The total labor intensity of the research work is 30 ZET.

Program Developers:

Associate Professor GPGPiTP, Associate Professor, Ph.D. A.N. Fedorova

5. Structure and content of research work

Course number 5.

1. Drafting or updating the topics of research papers. The topics of research works are compiled in accordance with the scientific profile of the master's program and must correspond to such sciences as: theory of state and law; history of state and law; history of the doctrines of law and the state. The topics of master's theses are approved at the meeting of the department from among the most pressing problems of the theory of state and law, the history of state and law, the history of doctrines about law and the state. Teachers who are assigned undergraduates submit for approval the approximate topics of master's theses

2. Choice of research topic. After the approval of the approximate topics of dissertation research, they are posted on the information stand of the department (institute). A master student, in agreement with the supervisor and head of the department, can propose his own research topic. Approval of the topics of master's theses takes place at a meeting of the department in October.

3. Drawing up a bibliography on the topic. After the research topic is approved, the student proceeds to compiling a bibliographic list on this issue. Except scientific library TSU student needs to refer to the electronic catalogs of the Spark Law Library, the Federal educational portal"Legal Russia", Russian State Library, Samara Regional Library. It is highly recommended to look through such periodicals as “State and Law”, “Jurisprudence”, “Lawyer”, “Journal of Russian Law”, “Russian Justice”, “Legality”, “Constitutional and Municipal Law, etc.” for the last 5 years. Information and legal systems "Garant", "Consultant+" can also provide great assistance in the selection of literature. The main emphasis in the selection of literature should be made on scientific literature, the use of textbooks is allowed only in exceptional cases. The list of selected literature should consist of the following main sections: legal acts; monographs; science articles; abstracts of dissertations; dissertations; literature in foreign languages.

4. Substantiation of the research topic and drawing up a work plan. In the month of December, the master student provides the supervisor with a rationale for the topic of the master's thesis, which contains: a) relevance; b) object and subject of research; c) goals and objectives; d) methodology; e) planned results. Together with the supervisor, a dissertation plan is drawn up, which is approved at a meeting of the department.

5. Preparation of an abstract on the research topic. The topic of the research abstract should correspond to the topic of the dissertation research. The abstract in this case is a "mini" master's thesis, which summarizes the main research problems and possible ways to resolve them. The abstract on the topic of the dissertation is evaluated by the supervisor. The volume of the abstract is 25-30 pages of typewritten text.

6. Adjustment of the research plan. The research plan is adjusted on the basis of the abstract, in which the undergraduate identified the most controversial and problematic aspects. It is also possible that no modification of the plan is required. The adjusted dissertation plan is subject to approval at a meeting of the department.

7. Credit for research. The credit is accepted on the basis of a report on research at a research seminar

8. Research work the student is carried out according to an individual plan and includes: analysis of legal acts; identification of gaps in the normative regulation of public relations; analysis of available scientific literature; review of scientific positions on the most controversial issues; development of recommendations aimed at eliminating gaps in legal regulation; development of generalizations inherent in the sciences of the theory of state and law; history of state and law. Formulation of these problems directly in the text of the dissertation.

Course number 6

9. Participation in conferences. Integral part scientific work student is to participate in ongoing conferences. The conferences "Student Days of Science at TSU", the annual city scientific and practical conference"Youth, Science, Society". In conferences, a master student can participate both in full-time and in in absentia. In other conferences, the undergraduate participates in agreement with the supervisor. The topics of reports at conferences, seminars are agreed with the supervisor.

10. Adjustment of the plan research. Adjustment of the study plan is an optional element and is carried out as necessary with the supervisor, taking into account the problems identified by the magistrate during the study.

11. Credit for research. To receive credit for research work in the semester (R&D), a research seminar for master's students is organized in the credit week. Representatives of employers and leading researchers in the profile of the master's program can be involved in the seminar. All employees of the department take part in the work of the seminar. At the research seminar, the undergraduate reports on the main results of the study, followed by their discussion, additional questions and grading.

Course number 6.

12. Conducting research the student is carried out according to an individual plan and includes: analysis of legal acts; identification of gaps in the normative regulation of public relations; analysis available scientific literature; review of scientific positions on the most controversial issues; development of recommendations aimed at eliminating gaps in legal regulation; development of generalizations inherent in the science of the theory of state and law; history of state and law. Formulation of these problems directly in the text of the dissertation.

