Forms, types and methods of statistical observation. Forms, types and methods of statistical observation Formulate the definition of the object of observation
BASIC CONCEPTS AND CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS
Topic 1. SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES OF STATISTICS.
Statistics– is a social science that studies the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of mass phenomena and processes occurring in society, as well as economic and social conditions the life of society.
Objects statistical study- phenomena and processes occurring in society.
Subject statistics - quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the studied mass phenomena and processes in their interconnection and continuous development.
Theoretical basis statistics - economic theory.
global challenge statistics - preparation and presentation to the government of the country of scientifically based and reliable information on the state and development of the country's economy.
The main accounting and statistical center of the country – federal Service state statistics of the Russian Federation (FSGS RF).
Population- the mass phenomenon or process under study.
Population unit- a separate element that makes up the statistical population.
Each unit of the statistical population has a certain value of the trait under study.
Variation sign - change in the value of the sign from one unit of the population to another.
Signs are divided into: quantitative and qualitative (attributive); primary and secondary; plural and alternative; discontinuous and continuous; factorial and effective; essential and non-essential.
statistic- quantitative characteristics of the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes.
Statistical methodology- a set of techniques and methods by which statistics studies its subject.
The main stages of statistical research:
1. Statistical observation.
2. Summary and grouping.
3. Calculation of generalizing indicators and analysis of the obtained data.
Statistical observation consists in collecting complete and reliable primary information about the phenomenon (or process) under study by registering the individual values of the trait in individual units of the initial population.
Organizational forms statistical observation : statistical reporting and specially organized observation.
Types of statistical observation:
By coverage of units of the studied population: continuous and non-continuous;
By the nature of the sign registration in time: discontinuous and continuous.
The main methods of statistical observation: direct, documentary and survey.
Unit of statistical observation– the primary cell from which the required statistics are to be obtained.
Object of observation- a set of units of the phenomenon under study, about which it is necessary to collect primary statistical data.
Critical moment of observation– the date on which the collected data is recorded.
Plan (program) of observation– a document containing methodological and organizational issues of observation .
In order to identify possible registration errors and representativeness errors, logical and arithmetic data control is carried out.
Tasks for independent solution
1. Ramstore Supermarket instructs you to develop a customer survey form to study the satisfaction of demand and determine the time spent on purchasing the necessary goods. In addition, determine the type and method of observation.
2. Draft a program for statistical study:
a) the time budget of a 1st year student of the full-time department of the Russian Academy of Economics. G. V. Plekhanov;
b) provision of the population of Moscow with motor vehicles;
c) the standard of living of students of the Russian Academy of Economics. G. V. Plekhanov.
3. It is supposed to organize a statistical survey of tourists leaving the Russian Federation. What type of statistical observation should be chosen?
4. The following types of statistical observation are given:
- population census;
– registration of graduates of higher educational institutions;
– annual reporting on the activities of financial institutions;
- study of the time spent in the family on cooking.
Determine how data collection can be organized.
5. Using logical control, establish the presence of errors and the possibility of correcting them in the following census form:
Surname, name, patronymic - Ivanova Lidia Sergeevna
Gender Female
Age (number of completed years) - 48
Currently married - yes
Higher education
Source of livelihood - scholarship
Occupation at the place of work - accountant
6. It is planned to conduct a statistical survey at your faculty to study the opinion of students about the organization educational process and about teachers in the studied disciplines.
You need to determine the program-methodological and organizational issues of observation.
7. Define the object and unit of observation, as well as tasks:
– census of pensioners of the Russian Federation;
Set up an observation program.
8. For the development of a program to assist young families, it is planned to conduct an observation. What type of statistical observation should be chosen?
Formulate questions for inclusion in the survey form.
9. Your participation in one of the following statistical observations in Moscow is expected:
– censuses of students of higher educational institutions;
– censuses of industrial enterprises;
– censuses of theaters and museums;
– censuses of health facilities;
– studying the demand of the population for cars;
– censuses of trade organizations;
– study of public opinion on certain issues.
For each of the observations, determine: purpose and objectives; object and unit; the main features to be registered; type and method of observation.
10. Determine the object, unit and tasks of observation, and also draw up an observation program:
– census of pensioners of the Russian Federation;
– census of insurance organizations of the country;
– surveys of trade enterprises in Moscow.
11. To develop a program to assist young families, it is planned to conduct an observation. What type of statistical observation should be chosen?
Formulate questions for inclusion in the survey form.
12. Determine the object of observation and the unit of the population, and also draw up a survey program:
a) differentiation of wages of workers in sectors of the economy;
b) changes in the level of prices for food products in Moscow;
c) census of healthcare institutions in Moscow;
d) censuses preschool institutions Moscow.
test questions
1. What is statistical observation?
2. Name two organizational forms of statistical observation. When do they apply?
3. What is the unit of statistical observation?
4. Name the main methods and types of statistical observation.
5. Why approve the program of statistical observation?
2. The 2002 All-Russian Population Census was conducted from 9 to 16 October 2002 as of 0000 hours from 8 to 9 October. Counter arrived:
a) in the family number 1 - October 10. A child was born in this family on October 9. Should the enumerator enter information about the birth of a child on the census form?
b) in the family number 2 - October 15. In this family, on October 14, a family member died. Should the enumerator enter information about the deceased on the census form?
