The variety of the influence of the social environment on the individual. Social adaptation as a mechanism of personality socialization Social adaptation as a process and result

Social adaptation- the process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the social environment; type of interaction of an individual or a social group with the social environment. An important component of social adaptation is: coordination of assessments, claims of the individual, his personal capabilities (actual and potential level) with the specifics of the social environment; goals, values, orientation of the individual with the ability to implement them in a particular social environment. Adaptation is one of the sides of the process of socialization, which every individual will certainly experience in the course of his growing up. In addition, in life practice, individuals, families, groups have to adapt again in the event of a normal or catastrophic change in their social environment or their status in it (change of job, job loss, relocation, forced migration, disability, etc.) . One of the types of social adaptation is socio-psychological adaptation, i.e. such interaction of the individual and the social environment, which leads to optimal ratio goals and values of the individual and the group. This type of adaptation involves the search activity of the individual, her awareness of her social status and social role behavior, the identification of the individual and the group in the process of performing joint activities, the individual's acceptance of the norms, values and traditions of the social group.

Adaptive potential- degree hidden opportunities the subject is optimally included in new or changing conditions of his social environment. It is associated with adaptive training - the accumulation of such a potential by a person in the process of a specially organized activity to adapt to social conditions. External difficulties, illness, a state of protracted extremeness, hunger, etc. reduce the adaptive potential of an individual, and when faced with a situation that threatens his life goals, maladaptation. Various forms of antisocial activity - drug addiction, alcoholism, mental tension - are the result of unsuccessful social adaptation or maladaptation. It is with people who are socially maladapted or characterized by a predominance of inadequate activity that a social worker most often has to interact. One of the most important areas of work with them is readaptation, i.e. restoration of adaptive abilities, for which a number of social technologies are used.

Social adequacy- the ability of individuals or groups to act in accordance with the requirements and expectations of society, to correctly apply the knowledge, attitudes, ideas and skills acquired in the process of socialization.

The emerging personality perceives not only the knowledge and ideas of the community in which it is included, but also the modes of behavior, types of mental reactions inherent in it. All this knowledge and skills have not only an adaptive effect, but also a certain social rationality, contribute to the best functioning of the individual (group) in his environment. One of the manifestations of social adaptation is the degree of limitation, “cultivation” of those deep, biologically based emotions that a person experiences unconsciously, outside the control of the mind and outside the control of his social environment, but the expression of which is subject to the control of social norms.
On the other hand, absolute obedience to the norms and attitudes of society, absolute conformism are unproductive in terms of social and personal perspectives, they characterize a person incapable of development, and a society that does not want the development of its members. In this regard, we can say that social adaptation also includes the concept of a measure of inclusion in the established structure of relations and ideas of society, a measure of subordination to its behavioral and emotional stereotypes. This measure can never be maximum: the absolute acceptance of parameters of vital activity external to the individual deprives him of the opportunity to change, move, and develop. The personality, absolutely determined by the framework of external conditions, is vulnerable, rigid, prone to submission external forces. The locus of control of such a personality lies outside it, individuals with such a life attitude experience fear of change, painfully adapt to changes in external circumstances, and tend to defend the inviolability of their living conditions. For this protection, they are ready to use "all means", because. they do not believe that they will be able to defend their positions by the power of knowledge, political competence, their own energy. Therefore, a certain space of heuristic freedom, search uncertainty is included in the concept of social adaptation, giving the personality the potential for development, flexibility, and the ability to adapt to changing social circumstances.

Those individuals and groups that have some inner freedom in accepting or rejecting the requirements and attitudes of society act in accordance with one of the most important principles of consistency - the principle of the optimal level of orderliness of the system, the most rational combination of organization and uncertainty. These subjects of social action live in the belief that they are capable of influencing their own circumstances, influencing the external conditions of their life.

School education imposes certain requirements on the child, which are united in the concept of "readiness for schooling". The most significant indicator of readiness is considered to be adaptation, or adaptation to school. This is a very important period in the life of a first grader. Almost the whole life of a child changes: his interests, desires, communication with peers and adults - everything is subject to school problems.

Many parents believe that by teaching their child to read, write and count to 100, they have prepared the future first grader very well for school, and he will not have any problems there. Faced with the first reluctance of the child to go to school, parents are completely at a loss.

Adaptation of a first grader includes two main levels of readiness: physical and psychological. Consequently, readiness for school education presupposes not only the formation of certain educational skills in preschool gymnasiums. The physical component implies the general physical development boys and girls 6-7 summer age in accordance with the standards. These indicators include: weight, height, chest volume; the state of motor skills, vision, hearing; general state health. Children's health is assessed on four grounds:

§ level of neuropsychic and physical development;

§ indicators of the functioning of the main body systems;

§ the level of resistance of the body to adverse effects.

