Evidence of the evolution of the organic world is at the heart of the evidence of the animal origin of man.

I. Paleontological evidence

1. Fossil forms.

2. Transitional forms.

3. Phylogenetic series.

Paleontological finds make it possible to restore the appearance of extinct animals, their structure, similarities and differences with modern views. This makes it possible to trace the development of the organic world in time. For example, in ancient geological strata, remains of only representatives of invertebrates were found, in later ones - of chordates, and in young deposits - animals similar to modern ones.

Paleontological finds confirm the presence of continuity between various systematic groups. In some cases, it was possible to find fossil forms (for example, Sinanthropus), in others, transitional forms that combine the features of ancient and historically younger representatives.

In anthropology, such forms are: dryopithecines, australopithecines, etc.

In the animal kingdom, such forms are: Archeopteryx - a transitional form between reptiles and birds; foreigncevia - a transitional form between reptiles and mammals; psilophytes - between algae and land plants.

Based on such findings, it is possible to establish phylogenetic (paleontological) series - forms that successively replace each other in the process of evolution.

Thus, paleontological finds clearly indicate that as we move from more ancient earth layers to modern ones, there is a gradual increase in the level of organization of animals and plants, approaching them to modern ones.

II. Biogeographic evidence

1. Comparison of the species composition with the history of the territories.

2. Island forms.

3. Relics.

Biogeography studies the patterns of distribution of the plant (flora) and animal (fauna) world on Earth.

It has been established: the earlier the isolation of individual parts of the planet occurred, the stronger the differences between the organisms inhabiting these territories - island forms.

So, animal world Australia is very peculiar: many groups of Eurasian animals are absent here, but those that are not found in other parts of the Earth have survived, for example, egg-laying marsupials (platypus, kangaroo, etc.). At the same time, the fauna of some islands is similar to the mainland (for example, the British Isles, Sakhalin), which indicates their recent isolation from the continent. Consequently, the distribution of animal and plant species over the surface of the planet reflects the process historical development Earth and the evolution of living things.

Relics are living species with a complex of features characteristic of long-extinct groups of past eras. Relic forms testify to the flora and fauna of the distant past of the Earth.

Examples of relic forms are:

1. Hatteria is a reptile that lives in New Zealand. This species is the only living member of the Prime Lizard subclass in the Reptilian class.

2. Latimeria (coelocanth) - a lobe-finned fish that lives in deep water off the coast of East Africa. The only representative of the order of the Loop-finned fish, closest to terrestrial vertebrates.

3. Ginkgo biloba - a relict plant. Currently distributed in China and Japan only as an ornamental plant. The appearance of ginkgo allows us to imagine tree forms that became extinct in the Jurassic period.

In anthropology, a relic hominid means the mythological Bigfoot.

III. Comparative embryological

1. The law of germinal similarity of K. Baer.

2. Haeckel-Muller biogenetic law.

3. The principle of recapitulation.

Embryology is a science that studies the embryonic development of organisms. The data of comparative embryology point to the similarity of the embryonic development of all vertebrates.

Karl Baer's law of germline similarity(1828) (this name was given to the law by Darwin), testifies to the common origin: embryos of different systematic groups have much more similarities with each other than adult forms of the same species.

In the process of ontogenesis, signs of a type first appear, then a class, a detachment, and the last signs of a species appear.

Main provisions of the law:

1) In embryonic development, embryos of animals of the same type successively go through the stages - zygote, blastula, gastrula, histogenesis, organogenesis;

2) embryos in their development move from

more general features to more specific ones;

3) embryos of different species gradually separate from each other, acquiring individual features.

The German scientists F. Müller (1864) and E. Haeckel (1866) independently formulated a biogenetic law, which was called the Haeckel-Müller Law: the embryo in the process individual development(ontogeny) briefly repeats the history of the development of the species (phylogenesis).

The repetition of structures characteristic of ancestors in the embryogenesis of descendants was called - recapitulations.

Examples of recapitulation are: a notochord, five pairs of nipples, a large number of hair primordia, a cartilaginous spine, gill arches, 6-7 digit rudiments, general stages of intestinal development, the presence of a cloaca, the unity of the digestive and respiratory systems, phylogenetic development of the heart and main vessels, gill slits , all stages of development of the intestinal tube, recapitulation in the development of the kidney (prekidney, primary, secondary), undifferentiated gonads, gonads in the abdominal cavity, a paired Muller canal from which the oviduct, uterus, vagina are formed; the main stages of the phylogenesis of the nervous system (three cerebral vesicles).

Not only morphological signs recapitulate, but also biochemical and physiological ones - the excretion of ammonia by the embryo, and in the later stages of development - uric acid.

According to comparative embryological data, in the early stages of embryonic development, the human embryo has signs characteristic of the Chordata type, later signs of the Vertebrate subtype, then the Mammals class, the Placental subclass, and the Primates order are formed.

IV. Comparative anatomical

1. The general plan of the body structure.

2. Homologous organs.

3. Rudiments and atavisms.

Comparative anatomy studies the similarities and differences in the structure of organisms. The first convincing proof of the unity of the organic world was the creation of the cellular theory.

Single building plan: all chordates are characterized by the presence of an axial skeleton - a chord, above the chord there is a neural tube, under the chord - a digestive tube, on the ventral side - a central blood vessel.

Availability homologous organs - organs that have a common origin and a similar structural plan, but perform different functions.

Homologous are the front limbs of a mole and a frog, the wings of birds, the flippers of seals, the front legs of a horse, and human hands.

In humans, as in all chordates, organs and organ systems have a similar structure and perform similar functions. Like all mammals, humans have a left aortic arch, constant temperature body, diaphragm, etc.

Organs that have a different structure and origin, but perform the same functions, are called similar(e.g. the wing of a butterfly and a bird). For establishing relationship between organisms and proving evolution, analogous organs do not matter.

Rudiments- undeveloped organs that have lost their significance in the process of evolution, but were in the ancestors. The presence of rudiments can only be explained

the fact that in the ancestors these organs functioned and were well developed, but in the process of evolution they lost their significance.

In humans, there are about 100 of them: a wisdom tooth, poorly developed hairline, muscles that move the auricle, coccyx, auricles, appendix, male uterus, muscles that raise hair; vestiges of vocal sacs in the larynx; brow ridges; 12-pair of ribs; wisdom teeth, epicanthus, variable number of coccygeal vertebrae, brachiocephalic trunk.

Many rudiments exist only in the embryonic period and then disappear.