c) in the family number 3 - October 16. In this family, on October 12, the newlyweds registered their marriage in the registry office. What answer should the enumerator write to the census questionnaire question "State of marriage"
3. Use logical control to test the following responses to the census questionnaire:
Check with the help of counting (arithmetic) control the following data obtained from kindergarten. Make a conclusion.
a) Total children in kindergarten - 133
b) Including: in senior groups - 37,
in the middle - 43,
in junior - 58
in) Of the total number of children: boys - 72,
girls - 66
________________________
________________________
5. Formulate the definition of the object of observation, the unit of observation:
on the topic "Statistical observation"
1. Give examples various kinds statistical observation according to the media (for the last 5-7 years)
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2. Develop programmatic and methodological issues of statistical observation on your chosen topic, arrange in the form of a table:
Organizational plan for statistical observation
| Event | Dates | Responsible |
Terminological dictionary
Statistical observation- mass, systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists in registering the features selected by each unit of the population.
Purpose of observation- obtaining reliable information to identify patterns of development of phenomena and processes.
Object of observation- aggregate, in which the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes occur.
Unit of observation- a constituent element of the object, which is the carrier of the features to be registered.
Reporting unit- the subject from which data on the unit of observation are received.
Observation Program- a list of signs (or issues) to be recorded during the observation process.
statistical form- a document of a single sample containing the program and the results of the observation.
Critical moment (date)- day of the year, hour of the day, as of which the registration of signs for each unit of the studied population should be carried out.
Term (period) of observation- the time during which the statistical forms are filled out.
Reporting- the main form of statistical observation, with the help of which the statistical authorities in certain deadlines receive from enterprises, institutions and organizations the necessary data in the form of legally established reporting documents, signed by the persons responsible for their provision and the reliability of the information collected.
Census- specially organized observation, repeated, as a rule, at regular intervals, in order to obtain data on the number, composition and condition of the object of statistical observation for a number of characteristics.
Register supervision- a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, stage of development and a fixed end.
Direct observation- registrars, by direct measurement, weighing, counting or checking work, and so on, determine the fact to be recorded, and on this basis make entries in the observation form.
Documentary method of observation- is based on the use of various kinds of documents as a source of statistical information, as a rule, of an accounting nature.
Interview- a method of observation in which the observed information is obtained from the words of the respondent.
Current observation- observation, when changes in relation to the studied phenomena are recorded as they occur.
One-time examination- information is given about the quantitative characteristics of a phenomenon or process at the time of its study.
Continuous observation- obtaining information about all units of the studied population.
Discontinuous observation- only a part of the units of the studied population is subject to examination.
Statistical Observation Accuracy- the degree of conformity of the value of any indicator, determined by the materials of statistical observation, to its actual value.
observation error- the discrepancy between the calculated and actual values of the studied quantities.
Additional material
| Concepts related to the formation of an information base | |
| Concepts | Characteristics |
| Information | Descended from Latin word"explanation, presentation" This is a general scientific concept, including the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, the exchange of signals in the animal and plant world. |
| Statistical information | The totality of information of a social and economic nature, on the basis of which such functions as accounting and control, planning, management and statistical analysis are carried out. |
| Sources of statistical information | They are bodies of state statistics, organizations conducting sociological surveys, etc. |
| Requirements for statistical information | These are: 1) accuracy, completeness and representativeness of the information received about socio-economic processes and phenomena; 2) compliance with the objectives of the study (the same information is adequate for solving some and not adequate for others); 3) the reliability of information as the degree of compliance of statistical information with the displayed reality; 4) mass character, obtaining a volume of the studied population sufficient for analysis; 5) systematic collection and processing of information; 6) a scientific approach to information based on methods of cognition of reality and general provisions statistics as a science; 7) the adequacy of information to the essence and nature of the phenomena being studied. |
| Other types of information (besides statistical information) that a statistician should use | These are: 1) accounting data (that is, continuous registration of the presence and movement of material and financial resources of the organization); 2) operational and technical reporting data (that is, a set of registered individual events and facts immediately at the time of their occurrence), reflecting the technological state of the object at a particular point in time; 3) data sociological research, which are characterized by the influence of the subjective factor, the need to take into account group, class, social motives, interests, etc. |
Section 3. Summary and grouping of statistics
| Topic of the lesson | Methodological support of the lesson | Literature | Note ( independent work) |
| Tasks and types of statistical summary. Grouping method in statistics | Visual Aid - Distribution Series | Ch. 3. Paragraphs 3.1-3.2, 3.5 | - |
| Distribution series in statistics | Ch. 3. Paragraphs 3.1-3.2, 3.5 Textbook, ed. I.G. Maly Theory of statistics p.78-109 | 3 hours Solving problems on the grouping of statistical data. Execution of tasks for the construction of distribution series and their graphic image. From newspapers and magazines, select examples of distribution series and tables | |
| Construction of distribution series and their graphic representation. | Collection of problems | Ch. 3 Paragraphs 3.1-3.2, 3.4 | - |
The student must know:
ü the main methods of collecting, processing, analyzing and visualizing information
ü concepts: statistical summary, grouping of statistical data, distribution series.
ü summary types
the types of groupings
grouping features.
the Sturgess formula
The student must be able to:
ü to collect and register statistical information;
ü build attributive and variation distribution series, simple and complex groupings.
ü determine the elements of the variational series.
ü determine the size of the interval.
ü perform regrouping of statistical data.