Based on these indicators, researchers distinguish 5 groups of children:

First group- mental and physical development corresponds to the average age norms; children rarely get sick; organs and systems of the body are functioning normally. Unfortunately, only 20-25% of such children enter the first grade.

Second group- there are functional disorders that make it difficult to adapt to school, but the disease has not yet become chronic. The number of such children in the first grade is approximately 30-35%.

Third group- children with chronic diseases. The number of such children is 30-35%.

Fourth and fifth groups consist of children suffering from serious health problems that do not allow them to study in a general school.

A.V. Mudrik considers the process of adaptation as part of human socialization. By socialization, the scientist understands "the development and self-change of a person in the process of assimilation and reproduction of culture, which occurs in the interaction of a person with spontaneous, relatively directed and purposefully created living conditions at all age stages." The essence of socialization is a combination of adaptation (adaptation) and isolation (autonomization) of a person in a particular society. According to A.V. Mudrik, in the process of socialization, there is an internal, completely insoluble conflict between the measure of a person's adaptation to society and the degree of his isolation in society. In other words, effective socialization involves a certain balance of accommodation and isolation.

The complex process of social adaptation is influenced by various factors that determine its course, pace and results. AT scientific literature presented different groups factors: external and internal; biological and social; factors that depend and do not depend on the teacher, the school. It should be noted that the factors that impede the adaptation of schoolchildren and lead to maladjustment of the personality are more fully studied and characterized in the psychological and pedagogical literature (O.A. Pestereva, N.A. Razina, S.N. Sukhova).

Successful social adaptation is determined by the cognitive and social orientation of the development of the individual, his social activity, integration into society through involvement in various spheres of life. It is very important that the child adapts to new conditions of life, to a new environment, to master a new social environment for him.

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Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Educational Institution Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin

Social and pedagogical faculty

Department of Social and Medical Disciplines

Course work

Topic: Adaptation as a process and result of an individual's adaptation to the environment

ATconducting

Relevance term paper. The problem of human adaptation has long been one of the fundamental in many areas of scientific knowledge. Adaptation is one of the very real ways to preserve human viability, not only in today's rapidly changing world, but also in the future.

Turning adaptation into a circle important issues determined by both the real requirements of life and the logic of development scientific knowledge. Modern social science, actively and on a large scale involved in solving problems relevant to society, is faced with the need to comprehend changes in human behavior. Disclosure of adaptation mechanisms gives the key to understanding new forms of human relations with society, nature and with oneself, to predicting the dynamics of behavior.

Today it is quite difficult to understand the essence of adaptation, to see its uniqueness among other ways of human existence. Difficulties arise, first of all, due to the lack of general guidelines for describing and explaining adaptation processes.

The predominant orientation to the signs of the environment led to the emergence of social, professional, climatic, school, university, etc. adaptation. Orientation to the level of human organization? to socio-psychological, mental, psycho-physiological, physiological adaptation. Consideration of a number of conceptual provisions, as well as a long experience in studying the possibilities of human life in different environmental conditions, convinces us that a sufficiently reliable reference point for explaining adaptation processes is contained in a person's personality. In all its complex organization of properties and qualities, in all the diversity of its interaction with the surrounding reality, in its correlation with a specific historical period development of society concluded the main internal regulator of adaptation in changing social, cultural, subject-technological and natural conditions.

Target course work is to study the behavior of the individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with environment.

An object? the process of adaptation of the individual.

Subject? changing environment.

In accordance with the purpose of the course work, the following tasks:

1. Generalize ideas about adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment.

2. Expand the content of the concept of "environment".

3. To reveal the strategy of social adaptation providing viability in the changing conditions of existence.

1. FROMsocial adaptation as a mechanism of personality socialization

The concept of "adaptation" (from Latin adaptation) is currently used in many areas of knowledge? biology, philosophy, sociology, social psychology, ethics, pedagogy, etc. In essence, the study of this problem is at the junction of various branches of knowledge and is the most important, promising approach in the comprehensive study of man.

In the literature, adaptation is considered in the broad and narrow sense of the word.

In a broad, philosophical aspect, adaptation is understood as "... any interaction between the individual and the environment, in which their structures, functions and behavior are coordinated" . In the works performed in this aspect, adaptation is considered as a way of connecting the individual and the macrosociety, the change in the social status of a person, the acquisition of a new social role, i.e. adaptation correlates with socialization.

