miklukho-Maclay was a kind of “teacher of life” for the Papuans. Miklouho-Maclay proved by his observations that the cultural level of any people is determined not by its biological characteristics, but historical development the people themselves.

The coast of Miklukho-Maclay on the northeastern coast of the island of New Guinea is a memory of the years the scientist lived with the Papuans (1871-1872). Miklukho-Maclay introduced the natives to the life and culture of a different stage of development, introduced into their everyday life words from the Russian language, expressing new concepts still unknown to the locals. We know how thoroughly and accurately the interpretation of each word denoting a particular object (knife, bottle, beads) was, how the value of the object and the meaning of its name were known. Not only life, but the very name of Miklouho-Maclay is fanned by legend. The Mikluh family came from Starodub, Chernihiv province. In Little Russian settlements, a nickname was often added to the official surname. One of the Miklukhs wore a hat - malachai, or makhlai, which gave the nickname. But makhlai had another meaning - “stupid”, and now the great-grandfather of the future scientist, the Cossack Stepan, a proud man, signing government papers, changed his nickname, taking him away from communication with the “stupid”. "Miklukho-Maclay" instead of "Miklukho-Makhlai" he wrote. The great-grandfather introduced himself to his great-grandson as Taras Bulba, he was the hero of his childhood, and later the great-grandson - a brave traveler, scientist, humanist - chose this double surname as his own name.

Russian names mark mountain ranges, peaks, glaciers. On the maps different countries let's read the word Przhevalsky: Przhevalsky Ridge in China, Przhevalsky Island in the Kuril Islands, Cape Przhevalsky on Bennet Lake in Alaska. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky walked 33 thousand kilometers across Asia, studying ridges, deserts, animals and vegetable world. “People like Przhevalsky are especially dear to the fact that the meaning of their life, feat, goals are understandable even to a child. It's always been like that closer man stands close to the truth, the simpler and clearer it is. It is clear why Przhevalsky best years spent his life in Asia, the meaning of the dangers and hardships to which he exposed himself is understandable, all the horror of his death away from his homeland and his dying desire are understandable - to continue his work after death, to revive the desert with his grave, reading his biography, no one will ask: Why ? Why? What's the point? But everyone will say: “He is right,” wrote A.P. Chekhov.

Przhevalsky's students, geographers of the world, inscribed his name on the world map. The disciples' disciples continued this tradition of remembrance. So the names of Potanin, Fedchenko, Kozlov, Pevtsov, Matusovsky, Obruchev appeared on the map.

The names of A. P. and O. A. Fedchenko, G. N. and A. V. Potanin are associated with the mountain ranges and glaciers of the Pamirs, Tien Shan and Altai. The largest glacier in the Pamirs is named after Fedchenko. The largest branch in the glacial knot of the Mongolian Altai is named after G.N. Potanin, and its right tributary is named Aleksandrin in honor and as a memory of Potanin's wife and constant companion Alexandra Potanina, who supplemented his studies with observations of the flora.

These names - Fedchenko and Potanin - seem to remind of the asceticism of scientists, fidelity to science, mutual devotion. To these names one cannot fail to add the names of Ivan Dmitrievich and Marfa Pavlovna Chersky, explorers of the Eastern Sayan Mountains, Baikal, who made an unprecedented trip from Verkhovno-Kolymsk to Nizhne-Kolymsk (1891). The husband who died on the expedition was replaced by his wife and brought the conceived business to the end. The Chersky Ridge in Transbaikalia keeps their memory.

Name an open island after a friend, a young comrade (Annenkov Island), a deceased comrade (Shumagin Island) or continue the long tradition of Russian explorers - to notice and highlight an important feature with the name. This is how Russian names are formed on the world map. Let's compare: Dezhnev calls Cape Big Stone Nose - this is a name-characteristic. The old names that have survived to this day are the White Sea, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk and the newer one - Nakhodka Bay. It was opened in 1859 and received a name-characteristic: calm, closed from the winds, a real find for ships in a hurry to take shelter from the storm

Another notable name is Lisyansky Island. On the way of ships in the open ocean in October 1805, the Nevskaya shoal, the Kruzenshtern coral reef, and Lisyansky Island were discovered and named. At that time, two Russian ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the command of Kruzenshtern were on a round-the-world voyage. The commander of the "Nadezhda" was Kruzenshtern himself, on the "Neva" - Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. The ships went in different directions. Yu. F. Lisyansky, not trusting the map, took all precautions, assuming the proximity of some land, although not indicated on any map, by the flight of birds. At night, the ship ran aground, later named Neva. The heroic efforts of the crew and the resourcefulness of the commander saved the ship. The island, which lay beyond the shallows and the reef, was named Lisyansky Island by the unanimous wish of the crew, which endured all the hardships of the journey with their captain.

The first round-the-world trip under the command of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky was remarkable in many respects. The map of the seas and oceans is being refined: the new islands of Chichagov, Kruzov, Baranov, Lisyansky, the Nevskaya shoal, the Kruzenshtern reef are plotted; fictitious islands, caused by unscrupulous sailors, disappeared from the map - the islands of Rico de Plata, de Lobos, Guadelupas and others. The round-the-world trip of Kruzenshtern-Lisyansky is associated with scientific observations of the state of the ocean (currents, density and temperature of water at a depth of up to 400 meters, etc.), which gave rise to a new science - oceanography. This is what is behind the three names - Kruzenshtern, Lisyansky, "Neva", which have become three geographical names - Nevskaya stranded, Lisyansky island, Kruzenshtern reef.