ü plot distribution series
Partition plan:
Topic 3.1. Tasks and types of statistical summary
1. The concept of a statistical summary
2. Methodological issues of statistical groupings, their significance in economic research
3. Tasks of statistical groupings, their types
Topic 3.2. Distribution series in statistics
5. Statistical distribution series
6. Statistical tables
7. Development of predicate statistical tables
8. Basic rules for tabulation
Questions for self-control
1. What are the first and second stages of statistical research and what is their significance?
2. What types of reports do you know? Give them a brief description.
3. What is called statistical grouping and grouping features?
4. What types of groups do you know? Give them a brief description.
5. What is the meaning of the grouping method in the analysis of statistical data?
6. What main tasks are solved by the researcher using the grouping method?
7. What is the role and importance of classifications? Give examples of the most important classifications?
8. What groupings are called combinational? Give an example?
9. What is the difference between combination grouping and multidimensional grouping?
10. How is grouping performed if the grouping feature is discrete?
11. In what cases is it necessary to determine the grouping intervals according to quantitative characteristics?
12. How is the number of groups and the boundaries of the intervals between them determined?
13. What are the intervals of groupings and how exactly to designate their boundaries. Give examples.
14. What is called secondary grouping, in what cases do you have to resort to it and how to get new groups based on existing ones?
15. What are statistical distribution series and on what grounds can they be formed?
16. How are the variational distribution series divided and on what features are they based?
17. What is the methodology for constructing discrete and interval distribution series? Give examples.
18. What are the functions of statistical tables?
19. What are the types of tables for constructing the subject?
20. List the basic requirements for the design of tables.
practice test
on the topic "Summary and grouping of statistical data"
1. Students of higher educational institutions are divided into those studying in correspondence, full-time and evening departments. This grouping is:
a) typological:
b) structural;
c) analytical.
2. In order to study the relationship between the progress of students and their age, an analytical grouping is made. Data should be grouped by:
a) student performance;
b) the age of the students.
3. The population living in any territory is divided into groups according to social status. The resulting series is called:
a) variation;
b) attributive;
c) alternative;
d) discrete;
e) interval.
4. A summary in statistical observation is called:
a) the union of population units into some groups that have their own characteristics, common features and similar sizes of the trait under study;
b) a special stage of statistical research, during which the primary materials of statistical observation are systematized;
c) an object characterized by numbers.
5. Grouping is:
a) ordering the units of the population according to the selected feature;
b) breakdown of population units into groups according to an essential attribute;
c) generalization of single facts.
6. A grouping that reveals the relationship between phenomena and their features is called:
a) analytical;
b) structural;
c) typological.
7. A grouping in which a heterogeneous population is divided into homogeneous groups is called:
a) analytical;
b) structural;
c) typological.
8. A grouping built on three criteria is called:
a) near distribution;
b) simple;
c) combinational.
9. The grouping feature in the construction of an analytical grouping is:
a) factorial;
b) productive;
c) factor and result.
10. The basis for grouping can be:
a) an attribute;
b) quantitative sign;
c) both attributive and quantitative signs.
11. Groupings are distinguished by:
a) organization of data collection;
b) according to the number of grouping characteristics;
c) by the depth of material processing.
12. A distribution series built on a qualitative basis is called:
a) attributive;
b) continuous;
c) numerical.
13. A variational distribution series is a series built:
a) by attribute;
b) by quantitative attribute;
c) both by attributive and quantitative features.
14. In the theory of statistics, using the grouping method, they study:
a) statistical dependencies between phenomena;
b) regression dependencies;
c) dynamics of processes.
15. In the theory of statistics, the statistical summary program includes the formation of:
a) objects of observation;
b) reporting units;
c) groups and subgroups.
16. Discrete variation series represented graphically with:
a) landfill;
b) histograms;
c) cumulates.
17. The accumulated frequencies are used in the construction:
a) landfill;
b) histograms;
c) cumulates.
18. An interval is:
a) the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the trait in the population;
b) the difference between the upper and lower limits of the values of the attribute for one group;
c) the difference between the number of units (frequencies) of adjacent groups.
19. The distribution series is:
a) a set of features arranged in a certain order;
b) differentiation of population units according to one of the signs;
c) units of the population, arranged in order of age or descending values of the attribute.
20. Ranking means:
a) determination of the limit (interval) of changes in the values of a variable attribute;
b) quantitative assessment of the degree of variation of the studied trait,
c) arrangement of all values in ascending (or descending) order.
on the topic "Summary and grouping of statistical data"
Similar information.
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Volgograd State Technical University
"Marketing, management and organization of production"
Semester work on statistics on the topic:
"Statistical Observation Plan
and census data
Performed
student of group E-356
Aparina N.L.
Checked
Konina O.V.
Volgograd - 2003
Introduction 3
1. Programmatic and methodological issues of statistical
observations 5
2. Organizational issues of statistical observation 9
3. Basic organizational forms, types and methods
statistical observation 11
4. Surveillance accuracy 21
Conclusion 24 References 26
Appendix 1 27
Introduction
Statistical observation is the initial stage of economic and statistical research. It is a scientifically organized work on collecting massive primary data on the phenomena and processes of social life.
The importance of this stage of research is determined by the fact that the use of only objective and sufficient complete information, obtained as a result of statistical observation, at subsequent stages of the study is able to provide scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the object under study.
Any statistical observation is carried out by evaluating and registering the characteristics of the units of the studied population in the relevant accounting documents. Thus, the data obtained are facts that, one way or another, characterize the phenomena of social life. As a result of statistical processing, the probative capacity of facts increases even more, which ensures their systematization and presentation in a concise form.