Rudiments are characterized by variability: from complete absence to significant development, which is of practical importance for a doctor, especially a surgeon.

atavisms- manifestation in descendants of signs characteristic of distant ancestors. Unlike rudiments, they are deviations from the norm.

Possible reasons for the formation of atavisms: mutations in the regulatory genes of morphogenesis.

There are three variants of atavisms:

1) underdevelopment of organs when they were at the stage of recapitulation - a three-chambered heart, "cleft palate";

2) preservation and further development of recapitulation, characteristic of ancestors - preservation of the right aortic arch;

3) violation of the movement of organs in ontogenesis - the heart in the cervical region, undescended testicles.

Atavisms can be neutral: strong protrusion of fangs, strong development of muscles that move the auricle; and can manifest themselves in the form of developmental anomalies or deformities: hypertrichosis (increased hairiness), cervical fistula, diaphragmatic hernia, non-closure of the ductus botalis, a hole in the interventricular septum. Polymastia, polymastia - an increase in the number of mammary glands, nonunion of the spinous processes of the vertebrae (spinal hernia), caudal spine, polydactyly, flat feet, narrow rib cage, clubfoot, high standing of the scapula, non-closure of the hard palate - "cleft palate", atavisms of the dental system, forked tongue, fistulas of the neck, shortening of the intestine, preservation of the cloaca (common opening for the rectum and urogenital opening), fistulas between the esophagus and trachea, underdevelopment and even aplasia of the diaphragm, two-chambered heart, defects in the septa of the heart, preservation of both arches, preservation of the ductus arteriosus, transposition of vessels (the left arch departs from the right ventricle, and the right aortic arch departs from the left ventricle), pelvic location of the kidney, hermaphroditism, cryptorchidism, bicornuate uterus , doubling of the uterus, undeveloped cerebral cortex (proencephaly), agyria (lack of convolutions of the brain).

A comparative anatomical study of organisms made it possible to identify modern transitional forms. For example, the first animals (echidna, platypus) have a cloaca, lay eggs like reptiles, but feed their young with milk, like mammals. The study of transitional forms makes it possible to establish kinship between representatives of different systematic groups.

V. Molecular genetic evidence

1. Universality of the genetic code.

2. Similarity to whitewash and nucleotide sequences.

Similarities between humans and great apes (pongids and hominids) There is much evidence of a relationship between humans and modern great apes. Humans are closest to gorillas and chimpanzees

I. General anatomical features

There are 385 common anatomical features in humans and gorillas, 369 in humans and chimpanzees, 359 in humans and orangutans: - binocular vision, progressive development of vision and touch with a weakening of smell, development of facial muscles, grasping limbs, opposition of the thumb to the rest, reduction caudal spine, the presence of an appendix, a large number of convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres, the presence of papillary patterns on the fingers, palms and feet, nails on the fingers, developed collarbones, a wide flat chest, nails instead of claws, a shoulder joint that allows movement with a span of up to 180 ° .

II Similarity of karyotypes

■ All great apes have a diploid number of chromosomes 2/n = 48. In humans, 2n = 46.

It has now been established that the 2nd pair of human chromosomes is a product of the fusion of two monkeys (interchromosomal aberration - translocation).

■ Homology of 13 pairs of pongid and human chromosomes was revealed, which manifests itself in the same pattern of striation of chromosomes (the same arrangement of genes).

■ The transverse striation of all chromosomes is very close. The percentage of similarity of genes in humans and chimpanzees reaches 91, and in humans and marmosets - 66.

■ Analysis of amino acid sequences in human and chimpanzee proteins shows that they are 99% identical.

III. Morphological similarities

The structure of proteins is close: for example, hemoglobin. The blood groups of gorillas and chimpanzees are very close to those of the ABO system of great apes and humans, the blood of the pygmy chimpanzee Bonobo corresponding to humans.

The Rh factor antigen has been found in both humans and the lower monkey, the Rhesus macaque.

There is a similarity in the course of various diseases, which is especially valuable in biological and medical research.

The similarity is based on the law of Vavilov's homologous series. In experiments with great apes, it was possible to obtain such diseases as syphilis, typhoid fever, cholera, tuberculosis, etc.

Great apes are close to humans in the duration of pregnancy, limited fertility, and the timing of puberty.

Differences between humans and apes

1. The most characteristic feature that distinguishes man from the great apes is the progressive development of the brain. In addition to the greater mass, the human brain has other important features:

The frontal and parietal lobes are more developed, where the most important centers of mental activity, speech (the second signal system) are concentrated;

Significantly increased the number of small furrows;

A significant part of the cerebral cortex in humans is associated with speech. New properties arose - sound and written language, abstract thinking.

2. Upright walking (bipedia) with the placement of the foot from heel to toe and labor activity required the restructuring of many organs.

Humans are the only modern mammals that walk on two limbs. Some monkeys are also capable of walking upright, but only for a short time.

Adaptations for bipedal locomotion.

A more or less straightened position of the body and the transfer of the center, also mainly to the hind limbs, dramatically changed the ratio between all of us animals:

The chest became wider and shorter,

The spinal column gradually lost its arc shape, which is characteristic of all animals moving on four legs, and acquired a 3-shaped shape, which gave it flexibility (two lordosis and two kyphosis),

displacement of the foramen magnum,

The pelvis is expanded, as it takes on the pressure of internal organs, a flattened chest, at more powerful lower limbs (bones and muscles of the lower limb (the femur can withstand loads up to 1650 kg), arched foot (unlike the flat foot of monkeys),

Inactive first toe

The upper limbs, which ceased to function as a support during movement, became shorter and less massive. They began to make various movements. This proved to be very useful, as it made it easier to obtain food.

3. Complex "labor hand" -

Better developed thumb muscles

Increased mobility and strength of the brush,

High degree of opposition of the thumb on the hand,

The parts of the brain that provide fine hand movements are well developed.

4. Changes in the structure of the skull are associated with the formation of consciousness and the development of the second signal system.

In the skull, the medulla predominates over the facial,

Weakly developed superciliary arches,

Reduced weight of the lower jaw

straightened face profile

Small teeth (especially canines compared to animals),

A person is characterized by the presence of a chin protrusion on the lower jaw.

5. Speech function

Development of cartilage and ligaments of the larynx,

Pronounced chin protrusion. The formation of the chin is associated with the emergence of speech and associated changes in the bones of the facial skull.