13. Preparation of scientific publications. On the most problematic aspects of the master's thesis, the student is required to prepare one publication, the volume of 0.5 printed sheets. The publication should contain an indication of the relevance of the problem, its description and possible solutions, its own conclusions and recommendations.

14. Completion of writing a dissertation. By the end of the first semester of the second year of study, the undergraduate should have a draft dissertation ready, which is submitted to the supervisor for verification. A draft of a dissertation research must necessarily include an introduction, main body, conclusion and bibliography. The main part should consist of chapters, and chapters of paragraphs. In exceptional cases, it is allowed to have one chapter without division into paragraphs.

15. Compilation of a report on the research done and its presentation at the research seminar. This item is closely related to item 14. According to the draft version of the thesis, the undergraduate draws up a report on the research done. The report should contain the main results of the dissertation research. The report is presented at the research seminar. To receive credit for research work in the semester (R&D), a research seminar for master's students is organized in the credit week. Representatives of employers and leading researchers in the profile of the master's program can be involved in the seminar. All employees of the department take part in the work of the seminar. At the research seminar, the undergraduate reports on the main results of the study, followed by their discussion, additional questions and grading.

Course 7.

Preparation and defense of a master's thesis

16. Preliminary defense of the dissertation. A commission is formed for the preliminary defense of the dissertation. The preliminary defense of the dissertation is held in March. At the preliminary defense, the dissertator sets out the main provisions of the dissertation, after which the members of the commission ask questions, view the text of the dissertation, and also hear the supervisor, who gives a preliminary review of the dissertation research. Based on the results of the preliminary defense, one of the following conclusions can be drawn: “Admit to the defense without remarks”; "admit to the defense with comments"; "not allowed to defend." Correction of comments is controlled by the supervisor in working order.

17. Preparation of the abstract of the master's thesis. On the basis of the dissertation, its abstract is compiled, which includes: relevance, research methodology, degree of development of the problem, object and subject of research, novelty, scientific and practical significance, approbation of the research, as well as the main content of the work. The volume of the abstract is up to 1 pp.

18-20. The preparation of the review of the supervisor, the defense of the master's thesis are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, as well as local regulations of TSU

The implementation of the results of scientific research is understood as the implementation of the main provisions of work in industry. It begins with the transfer to the production of scientific products in a form convenient for implementation: reports, instructions, recommendations, technical specifications (TOR), specifications (TS), feasibility studies (feasibility studies), etc. There are two main stages of R&D implementation: pilot and serial implementation. The most difficult is the first stage. It requires large financial costs, significant labor intensity and is associated with tests that require adjustments and alterations.

Practically all experimental design work (R&D) aimed at creating new and improving existing equipment and technology is completed by pilot-industrial implementation. At the same time, applied theoretical research can be completed with the development of temporary recommendations, instructions, instructions, etc., which, in turn, are subsequently tested in pilot production under production conditions.

In the conclusion on the completed R&D, the Contractor (the organization performing the research) is obliged to formulate proposals for the implementation of research and evaluate its expected results. These proposals are considered by the Customer (the organization that finances the work) and sent to production for implementation.

The introduction of research and development takes a significant period of time, often exceeding the period of research and the creation of scientific and technical developments. For the successful introduction of the achievements of science and technology into production, the following basic conditions are necessary:

Implementation should be carried out according to a specially developed program that takes into account the production capabilities of enterprises, under constant supervision and with the help of the developer;

Employees of the enterprise where the implementation is planned must have appropriate training and take into account the specifics of the implementation object;

Moral and material interest in mastering the achievements of science and technology, both on the part of the developer and on the part of production, must be ensured.

Control questions and tasks

1. Structure of the research report.

2. What should be contained in the conclusion of the research report?

3. The structure of the article.

4. Preparation of the manuscript for printing.

5. Make a review of the article proposed by the teacher (or at the student's choice).

6. What is an invention and utility model?

7. What is and what is not the subject of invention?

8. The structure of the application for an invention.

9.What is analogue and prototype?

10. What is the difference between a single-link formula of an invention and a multi-link one.

11. Draw up a layout of an application for an invention (a prototype is offered by the teacher).

12. Stages of implementation of research results.

Test № 9

Literature

1. Fundamentals of scientific research / V.I. Krutov, I.M. Grushko, V. V. Popov and others / UM .: graduate School. 1989. - 399 p.