Adaptation in a narrow, socio-psychological sense is considered as the relationship of an individual with a small group, most often a production or student group. That is, the process of adaptation is understood as the process of entry of a person into a small group, the assimilation of established norms, relations, and the occupation of a certain place in the structure of relations between its members.

Features of the study of adaptation are that, firstly, the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups, of which the individual is a member, and secondly, the small group itself becomes one of the parties involved in the adaptation interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment to which a person adapts.

When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often, socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation is associated with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of the active reproduction by the individual of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of the individual under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, the mechanisms of interaction of the individual with the environment are formed.

Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, assimilates traditions, norms, and roles created by society. Socialization, in turn, ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society.

In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is a necessary condition for the adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization.

Social adaptation is:

The constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;

The result of this process.

Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person's condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:

adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one's own organism;

an adequate system of relations and communication with others;

ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;

· variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.

In the course of social adaptation, not only the adaptation of the individual to new social conditions is carried out, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations. The personality enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts itself and develops its individuality. As a result of social adaptation, social qualities of communication, behavior and objective activity are formed, which are accepted in society, thanks to which a person realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determine.

Social adaptation is the process of active adaptation of a person to a changed environment with the help of various social media. The main way of social adaptation is the adoption of the norms and values of the new social environment (group, team, organization, region, which includes the individual), the forms that have developed here social interaction(formal and informal connections, leadership style, family and neighborhood relations, etc.), as well as forms and methods of substantive activity (for example, ways of professionally performing work or family responsibilities).

A.G. Kovalev distinguishes two forms of social adaptation: active, when an individual seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (including those norms, values, forms of interaction that he must master), and passive, when he does not seek such an impact and change. An indicator of successful social adaptation is the high social status of an individual in a given environment, as well as his satisfaction with this environment as a whole (for example, satisfaction with work and its conditions, remuneration, organization, etc.). An indicator of low social adaptation is the movement of an individual to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, etc.) or deviant behavior.

According to I. A. Georgieva, the development of mechanisms of social adaptation, its essence, is based on active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform the essential social reality. Therefore, the very process of formation of the mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals and takes place in three main phases: activity, communication, self-consciousness, which characterize it. social entity. .

Social activity is the leading and specific mechanism in the organization of human adaptation. Important are its constituent types, such as communication, play, teaching, work, which provide full inclusion, active adaptation of the individual to the social environment. The mechanism of adaptation itself social activities personality has regular stages:

The need of the individual

Needs,

Motives for making a decision

Implementation and debriefing,

Social communication is the most important mechanism of social adaptation of a person, which directs and expands the range of assimilation of social values in contact with other individuals and social groups.

The social self-awareness of the individual is a mechanism for the social adaptation of the individual, in which the formation and understanding of one's social belonging and role is carried out.

According to I. A. Georgieva, there are also such mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual as:

1. Cognitive, including all mental processes associated with cognition: sensations, perceptions, ideas, memory, thinking, imagination, etc.

2. Emotional, including various moral feelings and emotional states: anxiety, concern, sympathy, condemnation, anxiety, etc.

3. Practical (behavioral), offering a certain directed human activity in social practice. In general, all these mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual constitute a complete unity.

The social adaptation of a person is based on active or passive adaptation, interaction with the existing social environment, as well as the ability to change and qualitatively transform the very personality of a person.

The process of social adaptation is of a concrete historical nature, which affects the individual in different ways or pushes him to a certain choice of mechanisms of action in a given context of time.

The studies of G. D. Volkov and N. B. Okonskaya show that the process of social adaptation must be considered at three levels:

1. Societies (macroenvironment) - this level allows you to highlight the process of social adaptation of the individual in the context of the socio-economic, political and spiritual development of society.

2. Social group (microenvironment) - the study of this process will help to isolate the causes, the discrepancy between the interests of the individual and the social group (work collective, family, etc.).

3. Individual (intrapersonal adaptation) - the desire to achieve harmony, balance of the internal position and its self-esteem from the position of other individuals.

An analysis of the literature showed that there is no unified classification of social adaptation. This is explained by the fact that a person is included in a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, social relations that allow him to adapt in this society. The system of social adaptation includes different types adaptive processes:

Industrial and professional adaptation;

Household (decides various aspects in the formation of certain skills, attitudes, habits, directed to the routine, traditions, existing relations between people in a team, in a group, out of connection with the sphere of production activity);

Leisure (involves the formation of attitudes, abilities to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical improvement);

Political and economic;

Adaptation to the forms of social consciousness (science, religion, art, morality, etc.);

To nature, etc.