Statistical observation must meet the following requirements:
1. Observed phenomena must have scientific or practical value, express certain socio-historical types of phenomena.
2. The direct collection of mass data should ensure the completeness of the facts related to the issue under consideration, since phenomena are in constant change and development. In the absence of complete data, the analysis and conclusions may be erroneous.
3. To ensure the reliability of statistical data, a thorough and comprehensive verification (control) of the quality of the collected facts is necessary, which is one of the most important characteristics of statistical observation.
4. The scientific organization of statistical observation is necessary in order to create the best conditions for obtaining objective materials. In turn, observation should be carried out according to previously developed systems, plan, program, which provide a scientific solution to the program, methodological and organizational issues of observation.
Statistical observation can be carried out by state statistics bodies, research institutes, economic and economic services of banks, stock exchanges, firms.
1. Programmatic and methodological issues of statistical observation
When preparing for statistical observation, a number of issues arise that need to be addressed. They are reflected in the organizational plan of statistical observation, which contains two groups of questions: program-methodological, organizational.
The first group includes issues related to the definition of the purpose, object and unit of observation, the design of forms and the text of instructions, the establishment of sources and methods for collecting data.
The second group meets questions about the monitoring body, the timing and place of the observation, the compilation of preliminary lists of units of the studied statistical population, the placement and training of personnel, etc.
Each statistical observation is carried out for a specific purpose. When organizing observation, its tasks must be correctly defined and clearly formulated.
The purpose of observation is the main result of a statistical study. A clear statement of the purpose of the observation is necessary in order to prevent the collection of redundant and incomplete data.
When organizing observation, it is important to determine exactly what is to be examined, in other words, to establish the object of observation.
Under observation refers to a certain statistical totality in which the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes take place. The object of observation can be a set of individuals (the population of a particular region, country; persons employed in enterprises of the industry), physical units (machines, cars, residential buildings), legal entities (enterprises, farms, commercial banks, educational institutions).
To determine the object of statistical observation, it is necessary to establish the boundaries of the studied population. To do this, you should specify the most important features that distinguish it from other similar objects. For example, before conducting a survey of the profitability of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to determine the forms of ownership, organizational and legal forms of enterprises, industries and regions to be monitored.
Any object of statistical observation consists of separate elements - units of observation.
In statistics unit of observation(in foreign literature, the term "elementary unit" is used) is a constituent element of an object, which is a carrier of features subject to registration.
The unit of observation should be distinguished from the reporting unit.
reporting unit the subject is the one from whom the data about the unit of observation are received. So, when organizing statistical observation in capital construction, information can be obtained from design or contracting organizations or from developers.
The unit of observation and the reporting unit may be the same. For example, if it is necessary to determine the volume of capital investments disbursed during the year, then the developer will be both the unit of observation and the reporting organization. However, when studying the process of concentration of capital investments, the reporting unit will still be the builder, and the unit of observation will be the construction sites and facilities, the construction of which is carried out by this developer.
The main issue of statistical observation is its program.
Every phenomenon has many different features. Collecting information on all grounds is impractical, and often impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to select those features that are essential, basic for characterizing the object based on the purpose of the study. The days of determining the composition of the registered signs develop an observation program.
Observation Program- this is a list of signs (or questions) to be recorded in the process of observation. The quality of the collected information largely depends on how well the program of statistical observation is developed.
To draw up a correct observation program, the researcher must clearly understand the tasks of examining a particular phenomenon or process, determine the composition of the methods used in the analysis, the necessary groupings, and already on the basis of this, identify those signs that need to be determined during the work. Usually the program is expressed in the form of questions of the census (questionnaire) form.
The following requirements are imposed on the program of statistical observation:
x The program must contain essential features, directly characterizing the phenomenon under study, its type, main features, properties. Features should not be included in the program that are of secondary importance in relation to the purpose of the survey or whose values will obviously be unreliable or absent, for example, in the presentation of such information that is the subject of a trade secret.
x Program questions must be precise and unambiguous (otherwise the response received may contain incorrect information), and easy to understand to avoid unnecessary difficulties "in obtaining answers.
x When designing a program, one should not only define
composition of questions, but also their sequence. A logical order of research questions (signs) will help to obtain reliable information about phenomena and processes.
x It is advisable to include control questions in the program to check and refine the data collected. Questions in the program are asked in various forms. They can be closed and open. A closed question is an alternative question, i.e., involving the choice of one of two answers: “yes” or “no”, or a question with a selective answer, where three or more answers are offered to choose from. For example, the answer to the question "married status" can be one of the following: a) is married; b) has never been married; c) married; d) widower (widow); e) divorced, divorced. Open-ended questions can be answered in an almost infinite number of ways if the question is posed without a given answer structure. For example, “what values are most important to you?”
x In order to ensure the uniformity of the information received from each reporting unit (this is important in the subsequent processing of information), the program is drawn up in the form of a document called a statistical form.
statistical form- This is a document of a single sample containing the program and the results of the observation.
Mandatory elements of the statistical form are the title and address parts. The first contains the name of the statistical observation and the body conducting the observation, information about who and when approved this form, sometimes its number. The second includes the address of the reporting unit, its subordination.
The form may have different names: report, card, census form, questionnaire, questionnaire, etc.
There are two systems of the statistical form: individual (card) and list.