2. Frumkin R.A., Mikheev O.V. Fundamentals of scientific research. - M.: MGI Publishing House, 1990. - 114 p.

3. Fundamentals of scientific research. Guidelines for independent work students of specialty 550600 "Mining" - Kemerovo: rotoprint of KuzGTU, 1995. - 40 p.

4. Kapitsa P.L. Experiment, theory, practice M.: Nauka, 1977. - 351 p.

5. Novikov E.A., Egorov B.C. Information and researcher. - L.: Nauka, Leningrad branch, 1974. - 192 p.

6.Universal Decimal Classification (UDC). Industry tables for mining and related branches of science and technology. - M.: Publishing House of TsNIEIUgol, 1974. - 152 p.

7. Ezekiel M., Fox K. Methods of analysis of correlations and regressions. - M.: Statistics, 1966, - 559 p.

8. Venetsky I.G., Venetskaya V.I. Basic mathematical and statistical concepts and formulas in economic analysis. - M.: Statistics, 1976. - 447 p.

9. Ayvazyan S.A., Bezhaeva Z.I., Staroverov O.V. Classification of multidimensional observations. - M.: Statistics, 1974. - 292 p.

10. Bonepkiy V.A., Bogatyrev V.D., Kazakov S.P. Classification and assessment of excavation fields according to the factor of endogenous fire hazard. / Physical and technical problems of mining, No. 4, 1982. - S. 73 - 77.

11. Duran B., Odell P. Cluster analysis. - M.: Statistics, 1977. - 156 p.

12. Gnedenko B.V., Belyaev Yu.K., Soloviev A.D. Mathematical Methods in the theory of reliability. - M.: Nauka, 1965. - 524 p.

13. Reznichenko S.S. Math modeling in the mining industry. - M.: Nedra, 1981. - 216 p.

14. Rogov E.I., Gritsko G.I., Vylegzhanin V.N. Mathematical models of adaptation of processes and subsystems of a coal mine. - Alma-Ata: Science, 1979. - 239 p.

15. Vylegzhanin V.N. Physical and geomechanical foundations for optimizing coal mines. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981. - 210 p.

16. Potapov V.D. Yarizov A.D. Simulation modeling of production processes in the mining industry. M.: Higher school, 1981. - 189 p.

17. Sedov L.I. Methods of the theory of dimensions and similarity in mechanics. - M.: Gostekhizdat, 1957. - 428 p.

18. Venikov V.A. Theory of similarity and modeling. - M.: Higher school, 1976. - 479 p.

19. Modeling in geomechanics /F.P. Glushikhin, G.N. Kuznetsov, M.F. Shklyarsky and others - M.: Nedra, 1991. - 240 p.

20. Ushakov K.Z., Burchakov A.S., Puchkov L.A., Medvedev I.I. Aerology of mining enterprises. - M.: Nedra, 1987. - 421 p.

21. Puchkov L.A., Kaledina N.O. Dynamics of methane in mined-out spaces of mines. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow State University for the Humanities, 1995. - 312 p.

22. Myasnikov A.A., Kazakov S.P. Ventilation of preparatory workings when driving with combines. - M.: Nedra, 1981. - 272 p.

23. Preparation and execution of applications for inventions (manual) - M .: USSR State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries, 1987. - 115 p.

25. Swires J. Practical physics. - M.: Mir, 1971. - 246 p.

26. Fryanov V.N. Management of geomechanical processes and substantiation of the parameters of Kuzbass hydraulic mine development systems. Abstract of diss. ... doc. tech. Sciences: Kemerovo: IU SO RAN, 1989. - 42 p.

Templak 1997, pos. 2

Sergei Pavlovich Kazakov

R&D is the first stage of R&D, where the scientific and technical basis for future innovations really begins to be created. As already mentioned, the basis of R&D is the knowledge accumulated over past periods of development. At the same time, at the end of the R&D stage, the concept of a specific product, technology, and business processes should be formed. Thus, the R&D developer, by defining the main areas of research, solves the main strategic task of the R&D area - what the company will do in the future.

In accordance with the formulation of the task of applied research, its generalized outcomes can be of the following nature:

Negative results (for example, the conclusion that it is not possible to create a new model of technology on the basis of the studied scientific areas);

Intermediate results (research needs to be continued);

Positive results (on the basis of the results obtained in the R&D, it is possible to proceed to the implementation of the R & D, in this case, the draft terms of reference for the R & D are included in the final report on the R & D).