Geographical names sometimes allow us to trace not only the continuity of generations - teachers and students, but also the continuity of fathers and children. One such example. On the map of the Arctic in the Kara Sea, we find Shvede Bay (Vilkitsky Island), discovered in 1893 by a Russian sailor, Lieutenant Evgeny Leopoldovich Shvede and later named after him - the name of the discoverer. And in 1961, a mountain was plotted on the map of Antarctica, which in 1966 was given the name Shvede in honor of the Soviet Rear Admiral Evgeny Evgenievich Shvede, the son of E. L. Shvede.

Among the geographical names there are many that arose on the basis of the names and surnames of the founders of cities and villages, explorers - discoverers, geographers - travelers. The Russian land was rich in them at all times.

Around 1010, Prince Yaroslav of Kyiv founded a city on the Upper Volga, which was named after him - Yaroslavl. The Old Russian form of the possessive adjective Yaroslavl means "Yaroslavl, belonging to Yaroslav, the city of Yaroslav." This ancient Volga city has existed for almost a thousand years, and it has kept the name of its founder for almost a thousand years.

In December 1788, Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov took the Ochakov fortress from the Turks. On the peninsula at the confluence of the Southern Bug and Ingul, it was decided to build a shipyard for the construction of ships Black Sea Fleet. On August 27, 1789, in the order of G. A. Potemkin, it was ordered to name the "newly built shipyard on Ingul, the city of Nikolaev." The name of the city was given in memory of the capture of Ochakov on the day of St. Nicholas - "the guardian of sailors and travelers", the patron saint of sailors. The first frigate built at the new shipyard was named "Saint Nicholas". Now Nikolaev is one of the largest ports on the Black Sea.

Not far from St. Petersburg is the city of Pushkin. Its origin dates back to the beginning of the 18th century. In those days, the place where the city is located was called Saari Manor. In Estonian, the common noun manor means “estate, farm”, and saari means “island, that is, an elevated place overgrown with forest.” Later in Russian colloquial speech not entirely clear manor Saari turned into Sarskoye Selo. And when the royal residence appeared here, the name was rethought as Tsarskoye Selo. In 1918 the city was named Detskoye Selo. And in 1937, when the centenary of the death of the great poet was celebrated, the city received its modern name.

The name of the place and the name of the person They are interconnected. Countless geographical places are named after people's names and surnames. By the names and surnames of those who, with their lives, with their activities, turned out to be “memorable” for the named places, contributed to their discovery, development, glorification, transformation

There are names of another kind, affirming new ideas and achievements during the era of the Soviet Union. This is the ridge of Marx and Engels, the mountain peaks - the peaks of Lenin, Voroshilov, Kalinin, Kirov and, finally, the Pobeda Peak, discovered in 1943 as a sign of victory over fascism, as a memory of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

A number of cities, villages, many squares and streets were named after prominent scientists, writers, cultural and art workers. Names such as Lomonosov and Chaplygin, Pushkin and Lermontov, Belinsky and Chernyshevsky, Tchaikovsky and Leo Tolstoy, Gorky and Mayakovsky appeared on the maps of the country.

People highly honor the memory of those who defended the freedom and independence of our Motherland with weapons in their hands. In geographical names, the people keep the legendary names of the heroes of the civil war S. M. Budyonny and

K. E. Voroshilov, G. I. Kotovsky and V. I. Chapaev, S. G. Lazo and N. I. Shchors. The village of Chapaevka in the Kyiv region, Chapaevo in the Kharkiv region, Chapaevskoe in the Kokchetav region, the city of Chapaevsk and the Chapaevka river in Kuibyshev region, a village named after Chapaev in Mari El. This is not a complete list of toponyms that keep the memory of the legendary commander.

In Moldova, in the Odessa and Tambov regions there are three cities of the same name - three Kotovsk. The similarity of these cities is not accidental. G. I. Kotovsky was born in Moldova, in the Tambov region he led the liquidation of the kulak gangs of Antonovites, and in Odessa region killed by an enemy bullet and buried there.

The city of Panfilov in Kazakhstan, Vatutino in Ukraine, the village of Polbino in the Ulyanovsk region Many names of cities and villages, streets and squares immortalized the memory of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War.

Not only military feats, but also peacetime feats are behind many names on the map. On the night of August 30-31, 1935, Donetsk miner Aleksey Stakhanov set an outstanding record for coal production: he completed 14 norms during a shift. In 1978, the mining town of Kadievka was renamed the town of Stakhanov.

In the 1930s, when our aviation was just “getting on its wings”, Valery Pavlovich Chkalov (1904-1938) was the world-famous conqueror of the peaceful sky. He made several unparalleled non-stop flights for that time, including a flight over the North Pole to America. The city of Chkalovsk was renamed the Volga village of Vasilevo - the birthplace of the famous pilot.

On April 12, 1961, the whole world learned about the first human space flight. The name of the first cosmonaut entered the history of mankind forever. In memory of Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, the city of Gzhatsk in the Smolensk region - the birthplace of the first cosmonaut - was renamed the city of Gagarin.

The development of virgin lands, the construction of hydroelectric power stations, youth construction projects, the exploits of people in civilian life, energy and enthusiasm brought many new names to the map of the former Soviet Union. The proper names of the new lands and old cities became the key words of our Soviet era, the words that characterized that time, those social gains, new relations between generations of fathers and children.

It was the new time, the new consciousness of people, new views during the years of perestroika that returned the lost historical names to many geographical objects. Sverdlovsk again became Yekaterinburg, Leningrad - St. Petersburg, Kuibyshev - Samara, Gorky - Nizhny Novgorod

Not only the names of famous people store geographical names. Often they preserve for centuries the names of those who did not accomplish a high-profile feat, did not glorify the country and the people living in it with their deeds.