The development of speech became possible due to the development of two parts of the nervous system: Broca's area, which made it possible to quickly and relatively accurately describe the accumulated experience with ordered sets of words, and Wernicke's area, which allows you to understand and adopt this experience transmitted by speech just as quickly - resulting in an acceleration of verbal information exchange and facilitating the assimilation of new concepts.

6. A person has had a reduction in hairline.

7. The fundamental difference between Homo sapiens and all animals is the ability to purposefully manufacture tools of labor (purposeful labor activity), which allows modern man to move from subjugating nature to rational control of it.

Signs such as:

1- upright posture (bipedia),

2- hand adapted to work and

3- highly developed brain - called the hominid triad. It was in the direction of its formation that the evolution of the human hominid line proceeded.

All the above examples indicate that, despite the presence of a number of similar features, a person is significantly different. from co temporary monkeys.

Evidence of the origin of man from animals undeniably confirms the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. The system of views on anthropogenesis, which began to form in ancient times, has undergone significant changes over time.

Biology: the origin of man

Even Aristotle believed that the ancestors of the species Homo sapiens are animals. The scientist Galen agreed with this opinion. Between man and animals they placed monkeys. Their teaching was continued by the famous systematist Carl Linnaeus. He singled out the corresponding genus with the only kind Jean Baptiste Lamarck suggested that the speech was an important factor anthropogenesis. The most significant contribution to this doctrine was made by Darwin, who provided indisputable evidence of the origin of man from animals.

Anthropogenesis occurred in several successive stages. This is the first. Moreover, there is evidence that they coexisted with each other, actively competing. The most ancient people did not build dwellings, but knew how to make tools from stones and had the beginnings of speech. The next generation is the Neanderthals. They lived in groups, knew how to make clothes from skins and tools from bones. Cro-Magnons - the first modern people, lived in self-built dwellings or caves. They have already learned how to make pottery, domesticate wild animals and grow plants. Evidence of such evolutionary transformations are the results of paleontological excavations, similarities in embryology, anatomy and morphology of humans and animals.

Finds of paleontologists

Scientists have long been interested in this topic. The origin of man from animals is primarily proved by their fossil remains found by paleontologists. Among them there are species similar to modern ones, and their transitional forms. For example, Archeopteryx is a lizard. For humans, these are australo- and driopithecus. In general, fossil finds indicate that the organic world has become more complex over time. The result of this development is the modern man.

Evidence for biogeography

The fact that man descended from apes is also evidenced by the evidence of science, which studies the distribution of vegetation and animals on the Earth. It's called biogeography. Scientists have established a certain pattern: isolated areas of the planet are home to species that are very different from others and are found only within a certain range. The process of their evolution seems to be suspended. Such species are called relics. Examples are the platypus in Australia, the tuatara in New Zealand, the biloba ginkgo in China and Japan. In anthropogenesis, too, there is such a species. This is one of the most interesting riddles nature - Bigfoot.

Similarities in embryonic development

Embryology also provides evidence of the origin of man from animals. They are based primarily on the fact that different types have similarities embryonic development. So, the embryos of all chordates are similar in anatomical and morphological structure. They have a notochord, neural tube, and gill slits in the pharynx. And already in the process of development, each of them acquires individual characteristics. In humans, the neural tube transforms into the spinal cord and brain, the notochord into parts of the skeleton, and the gill slits overgrow, allowing the lungs to develop.

Comparative anatomical evidence

Peculiarities internal structure organisms also studies biology. The origin of man from animals proves the common features of the structure of man and animals. Some organs are homologous. They have general structure but perform different functions. For example, these are the forelimbs of a bird, flippers of seals and human hands. A person also has rudimentary, underdeveloped organs, which in the process of evolution have lost their functional value. These are wisdom teeth, coccygeal bones, third eyelid, muscles that move the auricles and set hair in motion. If disturbances occur during embryonic development, these organs may develop sufficiently. Such phenomena are called atavisms. Their examples are multi-nipples, the appearance of a continuous hairline, the underdevelopment of the cerebral cortex, the appearance of a tail.

similarity of karyotypes

Genetics also testify that man descended from apes. First of all, it is Y, it is 48, and for representatives of the species Homo sapiens - 46. This is indisputable evidence of the origin of man from animals. And the 13th pair of their chromosomes is similar. In addition, the amino acid sequence similarity in human and chimpanzee protein molecules reaches 99%.

Step towards evolution

Charles Darwin formulated the biological and social human. The first group includes natural selection and hereditary variability. On their basis, social factors develop - the ability to work, social lifestyle, meaningful speech and abstract thinking. Charles Darwin thought so.

At the same time, modern man has acquired such features, thanks to which he has reached the pinnacle of evolution. This is an increase in the brain and a decrease in the facial part of the skull, the chest is flattened in the dorsal-abdominal direction. The thumb of the human hand is opposed to the rest, which is associated with the ability to work. An important change was the upright posture. Therefore, the spine has four smooth bends, and the foot is arched. This provides cushioning while moving. The bones of the pelvis have taken the form of a bowl, since it experiences the pressure of all the internal organs. In connection with the appearance of speech, cartilage and ligaments develop in the larynx.

There is also a new theory of the origin of man. According to her, man descended from the Miocene monkey. Its peculiarity is that before it appeared on earth, it lived in water for several million years. Evidence of this theory is the ability of a person to hold his breath for a long time, and when inhaling, to stay on the surface of the water. Recently, childbirth in water has become very popular. Proponents of this method believe that the child is much more comfortable in the conditions in which he was during pregnancy.

There are a lot of both supporters and opponents of the theory of the origin of man from animals in the world. However, the evidence for this system of views on anthropogenesis is quite numerous and convincing.

The scientific stage of the study of anthropogenesis actually began only in the 18th century. Prior to this, the religious approach prevailed. But even during the XVIII-XIX centuries, science was not clearly separated from philosophy, and scientists were usually called natural philosophers or naturalists. Some of them - D. Diderot, K. Helvetius, J. Buffon, D. Monboddo - already in the 18th century expressed the opinion about the "rebirth" of some organisms into others, including monkeys into humans.

The study of the anatomy and morphology of a wide variety of animals led to the idea of ​​their greater or lesser similarity. Often this was presented in the form of the so-called "ladder of beings" (its most famous version - the system of K. Linnaeus - became the basis of modern classification), which leads from lower organisms to higher ones, with a person at the top, but often does not imply the relationship of these forms at all. For this period, a complete separation of man from other animals, his allocation into a separate detachment or even a kingdom is typical. I must say that in the everyday consciousness of the average person, far from biology, this approach dominates even now.