Scientific research can be divided into fundamental, exploratory and applied.

Types of research work

On the basis of fundamental and exploratory work, ideas are generated that can be transformed into R&D projects.

Applied research is one of the stages of the product life cycle. Their task is to answer the question: Is it possible to create a new type of product and with what characteristics?

The procedure for conducting research is regulated by GOST 15.101-80. The specific composition of the stages and the nature of the work performed within their framework are determined by the specifics of R&D.

1) development of terms of reference (TOR) for research;

2) choice of research areas;

3) theoretical and experimental research;

4) generalization and evaluation of research results.

An approximate list of works at the stages of research is given in the table.

Information support for applied research

At the stage of developing the terms of reference for research, the following types of information are used:

Object of study;

Description of the requirements for the object of study;

List of functions of the object of study of a general technical nature;

A list of physical and other effects, regularities and theories that can be the basis of the principle of operation of the product;

Technical solutions (in predictive studies);

Information about the scientific and technical potential of the research contractor;

Information about production resources (in relation to the object of research);

Information about material resources;

Marketing information;

Data on the expected economic effect.

Additionally, the following information is used:

Methods for solving individual problems and processing information;

General technical requirements (standards, restrictions on harmful effects, requirements for reliability, maintainability, ergonomics, and so on);

Projected terms of product renewal;

Offers of licenses and "know-how" on the object of research.

At the subsequent stages of R&D, the information listed above is mainly used as a base. Additionally used:

Information about new principles of action, new hypotheses, theories, results of research;

Data of economic assessment, modeling of the main processes, optimization of multicriteria tasks, prototyping, typical calculations, restrictions;

Requirements for information entered into Information Systems etc.

Scientific discoveries, new theoretical knowledge, based on the needs of their commercialization, move into the phase of applied research, including the stages of exploratory research and research work. This is preceded by strategic decisions of a special generation, thanks to which the latest generation of innovative processes develops. Somewhere in the middle stage of R&D, there is a watershed line between scientific thought and market and social needs. Innovation, on the other hand, provides a shift in the embodied scientific knowledge to the right, during which the R&D project is transformed into an investment and innovation project.

History of the development of scientific activity

Any kind of human activity is associated with the implementation of a productive or reproductive function. A productive function is realized through an activity aimed at obtaining a subjectively perceived or objectively evaluated new result. Examples are an innovative project, invention, scientific discovery etc. The reproductive function is associated with the reproduction of a person, copying his own activities or the activities of other people. Examples of this type can be: the function of procreation, the performance of production operations, business processes and processes of the social and social structure.

Research activity (R&D) is inherently productive and also has the features of a project-organized system. Therefore, it has all significant signs organization and a certain methodology and implementation methodology are inherent. With this in mind, your attention is invited to the model of the two-component structure of the NIA, presented below. In connection with the design type of the NID device, it, like any project, goes through the following phases.

1. Design. The result here is a scientific hypothesis, a model of a system of new knowledge, a work plan.
2. Conducting research in order to test the proposed scientific hypothesis.
3. Summing up and rethinking the results obtained to build the following hypotheses and test them in the course of setting new design tasks.

(click to enlarge)

The current state of culture and the level of development of scientific research did not arise from scratch, it was preceded by a long genesis of scientific creativity. Science arose along with other forms of perception, comprehension of reality, and even much later. It's about about religious outlook on Peace, Art, Aesthetics, Ethics and Philosophy. It can be assumed that in the history of mankind, science originated about 5 thousand years ago. Sumer, Ancient Egypt, China, India - these are the civilizations where protoscience was formed and gradually began to develop, so to speak. The great names of the titans of thought have reached contemporaries and are personified with major milestones of this thorny path, among them:

• ancient Greek thinkers Aristotle, Democritus, Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy;
• scientists of the early Middle Ages of Persia and Asia Biruni, Ibn Sina and others;
• the scholastics of the Middle Ages in Europe Eriugen, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, etc.;
• alchemists and astrology more late era period of the Great Inquisition.

Since the 12th century, universities began to emerge as scientific and educational centers, known so far, in such European cities as Paris, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, Naples. Closer to the end of the Renaissance, during the Late Renaissance, geniuses appeared in Italy and England, raising the "banner of scientific craft" to new heights. Bright "diamonds" sparkled on the scientific Olympus: Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton and others. The replacement of the feudal system by the bourgeois one led to an unprecedented development of science. In Russia, the same processes went on as usual, and the names of Russian scientists are deservedly inscribed in the World Chronicle:

• Mikhail Lomonosov;
• Nikolay Lobachevsky;
• Pafnuty Chebyshev;
• Sofia Kovalevskaya;
• Alexander Stoletov;
• Dmitry Mendeleev.