A great many villages, villages, fields and forests, lakes, rivers and springs keep the names of people little known, or even completely unknown. Those who built the first dwelling and thereby laid the foundation for a new village; who made the first furrow in the wild field, which did not know human hands. Who, by right of private property, once owned fields, forests and waters. Finally, those who, by some act or action, once gave a reason to assign their name to a geographical object.

Anthroponymic names, formed from personal names, nicknames and surnames, in many areas account for up to half of all toponyms. And the more often this or that word was used as a name and surname, the more often it occurs in toponymy.

Since ancient times, such male names as Ivan, Vasily, Alexei, Peter, Andrei, Grigory, Fedor, Mikhail, Yakov, Stepan, Nikolai, Alexander, Vladimir, Ilya have been very common among Russians since ancient times. And now, in a rare area where Russians have lived for a long time, there is no toponym with at least one of the listed names in the base. Only on the maps of the "Small Atlas of the USSR" there are 38 names containing the name Peter, 30 - Ivan, 19 - Alexei, 19 - Mikhail, 13 - Andrey, 13 - Vasily, 9 each - Fedor, Stepan, Vladimir. In the same place, only the letter A indicates names formed from almost 20 different names, such as Abram, Alexander, Alexei, Ananiy, Anatoly, Andrey, Andron, Antip, Antsifer, Arefiy, Arseny, Artyom, Arkhip, Athanasius.

As a rule, it is not difficult to establish that such toponyms arose on the basis of a given name or surname. It turns out to be more difficult to find out what kind of person was the owner of such a name or such a surname than he deserved the memory of himself in the name of this or that object.

The names of the first settlers make us understand the history of the settlement of the lands, their resilience, inexhaustible energy: Marco, Vasil, Fedor, Sirko, Anton. But time erases the concreteness of these names. From the proper names of certain persons, they turn into symbols.

Here, the Slavic sound of the name, a generalized national coloring, comes to the fore. But such a generalized perception of the name can contribute to forgetting the history of one's own geographical name from the own name of a particular person. The inner form wakes up in the word-name. The name is constantly being assimilated, the personal is being lost, the name is approaching a common noun, which has become a geographical name. And then there is a translation of a proper name, like a translation of a common noun. In a proper name, the etymological meaning is revived and comprehended. So, in Alaska there is Morozov Bay - Morozov Bay, now this name is translated into English language: Cold Bay (sometimes Frozen Bay), which already means "cold bay" (frosty bay).

In a proper name, an internal form is perceived - an etymological meaning, the name is torn off from social influence, from historical significance. The name has become a household word that defines characteristics bays.

The awakening of the inner form, the movement from one's own name to a common noun often erases from memory the social aspect of the name, the socio-historical meaning of the name (compare the names Zelena, Gory).

There are names, although they are common nouns in origin, but the national, so-called connotative element that has developed in everyday life, developed by tradition, sounds so clearly in the meaning of the word that it makes it difficult to translate into another language, keeps the name without translation and transformation: Sadok, Babina Valley, Khlebodarivka.

The connection with the native land is reflected in the geographical name in a very peculiar way. Thus, the name Russland - Russland speaks of the difficult fate of the Germans, originally settlers in Russian lands, then immigrated to America, but keeping the memory of the land that sheltered their ancestors. Relatives, or rather keeping the memory of native land, can also become a name that is alien to the Russian language, but exists on the territory of Russia. So, the name Inkerman is clearly not a Slavic name, but it was brought to America by immigrants from Russia.

Some of the names are really a description of the new place, but given in the native language. These are the already mentioned names of Zelena, Mountains, as well as Fertile, Virgin, Kanava. The last names already reflect the impressions received by the settlers in their new life in a new place. Here they had to raise virgin soil and drain the swamps. The external surrounding world was reflected in the word-name.

But there are names, as if dedicated inner world people who suffered, hoped for better life in a new place. These are the names Truth, Faith, Liberation, Patience, Glory, Mirnam (from "peace be upon us") and others.

Life and time itself are reflected in geographical names. The oldest Slavic name is kept in one of the provinces of Canada - Khortitsa (1875), named after the island on the Dnieper, where the free Zaporozhian Sich was located in the 17th century.

And as a reflection of the spirit of the time, an abbreviation name was born in the province of Alberta: Ukalta - Uk (Ukraine) + alta (Alberta) - a name made up of parts of the names of the homeland (Ukraine) and the new land, on the caress of which the settlers hope (Alberta)

So, in a geographical name, the social sound of the name, the socio-historical aspect in the meaning of the word, comes to the fore. Awakening in the name of the inner form leads to the loss social value, translates the name into a characteristic word (Morozov Bay - Morozovskaya - Cold Bay, Frozen Bay). Consequently, the main thing for the sake of which the name was given disappears.

The social, patriotic moment determines the birth of a geographical name. Therefore, the choice of a name is both arbitrary and at the same time determined by the social era. The very Russian sound of the name becomes the main one in the function of the geographical name.

The proper name is conditional and arbitrary. Having named the name, we still seem to have said nothing about either the person or the geographical object. This requires a certain cultural and historical awareness. And yet, each proper name has its own characteristics, contains a certain characteristic, albeit a general, generic one, for example: gender, social status, age. Compare: Ivan - Maria, Maria - Mashenka, Maria Ivanovna - Masha, etc.

Most importantly, with all the internationality of names (compare: Kruzenshtern, Bellingshausen, Bering on Russian soil), proper names carry special information, and this feature of the name, perceived as additional, as a shade of meaning in a geographical name, comes to the fore, as it were, illuminates and permeates the meaning of the name, is its essence. Thus, the life of the word-name is reflected in the rearrangement of semantic features.