According to G. D. Volkov, N. B. Okonskaya, all types of adaptation are interconnected, but social adaptation is dominant here. Full social adaptation of a person includes:

managerial,

economic,

pedagogical,

psychological,

professional,

Manufacturing adaptation.

Let us consider in more detail the listed types of social adaptation.

Managerial (organizational) adaptation. Without management, it is impossible to provide a person with favorable conditions (at work, at home), create prerequisites for the development of his social role, influence him, and ensure activities that meet the interests of society and the individual.

Economic adaptation? this is the most complicated process of assimilation of new socio-economic norms and principles of economic relations of individuals, subjects. For the technology of social work, the so-called "social block" is important here, including the adaptation to real social reality of the size of unemployment benefits, the level of wages, pensions and benefits. They must meet not only the physiological, but also the socio-cultural needs of a person.

Pedagogical adaptation? this is an adaptation to the system of education, training and upbringing, which form the system of value orientations of the individual.

Psychological adaptation. In psychology, adaptation is considered as the process of adapting the sense organs to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to better perceive them and protect the receptors from excessive load.

Professional adaptation? is the adaptation of the individual to a new species professional activity, a new social environment, working conditions and characteristics of a particular specialty.

Production adaptation? labor activity, initiative, competence and independence, professional qualities are being improved.

Thus, social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, harmonizing the interaction of an individual with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines. There are mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual, the process of formation of which is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals, such as: activity, communication and self-consciousness. In the essence of the mechanisms of social adaptation lies the active activity of a person, the key point of which is the need to transform the essential social reality.

AT this section term paper considered the types and structure of social adaptation. Drawing a conclusion, we can say that there is no single classification of the structure of social adaptation. The lack of a unified classification of types of social adaptation is explained by the fact that a person is a person who is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, social relations that allow him to adapt in this society.

2 . ATthe influence of the social environment on the process of socialization of the individual

Considering adaptation as a process and result of an individual's adaptation to the environment, it is necessary to note the concept of "environment".

The environment is:

The sphere of habitation and activity of mankind;

The natural world around man and the material world created by him.

The social environment as a factor in the formation and development of personality has always been recognized. Educators, social workers and psychologists over the centuries in the process of development of science, culture, society have studied the mutual influence and interaction of the environment and man.

The ideas of Russian democrats of the 19th century V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov and others are imbued with deep faith in man, in his development and improvement. Belinsky's statement is known that nature creates a person, but develops and forms his society.

The problem of the environment was widely developed in the second half of the 1920s and 1930s. N. K. Krupskaya, A. V. Lunacharsky, S. T. Shatsky emphasized that it is necessary to study all the factors that form the individual: both organized and spontaneous. The environment and its influence on a person was studied both theoretically and in the form of specific studies of the material, housing, living and cultural conditions of people's lives. The relationship between the economic and social status of the family and the level of education was traced, the specific features of people's lives and the impact on their development were identified. Attempts have been made to introduce certain changes into the human environment. The study of the environment was carried out from class positions, as evidenced by the terms: proletarian, worker-peasant, socialized, intellectual and other environment.

Since the nature of the influence of the environment depended on quality, the researchers of those years, developing an ideal model for its use, saw the environment as healthy, moral, expedient, rationally organized, etc. It was proposed that such an environment should nourish ideals, create good dominants, develop activity, creativity, independence, develop the skills of reasonable disciplined behavior, etc. .

From the above, I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernova define the concept of “social environment”.

Social environment - a part of the environment, consisting of interacting individuals, groups, institutions, cultures, and so on.

The social environment is an objectively social reality, which is a combination of material, political, ideological, socio-psychological factors of direct interaction with a person in the course of her life and practical activities.

The main structural components of the social environment are:

Social conditions of people's lives;

Social actions of people;

Relationships of people in the process of activity and communication;

social community.

The natural social environment surrounding a person is an external factor in his development. In the process of personality socialization, the transformation of a biological individual into a social subject takes place. It is a continuous, multifaceted process that continues throughout a person's life. It proceeds most intensively in childhood and adolescence, when all the basic value orientations are laid down, social norms and relationships are assimilated, and the motivation for social behavior is formed.

The process of socialization of an individual takes place in interaction with a huge number of various conditions that more or less actively influence their development. These conditions acting on a person are usually called factors. In fact, not all of them have even been identified, and far from all of the known ones have been studied. About those factors that were studied, knowledge is very uneven: quite a lot is known about some, little about others, and very little about others. More or less studied conditions or factors of the social environment can be conventionally grouped into four groups:

1. Megafactors (mega - very large, universal) - space, planet, world, which to some extent through other groups of factors influence the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth.

