Exercises and tasks. Formulate the definition of the object of observation. Collection of statistical information Define the object of observation of the school census
3. Statistical observations
Topic study plan
| List of questions | Literature | |
| The student must know: | ||
| - definition statistical observation; - forms, types of statistical observation; - principles of statistical observation; - methods of observation; - types of errors and control over them; | L-1 L-2 L-4 L-5 | 19-36 12-18 15-22 14-24 |
| - tasks to improve statistical observation; | ||
| be able to: | ||
| - develop a plan for statistical observation | ||
Guidelines When studying the topic, it should be understood that observation is the first and initial stage statistical study. It is necessary to understand the basic principles of organization and conduct of observation, to learn how to solve practical problems facing the observer. Clearly understand that statistical observation is a goal-directed scientifically organized process. This is expressed in the fact that it is carried out with a specific, predetermined goal, organized according to a plan. Observation preparation includes a large circle different types works. First, it is necessary to solve the programmatic and methodological issues of its implementation, then solve the problems of an organizational nature, and then conduct a mass collection of data directly related to filling out statistical forms. It is necessary to understand the basic organizational forms, types and methods of statistical observation, the principles of classification of forms, types and methods of observation and their application in solving problems. The most important task of observation is to obtain benign, reliable data. Its solution depends on the successful fulfillment of the requirements for the observer. However, it must be borne in mind that errors may occur during the observation. Errors appearing in the process of observation are called observation errors. All errors that occur during continuous observation are called registration errors. To prevent or reduce the size of these errors in the organizational plans for observation, special control measures should be provided (for example, re-observation of units of observation, etc.). With incomplete observation, in particular selective, specific errors may occur, called representativeness errors. They appear due to the fact that the observation is not continuous. After receiving the statistical forms, the completeness and quality of the collected data should be checked. Key issues are outlined in the diagram.
3.1. Formulate the definition of the object of observation:
a) censuses of post offices; b) censuses of trade enterprises; c) censuses of scientific institutions; d) censuses of hospitals, polyclinics and other health care institutions; e). school censuses. 3.2. Make a list of the most significant features of the following
general units of statistical observation: a) farms; c) university; b) residential building; d) a joint venture.
- It is planned to conduct a census of livestock in households. Which method and type of observation (by source) would you prefer for this census. Motivate your choice. In 1994, the Goskomstat of Russia conducted (through its bodies) a one-time survey of organizations on the composition of labor costs. What type of statistical observation on the basis of time does this survey belong to?
Practice 1
Acquaintance with the forms of statistical reporting of agricultural enterprises. 4. Summary and grouping of statistics
Topic study plan
| List of questions | Literature | |
| The student must know: | ||
| - the concept of summary and grouping, their meaning and | L-1 | |
| application; | L-2 | |
| - the essence of the statistical summary and grouping; | L-4 | |
| - the concept of a grouping attribute; | L-5 | |
| - the concept of the interval; | ||
| - the concept of distribution series and their application | ||
| when solving problems; | ||
| be able to: | ||
| - correctly identify grouping characteristics; | ||
| - choose intervals of statistical grouping; | ||
| - create groupings. |
Guidelines
When studying this topic, it should be understood that the most important stage in the study of socio-economic phenomena and processes is the systematization of primary data and, on this basis, obtaining a summary characteristic of the object as a whole with the help of generalizing indicators, which is achieved by summarizing and grouping the primary statistical material. It should be understood that according to the depth and accuracy of material processing, a simple and complex summary is distinguished. The summary should be carried out in the following steps:
- choice of grouping feature; determination of the order of formation of groups;
- development of a system of statistical indicators to characterize groups and the object as a whole; development of layouts of statistical tables for presenting summary results.
- allocation of socio-economic types of phenomena;
- study of the structure of the phenomenon and structural changes occurring in it;
- revealing the connection and dependence between phenomena.
- typological; structural;
When the number of groups is determined, then the intervals of groupings, which can be equal and unequal, should be determined.