The concept of the change of some creatures into others - biological evolution - acquired more and more distinct outlines in the works of naturalists. For the first time, a coherent substantiation of the hypothesis of evolution was published by J.B. Lamarck in 1802 and 1809, pointing out that man should have been placed in the system of nature as the crown of "four-armed" (primates), if he had not been created by the Creator completely separate from animals. However, the mechanisms of evolutionary changes proposed by J.B. Lamarck, look too simple and rather unconvincing. He believed that the organs of animals change under the influence of training, for example, giraffes pulled their necks to the upper branches, so they became long-necked. Even among the contemporaries of the scientist, this theory in its finished form did not receive wide recognition. The inheritance of traits acquired during life, according to the data of modern genetics, is impossible.

Much sharper scientific and public outcry caused Ch. Darwin's theory of evolution, published in 1859 in the book " Origin of Species by Natural Selection", in 1871 in the book " The origin of man and sexual selection"and in other works. From the moment of publication, the thoughts of Ch. Darwin received both ardent supporters, for example, T. Huxley and E. Haeckel, and fierce opponents - Bishop Wilberforce and the naturalist Maivart. The theory continued to develop, and after the discovery of genetic inheritance and his laws, became known as synthetic theory of evolution. It is important to emphasize that the modern theory is a development of classical Darwinism, so arguing with Charles Darwin, as not the most distant "critics" often do, is as stupid as arguing with astronomers or physicists of the middle of the 19th century. Although, it must be admitted, Ch. Darwin was able to describe all the main forms of selection and give so many examples and evidence that no one has surpassed him in this.

Brief essence synthetic theory of evolution is as follows. Hereditary information is stored in the cells of living beings in the form of complex RNA or DNA molecules, the segments of which, encoding certain proteins or controlling their synthesis, are called genes; for more high level DNA can be organized into complexes - chromosomes. Genes change under the influence of various factors, such changes are called mutations. For evolution, those mutations that occur in germ cells and are transmitted to offspring are significant. Mutations often turn out to be harmful or neutral, but when environmental conditions change, they can give the individual some advantage over the original version. If an organism turns out to be more adapted than its relatives, then it has a chance to leave more offspring, passing on its genetically fixed qualities to it. The conditions of the environment can change in such a way that signs that were previously neutral or even harmful turn out to be more useful. Organisms with such traits survive, and the traits remain in their offspring. There are different types of selection. It is significant that such a change in heredity usually takes a very long time - many generations, especially since conditions rarely change abruptly. In addition, recombination plays a huge role - the shuffling of gene variants when they differ in two parents; recombination creates diversity even in the absence of new mutations. A significant part of the traits does not have a large adaptive - adaptive - value, they can change quite randomly, according to statistical laws, which is called genetic-automatic processes, variants of which - gene drift, "founder effect", "bottleneck effect" - appear in some specific, albeit rare, conditions.

Currently, the synthetic theory of evolution is not the only scientific theory of evolution, but it is held by the vast majority of biologists (probably much more than 99%), it has the most evidence base and is confirmed by almost all biological studies, including experimental ones. Other variants are, for example, various variants of mutationism. According to them, changes in heredity do not occur for a long time, but almost simultaneously and give immediately new form organisms.

Our ancestors, being part of the surrounding nature, also gradually changed following the changes. external conditions which led to the emergence of modern man. However, a person is unique in the sense that the socio-cultural component plays a huge role in his existence, and the closer to modernity, the more significant this component becomes.

human evolution is called anthropogenesis. Evolutionary separation of the branch that led to the appearance modern people, occurred according to various sources, from 15 to 6 million years ago. Comparative anatomical and embryological studies make it possible to attribute the Homo sapiens species to the following systematic groups. After analyzing the anatomical and morphological similarities and differences between humans and animals, the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classifies the former as a group of primates.

However, it must be remembered that man is a biosocial being. This idea follows from the analysis of the group of facts given on the previous pages. Therefore, it is not surprising that anthropogenesis, that is, the historical development of man, is determined by two groups of evolutionary factors: biological and social.

The systematic position of a person is as follows.

Type Chordates: in embryonic development, a chord is laid, a neural tube above it, an intestinal tube below it, gill slits in the pharynx.

Subtype Vertebrates: two pairs of limbs, spine, brain of 5 sections, two ears, eyes, brain outgrowths, etc.

Class Mammals: four-chambered heart, left aortic arch, warm-bloodedness, diaphragm, glands in the skin, intrauterine development of the embryo, developed cerebral cortex, three auditory ossicles and three sections of the ear.

Subclass Placental: formation of the placenta.

Rudiments and atavisms can serve as anatomical evidence of the relationship between humans and animals.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of such comparative anatomical evidence as rudiments and atavisms. Rudiments are organs or parts of an organism that have lost their original functions in the process of evolution, which are available to all individuals of a given species. Atavisms are traits of ancestral forms that manifest themselves in individual individuals.

atavisms- thick hair on the face, the presence of a tail, multiple nipples, strongly developed fangs.

Rudiments- a person has 90 rudiments: the coccyx and the muscles going to it, the parotid muscles, the wisdom teeth, the remnant of the nictitating membrane in the inner corner of the eye, the appendix of the caecum (appendix).

To date, numerous paleontological evidence of human evolution has also been accumulated - the fossil remains of human ancestors.

Physiological: the fundamental similarity of the processes occurring in human and animal organisms;
Embryological: similar stages of the embryonic development of humans and animals;
Paleontological: finds of the remains of ancient humanoid creatures;
Biochemical: the similarity of the chemical composition of the intracellular environment in humans and animals;
Comparative anatomical: a single plan for the structure of the bodies of humans and animals, the presence of rudiments and atavisms in humans;
Genetic: similarity in the number of chromosomes in humans and great apes
Features of great apes that distinguish them from humans

brain volume is approximately 600 cm3 (in humans, about 1600 cm3);
convolutions, furrows and bark of the cerebral hemispheres are less developed;
relatively longer forelimbs;
hook-shaped hands;
grasping type of foot;
the facial part of the skull with jaws is more strongly developed;
pronounced superciliary arches;
the foot does not form an arch;
the pelvis is not as wide as in humans;
there are some differences in the number of chromosomes;
bio chemical composition not completely identical.
The functioning of the nervous system, mental qualities:

the level of development of consciousness is lower than that of a person;
episodically used tools, as a rule, are not produced independently;
less pronounced ability to abstract thinking;
there is no articulate; speech;
less pronounced ability to accumulate individual and social experience, as well as pass it on to their descendants;
lack of purposeful and collective labor activity;
great dependence on the action of environmental conditions and natural selection.
Similarities between humans and great apes