2. Macro factors (macro - large) - country, ethnic group, society, state, which affect the socialization of all living in certain countries.

3. Mesofactors (meso - medium, intermediate) - the conditions for the socialization of large groups of people, distinguished: by the area and type of settlement in which they live (region, village, city, town); by belonging to the audience of certain mass communication networks (radio, television, etc.); by belonging to certain subcultures.

4. Microfactors - factors that directly affect specific people who interact with them - family and home, neighborhood, peer groups, educational organizations, various public, state, religious, private and counter-social organizations, microsociety. .

The socialization of a person is carried out by a wide range of universal means, the content of which is specific to a particular society, a particular social stratum, a particular age of the person being socialized. These include:

Ways to feed the baby and care for him;

Formed household and hygiene skills;

The products of material culture surrounding a person;

Elements of spiritual culture (from lullabies and fairy tales to sculptures);

Methods of encouragement and punishment in the family, in peer groups, in educational and other socializing organizations;

Consistent introduction of a person to numerous types and types of relationships in the main areas of his life - communication, play, cognition, subject-practical and spiritual-practical activities, sports, as well as in family, professional, social, religious spheres.

Developing, the individual seeks and finds the environment that for him in most comfortable, so it can "migrate" from one environment to another.

According to I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernova, a person’s attitude to the external social conditions of his life in society has the character of interaction. A person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and, at the same time, develops himself by his active actions.

The social environment acts as a macro environment (in the broadest sense), i.e. the socio-economic system as a whole, and the microenvironment (in the narrow sense) -- the immediate social environment.

The social environment is, on the one hand, one of critical factors, accelerating or restraining the process of self-realization of the individual, on the other hand, a necessary condition for the successful development of this process. The attitude of the environment to a person is determined by how much his behavior corresponds to the expectations of the environment. A person's behavior is largely determined by the position he occupies in society. An individual in society can occupy several positions at the same time. Each position imposes certain requirements on a person, that is, rights and obligations, and is called social status. Statuses can be congenital and acquired. Status is determined by a person's behavior in society. This behavior is called social role. In the process of formation and development of the individual, positive and negative social roles can be mastered. The development of the personality of role-playing behavior, which ensures his successful involvement in social relations. This process of adaptation to the conditions of the social environment is called social adaptation.

Thus, the social environment has a great influence on the socialization of the individual through social factors. It can also be noted that a person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies, and at the same time develops himself with his active actions. And the way to harmonize the individual with the environment is the strategy of social adaptation.

3. FROMsocial adaptation strategy

The concept of "strategy" in the general sense can be defined as a guiding, organizing way of conducting actions, behavior, designed to achieve not random, momentary, but significant, defining goals.

Social Adaptation Strategy as a way of harmonizing an individual with the environment, a way of bringing his needs, interests, attitudes, value orientations and requirements of the environment into line, should be considered in the context of life goals and the life path of a person. In this regard, it is necessary to consider such a range of concepts as "lifestyle", "life history", "picture of life", "life plan", "life path", "life strategy", "life style", "life scenario" .

M. A. Gulina notes that the social analysis of lifestyle is designed to identify the mechanisms of self-regulation of the subject, associated with his attitude to the conditions of life and activity, his needs and life orientations, as well as his attitude to social norms.

K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya highlights the basic principles of studying personality in the process of life, formulated by S. L. Rubinshtein and B. G. Ananiev:

* principle of historicism where the inclusion of a person in historical time allows us to consider biography as its personal history;

* genetic approach, which makes it possible to single out different grounds for determining the stages, stages of its development in life;

* connection principle development and life movement of the personality with its labor activity, communication and knowledge.

The principle of historicism was based on the idea of S. Buhler, who proposed to draw an analogy between the process of a person's life and the process of history, and declared the life of a person to be individual history. She called individual, or personal, life in its dynamics way of life personality and singled out a number of aspects of life in order to trace them in dynamics:

* the sequence of external events as the objective logic of life;

* logic of internal events - change of experiences, values - evolution inner peace person;

* the results of human activity.

driving force personality S. Buhler considered the desire for self-fulfillment and creativity. As K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya emphasized, the understanding of the life path of S. Buhler contained the main thing: the life of a particular person is not accidental, but natural, it lends itself not only to description, but also to explanation.

B. G. Ananiev believed that the subjective picture of the life path in the self-consciousness of a person is always built according to individual and social development, measured in biographical and historical dates.