The value of an equal interval can be determined by the following formula: 
where: I - interval, X mas and X min - the maximum and minimum values of the characteristics of the population, n - the number of groups. When grouping statistical data, each group can be characterized by several statistical indicators. If we characterize the groups with only one indicator, namely the number of units included in the group, then we get distribution series that can be compiled according to quantitative and qualitative (attributive) characteristics. Hence they are called variational and attribute series. The distribution series can be represented by the following diagram. 
Scheme4. Distribution ranks
Practice 2
ILo materials of agricultural enterprises carry out a simple and combined grouping. Arrange the grouping results in a statistical table and make an analysis.
Tasks and exercises for self-control
4.1. Which grouping features - attributive or quantitative
qualitative - include: a) the age of a person; b) nationality; c) academic score; d) the income of an employee of the company; e) form of ownership? 4.2. Which of the following groupings are typological: a) population grouping by sex; b) grouping of the population according to industries employed in national economy; c) grouping of capital investments for the construction of facilities
production and non-production purposes; d) grouping public catering establishments according to the forms of their own
relevance? 4.3. The following data on the main performance indicators are known:
of the largest banks in one of the regions of Russia (conditional data)
(thousand roubles.)
| No. p / p | Amount of assets | Equity | Attracted resources | Balance sheet profit | The volume of investments in government securities | Loan debt |
| 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | |||
| 1 | 645,6 | 8,1 | 30,8 | |||
| 2 | 636,9 | 9,5 | 25,7 | |||
| 3 | 629,0 | 38,4 | 26,4 | |||
| 4 | 619,6 | 38,4 | 25,3 | |||
| 5 | 616,4 | 13,4 | 20,9 | |||
| 6 | 614,4 |
2. The 2002 All-Russian Population Census was conducted from 9 to 16 October 2002 as of 0000 hours from 8 to 9 October. Counter arrived:
a) in the family number 1 - October 10. A child was born in this family on October 9. Should the enumerator enter information about the birth of a child on the census form?
b) in the family number 2 - October 15. In this family, on October 14, a family member died. Should the enumerator enter information about the deceased on the census form?
c) in the family number 3 - October 16. In this family, on October 12, the newlyweds registered their marriage in the registry office. What answer should the enumerator write to the census questionnaire question "State of marriage"
3. Use logical control to test the following responses to the census questionnaire:
Check with the help of counting (arithmetic) control the following data obtained from kindergarten. Make a conclusion.
a) Total children in kindergarten - 133
b) Including: in senior groups - 37,
in the middle - 43,
in junior - 58
in) Of the total number of children: boys - 72,
girls - 66
________________________
________________________
5. Formulate the definition of the object of observation, the unit of observation:
on the topic "Statistical observation"
1. Give examples various kinds statistical observation according to the media (for the last 5-7 years)
____________________
______________________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
2. Develop programmatic and methodological issues of statistical observation on your chosen topic, arrange in the form of a table:
Organizational plan for statistical observation
| Event | Dates | Responsible |
Terminological dictionary
Statistical observation- mass, systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists in registering the features selected by each unit of the population.
Purpose of observation- obtaining reliable information to identify patterns of development of phenomena and processes.
Object of observation- aggregate, in which the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes occur.
Unit of observation- a constituent element of the object, which is the carrier of the features to be registered.
Reporting unit- the subject from which data on the unit of observation are received.
Observation program- a list of signs (or issues) to be recorded during the observation process.
statistical form- a document of a single sample containing the program and the results of the observation.
Critical moment (date)- day of the year, hour of the day, as of which the registration of signs for each unit of the studied population should be carried out.
Term (period) of observation- the time during which the statistical forms are filled out.
Reporting- the main form of statistical observation, with the help of which the statistical authorities in certain deadlines receive from enterprises, institutions and organizations the necessary data in the form of legally established reporting documents, signed by the persons responsible for their provision and the reliability of the information collected.
Census- specially organized observation, repeated, as a rule, at regular intervals, in order to obtain data on the number, composition and condition of the object of statistical observation for a number of characteristics.