“Doublet names” - this term denotes a peculiar series of names that arose as a repetition of geographical names - European, that is, the Old World and on the American continent, that is, in the New World.

If you look in the "Index of Geographical Names" to the Atlas of the World, you can see that there are many identical geographical names. There are namesake cities, namesake islands, namesake rivers.

Especially "lucky" to our Don. Five more rivers bear the same name - in France, in India, in Canada, in Scotland and in England.

The French Don is a tributary of the river that carries its waters to the Bay of Biscay, the Indian Don is a tributary of the river that flows into the Bay of Bengal. The Canadian Don flows into Lake Ontario, the Scottish Don into the North Sea, near the city of Aberdeen. The English Don, on the banks of which the city of Doncaster stands, is a tributary of the River Ouse, which also flows into the North Sea.

There are two more Dons, but not rivers, but big cities: one in Mexico, the second in Vietnam. We, in the Sea of ​​Azov, have the Don Peninsula. (And why is our Don called Ivanovich? Until the end of the 17th century, the source of the river was Ivan Lake, which lay about fifty kilometers northwest of the city of Epifan. days have disappeared since geographical map and the lake itself. Only the “patronymic name” of the Don, preserved in folk songs and fairy tales, recalls the past of the river.)

There are about 400 on the US map, and more than 200 Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian names on the map of Canada. The names Russia, Russian and Russian land are not uncommon (in the states of Ohio, Massachusetts, North Dakota, California, Texas, Wisconsin, Illinois).

The first settlers in America gave their settlements names with a transparent inner shape: Fort Russkiy. An illusion was created of the proximity of the homeland: the Russian Fort, the Slavyanka River, later renamed the Russian. Thirteen towns and localities are named after Moscow. The largest American Moscow in the state of Oidoha. Interestingly, the new cities might not resemble their older brothers at all. So, St. Petersburg in Florida is the opposite of a Russian city. Instead of the fogs of the “Northern Palmyra”, American St. Petersburg offers numerous tourists the sun, the absence of cloudy days. Therefore, St. Petersburg in Florida is called the "sunny city". No less contrast to the Black Sea Odessa is Odessa in the state of Texas. Such a contrast, the absence of external similarity, especially emphasizes the meaning of the word and its national and local shades, which make up the essence of the name - geographical name.

The native name for emigrants acquired an attractive force. This was taken into account by entrepreneurs-industrialists, naming cities and towns by names that evoked memories of their homeland. So, in the wave of Ukrainian migrations to America, Odessa appeared in Florida, and Moscow in the state of Arkansas. The Pacific railway campaign made the right calculation: the name of the settlement will attract Russian emigrants and ensure the influx of workers.

Native names were also exponents of patriotic feelings. Moscow appeared in Michigan during the Napoleonic Wars. At the time, Moscow was in the spotlight as a symbol of resistance to Napoleon. Residents of Cactwelle Bridge (Atlantic Coast, Delaware) in 1855 renamed their city, choosing the name Odessa. It was during Crimean War, and Odessa was a symbol of resistance to the enemy.

There are American Kyiv, New Kyiv, Poltava, Galich. Numerous villages bear the names of Russian rivers: Volga, Oka, Kama, Danube, Dnieper.

In the Urals, you can also find geographical names that arose as similar to other territories of the globe. So, in the Chelyabinsk region there are settlements of Paris, Leipzig, Borodino. For example, Varna, the center of the Varna region of the Chelyabinsk region, is one of the many memorial names that are so common in the steppe Trans-Urals, especially in the Chelyabinsk region. There are settlements with such names as the Balkans, Berlin, Borodinovka, Izmailovsky, Kasselsky, Kulikovsky, Leipzig, Paris, Poltavka, Rymniksky, Ferchampenoise, Chesma. These toponyms are considered an echo of Russian military glory; the memory of the victories of Russian weapons on the Kulikovo field, near Poltava, in the Suvorov campaigns, the Patriotic War of 1812 and other battles lives in them. There are a number of well-known cities in Russia: Poltava, Sevastopol, Izmail, etc.

How did these names come about and why are there so many of them here, in the Southern Urals? The Orenburg Cossacks took an active part in the hostilities of the Russian armies, especially in the Patriotic War of 1812. And in the middle of the 19th century, it was decided to assign names to the Cossack settlements that would perpetuate the glorious events of Russian military history.

So, we can conclude: the process of naming geographical objects has its own patterns and is due, first of all, to historical reasons.

Looking at the map of the Sverdlovsk, Perm and Chelyabinsk regions, and based on the knowledge gained in the course of studying the material for this essay, I found out that, it turns out, there are also many geographical names in the Urals, formed from the names and surnames of famous people, anthroponyms .

Vereshchagino, city and railway station, center of the Vereshchaginsky district Perm region. The name is given in honor of the famous Russian battle painter Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin (1842-1904), who in 1904 stopped here on his way to Far East, in areas of Russian-Japanese hostilities. In the same year, V.V. Vereshchagin died in the explosion of the battleship Petropavlovsk. The station was built in 1898. and at first it was called Ocherskaya, then - Voznesenskaya, since 1915 - Vereshchagino. Since 1942, Vereshchagino has become a city.

Karpinsk, a city in the Sverdlovsk region, the center of the coal industry. In 1759-1771. a metallurgical plant was built here, called Turinsky (along the river Turye). Subsequently, according to the built church of John the Theologian, the plant began to be called Bogoslovsky. In 1941, from the settlements of Bogoslovsk and Coal (Coal Mines), a city was formed, named after the largest Russian geologist, the first president of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky (1846-1936), a native of Turinskiye Rudniki (now the city of Krasnoturinsk). In the Subpolar Urals there is Mount Karpinsky (1803 m).