A. A. Kronik presents a subjective picture of the life path as an image, the temporal dimensions of which are commensurate with the scale human life in general, an image that captures not only the past of the personality - the history of its formation, not only the present - the life situation and current activities, but also the future - plans, dreams, hopes. The subjective picture of the life path is a mental image that reflects the socially conditioned spatio-temporal characteristics of the life path (past, present and future), its stages, events and their relationships. This image performs the functions of long-term regulation and coordination of the individual's life path with the lives of others, primarily people who are significant to her.

S. L. Rubinshtein, analyzing the works of S. Buhler, perceived and developed the idea of a life path and came to the conclusion that a life path cannot be understood only as the sum of life events, individual actions, products of creativity. It must be presented as something more integral. To reveal the integrity, continuity of the life path, S. L. Rubinshtein proposed not only to single out its individual stages, but also to find out how each stage prepares and influences the next. Playing an important role in the life path, these stages do not predetermine it with fatal inevitability.

One of the most important and interesting thoughts of S. L. Rubinshtein, according to K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, is the idea of the turning stages of a person's life, which are determined by personality. S. L. Rubinshtein affirms the idea of personality activity, its "active essence", the ability to make choices, make decisions that affect one's own life path. S. L. Rubinshtein introduces the concept of personality as a subject of life. The manifestations of this subject are how activities and communication are carried out, what lines of behavior are developed on the basis of desires and real possibilities.

K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya distinguishes three structures of the life path: life position, life line and the meaning of life. The life position, which consists in self-determination of the individual, is formed by its activity and is realized in time as a life line. The meaning of life value determines the life position and line of life. Particular importance is attached to the concept of "life position", which is defined as "the potential for personal development", "way of life" based on personal values. This is the main determinant of all life manifestations of personality.

The concept of "life perspective" in the context of the concept of the life path of the individual K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines as the potential, capabilities of the individual, objectively developing in the present, which should also manifest themselves in the future. Following S. L. Rubinstein, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya emphasizes that a person is the subject of life, and individual character his life is manifested in the fact that the personality acts as its organizer. The individuality of life consists in the ability of a person to organize it according to his own plan, in accordance with his inclinations and aspirations, which are reflected in the concept of "lifestyle".

As a criterion for the correct choice of a person's life path, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya puts forward the main criterion - satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life.

The ability of a person to foresee, organize, direct the events of his life or, on the contrary, to obey the course of life events, allows us to speak about the existence of various ways of organizing life. These methods are considered as abilities different types individuals spontaneously or consciously build their life strategies. The very concept of life strategy K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines as a constant adjustment of the characteristics of his personality and the way of his life, building his life based on his individual capabilities. The strategy of life consists in ways of changing, transforming conditions, situations of life in accordance with the values of the individual, in the ability to combine one's individual characteristics, their status and age opportunities, their own claims with the requirements of society and others. In this case, a person as a subject of life integrates his characteristics as a subject of activity, a subject of communication and a subject of cognition and correlates his capabilities with the set life goals and tasks.

Thus, a life strategy is a strategy for self-realization of a person in life by correlating life requirements with personal activity, its values and the way of self-assertion.

The strategy of social adaptation is an individual way of adapting a person to society and its requirements, for which the determining factors are the experience of early childhood experiences, unconscious decisions made in accordance with the subjective scheme of perceiving situations and a conscious choice of behavior made in accordance with goals, aspirations, needs, personal value system.

Strategies for social adaptation are individual and unique for each person, however, it is possible to single out some features and characteristics that are common to a number of strategies, and thus distinguish types of social adaptation strategies.

The variety of types and methods of social adaptation can be considered both from the point of view of the types of orientation of activity in the process of adaptation (and then it is set by the leading motives of the individual), and from the point of view of specific types and methods of adaptation, which are set, on the one hand, by the hierarchy of values and goals that depend on the general orientation, and on the other hand, the psychological and psychophysiological characteristics of the individual.

In the classification of A. R. Lazursky, three levels of relations are distinguished. At the first level, the personality is entirely dependent on the environment. The environment, external conditions suppress a person, thus, insufficient adaptation occurs. At the second level, adaptation occurs for the benefit of oneself and society. People who are on the third level of relations - a creative attitude to the environment, are able not only to successfully adapt to the environment, but also to influence it, changing and transforming the environment in accordance with their own needs and inclinations.

Thus, A. R. Lazursky provided for the possibility of directing the transformative effect as a result of the social adaptation of the individual both to change and reorganize the personal structure (first and second levels), and outside.