Register supervision- a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, stage of development and a fixed end.
Direct observation- registrars, by direct measurement, weighing, counting or checking work, and so on, determine the fact to be recorded, and on this basis make entries in the observation form.
Documentary method of observation- is based on the use of various kinds of documents as a source of statistical information, as a rule, of an accounting nature.
Interview- a method of observation in which the observed information is obtained from the words of the respondent.
Current observation- observation, when changes in relation to the studied phenomena are recorded as they occur.
One-time examination- information is given about the quantitative characteristics of a phenomenon or process at the time of its study.
Continuous observation- obtaining information about all units of the studied population.
Discontinuous observation- only a part of the units of the studied population is subject to examination.
Statistical Observation Accuracy- the degree of conformity of the value of any indicator, determined by the materials of statistical observation, to its actual value.
observation error- the discrepancy between the calculated and actual values of the studied quantities.
Additional material
| Concepts related to the formation of an information base | |
| Concepts | Characteristics |
| Information | Descended from Latin word"explanation, presentation" This is a general scientific concept, including the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, the exchange of signals in the animal and plant world. |
| Statistical information | The totality of information of a social and economic nature, on the basis of which such functions as accounting and control, planning, management and statistical analysis are carried out. |
| Sources of statistical information | They are bodies of state statistics, organizations conducting sociological surveys, etc. |
| Requirements for statistical information | These are: 1) accuracy, completeness and representativeness of the information received about socio-economic processes and phenomena; 2) compliance with the objectives of the study (the same information is adequate for solving some and not adequate for others); 3) the reliability of information as the degree of compliance of statistical information with the displayed reality; 4) mass character, obtaining a volume of the studied population sufficient for analysis; 5) systematic collection and processing of information; 6) a scientific approach to information based on methods of cognition of reality and general provisions statistics as a science; 7) the adequacy of information to the essence and nature of the phenomena being studied. |
| Other types of information (besides statistical information) that a statistician should use | These are: 1) accounting data (that is, continuous registration of the presence and movement of material and financial resources of the organization); 2) operational and technical reporting data (that is, a set of registered individual events and facts immediately at the time of their occurrence), reflecting the technological state of the object at a particular point in time; 3) data sociological research, which are characterized by the influence of the subjective factor, the need to take into account group, class, social motives, interests, etc. |
Section 3. Summary and grouping of statistics
| Topic of the lesson | Methodological support of the lesson | Literature | Note ( independent work) |
| Tasks and types of statistical summary. Grouping method in statistics | Visual Aid - Distribution Series | Ch. 3. Paragraphs 3.1-3.2, 3.5 | - |
| Distribution series in statistics | Ch. 3. Paragraphs 3.1-3.2, 3.5 Textbook, ed. I.G. Maly Theory of statistics p.78-109 | 3 hours Solving problems on the grouping of statistical data. Execution of tasks for the construction of distribution series and their graphic image. From newspapers and magazines, select examples of distribution series and tables | |
| Construction of distribution series and their graphic representation. | Collection of problems | Ch. 3 Paragraphs 3.1-3.2, 3.4 | - |
The student must know:
ü the main methods of collecting, processing, analyzing and visualizing information
ü concepts: statistical summary, grouping of statistical data, distribution series.
ü summary types
the types of groupings
grouping features.
the Sturgess formula
The student must be able to:
ü to collect and register statistical information;
ü build attributive and variation distribution series, simple and complex groupings.
ü determine the elements of the variational series.
ü determine the size of the interval.
ü perform regrouping of statistical data.