Anatomical, physiological and genetic features:

great similarity in the structure of the skeleton and internal organs;
very similar teeth;
the presence of nails;
general illnesses;
similar number of chromosomes;
very similar chemical composition of blood;
similar amino acid composition.
The functioning of the nervous system, mental qualities and abilities:

the ability to experience similar emotions (joy, fear, anger);
high learning ability;
good memory;
ability to accumulate life experience;
complex shapes care for offspring.
The main results of human evolution are:

the occurrence of bipedalism;
expansion and strengthening of the pelvis, which takes on the main load when moving on two limbs;
relief of the jaw apparatus due to a decrease in the load during chewing;
freeing hands for labor as a consequence of the emergence of bipedalism.
opposition of the thumb on the hand to the rest.
production and use of tools.
rallying members of society and complicating their work activities.
improvement of sound signaling, the emergence of a second signaling system (speech).
progressive development of the brain.
emergence of abstract thought.
creation of an artificial environment of existence, avoiding the intense impact of natural selection.
The listed trends in the historical development of man led to the appearance of significant differences from modern anthropoid apes.
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Evidence for evolution- evidence of the common origin of all organisms from common ancestors, the variability of species and the emergence of some species from others.

The evidence for evolution is divided into groups.

All organisms (except viruses) are made up of cells that have a common structure and function.

Biochemical evidence

All organisms are made up of the same chemical substances: proteins, nucleic acids, etc.

Comparative anatomical evidence

• the unity of the structure of organisms within a type, class, genus, etc.

  For example, all representatives of the class of mammals are characterized by a highly developed cerebral cortex of the forebrain, intrauterine development, feeding of young with milk, hairline, four-chambered heart and complete separation of arterial and venous blood, warm-bloodedness, lungs of an alveolar structure;

• homologous organs - organs that have a common origin, regardless of the functions performed.

  For example, the limbs of vertebrates, modifications of the root, stem and leaves of plants;

• rudiments - the remains of the organs (signs) that were available to the ancestors. For example, a person has such rudiments as the coccyx, appendix, third eyelid, wisdom teeth, muscles that move the auricle, etc.;
• atavisms - the sudden appearance in individual individuals of the organs (signs) of their ancestors.

  For example, the birth of people with a tail, thick body hair, extra nipples, highly developed fangs, etc.

Embryological evidence

These include: the similarity of gametogenesis, the presence in the development of a unicellular stage - the zygote; similarity of embryos in the early stages of development; relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny.

The embryos of organisms of many systematic groups are similar to each other, and the closer the organisms are, the more this similarity remains until a later stage in the development of the embryo.

Based on these observations, E. Haeckel and F.

1. Proof of the origin of man from animals

Muller formulated the biogenetic law - each individual in the early stages of ontogenesis repeats some of the main structural features of its ancestors. Thus, ontogenesis (individual development) is a brief repetition of phylogenesis (evolutionary development).

paleontological evidence

Based on the findings of fossil forms in rock deposits, one can trace the historical development of living nature.

Paleontological evidence for evolution includes fossil transitional forms or established phylogenetic series between many taxonomic groups:

• transitional forms - organisms that were transitional between types, classes, etc.

  For example:

  • stegocephalus - a transitional form between fish and amphibians,
  • archeopteryx - a transitional form between reptiles and birds,
  • animal-toothed reptiles - a transitional form between reptiles and mammals
  • ..etc.;
• phylogenetic series - sequences of ancestors.

  For example, the remains of the evolutionary series of the horse have been discovered.

Relic evidence

Currently, there are descendants of transitional forms, for example:

• coelacanth fish coelacanth - a descendant of a transitional form between fish and amphibians;
• tuatara - a descendant of a transitional form between amphibians and reptiles;
• platypus - a descendant of a transitional form between reptiles and mammals,
• ..etc.

Biogeographic evidence

Similarities and differences between organisms living in different biogeographic zones.

For example, marsupials survived only in Australia.

For the first time, the hypothesis of the origin of man from monkeys was expressed by J.B. Lamarck, but was not accepted. Charles Darwin in his books “The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection”, “On the Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals” proved on a large amount of factual material that man is not fundamentally different from other species of vertebrates and has common ancestors with anthropoid apes. The emergence and development of mankind under the influence of the same driving forces evolution and natural selection plays a leading role.

C. Darwin also pointed out the role of social factors, later this problem was revealed by F. Engels in the work "The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man."

Comparative anatomy, physiology, embryology, biochemistry, paleontology and other sciences make it possible to determine the systematic position and origin of man.

The systematic position of man is as follows: phylum Chordates, subtype Vertebrates, class Mammals, subclass Placentals, order Primates, family Hominid (upright primates, humans), genus Homo (human) with the only species Homo sapiens (reasonable man).

The person belongs to type Chordates, since in embryogenesis a chord is laid and there are gill slits in the pharynx; nervous system- in the form of a tube, on the dorsal side.

The person belongs to subphylum Vertebrates(Cranial), since the chord is replaced by a spine articulated with the skull, there are two pairs of limbs, the brain consists of 5 calving, the heart develops on the ventral side of the body.

The person belongs to class Mammals according to the following features characteristic of mammals:

© live birth and breastfeeding, the presence of mammary glands;

© the presence of hairline, warm-bloodedness, an abundance of sweat glands to regulate heat transfer;

© division of the body cavity into the abdominal and thoracic cavities by the diaphragm;

© four-chambered heart, left aortic arch, non-nuclear erythrocytes;

© alveolar lungs;

© in the skeleton all the bones characteristic of mammals, 7 cervical vertebrae; three auditory ossicles; two condyles of the occipital bone;

© the presence of milk and permanent teeth of three types;

© the presence of rudimentary organs (appendix, third eyelid, Darwin's tubercle on the auricle, highly developed ear muscles).

© manifestation of atavistic signs (birth of a child with a tail, strong body hair, additional nipples) (Fig.

Man has all the signs subclass Placental- has a uterus and the fetus is fed through the placenta.