Similar ideas are expressed by J. Piaget, according to whom the condition for successful adaptation can be considered the optimal combination of two aspects of social adaptation: accommodation as the assimilation of the rules of the environment and assimilation as the transformation of the environment.

N. N. Miloslavova characterizes the types of adaptation in connection with the level of conformity of the individual to external conditions, "growing into the environment", not including the process of transformation, the impact of the individual on the environment:

* balancing -- establishing a balance between the environment and the individual, who show mutual tolerance for each other's value system and stereotypes;

* pseudo-adaptation -- a combination of external adaptability to the environment with a negative attitude towards its norms and requirements;

* atequalning -- recognition and acceptance of the basic value systems of the new situation, mutual concessions;

* assimilation -- psychological reorientation of the individual, transformation of previous views, orientations, attitudes in accordance with the new situation.

An individual can consistently go through all these stages, gradually “growing” more and more into the social environment from the stage of balancing to the stage of assimilation, or he can stop at one of them. The degree of involvement in the adaptation process depends on a number of factors: on the degree of "tightness" of the individual, on the nature of the situation, on the attitude of the individual to it and on life experience adaptable.

Differences in the way of individual life imply the construction of various strategies, the leading parameter of which K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya considers activity as an internal criterion of the individual in the implementation of her life program. K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya proposes the distribution of initiative and responsibility as an individual way of realizing activity as a basis for describing various personal strategies. A person whose structure is dominated by responsibility always strives to create the necessary conditions for himself, to foresee in advance what is needed to achieve the goal, to prepare to overcome difficulties and failures. Depending on the level of claims and focus, people with developed responsibility can show different ways of self-expression.

So, a person of an executive type has a low activity of self-expression, is unsure of his abilities, needs the support of others, is situational, subject to external control, conditions, orders, advice. He is afraid of changes, surprises, seeks to fix and keep what has been achieved (example: Anatoly Efremovich Novoseltsev - the hero of the film "Office Romance").

Another type of personality, with high responsibility, receives satisfaction from the fulfillment of duty, expresses itself through its fulfillment, his life can be planned up to the smallest details. Daily, rhythmic fulfillment of the planned range of duties brings him a sense of satisfaction at the end of the day. In the life of such people there are no distant prospects, they do not expect anything for themselves, they are always ready to fulfill other people's requirements. An example of this type of personality would be main character from the film "Diamond Hand" Gorbunov Semyon Semenovich.

People with a different kind of life responsibility may have both friends and acquaintances. But as a result of the feeling of "one on one" with life, they exclude both any orientation to the support and help from other people, and the ability to take responsibility for others, because, in their opinion, this increases their dependence and binds freedom of expression. The responsibility of such people is realized in a variety of roles, for example: Borshchev Afanasy Nikolaevich from the film "Afonya".

A person with a developed initiative is in a state of constant search, striving for something new, not being satisfied with the ready-made, given ones. Such a person is mainly guided only by the desirable, interesting, "lights up" with ideas, willingly takes any risk, but, faced with a new one, different from the imaginary, from the plans and ideas he created. He cannot clearly define goals and means, outline the stages in the implementation of plans, and separate the achievable from the unattainable. For an enterprising person, most often, it is not the results that are important, but the search process itself, its novelty, the breadth of perspectives. Such a position subjectively creates a variety of life, its problematic and fascinating.

N. N. Miloslavova distinguishes different types of enterprising people depending on their inclination to take responsibility. Some of them prefer to share their projects, proposals, ideas with others, to actively involve people in their creative searches, to take responsibility for their scientific and personal destiny. These people are characterized by a harmonious combination of initiative and responsibility. The initiative of other people may be limited to good intentions, and plans are not implemented. The integrity or partiality of their activity depends on the nature of their claims and the degree of connection with responsibility.

A person whose initiative is a life position is constantly searching for new conditions, actively changing his life, expanding the range of life activities, affairs, and communication. He always builds a personal perspective, not only thinks about something new, but also builds multi-stage plans, the realism and validity of which already depend on the degree of responsibility, the level of development of the individual.

In people who combine initiative and responsibility, the desire for novelty and readiness for uncertainty associated with risk are balanced. They are constantly expanding their semantic and vital space, but they can confidently distribute it into the necessary and sufficient, the real and the desired. Responsibility for such a person implies not only the organization of activities, but also the opportunity not to live situationally, but to maintain autonomy and the opportunity to take the initiative.