ü plot distribution series
Partition plan:
Topic 3.1. Tasks and types of statistical summary
1. The concept of a statistical summary
2. Methodological issues of statistical groupings, their significance in economic research
3. Tasks of statistical groupings, their types
Topic 3.2. Distribution series in statistics
5. Statistical distribution series
6. Statistical tables
7. Development of predicate statistical tables
8. Basic rules for tabulation
Questions for self-control
1. What are the first and second stages of statistical research and what is their significance?
2. What types of reports do you know? Give them a brief description.
3. What is called statistical grouping and grouping features?
4. What types of groups do you know? Give them a brief description.
5. What is the meaning of the grouping method in the analysis of statistical data?
6. What main tasks are solved by the researcher using the grouping method?
7. What is the role and importance of classifications? Give examples of the most important classifications?
8. What groupings are called combinational? Give an example?
9. What is the difference between combination grouping and multidimensional grouping?
10. How is grouping performed if the grouping feature is discrete?
11. In what cases is it necessary to determine the grouping intervals according to quantitative characteristics?
12. How is the number of groups and the boundaries of the intervals between them determined?
13. What are the intervals of groupings and how exactly to designate their boundaries. Give examples.
14. What is called secondary grouping, in what cases do you have to resort to it and how to get new groups based on existing ones?
15. What are statistical distribution series and on what grounds can they be formed?
16. How are the variational distribution series divided and on what features are they based?
17. What is the methodology for constructing discrete and interval distribution series? Give examples.
18. What are the functions of statistical tables?
19. What are the types of tables for constructing the subject?
20. List the basic requirements for the design of tables.
practice test
on the topic "Summary and grouping of statistical data"
1. Students of higher educational institutions are divided into students in correspondence, full-time and evening departments. This grouping is:
a) typological:
b) structural;
c) analytical.
2. In order to study the relationship between the progress of students and their age, an analytical grouping is made. Data should be grouped by:
a) student performance;
b) the age of the students.
3. The population living in any territory is divided into groups according to social status. The resulting series is called:
a) variation;
b) attributive;
c) alternative;
d) discrete;
e) interval.
4. A summary in statistical observation is called:
a) the union of population units into some groups that have their own characteristics, common features and similar sizes of the trait under study;
b) a special stage of statistical research, during which the primary materials of statistical observation are systematized;
c) an object characterized by numbers.
5. Grouping is:
a) ordering the units of the population according to the selected feature;
b) breakdown of population units into groups according to an essential attribute;
c) generalization of single facts.
6. A grouping that reveals the relationship between phenomena and their features is called:
a) analytical;
b) structural;
c) typological.
7. A grouping in which a heterogeneous population is divided into homogeneous groups is called:
a) analytical;
b) structural;
c) typological.
8. A grouping built on three criteria is called:
a) near distribution;
b) simple;
c) combinational.
9. The grouping feature in the construction of an analytical grouping is:
a) factorial;
b) productive;
c) factor and result.
10. The basis for grouping can be:
a) an attribute;
b) quantitative sign;
c) both attributive and quantitative signs.
11. Groupings are distinguished by:
a) organization of data collection;
b) according to the number of grouping characteristics;
c) by the depth of material processing.
12. A distribution series built on a qualitative basis is called:
a) attributive;
b) continuous;
c) numerical.
13. A variational distribution series is a series built:
a) by attribute;
b) on a quantitative basis;
c) both by attributive and quantitative features.
14. In the theory of statistics, using the grouping method, they study:
a) statistical dependencies between phenomena;
b) regression dependencies;
c) dynamics of processes.
15. In the theory of statistics, the statistical summary program includes the formation of:
a) objects of observation;
b) reporting units;
c) groups and subgroups.
16. Discrete variation series represented graphically with:
a) landfill;
b) histograms;
c) cumulates.
17. The accumulated frequencies are used in the construction:
a) landfill;
b) histograms;
c) cumulates.
18. An interval is:
a) the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the trait in the population;
b) the difference between the upper and lower limits of the values of the attribute for one group;
c) the difference between the number of units (frequencies) of neighboring groups.
19. The distribution series is:
a) a set of features arranged in a certain order;
b) differentiation of population units according to one of the characteristics;
c) units of the population, arranged in order of age or descending values of the attribute.
20. Ranking means:
a) determination of the limit (interval) of changes in the values of a variable attribute;
b) quantification the degree of variation of the studied trait,
c) arrangement of all values in ascending (or descending) order.
on the topic "Summary and grouping of statistical data"
Similar information.