Man has all the characteristics detachment Primates, and with a group of higher narrow-nosed monkeys - the family pongid, or Great apes it is brought together by the following features:

© one pair of mammary glands;

© nails and papillary pattern on fingers and palms;

© opposed thumb on the hands;

© menstrual cycle and pregnancy lasting about 9 months;

© antigens of the ABO system of humans and great apes are similar, blood types A and B - in all great apes, O - only in chimpanzees;

© similarity in the number and structure of chromosomes: in humans - 23, in anthropoids - 24 pairs of chromosomes; it has been proven that the genes of the missing monkey pair are localized on the 2nd pair of human chromosomes.

© homology of human and chimpanzee DNA is 91-92%, human and gibbon - 76%.

Evidence for the origin of man from animals

Hence the similarity between the structure of genes and the structure of proteins. For example, cytochrome C, which is responsible for the transport of electrons in mitochondria, consists of about 100 amino acids.

Differences between human and monkey cytochrome C - 1 amino acid, human and horse - 12 amino acids;

© reduction of the caudal spine;

Man is different from other primates upright posture and all the features of the internal structure associated with this mode of movement.

In connection with speech there were changes in the larynx, contributing to the pronunciation of articulate sounds, a chin protrusion appeared.

The use of fire the heat treatment of food changed the load on the chewing apparatus and the digestive system, as a result, the facial section of the skull became more elegant, the teeth decreased, the ridges on the skull disappeared, and the intestines became shorter.

Labor activity caused a change in the structure of the hand.

The development of the cerebral cortex and the appearance of speech led to an increase in the cerebral region of the skull. The volume of the human brain is about 1400 cm3 (in a gorilla up to 650 cm3), the area of ​​the cortex is 3.5 times larger than that of pongids, which ultimately led to a qualitative difference between man and the rest of the animal world.

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Evidence for evolution.

Scientific facts confirming the evolutionary development of life on Earth.

cytological evidence- All organisms are built from cells that have a common structure and shape.

Comparative anatomical evidence:

- unity of building plans within types;

— vestiges - the presence in organisms of the remnants of previously existing organs. Example: in humans, this is the appendix - the remnant of the cecum, the coccyx - the remnant of the tail, body hair, etc.

— atavisms - the sudden appearance in some individuals of the organs of their ancestors.

Example: a person has a tail, body hair, etc.

- the presence of homologous organs;

Homologous Organs- organs that have a common origin, the same embryonic rudiments and a similar structure, but perform different functions. Example: the forelimb of a horse and the fins of a whale; birch leaves and cactus thorns, etc.

- similar bodies;

Similar bodies- organs that perform similar functions are similar in appearance, but have a different origin.

Example: the wing of a butterfly and a bird, the burrowing limbs of a mole and a bear, the gills of a cancer and a fish, etc.

- convergent evolution.

Convergence(convergence of signs) - the process of acquiring a similar structure as a result of the development of organisms in the same environment.

Example: when living in water, fish, a fossil reptile - an ichthyosaur and a mammal - a whale acquired a streamlined body shape and fins.

Biochemical evidence- a single chemical structure of organisms.

The universality of the genetic code, which is the same for the entire organic world of the Earth, has been established; universality of biochemical principles of metabolism; the kinship of organisms of different taxa in chromosome DNA was revealed (human DNA has the same genes with macaque DNA - 66%, bull - 28%, rats - 17%), blood proteins (in humans and great apes, hemoglobin, proteins that determine blood group and Rhesus -factor are identical).

Embryological- the similarity of the early stages of development of the embryo.

Law of germinal similarity(K.M.

Baer) - at the early stages of embryonic development, the embryos of different species within the type are similar to each other. Example: in the embryonic period, vertebrates successively go through the stages of a fertilized egg, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, three-layer embryo, notochord anlage, neural tube, digestive tube, etc.

biogenetic law(F. Mühler, E. Haeckel) - the embryo in the process of individual development (ontogenesis) briefly repeats the history of the development of the species (phylogenesis).

Example: in the embryos of mammals and fish, gill arches are laid, on the basis of which gills develop in fish, and cartilage of the larynx and trachea in mammals.

paleontological- extraction and study of the remains of plants and animals that inhabited the Earth in various periods of its history. Transitional forms between types and classes are found.

Example: stegocephals are considered a transitional form from crossbill fish to amphibians; archeopteryx - between reptiles and birds; lycanops - between reptiles and mammals; psilophytes (rhinophytes) - between algae and land plants.

On the basis of fossil forms built paleontological series.

Example: phylogenetic series of a horse, proboscis, etc.

Biogeographic- study of the patterns of geographical distribution of living forms on Earth.

According to the similarity of flora and fauna in the biosphere, biogeographic regions (Holarctic, Indo-Malayan, Ethiopian, Neo-tropical, Australian) are distinguished.

Features of flora and fauna of each area are closely related to the geological history and climatic conditions.

Example: flora and fauna of Australia, reservoirs such as Lake Baikal.

Microevolution.

microevolution- evolutionary processes occurring within a species and leading to the formation of new species - the initial stage of evolution.

View- a set of populations of individuals that have a hereditary similarity of morphological, physiological and biochemical features, freely interbreed and give fertile offspring, adapted to similar living conditions and occupying a certain area of ​​\u200b\u200bdistribution in nature - an area.

Development of views on the concept of "biological species"(main theses):

Species are created and immutable.

(K. Liney).

Species do not really exist, any variability in nature is speciation. (J. Saint-Hilaire).

Species really exist, but are not stable, dynamic; kind exists certain time, then either die out or change (Ch.

All living things gradually change, species do not really exist; the concept of species was invented by man for his own convenience (J. Lamarck).

View criteria(features according to which the organism belongs to one or another species; not absolute, used in combination).

Morphological - the similarity of the external and internal structure; not absolute for many reasons: there are twin species that are outwardly identical, but never interbreed (Example: 6 species of Anopheles malarial mosquitoes, previously considered one species).

There are polytypic species - with several different phenotypes (Example: all the diverse natures of pigeons are one species).

Many species have a pronounced sexual dimorphism- the difference between males and females, which is why they are mistakenly attributed to different species (K. Liney described the male and female mallard duck as different species).

Genetic- species specificity of the chromosome set, similarities in the nucleotide composition of DNA.

Species genetically closed system, its gene pool is protected from the influx of new genes; protection mechanism reproductive isolation(mismatches in the timing and place of reproduction; a strict ritual of behavior during mating; a difference in the structure of the reproductive apparatus; the impossibility of penetration of “foreign” spermatozoa into the egg; non-viability or sterility of interspecific fungi).

Physiological- similarity of life processes (this criterion can be combined with morphological).

Biochemical- the similarity of the protein composition is based on the unique nucleotide sequence of DNA.