E. K. Zavyalova distinguishes between individual adaptation strategies in connection with search activity directed by a person to improve the system of interaction with the environment and himself. first of all, as a biological unit, to leave the past way of life unchanged, to use well-established and previously effective stereotypes of interaction with the environment and oneself. The core of the passive adaptation strategy is negative emotional experiences: anxiety, frustration, a sense of loss, insurmountable obstacles; the past seems beautiful regardless of reality, the present is perceived dramatically, help is expected from outside; aggressive reactions towards others and towards oneself become more frequent; a person is afraid to take responsibility for making risky decisions.

The passive strategy of adaptation is determined by a number of personality traits and, in turn, forms a certain type of personality, the dominant position in the structure of which is occupied by overcaution, pedantry, rigidity, preference for the regulation of any creative activity and freedom of decision, orientation towards the adoption of a collectively developed decision, craving for depersonalization, unconditional acceptance of social norms, responsible performance of habitual duties.

In the event of the emergence of new forms of human interaction with nature, society, an active adaptation strategy is implemented by itself - a strategy centered on the intrapersonal and external social restructurings performed by the person himself, on changing the previous way of life, on overcoming difficulties and destroying unsatisfactory relationships. At the same time, a person focuses on his own internal reserves, is ready and able to be responsible for his actions and decisions. An active adaptation strategy is based on a realistic attitude to life, the ability to see not only negative, but also positive aspects of reality; people perceive obstacles as surmountable. His behavior and activities are characterized by purposefulness and organization; active, overcoming behavior is accompanied by predominantly positive emotional experiences. Centered on overcoming, an active strategy, as well as a passive one, forms a certain psychological portrait of a person: social orientation of actions and decisions, social confidence and self-confidence, high personal responsibility, independence, communication skills, high level claims and high self-esteem, emotional stability.

Comparing the considered approaches, it is possible, in general, to determine the strategy of social adaptation as the predominant way for the subject to build his relations with the outside world, other people and himself in solving life problems and achieving life goals.

When evaluating this strategy, it is necessary to consider the sphere of subjective relations of the individual:

a) attitude towards oneself, assessment of one's success, self-acceptance;

b) interest in others and communication with them, attitude towards the environment and people in general, acceptance of other people, understanding of their assessment of the personality, position in communication (dominance or statement) and in conflict situations;

c) a position in relation to the world as a whole, which can manifest itself in the preference for certain experiences, reflected in the level of claims of the individual, her way of assigning responsibility and attitude to the future (openness to the future or fear of the future, locking on the present).

Concluding the above, within the framework of the psychoanalytic direction, social adaptation is interpreted as a homeostatic balance of the individual with the requirements of the external environment (environment). The socialization of the individual is determined by the repression of attraction and the switching of energy to objects sanctioned by society (3. Freud), and also as a result of the individual's desire to compensate and overcompensate for his inferiority (A. Adler).

Within the framework of the humanistic direction of research on social adaptation, a position is put forward on the optimal interaction of the individual and the environment. The main criterion of adaptation here is the degree of integration of the individual and the environment. The purpose of adaptation is to achieve positive spiritual health and the conformity of the values of the individual with the values of society. At the same time, the process of adaptation is not a process of balance between the organism and the environment.

Social adaptation implies ways of adaptation, regulation, harmonization of the interaction of the individual with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts to the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines. The process of social adaptation involves the manifestation of various combinations of techniques and methods, strategies for social adaptation.

In general, the strategy of social adaptation is a universal and individual principle, a way of social adaptation of a person to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, his own goals and ways to achieve them.

Thus, we have identified the types of social adaptation strategies that are individual and unique for each person. Comparing the considered types, it is possible, in general, to determine the strategy of social adaptation as the predominant way for the subject to build his relations with the outside world, other people and himself in solving life problems and achieving life goals.

Wconclusion

The purpose of this course work was the analysis of the behavior of the individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with the environment.

We summarized the concept of adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment. Social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, harmonizing the interaction of an individual with the environment only when a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines.

We have identified a strategy of social adaptation that ensures viability in the changing conditions of existence. The strategy of social adaptation will be a universal and individual principle, a way of social adaptation of a person to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, the goals set by him and the ways to achieve them.

In connection with the foregoing, it becomes obvious that without research on social adaptation, consideration of any problem of social inconsistency will be incomplete, and the analysis of the described aspects of the adaptation process seems to be an integral part of a person.

Thus, the problem of adaptation is an important area of scientific research, located at the junction of various branches of knowledge, acquiring in modern conditions increasingly important. In this regard, the adaptation concept can be considered as one of the promising approaches to a comprehensive study of a person.

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The variety of the influence of the social environment on the individual. Social adaptation as a mechanism of personality socialization Social adaptation as a process and result

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