Individual the form provides for recording on it the answers to the questions of the program about only one unit of observation, list- about several units. So, all forms of statistical reporting are filled in by each enterprise separately, and during the population census, members of each family are recorded in one census form.
In addition to the form, a instruction, determining the procedure for conducting observation and filling out the reporting form, census form, questionnaire. Depending on the complexity of the surveillance program, the instructions are published as a separate brochure or placed on the back of the form. The form and instructions for filling it out constitute a toolkit for statistical observation.
2. Organizational issues of statistical observation.
In order to successfully conduct statistical observation, an organizational plan is being developed. This is the main document that reflects critical issues organization and implementation of planned events. The organizational plan shall indicate: the monitoring bodies, the time of conducting, the timing of the conduct, as well as preparatory work for the observation, including the procedure for recruiting and training personnel necessary for conducting the observation, the procedure for conducting it, receiving and submitting materials, receiving and submitting preliminary and final results, etc. When organizing statistical observation, the issue of the place and time of the observation, including the choice of the observation season, setting the time (period) and the critical moment of observation, must be resolved.
Season (season) for observation, one should choose one in which the object under study is in its usual state. For example, the population census in our country is most often carried out in winter, as there is the least movement of the population.
Term (period) of observation is the time during which statistical forms are completed, i.e. the time required to conduct mass data collection. This period is determined based on the amount of work (the number of registered features and units in the surveyed population), the number of personnel involved in collecting information.
Under the critical moment(date) is understood as a specific day of the year, hour of the day, as of which the registration of signs for each unit of the study population should be carried out. Thus, the critical moment of the micro-census of the population of the Russian Federation in 1994 was 0:00 on the night of February 13-14, 1994. The critical moment is established in order to obtain comparable static data. If it is necessary to analyze changes in the volume of sales of any currency on the exchange market in the reporting month compared to the previous month, then it is not a critical moment that is set, but a time interval for which statistical data should be obtained.
A significant place in the organizational plan of statistical observation belongs to the preparatory work. The most significant stage of the preparatory work is the compilation of a list of reporting units. This list (for example, trade enterprises, public catering establishments) is necessary both to check the completeness and timeliness of the information received, and to determine the scope of work and calculate the required number of employees for statistical observation.
In order to successfully carry out statistical observation, training is of no small importance statistical toolkit(various types of forms, instructions, etc.), its reproduction and timely supply of it to the personnel conducting the observation.
Finally, among the most important preparatory measures is the promotion of ongoing statistical work by means of the press, radio, television (explaining the tasks and objectives of the survey). All this contributes to their more successful implementation.
3. Basic organizational forms, types and methods of statistical observation
At the stage of preparing the survey, it is necessary to find out how often it will be carried out, whether all units of the population or only part of them will be surveyed, how to obtain information about the object (by telephone interview, by mail, simple observation, etc.). In other words, it is necessary to determine the forms, methods and types of statistical observation (Table 1).
Table 1.
Forms, types and methods of statistical observation
|
Organizational forms of statistical observation |
Types of statistical observation |
Methods of statistical observation |
||
|
By registration time |
By coverage of population units |
|||
|
1. Statistical reporting 2. Specially organized surveillance 3. Registers |
1. Current or continuous 2. Discontinuous: a) periodic; b) one-time |
1. Solid 2. Discontinuous: a) selective; b) the main array; c) monographic |
1. Direct 2. Documentary a) forwarding; b) self-registration; c) correspondent; d) questionnaire; e) attendant |
|
Forms of statistical observation. In domestic statistics, three organizational forms (types) of statistical observation are used:
ü reporting (enterprises, organizations, institutions, etc.);
ü specially organized statistical observation (censuses, one-time counts, continuous and non-continuous surveys);
ü registers.
Statistical reporting. Reporting is the main form of statistical observation, with the help of which the statistical authorities receive the necessary data from enterprises, institutions and organizations within a certain period of time in the form of legally established reporting documents, signed by the persons responsible for their provision and the reliability of the information collected. Thus, reporting is an official document containing statistical information about the work of an enterprise, institution, organization, etc.
Reporting as a form of statistical observation is based on primary accounting and is its generalization. Primary accounting is a registration of various facts, events, produced as they occur, as a rule, on a special document called primary account.
For reporting, it is characteristic that, firstly, it is approved by state statistics bodies. Submission of information on unapproved forms is a violation of reporting discipline. Secondly, it has a binding character (i.e., all enterprises, institutions, organizations must provide it within the specified time limits) and legal force, because it is signed by the head of the enterprise (institution, organization), as well as documentary validity, since all data based on primary records.
The current statistical reporting is divided into standard and specialized. The composition of indicators in standard reporting is the same for enterprises of all sectors of the national economy. In specialized reporting, the composition of indicators varies depending on the characteristics of individual sectors of the economy.
Reporting deadlines include daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, quarterly and annual reports. In addition to annual reporting, all of the listed types are current reporting.
According to the method of presenting information, reporting is divided into telegraph, teletype, postal.
Specially organized statistical observation. Census. Specially organized observation is carried out in order to obtain information that is not in the reporting, or to verify its data. The simplest example of such observation is the census. Russian practical statistics conducts censuses of the population, material resources, perennial plantations, uninstalled equipment, construction sites under construction, equipment, etc.
Census- this is a specially organized observation, repeated, as a rule, at regular intervals, in order to obtain data on the number, composition and condition of the object of statistical observation for a number of characteristics.