The criterion is not absolute, because

sometimes different species have a very high degree of similarity.

Evidence for the origin of man from animals

Example: Humans and chimpanzees share 98% of their proteins, but are classified by other criteria as different species.)

Geographical- a certain area occupied by a species.

There are cosmopolitan species (bacteria, etc.) that live everywhere and there are species with broken ranges - allopatric kinds.

Groupings of individuals within the ranges of allopatric species are called populations.

Ecological- the similarity of individuals of the species in needs and lifestyle, but within the population there may be groups ( ecological races), differing in nutrition, time of activity, timing of reproduction, etc.

cytogenetic- the similarity in the number and structure of chromosomes, examples of its non-absoluteness are humans and chimpanzees.

Kinds - a complex system, consisting of small groupings of individuals - subspecies, populations, ecological races and other taxa adapted to different environmental conditions.

population- a set of individuals of a given species, occupying a certain range within the range of the species, freely interbreeding with each other ( panmixia) and partially isolated from other populations.

Ecological races- a group within the same population, differing in nutrition in different places, different food, activity time, breeding time, etc.

Example: Lake Sevan is inhabited by several ecological races of trout, different in habitats (on the bottom, on the surface) in terms of breeding (spring or autumn).

Individuals from different populations retain the ability to periodically interbreed with each other, which ensures unity of the species gene pool and enrichment of offspring with new alleles.

Individuals of a species cannot interbreed with individuals of another species and produce fertile offspring, therefore the species gene pool is protected and stable.

The population is the elementary structural unit of evolution.

The term "population" was introduced in 1904 by

Danish geneticist W. Johansen.

Each population is characterized by a certain genetic structure, the ratio of certain genes and alleles. The totality of the genes of all individuals in a population is called gene pool.

Gene pool properties:

— Diversity (genetic heterogeneity). The simultaneous presence in the gene pools of various genotypes and allelic variants of genes, which is ensured by: the mutation process, recombination of genes in the processes of crossing, gene flow from other populations.

— Gene pools are inimitable, unique.

- In each population there is a certain ratio of the frequencies of occurrence of different alleles and genotypes (Hardy-Weinberg law).

- Genetic unity - the commonality of the gene pools of populations for all their constituent individuals, is ensured by free crossing and inheritance mechanisms according to Mendel's laws.

The unity of gene pools has important consequences:

Any resulting mutations have a chance to spread throughout the population.

Due to the unity of the gene pool, populations are the elemental unit of evolution - they respond to change environment, as a whole - directed changes in the gene pool.

The change in gene pools is understood as a change in the individual, allelic variants of genes that are often found in them and the genotypes formed by them.

The reasons that can change the gene pool of a population, external and internal factors that change its genetic structure, are called elementary factor of evolution.

A long-term and directed change in the gene pool is called elementary evolutionary process.

Example: "Industrial melanism" is the prevalence of dark coloration (determined by melanin) in several species of butterflies in England.

Until the middle of the 19th century, individuals with a light color prevailed in the population of these butterflies, well masking them on tree trunks covered with gray lichen.

The number of butterflies with dark coloration (determined by the mutant dominant variant of the gene) was small, as they were visible on the trunks and were quickly pecked by birds.

But from the middle of the 19th century, with the beginning of the rapid development and widespread use of coal, the air became polluted. As a result, the lichens died, exposing black trunks on which dark brown butterflies are hardly noticeable.

Further, more in-depth studies showed that the differences between dark and light butterflies are not limited to their color, they differed in their preference for different backgrounds (melanists prefer to sit on a dark background, and light ones on a light one).

The gene pool is made up of the entire variety of genes and alleles that are present in a sexually reproducing population.

The composition of the gene pool changes from generation to generation.

New combinations of genes form unique genotypes, which in their physical expression, i.e. in the form of phenotypes, are subjected to pressure from environmental factors, which leads to continuous selection.

The population gene pool, which is continuously changing from generation to generation, is undergoing evolutionary change.

allele frequencies.

Any physical trait of an organism, such as coat color in mice, is determined by one or more genes.

Each gene can exist in several different forms, which are called alleles The number of organisms in a given population carrying a particular allele determined the frequency of that allele.

Example: in humans, the frequency of this allele, which determines the normal pigmentation of the skin, hair, eyes = 99%.

Recessive allele lack of pigmentation - albinism, occurs with a frequency of 1%.

This means that from total number of alleles that control the synthesis of this pigment, 1% are not able to provide it, and 99% do it.

P - Dominant frequency,

Q - The frequency of recessive alleles.

In the human skin pigmentation example, p=0.99 and Q=0.01.

Example: recessive allele frequency = 25% or 0.25.

Lesson Objectives:

1. To form an idea of ​​the history of the question of the origin of man.
2. To acquaint with the evidence of the natural origin of man, through evolution from animals.

Lesson objectives:

Educational

1. To acquaint students with the complex history of the question of the origin of man.
2. Determine the place of man in the system of the animal world.
3. Consider the evidence for the origin of man from animals.
4. Identify the similarities and differences between humans and apes.

Educational

1. To continue the formation of the belief in the knowability of the world and the conviction that everything natural phenomena have causal relationships.
2. Provide during the lesson the education of humanism on the example of biogeographical data of outstanding scientists.
3. Point out the significance of scientific ideas about the origin of man and compare.

Educational

1. Continue the formation of the ability to classify and generalize the studied facts and concepts.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Learning new material.

Music sounds, the class is divided into groups and includes students who act out the scene “In Court”. After the role-play, these students will act as facilitators in the groups.

Host: 1925 Tennessee, USA…….Litigation in progress…

“Monkey” he was dubbed by the press. Under this name, he entered the history of the United States.

Judge: Do you know, Master Scopes, what the Bible says about the origin of man?

Scopes: Of course.

Judge: Do you agree with this? Do you doubt the word of the Bible?

Scopes: But the biblical data is not supported by science!

Judge: So much the worse for science!!!

Moderator: This exclamation belongs to none other than lawyer Jennings Bryan, former US Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

Following these words, the verdict of the jury sounded ...

Jury Find Scopes Jones guilty of blasphemy and sentence him to a fine. We forbid to tell schoolchildren about the teachings of Darwin!!! We ban the teaching of evolutionary doctrine in schools in Tennessee!!!

Host….. and in some other states too…. The ban is valid for 38 years (!) Until 1963, and in the state of Arkansas until 1968.