Konstantinov Kamen, a mountain in the Polar Urals (492 m), the northern tip of the Ural Range (Yamal-German Nuclear District). In the summer of 1848, a detachment of the North Ural expedition of the Russian Geographical Society, led by the head of the expedition, E.K. Hoffman, reached the northern tip of the Ural Range, and on August 6, Hoffman climbed to the northernmost peak of the ridge. “Before us,” he wrote, “a striking view opened up. It was indeed the northernmost mountain of the Ural Range, steeply falling into the tundra. From a height, her gaze freely reaches through a continuous plain to the sea, 40 or 50 miles away. ”At the suggestion of Hoffmann, the mountain was named the Konstantinov Stone after the chairman of the Russian Geographical Society, Grand Duke Konstantin, son of Nicholas I. This was quite in the spirit of the time. Of course, the Grand Duke Konstantin was only considered the chairman, in fact, the society was led by the vice-chairman, at that time the famous traveler Admiral F.P. Litke.

Mendeleevo, a village and a railway station in the Karagai district of the Perm region. In honor of the great Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907), who came to the Urals in 1899 to study its productive forces.

Elizabeth, a settlement on the southern outskirts of the regional center, is currently included in the city limits. In 1772, on the Uktus (now Patrushikha) River, they began to build the Verkhneuktussky ironworks of the “Prince Elizabeth” (daughter of Peter I), which went into operation in 1726, but after the launch of the Yekaterinburg plant, it almost did not work and was soon abolished altogether. The village of Elizavetinskoe or Elizavet remained. The name retained the German form - Elizabeth, in the Russian transmission - Elizabeth, common in the environment of Peter I.

Mariinsk, a village (Revdinsky City Council of the Sverdlovsk Region), formerly the Mariinsky Plant. In the dictionary of N. K. Chupin we read: “The plant was founded in 1840 and was probably named after the then owner of the Revdinsky plants, Maria Denisovna Demidova.”

Yekaterinburg, a city in the upper reaches of the Iset River, the center of the Sverdlovsk Region. In 1721, in a strategically important and very convenient place, where the Ural Mountains are low, and the upper reaches of the Iset, Chusovaya and Pyshma rivers come close to each other, construction began on a new city, the future center of the mining and metallurgical industry - Yekaterinburg. So it was named after the wife of Peter I Catherine.

For Peter I, the model was Western Europe, while more advanced. Therefore, new cities receive foreign names, most often with the German word burg - “fortress” or “fortified city”. Thus appeared in the very center of the Russian land, on the border of Europe and Asia, a city with a purely German name. The date of his birth is November 7, 1723, according to the new style, November 18, when the working drain of the factory dam was opened and the hammer factory began to work.

In 1923, after the Great October Socialist Revolution, the city celebrated the 200th anniversary of its founding. At the suggestion of the workers in 1924, Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlovsk in honor of the revolutionary, the first Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov (1885-1919), who in 1905-1906. headed the Bolshevik organization in Yekaterinburg and did a lot for the development of the revolutionary movement in the Urals.

Now the city has returned its original name Yekaterinburg.

Artyomovsky, a city in the Sverdlovsk Region, the center of the Artyomovsky District. Formed in 1938. He received the name from the miner's village named after Artyom. Besides him in new town included the station settlement of Yegorshino and several other settlements. Fedor Andreevich Sergeev (1883-1921), party nickname Artyom, is a prominent Bolshevik, one of the leaders of the Soviet Donbass. In 1906-1907. conducted party work in the Urals, headed the Perm committee of the RSDLP. The workers' settlement named after Artyom arose as a result of the unification of mining settlements in the area of ​​the Egorshino station. Artyom's name was given to the Yegorshinsky coal mines in 1921.

Bogdanovich, a city in the Sverdlovsk Region, the center of the Bogdanovichi District. Originally a railway station on the Yekaterinburg-Tyumen road, built in 1883-1885. , since 1947 - the city. The station was named after General Yevgeny Vasilyevich Bogdanovich, a military leader and diplomat of the second half of the 19th century. - early 20th century , who supported and promoted the idea of ​​the Great Siberian Route (Trans-Siberian Railway).

Kirovgrad, a city in Sverdlovsk Oblast. The original settlement - the village of Kalata - arose in the 17th century. In 1910-1912. on the basis of the Kalatin copper ore deposit, the Kalatin copper smelter was built. In 1932, the working settlement of Kalata was transformed into a city, and in 1936 Kalata was renamed Kirovgrad in honor of Sergei Mironovich Kirov (1886-1934).

Serov, a city in the Sverdlovsk Region, the center of the Serov District. Until 1939 - Nadezhdinsk. The settlement on the site of the future city arose in 1894, when the construction of a metallurgical plant began, which was supposed to supply rails for the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The plant was named Nadezhdinsky after its owner Nadezhda Polovtseva.

In 1926, the working settlement of Nadezhdinsk became a city, and in 1939 it was named after an outstanding military pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union, brigade commander A. K. Serov (1910-1939), a native of the Northern Urals, a former steelmaker at the Nadezhda plant.

Chaikovsky, a city in the Perm region, on the Votkinsk reservoir, the center of the Chaikovsky district. The settlement on the left bank of the Kama arose with the start of the construction of the Votkinsk hydroelectric power station, in 1962 it was recognized as a city. Named after the great Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893), who was born in Votkinsk. The name of P. I. Tchaikovsky is also carried by the Tchaikovsky station on the section of the railway between Perm and Vereshchagino.