The characteristic features of the census are: the simultaneity of its conduct over the entire territory, which should be covered by the survey; unity of the monitoring program; registration of all units of observation as of the same critical moment in time. The observation program, techniques and methods of obtaining data should, if possible, remain unchanged. This makes it possible to ensure the comparability of the information collected and the generalizing indicators obtained during the development of census materials. Then it is possible not only to determine the size and composition of the studied population, but also to analyze its quantitative change in the period between two surveys.
Of all the censuses, the population censuses are the best known. The purpose of the latter is to establish the size and distribution of the population throughout the country, the characteristics of its composition by sex, age, occupation and other indicators. The first general census of the population of Russia was carried out in 1897, and the last one in 2002. I will give the main data obtained from the last census in Appendix 1.
During the preparation of the general census, a trial census is carried out to clarify and test the program, methodological and organizational issues of observation. For example, such a census was carried out in December 1986. This survey did not cover all, but only five percent of the country's population. Recording information during the census is always carried out on the basis of his survey (without the requirement to present any documents confirming the correctness of the answer).
Register form of observation. Register supervision is a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, stage of development and a fixed end. It is based on the maintenance of a statistical register. The register is a system that constantly monitors the state of the unit of observation and evaluates the strength of the impact of various factors on the studied indicators. In the register, each unit of observation is characterized by a set of indicators. Some of them remain unchanged during the entire observation period and are recorded once; other indicators, the frequency of which is unknown, are updated as they change; the third ones are dynamic series of indicators with a pre-known update period. All indicators are stored until the completion of the observation of the unit of the surveyed population.
The organization and maintenance of the register is impossible without solving the following issues:
Ø When to register and delete population units?
Ø What information should be kept?
Ø From what sources should data be taken?
Ø How often to update and supplement the information?
In statistical practice, a distinction is made between population registers and business registers.
Population register- a named and regularly updated list of the inhabitants of the country. The surveillance program is limited by common characteristics such as gender, date and place of birth, date of marriage (these data remain unchanged throughout the observation period) and marital status (variable). As a rule, registers store information only on those variable features, the change in the values of which is documented.
Population registers are maintained for individual regions of the country. When changing the place of residence, information on the unit of observation is transferred to the register of the corresponding territory. Due to the fact that the registration rules are quite complex and the maintenance of the register is expensive, this form of observation is practiced in states with a small population and a high culture of the population (mainly European countries).
Register of enterprises includes all types of economic activity and contains the values of the main features for each unit of the observed object for a certain period or point in time. Enterprise registers contain data on the time of creation (registration) of the enterprise, its name and address, telephone number, legal form, structure, type economic activity, the number of employees (this indicator reflects the size of the enterprise), etc.
Three registers have been developed in our country: industrial enterprises, construction sites and contractors. Their introduction into statistical practice has significantly increased the informational and analytical level of statistics, and made it possible to solve a number of economic and statistical problems for which other forms of statistical observation are unsuitable.
Currently, work has been completed to create a single register for all business units. He is given great importance in the introduction of the system of national accounts in statistical practice.
Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations of All Forms of Ownership (EGRPO) makes it possible to organize a continuous observation of a limited range of statistical indicators of enterprises registered in Russia, allows you to obtain continuous series of indicators in the event of a change in the territorial, sectoral and other structures of the population.
The register contains data on all enterprises, organizations, institutions and associations, regardless of their form of ownership, including enterprises with foreign investments, banking institutions, public associations and other legal entities.
The information fund of the register contains: first, the register code of the subject; secondly, information about the branch, territorial affiliation of the subject, its subordination, type of ownership, organizational form; thirdly, reference information (names of managers, addresses, phone numbers, faxes, etc., information about the founders) and, finally, fourthly, economic indicators. The values of the latter will be entered into the register on the basis of accounting and statistical reports submitted to the regional statistical bodies.
The register contains data on the following indicators: average number of employees; funds allocated for consumption; residual value of fixed assets; balance sheet profit (loss); statutory fund. Since the register is maintained for individual territories, regional statistical services can expand the composition of economic indicators if necessary.
USREO allows you to select and group any set of units according to one or more criteria.
The collection of data on units of observation is carried out in the process of their state registration and subsequent accounting.
Methods of statistical observation. Statistical information can be obtained in a variety of ways, the most important of which are direct observation, documenting facts and interviews.
direct called such an observation in which the registrars themselves, by direct measurement, weighing, counting or checking work, etc., establish the fact to be recorded, and on this basis make entries in the observation form. This method is used when monitoring the commissioning of residential buildings.
Interview- this is a method of observation in which the necessary information is obtained from the words of the respondent. It involves an appeal to the direct carrier of signs to be recorded during observation, and is used to obtain information about phenomena and processes that are not amenable to direct direct observation.
In statistics, the following types of surveys are used: oral (expeditionary), self-registration, correspondent, questionnaire and attendance.
At oral(expeditionary) survey, specially trained workers (counters, registrars) receive the necessary information on the basis of a survey of the relevant persons and record the answers themselves in the observation form. The form of conducting an oral survey can be direct (as is the case with the population census), when the enumerator "face to face" meets with each respondent, and indirect, for example, by telephone.
At self-registration the forms are filled in by the respondents themselves, and the enumerators distribute the forms of the questionnaire to them, explain the rules for filling them out, and then collect them.
Correspondent method lies in the fact that information is provided to the monitoring bodies by a staff of voluntary correspondents. This type of survey requires the least cost, but does not give confidence that the material received is of high quality, since it is not always possible to check the correctness of the answers received directly on the spot.