However, even now, in many US schools, for example, in the state of Missouri, which did not recognize the decision of the Supreme Court allowing the teaching of Darwinism in schools, they talk about 6 days of creation and the creation of man in the image and likeness of God.

And in March 1981, another monkey trial took place in Sacramento, California. Susan Esperson, a teacher, was on trial.

Jurors: And the court issued a "Solomon" decision: to study Darwin's theory in schools along with the biblical version. True, the young teacher was acquitted.

Moderator: And if you read discussions on the Internet today, many authors point out that it seems that the era of monkey processes is also approaching in our country. Schoolgirl Maria Schreiber sued in St. Petersburg. She claims that Darwin's theory of the origin of species offends her religious sensibilities. The last court hearing on this claim was held on February 21, the claim was rejected.

Teacher: Heated debates about the origin of man have not subsided for centuries, and we will try to figure it out: where did man come from on our planet?

I ask my advisers to take places in groups. The work of consultants is to direct the work of the group in the right direction and to track the correct execution of tasks in individual cards.

The biological species of Homo sapiens exists on our planet for 35-40 thousand years. There are many hypotheses of the origin of man, which can be reduced to three main ones.

1 slide (task 1 in an individual card). Presentation

We consider the evolutionary point of view on the origin of man, and our first lesson in this topic is aimed at getting acquainted with the history of the issue, and mainly with the evidence of the animal origin of man.

3 slide
(task 2 in an individual card)

The branch of natural science that studies the origin and evolution of man, the process of transition from biological to social patterns is called anthropology.

The doctrine of the origin of man, of his formation as a species in the process of the formation of society is called anthroposociogenesis.

We turn to acquaintance with the history of the formation of evolutionary views on the origin of man.

Before you are portraits of great scientists, it was they who made a significant contribution to the formation of scientific views on the origin of man. Work in groups to find a match.

5 slide
(task 3 in an individual card)

And now let's check the correctness of the task. Correct any mistakes on your cards.

6 slide
(task 4 in an individual card)

Before you are systematic taxa, working in groups, determine the systematic position of a person (textbook p. 170).

And now let's check the correctness of the assignment and make corrections to our cards.

The biological theory of human evolution was developed by Charles Darwin in the books The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection (1871) and On the Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). Thanks to the work of Darwin, the monkey theory of anthropogenesis was born, and Darwin not only made assumptions, but also provided evidence from the field of comparative morphology, embryology. Later, Haeckel and Dubois presented paleontological data.

Consider the main evidence of the animal origin of man.

7 slide
(task 5, 6 in an individual card)

Working in groups, decide on what basis is the allocation of these groups of evidence of human animal origin?

Oral discussion and joint performance of tasks.

We will dwell in more detail on comparative anatomical evidence and comparative embryological 2 other groups of evidence you describe at home according to the plan given in your individual cards.

Man is a representative of the class of mammals, a vertebrate animal and therefore is related to fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds. Let us present the data of comparative morphology in favor of the animal origin of man.

Working in groups, complete the table “Key features human body inherited from animals".

We will check the correctness of the tasks and correct the errors. Pay attention to the task with an asterisk, you do it at home.

9, 10 slides

Pay attention to the organs shown in the figure, what unites all these organs that humans have in comparison with animals?

Answer: underdeveloped, unlike animals.

Such organs are called vestiges.

11, 12 slides
(task 7 in an individual card)

What kind of phenomenon is depicted in this picture?

Answer: Humans show signs of animals.

Such cases are called atavisms.

Let's check the correctness of the task.

9, 10, 11, 12 slides repeat

The closest relatives of man in the world of modern animals are great apes - gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan. Great apes have a number of common features that significantly distinguish them from other primates and bring them closer to humans.

They share many anatomical and biochemical features.

13, 14 slide

From the proposed set of cards issued by your consultants, select the similarities and differences between humans and great apes:

1 and 2 group - chooses similarities;

3rd and 4th group features of difference.

One person from each group, write down on the board the numbers of similarities and differences between humans and great apes.

Let's check the correctness of the tasks.

15 slide
(task number 8)

Please note that in your individual cards there is a table that you have to fill out at home.

And finally, embryology provides convincing evidence in favor of the origin of man from animals.

17, 18 slide

Human and animal development begins with the zygote.

In the early stages of development of the human embryo, gill slits are laid. The heart looks like a tube, then it becomes two-chambered, and so on.

Thus, summing up the results of today's lesson, let's once again list the main groups of evidence of human animal origin. I invite each group to take turns writing these proof groups on the board.

A set of cards for group work may include the following similarities and differences between humans and great apes.

Human Animal Evidence

1. Complete the sentences.

1. "Man is the result of the creation of God" asserts the doctrine - ...
2. "Man is the messenger of other space civilizations" claims - ...
3. “Man is the result of a long, natural historical development” asserts - ...

2. Give a brief definition of the concepts.

Anthropology is...

Anthroposociogenesis is...

3. List scientists according to their merits.

For the first time he attributed man to animals - ...

For the first time he determined the systematic position of man - ...

For the first time he spoke about the animal origin of man - ...

Scientifically substantiated the animal origin of man - ...

Pointed out the role of labor in human evolution - ...

4. Specify the systematic position of a person.

Kingdom -

Subtype -

Subclass -

Suborder -

Family -

View -

5. Fill in the table.

Describe the paleontological and cytogenetic evidence of human animal origin according to the following plan.

1. The name of the evidence group.
2. What does this evidence support.
3. Give specific examples of this evidence (5 points).

6. Fill in the right side of the table.

Main features	From whom are they inherited
1. The genetic code of the nucleus
2. Genetic code of mitochondria
3. Bilateral body symmetry
4. Skeleton
5. Five-fingered limbs
6. Lung breathing
7. Amniotic egg
8. Elongated limbs, differentiation of teeth, mammary glands, warm-bloodedness
9. Placenta, live birth

* Explain how the genetic code of mitochondria could have been inherited from the first prokaryotes? (10 points)

7. In each list, remove the excess.

Rudiments

Remaining nictitating membrane

Parotid muscles

Multi-nipples

Wisdom teeth

Organs that have lost their significance and are preserved in the form of remnants

Appendix

atavisms

Multi-nipples

Hairiness

Tailing

Strongly developed fangs

Organs - "return to the signs of ancestors"

8. Fill in the table.(15 points)

9. What are the similarities between humans and great apes?(10 points)

Lesson grade:

Consultant -

Self-esteem -

Evaluation of the teacher, taking into account the completion of homework -