Task 2.1
Formulate the definition of the object of observation:
a) a census of the city's housing stock;
b) censuses of scientific institutions;
c) census of manufacturing enterprises.
Task 2.2
List the most essential features the following units of statistical observation:
a) a shop
c) theater;
d) a manufacturing enterprise.
Task 2.3
What signs would you outline that should be recorded during the conduction:
(a) urban transport surveys to explore ways to improve passenger transport;
b) surveys of manufacturing enterprises in order to study the shift work of equipment.
Task 2.4
Carry out a logical control of the correctness of the migrant's filling in the tear-off coupon to the departure sheet:
Task 2.5
Carry out a logical control of the data (Table 2.3) on the release of finished products and semi-finished products for the enterprises of the production unit in the reporting period and make corrections:
Table 2.3 - Initial data
Task 2.6
Use logical control to check the answers to the questions on the census questionnaire:
a) surname, name, patronymic - Petrova Elena Ivanovna;
b) gender - male;
c) age - 6 years;
d) whether he is married - yes;
e) nationality - Belarusian;
f) native language - Russian;
g) higher education;
h) place of work - technical school;
i) occupation at the place of work - a teacher.
What answers are most likely to be wrong and how to fix them?
Task 2.7
Check the correctness of the data (Table 2.4) of the column (column) and the totals in the reporting of the trade enterprise for the quarter, in thousands of monetary units.
Table 2.4 - Reporting indicators of a trade enterprise for the quarter
test questions
- What is the essence of statistical observation and what is its difference from other types of observations?
- What are the requirements for statistical observation?
- Program and methodological issues of ensuring statistical observation.
- Purpose and tasks of statistical observation.
- Object and qualification of statistical observation.
- What is a Statistical Surveillance Program.
- What are the most important principles and rules for statistical observation?
- What questions are displayed in the organizational plan of statistical observation?
- Forms of statistical observation and their essence.
- Varieties of statistical observation and their essence.
- What is statistical observation error?
- What two groups are the errors of statistical observation divided into?
- Causes of registration errors. Types of registration errors.
- Causes of representation errors.
- What types of control over the results of statistical observation are used by statistical authorities?
- What is the purpose of logical control?
- What is the essence of arithmetic control?
Communication is one of the most important components of the economy. Its main purpose is the most complete and high-quality satisfaction of the needs for communication services of the population, economy and defense of the country, taking into account the constantly growing needs of society. Postal communication is the most widespread and accessible type of communication, which is a single production and technological complex of technical and transport vehicles that provides reception, processing, transportation, delivery of postal items and makes postal money transfers. The city postal service is designed to provide universal and additional services communications to individuals and legal entities, authorities, as well as for the processing, transportation and delivery of postal items in the city. In other words, the city postal service is designed to serve the population, national economic enterprises, city organizations and institutions by means of communication, to ensure the fastest processing and delivery of incoming and local mail in the city, as well as the processing and sending of outgoing mail. In 2001, a government decision was made to merge the enterprises of the federal postal service within a single organization - FSUE Russian Post. To date, the FSUE Russian Post includes regional state institutions postal services, which became branches of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post. Post offices are organized in regional, regional and republican centers of the country and are large postal facilities that organize the work of postal services in the city, develop a network of post offices. Post offices manage and control subordinate post offices, perform the functions of providing postal services to individuals and legal entities, process postal items, organize the transportation of mail within the city, and deliver postal items in the assigned territory. As a rule, the Post Office is located in the city center. The city (district) postal service center opens in the cities of regional (regional, republican) subordination. RIBS are opened in the regional centers of the subjects Russian Federation. GUPS (RUPS) organize the work of postal services on the territory of a city, urban or rural area, as well as manage and control subordinates of the OPS. Along with management functions, they perform production functions for the provision of postal and telecommunication services. They receive and process mail and money orders; organize the transportation of mail on the territory of the city or their district and the dispatch of outgoing mail addressed to other districts of the region (territory, republic), other subjects of the Russian Federation, deliver mail in the assigned territory.