Questionnaire method involves the collection of information in the form of questionnaires. A certain circle of respondents are given special questionnaires (questionnaires) either personally or by publication in the periodical press. The completion of these questionnaires is voluntary and is usually done anonymously. Usually, fewer questionnaires are received back than they are sent out. This method of collecting information is used for non-continuous observation. A questionnaire survey is used in surveys where high accuracy is not required, but approximate, indicative results are needed, for example, when studying public opinion about the work of urban transport, trade enterprises, etc.
Private method provides for the submission of information to the bodies conducting surveillance, in person, for example, when registering marriages, births, divorces, etc.
When choosing the type of a particular survey, it is necessary to take into account: with what accuracy it is necessary to conduct observations; the possibility of practical application of one method or another; financial opportunities.
Types of statistical observation. Statistical observations can be divided into groups according to the following criteria:
time of registration of facts;
coverage of population units.
By time of registration of facts there is a continuous (current), periodic and one-time observation. At current Observation changes in relation to the studied phenomena are recorded as they occur, for example, when registering births, deaths, marital status. Such an observation is carried out in order to study the dynamics of a phenomenon.
Data reflecting site change can be collected from several surveys. They are usually carried out according to a similar program and tools and are called periodic. This type of observation includes population censuses, which are conducted every 10 years; recording producer prices for individual commodities, which is currently done on a monthly basis.
lump sum survey provides information about the quantitative characteristics of a phenomenon or process at the time of its study. Re-registration is carried out after some time (not determined in advance) or may not be carried out at all. A one-time survey was an inventory of unfinished industrial construction
By coverage of population units Statistical observation is continuous and non-continuous.
task continuous observation is to obtain information about all units of the population under study.
Until recently, the Russian system of state statistics relied primarily on continuous observation. However, this type of observation has serious disadvantages: high cost receiving and processing the entire amount of information; high labor costs; insufficient efficiency of information, since it takes a lot of time to collect and process it. And, finally, not a single continuous observation, as a rule, provides complete coverage of all units of the population without exception. A greater or lesser number of units are necessarily left out of observation, both when conducting one-time surveys, and in such a form of observation as reporting.
The number and proportion of uncovered units depend on many factors: the type of survey (by mail, oral survey); type of reporting unit; registrar qualifications; the content of the questions provided for by the observation program; the time of the day or year when the survey is conducted, etc.
discontinuous observation initially assumes that only a part of the units of the studied population is subject to the survey. When conducting it, it should be determined in advance which part of the population should be subjected to observation and how the units to be surveyed should be selected. One of the advantages of non-continuous observations is the possibility of obtaining information in a shorter time and with less resources than with continuous observation.
There are several types of non-continuous observation. One of them - selective observation. This is a fairly common type, based on the principle of random selection of those units of the population under study that should be observed. With proper organization, selective observation gives sufficiently accurate results that are quite suitable for characterizing the entire population under study. This is the advantage of selective observation in comparison with other types of non-continuous observation.
The size of the sample depends on the nature (character) of the socio-economic phenomenon under study. The sample population should represent all types of units present in the population under study. Otherwise, the sample population will not accurately reproduce the proportions and dependencies characteristic of the population in its entirety.
A type of sampling is momentary method. Its essence lies in the fact that information is collected by registering the values of features in units of the sample population at some predetermined points in time. Therefore, the method of momentary observations involves the selection of not only units of the population under study (sampling in space), but also the points in time at which the state of the object under study is recorded (sampling in time). This type of observation is used in conducting income surveys.
The next type of non-continuous observation is main array method. With it, the most significant, usually the largest units of the studied population are examined, which, according to the main (for a particular study) feature, have the greatest specific gravity In total. It is this type that is used to organize the monitoring of the work of urban markets.
Monographic survey is a type of non-continuous observation in which individual units of the studied population are subjected to a thorough examination, usually representatives of some new types of phenomena. It is carried out in order to identify existing or emerging trends in the development of this phenomenon.
A monographic survey, limited to individual units of observation, studies them with a high degree of detail, which cannot be achieved with a continuous or even selective survey. A detailed statistical-monographic study of one plant, farm, family budget, etc., makes it possible to catch those proportions and connections that escape from the field of view during mass observations.
4. ACCURACY OF OBSERVATION
Accuracy of statistical observation they call the degree of conformity of the value of any indicator (the value of any attribute), determined from the materials of statistical observation, to its actual value.
The discrepancy between the calculated and actual values of the studied quantities is called observation error.
Data accuracy is a basic requirement for statistical observation. To avoid observation errors, to prevent, identify and correct them, it is necessary to:
ò ensure quality training of personnel who will conduct surveillance;
ò Organize special partial or full control checks on the correctness of filling in statistical forms;
ò carry out logical and arithmetic control of the received data after the completion of the collection of information.
Depending on the causes of occurrence, registration errors and representativeness errors are distinguished.
Registration errors- these are deviations between the value of the indicator obtained in the course of statistical observation and its actual, actual value. This type of error can occur in both continuous and non-continuous observations.
Registration errors are random and systematic.
Random bugs- this is the result of the action of various random factors (for example, numbers are rearranged, adjacent lines or columns are mixed up when filling out a statistical form). Such errors have different directions: they can both increase and decrease the values of indicators. With a sufficiently large surveyed population, as a result of the operation of the law big numbers these errors cancel each other out.