Aleksandrovsk is a city on the Lytva River. In 1783, the Vsevolozhsky breeders began to build an iron-smelting and iron-working plant in Lytva. For various reasons, the construction of the plant was suspended several times. In 1802, construction work resumed, and in 1806 the first cast iron was produced. The local population called the plant Lytvinsky or simply Lytva for a long time, but V. A. Vsevolozhsky named it after his heir Aleksandrovsky. In 1929, the settlement of the Aleksandrovsky Plant became the working settlement of Aleksandrovsky, and in 1951 a new city appeared on the map of the country - Aleksandrovsk in the Perm Region.

Andrianovichi, a village on the Sosva River in the Serovsky District of the Sverdlovsk Region. In the last century - the village of Andreyanycheva or Ivanovskaya. There is evidence that Andrian Yesaulkov, a yasak Vogul, lived here, who had two sons, Ivan and Pyotr Andrianovichi. The village of Petrov is located higher along the Sosva.

Burmantovo, a village on the banks of the Lozva River. Before the revolution - the northernmost Russian settlement in these places. Founded in late XIX century Nikita Burmantov, a native of Kolva. Burmantov is a common surname among Russian old-timers in the Northern Urals, but it is clearly of Komi-Permyak origin and goes back to the earlier Burmortov, recorded among Permians in the acts of the 17th century. In the Komi-Permyak language, the combination bur mort means "kind person". The transition of Burmorts - Burmonts - Burmants is easy to explain: the Russian language "does not like" two r in one word.

Vashutkiny, lakes in the upper reaches of the Adzva River in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In some old sources they are called Vasyutkins. Based on the old Russian anthroponym Vashuta or the personal name Vasyutka, derived from Vasily. Fyodor Vashutkin, a peasant from the Dvina district, is mentioned in a 1751 document. Possible alteration according to folk etymology: Vashutkins - Vasyutkins or Vasyutkins - Vashutkins.

Yegorshino, railway station at the intersection of the roads Sverdlovsk - Tavda and Bogdanovich - Alapaevsk (Sverdlovsk region). It is now a relatively rare case when the name of the railway station and the city do not match (Egorshino, but Artyomovsky). The village of Yegorshinsky, or Yegorshino, was founded in the 17th century. In 1871, a rich deposit of coal - anthracite - was discovered here. Its development began, mining settlements arose. In 1915, the Yegorshino railway station was built. In 1938, the village of Egorshino and the station settlement of Egorshino became part of the city of Artyomovsky, but the name of the railway station was preserved. The origin of the name is transparent: Yegorsha is a folk colloquial form of the personal name George (folk - Egor). According to legend, the fugitive Yegor Kozhevin was the founder of the village.

Zyryanka, Zyryanskoye, Zyryanovo, Zyryana and other similar root names of many settlements, especially in the Trans-Urals. So, in the Sverdlovsk region there are two villages of Zyryanka, one - Zyryanskaya and the village of Zyryanovsky (Alapaevsky City Council). All of them, ultimately, are connected by origin with the name of the Komi living in the Komi territory, which in the past was common among Russians - Zyryans. Some of the names (Zyryanka, Zyryanskaya, Zyryany) may indeed indicate the fact of the resettlement of some group of Komi-Zyryans beyond the Urals. The name of the village Zyryanovsky, most likely, was formed through an "intermediary" - from the name of Zyryanov. The difficulty is that the Russians once called the local non-Russian population of the southern part of the Arkhangelsk region, which was clearly not Komi-Zyryan, also called Zyryans. Here and now, the inhabitants of some villages have a collective nickname zyr or zyryans. There was a lot of controversy about the origin of the ethnonym Zyryans. The most convincing point of view, expressed back in the 19th century, is that the basis here is the Finnish-Karelian word syuryainen - “located aside”, “remote”. Therefore, the Zyryans are “those living in distant lands”. This is logical if we take Finland or Karelia as a starting point.

Koptelovo, a village in the Alapaevsky district of the Sverdlovsk region, the former regional center. It was first mentioned in a charter of 1688: "from Koptel's village down the Rezh river." V. N. Shishonko writes in the Perm Chronicle: The name of the village of Koptelova comes from its first inhabitant, by the name of Koptelov. Where he came from is unknown, but local old-timers still indicate his first home. ” The surname Koptelov is formed from the Old Russian personal name or nickname Koptel, recorded in the Onomasticon by S. B. Veselovsky (Koptel Ivanov). The basis here is the Russian verb to smoke.

Mikhailovsk, a city in the Nizhneserginsky district of the Sverdlovsk region (the railway station on the Bakal - Chusovaya road is called Mikhailovsky Zavod). It is located on the Serga River, near its confluence with Ufa. Mikhailovsky ironworks was built in 1805-1808. Moscow merchant and industrialist Mikhail Konstantinovich Gubin. Both the factory and the village were named after the owner - Mikhailovsky Zavod. In 1961, the village of Mikhailovsky was renamed the city of Mikhailovsk.

The streets of cities and villages are named mainly according to four principles:

By the names and surnames of prominent people;

By objects located on the street or near it;

According to the external features of the street, square, lane;

According to the historical past of the country and this locality.

Since the topic of my essay is connected with Russian names, I am interested in the first principle of street names. Consider this on the example of the streets of the village in which I live - Baranchinsky.

There was a whole era in the history of our country associated with the name

V. I. Lenin. It was considered a manifestation of the greatest respect of the people for the founder of the world's first socialist state, the assignment of his name to various physical and geographical objects. In addition to the names of cities and villages, in any settlement there was a square or street named after Lenin. Views on history in modern society have changed, but the old names still remain the same. The longest street in our village is named after V. I. Lenin. There are streets that bear the names of his associates: the revolutionaries Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebkhnecht, the all-Union headman M.I. Kalinin, the first secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee S.M. agitation of V. Volodarsky.