Systematic errors may be intentional or unintentional. Intentional mistakes(conscious, tendentious distortions) are obtained as a result of the fact that the respondent, knowing the actual state of affairs, deliberately reports incorrect data. Unintentional errors are caused by various random reasons (for example, negligence or inattention of the registrar, malfunction measuring instruments etc.).
Unlike registration errors, representativeness errors are characteristic only for non-continuous observations. They arise because the selected and surveyed population does not accurately reproduce (represent) the entire original population as a whole.
The deviation of the value of the indicator of the surveyed population from its value for the original population is called representativeness error.
Representativeness errors can also be random and systematic.
Random errors occur if the selected population does not fully reproduce the entire population as a whole. Its value can be estimated.
Systematic representativeness errors appear due to a violation of the principles for selecting units from the original population that should be subjected to observation.
After receiving the statistical forms, one should first of all check the completeness of the collected data, i.e. determine whether all reporting units have completed the statistical forms, and whether the values of all indicators are reflected in them. The next step in controlling the accuracy of information is arithmetic control. It is based on the use quantitative links between the values of different indicators.
Counting control is to check the accuracy of the arithmetic calculations used in reporting or completing survey forms.
Logic control consists in checking the answers to the questions of the observation program by their logical understanding or by comparing the data obtained with other sources on the same issue.
The indicated methods of checking statistical data by means of counting and logical control can be used when checking both the materials of special statistical observations and reporting.
Conclusion
So, the process of statistical observation includes the following steps:
ü preparation of observation;
ü carrying out mass data collection;
preparation of data for automated processing;
ü development of proposals for improving statistical observation.
Any statistical observation requires careful, thoughtful preparation. The reliability and reliability of information, the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.
The preparation of a statistical observation is a process that includes various types of work. First, it is necessary to solve methodological issues, the most important of which are the definition of the purpose and object of observation, the composition of features to be registered; development of documents for data collection; the choice of the reporting unit and the unit to be observed, as well as the methods and means of obtaining data.
In addition to methodological problems, it is necessary to solve problems of an organizational nature, for example, to determine the composition of the services conducting monitoring; select and train personnel for monitoring; draw up a calendar plan of work for the preparation, conduct and processing of observation materials; replicate documents for data collection.
Carrying out mass data collection includes work directly related to filling in statistical forms. It begins with the distribution of census sheets, questionnaires, forms, statistical reporting forms and ends with their delivery after filling in to the bodies conducting the observation.
The collected data at the stage of their preparation for automated processing are subject to arithmetic and logical control. Both of these controls are based on knowledge of the relationship between indicators and qualitative features.
At the final stage of the observation, the reasons that led to the incorrect completion of statistical forms are analyzed, and proposals are developed to improve the observation. This is very important for organizing future surveys.
Obtaining information in the course of statistical observation requires considerable financial and labor resources, as well as time.
List of used literature:
General Theory of Statistics: Statistical Methodology in the Study of Commercial Activities: Textbook / Ed. O.E. Bashina, A.A. Spirin. - 5th ed., add. and reworked. – M.: Finance and statistics, 2000.–440 p.
Theory of Statistics: Textbook / Ed. prof. R.A. Shmoylova. - 3rd ed., revised. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2002. - 560s.
The main results of the All-Russian population census of 2002
Task 2.1
Formulate the definition of the object of observation:
a) a census of the city's housing stock;
b) censuses of scientific institutions;
c) census of manufacturing enterprises.
Task 2.2
List the most significant features of the following units of statistical observation:
a) a shop
c) theater;
d) a manufacturing enterprise.
Task 2.3
What signs would you outline that should be recorded during the conduction:
(a) urban transport surveys to explore ways to improve passenger transport;
b) surveys of manufacturing enterprises in order to study the shift work of equipment.
Task 2.4
Carry out a logical control of the correctness of the migrant's filling in the tear-off coupon to the departure sheet:
Task 2.5
Carry out a logical control of the data (Table 2.3) on the release of finished products and semi-finished products for the enterprises of the production unit in the reporting period and make corrections:
Table 2.3 - Initial data
Task 2.6
Use logical control to check the answers to the questions on the census questionnaire:
a) surname, name, patronymic - Petrova Elena Ivanovna;
b) gender - male;
c) age - 6 years;
d) whether he is married - yes;
e) nationality - Belarusian;
f) native language - Russian;
g) higher education;
h) place of work - technical school;
i) occupation at the place of work - a teacher.
What answers are most likely to be wrong and how to fix them?
Task 2.7
Check the correctness of the data (Table 2.4) of the column (column) and the totals in the reporting of the trade enterprise for the quarter, in thousands of monetary units.
Table 2.4 - Reporting indicators of a trade enterprise for the quarter
test questions
- What is the essence of statistical observation and what is its difference from other types of observations?
- What are the requirements for statistical observation?
- Program and methodological issues of ensuring statistical observation.
- Purpose and tasks of statistical observation.
- Object and qualification of statistical observation.
- What is a Statistical Surveillance Program.
- What are the most important principles and rules for statistical observation?
- What questions are displayed in the organizational plan of statistical observation?
- Forms of statistical observation and their essence.
- Varieties of statistical observation and their essence.
- What is statistical observation error?
- What two groups are the errors of statistical observation divided into?
- Causes of registration errors. Types of registration errors.
- Causes of representation errors.
- What types of control over the results of statistical observation are used by statistical authorities?
- What is the purpose of logical control?
- What is the essence of arithmetic control?