There is a street in our village headed by the division commander V.I. Chapaev and N.I. Shchors - heroes of the Civil War; A. Popov - the inventor of the radio; writer

A. M. Gorky; the legendary pilot V.P. Chkalov; A. Matrosov - the hero of the Great Patriotic War, who shielded the embrasure of the pillbox. There is a street that bears the name of Lenya Nosov, a native of our village, who was shot in civil war. More recently, a new street has appeared, named after the name of a Russian historian, statesman - V. Tatishchev.

There are three other principles in the names of other streets in the village. For example, Athletes, Privokzalnaya, Zheleznodorozhnikov (for objects located on the street or close to it); Krutoyar, Embankment, Verkhne- and Nizhnenagornaya (according to the external features of the street, square, alley); Revolution, Victory, Peace (according to the historical past of the country).

Everything on Earth has its address. The address function of geographical names is the most important and necessary for human society.

They are needed in order to distinguish one object from another, to accurately indicate its location.

Impossible to imagine modern world without geographic names. The process of naming is a process of folk art, inexhaustible in all ages and having its own national and linguistic characteristics.

Any geographical name is historical and is a cultural monument of each nation. Centuries, people, events pass, but the memory of them remains in deeds, memories, including toponyms - the names of cities, villages, streets and squares, rivers, seas and mountains. Even the most modern name becomes historical over time. Great responsibility falls on the one who gives, assigns the name, especially in those cases when the name of a person is perpetuated in the name. Names should not be given hastily.

One of the important environmental issues in toponymy is the preservation of ancient, historically important toponyms, since they contain any information from the life of our ancestors. Our country has gone through a period of returning old names to many settlements. The need to return lost names is due to the fact that "people must imagine history on a modern map."

Collecting material for the abstract, I tried to answer the questions that I posed in Chapter 1 (Introduction). The selection of material was determined by the task - to show the toponym as a fact of the Russian language, its connection with other sciences.

It turned out that all toponyms can be divided into groups:

Russian by origin;

Not Russian, but designed according to the rules of the Russian language;

Arising in connection with the events of Russian history;

Pre-Russian, which appeared on the territory of modern Russia long before the appearance of Russians here;

Borrowed by Russians from other languages.

But all toponyms are united by one feature - they are formed according to the laws and rules of the Russian language.

In order to develop interest in the history of your locality, in toponymy native land I propose questions for the questionnaire, which can be used in the lessons of the history and geography of the native land. This questionnaire can be used in Russian language lessons when studying the topic "Spelling of Proper Names".

When preparing the abstract materials, I was helped by the knowledge gained at the lessons of the JIHT, where we study various programs developed by Microsoft, Apple, Pentium, Samsung. Our school is equipped with a computer class in which classes in computer science are held. In addition, I get computer skills at home.

In my work I used computer programs: Microsoft Word, Microsoft Power Point.

In Microsoft Word, I presented the text part of the abstract, made a complex plan (Table of Contents), numbered the pages, used different ways of compiling lists in the text (numbered, bulleted, multi-level).

Hope Bender

The resolution "On the organization of scientific and educational propaganda", adopted by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1944, demanded "to ensure the promotion of natural science knowledge among the population." And for this purpose - to publish mass circulations of popular science brochures. The directive was taken into account by most of the central publishing houses - Gostekhizdat, Selkhozgiz, Young Guard, Profizdat, etc. New series of popular science literature were renewed or created anew.

In 1945, the first specialized geographical publishing house in the USSR appeared - the State Publishing House of Geographical Literature (Geografgyz).

The first chief editor Yu. G. Saushkin (1911-1982) considered it necessary to create Geografgyz because of the lack of geographical culture and geographical thinking in society, the need to instill such skills in the general public.

Geographical ideas were popularized with the help of the publication and reprinting of the works of the classics of Russian geography, the works of outstanding travelers, original scientific works of Soviet geographers, popular science and popular literature.

In 1963, Geografgyz merged with other publishing houses (in particular, with the publishing house "Thought") as a specialized edition of geographical literature.

The following series were published: “Remarkable geographers and travelers”, “Countries of Asia. Geographic references”, “Countries of Africa. Geographic references”, “Countries of Europe. Geographic references”, “Geography of foreign countries”, “Remarkable geographers and travelers”, “Notes of the All-Union Geographical Society”, “Earth and people. Popular Geographical Yearbook", People's Library "Nature and Man", "Through the Native Country", "Travel and Adventure", "Travel, Adventure, Science Fiction", "Stories about Nature", "Russian Travelers", "Soviet Union. Brief geographic information”, “At the map of the world”, “Phenomena of nature”.

In 1948, in the series "Russian Travelers", the book "The Names of Russian People on the Map of the World" by Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Bender was published.

As the author writes in the preface, “Russian geographers-travelers have made the greatest contribution to the knowledge of the surface of the globe. The monuments of these discoveries and studies carried out by the Russians are the works of travelers and the maps they compiled. These works are known to the whole world and are still re-read with great interest, regardless of how long ago the trip was.”

The author was faced with the task of telling about the names that were given to mountain ranges, peaks, glaciers, islands, capes, straits, rivers in honor of the remarkable Russian people: politicians, generals and naval commanders, scientists, travelers and ordinary peasants - Pomors, guides, Cossacks - explorers.

Half of the book is occupied by a table of Russian names on the world map, which shows “that many glorious names are somehow bypassed; among them - the name of Lomonosov and the names of many Russian explorers who should be immortalized on the map in geographical names.

The foreword was written by Yulian Glebovich Saushkin, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, lecturer at the State Pedagogical Institute. V. I. Lenin, head of the journal Geography at School (1948-1960). Since 1947 - Professor of the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University since 1948 - Head of the Department of Economic Geography, which he led for more than 30 years. In 1952-1956. headed the Commission for the Geography of Moscow and the Moscow Region of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society.

When, in 1964, Geografgiz partly became part of the Mysl publishing house, Yu. G. Saushkin noted: “Thoughts is not up to geographical thought,” referring to the declining role of publishing geographical literature.

The compiler of the maps in the book is A. A. Ulyanov, currently - Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Mineralogy of Moscow State University, member of the Committee on Meteorites of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A. A. Ulyanov is the author of more than 150 scientific publications and new scientific direction- space mineralogy.

Russian names, Russian names of seas, straits and bays, islands and capes, mountain ranges and glaciers and, of course, cities, villages - large and small - are scattered all over the map of the world, they exist far beyond the borders of Russian lands. It would seem that these geographical names, proper names belong to geography - the science of the earth, and not the science of language. Indeed, at first glance, the names of cities, seas, as well as people, are arbitrary. And can they tell anything about the object itself, the very reality that bears this or that name, about those who gave it? Can they talk about the language from which they are taken?

Russian names on the world map are milestones on the difficult path of Russian pioneers - explorers and sailors. We will try to approach geographical names from the position of a linguist. A proper name - a Russian geographical name - is a word from the Russian language.

Boats, schooners, ships of brave Russian sailors passed the Arctic Ocean, the Great, or Pacific, Ocean, and then the Atlantic. Russian people climbed the humpbacked ridges of the Pamirs, Altai, and were the first to map the coasts of North America. Their path is not always marked by milestones of Russian names, since Russian explorers sought to preserve local names, if they already existed. Part of the Russian names are buried in a series of renamings, usually carried out by subsequent explorers of new lands who came from other countries. And yet, even a cursory glance at the map of the world, at the dotted line of Russian words, will allow us to present a historical map of heroic journeys, discoveries, settlements, and later sad migrations in search of a better life.

There are about 400 on the US map, and not on the map of Canada, more than 200 Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian names. The names Russia, Russian and Russian land are not uncommon (in the states of Ohio, Massachusetts, North Dakota, California, Texas, Wisconsin, Illinois). The first settlers in America gave their settlements names with a transparent inner shape: Russian Fort. An illusion was created of the proximity of the homeland: the Russian Fort, the Slavyanka River, later renamed the Russian. Thirteen towns and localities are named after Moscow. The largest American Moscow in Idaho. Interestingly, the new cities might not resemble their older brothers at all. So, St. Petersburg in Florida is the opposite of a Russian city. Instead of the fogs of the “Northern Palmyra”, American St. Petersburg offers numerous tourists the sun, the absence of cloudy days. Therefore, St. Petersburg in Florida is called the `sunny city.' No less contrast to the Black Sea Odessa is Odessa in the state of Texas. This is a city of oil fields, naked, not reminiscent of the green Black Sea Odessa. - local shades that make up the essence of the name - geographical name.

The native name for emigrants acquired an attractive force. Entrepreneurs-industrialists took this into account, naming cities and towns by names that evoked memories of their homeland. So, in the wave of Ukrainian migrations to America, Odessa appeared in Florida, and Moscow in the state of Arkansas. The Pacific Railway Company made the right calculation: the name of the settlement would attract Russian emigrants and ensure an influx of workers.

Native names were also exponents of patriotic feelings. Moscow appeared in Michigan during the Napoleonic Wars. At the time, Moscow was the center of attention as a symbol of resistance to Napoleon.

Residents of Cactwelly Bridge (Atlantic Coast, Delaware) in 1855 renamed their city, choosing the name Odessa. It was during the Crimean War, and Odessa was a symbol of resistance to the enemy.

There are American Kyiv, New Kyiv, Poltava, Galich. Numerous villages bear the names of Russian rivers: Volga, Oka, Kama, Danube, Dnieper.

Some of the names are a description of the new place, but given in the native language: Mountains, Fertile, Virgin, Kanava. The names reflect the impressions received by the settlers in their new life in a new place. Here they had to raise virgin soil and drain the swamps. The external surrounding world was reflected in the word-name.

But there are names, as if dedicated to the inner world of people who suffered, hoping for a better life in a new place. These are the names Faith, Liberation, Truth, Patience, Glory, Mirnam (from `peace be upon us'), etc.

The social nature of language is found in the functioning of any national language in all areas and spheres of his life. Geographical names on the world map, although they represent a small and incomplete linguistic picture - separate words-names, they show how the world of thoughts, views, feelings of a Russian person is reflected in the world of names - geographical names.

Among the stars and planets on the map of the starry sky there are also Russian names. They also perpetuate our history.

Let us tell in more detail one small but symbolic story about the name of the planet No. 1900.

During the Great Patriotic War on September 12, 1941, military pilot Ekaterina Zelenko died in an air battle. This was the first case of an aerial ramming committed by a female pilot who selflessly fought for the freedom of her homeland. And in memory of Katya Zelenko, the International Planetary Center approved the name of the new minor planet No. 1900 - Katyusha. The planet was discovered by “Soviet astronomer T.M. Smirnova, she also suggested a name ... Every 17 months, Katyusha will approach the Earth, sending its inhabitants the pure light of youth given in the battle for freedom "(" TVNZ", 1976, November 7). The name Katyusha is the name of a pilot and a symbol of our victory over the enemy in the Great Patriotic War. "Katyusha, Katyusha" - this is how the famous Soviet rocket launchers were called. “Katyusha” is also one of the most popular Soviet songs that has probably spread all over the world. The proper name has become a glorious symbol summarizing both the feat of man and the feat of the people. The name marks and our scientific achievements in the study of the starry sky.