From the middle of the 19th century, the exponential growth of science and its role in the social structure began. In the 20th century, one scientific breakthrough began to be replaced by another; scientific and technological revolution began in the 1950s. At the current moment, during the transition of world civilization to the 6th technological order, it is customary to talk about the symbiosis of science and business, expressed in a mature innovative type of development of the economy of Western states and some countries of the 3rd World, although in fact the 2nd World is no longer over 25 years.

The essence of the concept of research

Research activities are divided into three large sequential and parallel blocks: fundamental research, applied research and development. The purpose of fundamental research is to discover, study new laws, natural phenomena, expand scientific knowledge and establish its suitability in practice. These results, after theoretical consolidation, form the basis of applied research, which is aimed at finding ways to use laws, finding and improving the ways and means of human activity. In turn, applied scientific research is divided into the following types of research and work:

• search;
• research;
• experimental design.

The goals and objectives of research work (R&D) are specific results expressed in the creation of new pilot plants, models of equipment, instruments, fundamentally new technologies. The formulated problem is the central source of R&D. A problem is understood as a contradiction (uncertainty), which is established in the process of cognition of a particular phenomenon. The elimination of this contradiction or uncertainty is not possible from the standpoint of existing knowledge. Based scientific method and from the point of view of the dialectical approach in philosophy, the problem is formed as a contradiction that has arisen within the framework of the whole.

Taking into account the direction of research, several types of problems can be distinguished, which serve as one of the grounds for classifying the types of research work.

1. The scientific problem is the contradiction between knowledge about the needs of society and ignorance of the ways and means of satisfying them.
2. A social problem is an established contradiction in the development of social relations and individual elements of the social system.
3. A technological problem is a contradiction (uncertainty) that arises during the creation of technologies, which cannot be eliminated on the basis of the current technological concept.

By analogy with the problems mentioned above, one can quite simply formulate the concept of managerial and market problems, which, together with a technological problem and a number of social difficulties, resolves innovative activity. Innovative inventions serve to eliminate such problems, and the first step innovation process perform R&D. GOST 15.101-98 is the basic normative document that defines the essential characteristics of R&D and their content, requirements for organization, sequence of implementation, related workflow and reporting. An extract from this standard with the basic concepts of R&D is given below.

Extract from GOST 15.101-98, entered into force on 01.07.2000

The key document for starting research work is the TOR for research and, if the customer is present, the contract for the performance of work, concluded between the customer and the contractor. In chapter " General provisions» standard describes what requirements must be included in the terms of reference for R&D without fail. The document "Terms of Reference" or the corresponding Annex to the contract is prepared on the basis of the following information elements:

• description of the object of study and requirements for it;
• functional composition of a general technical nature in relation to the objects of study;
• a list of theories, regularities, physical and other effects that make it possible to formulate the principle of operation of the subject of study;
• proposed technical solutions;
• information about the resource components of R&D (potential of the contractor, required production, material and financial resources);
• marketing and market information;
• expected economic effect.

Methodological aspects of research

Before we move on to the analysis of the structure of research work, we will once again return to the question of the classification of R&D. Classification features can be:

• the nature of the connection with production;
• importance for the country's economy;
• sources of financing;
• type of research worker;
• level of problem with associated types of scientific management units;
• the degree of involvement in the innovation process.

(click to enlarge)

Although, from the position of innovation, R&D is not often used in fundamental research, nevertheless, this practice is also gaining ground, including in large corporate research centers of the Russian Federation. Take, for example, pharmaceuticals, the automotive industry, which is actively moving towards the creation of unmanned crews and electric vehicles that can compete with internal combustion engines, etc. Let us turn to the consideration of the sequence of research activities and outline the main stages of research. They differ in composition from the stages of the R&D process and consist of eight stages of research work.

1. Formulation of the problem, topic, purpose and objectives of research.
2. The study of literary sources, the implementation of research, preparation for technical design.
3. Carrying out work on technical design in several versions.
4. Development and feasibility study of the project.
5. Implementation of working design.
6. Creation of a prototype with subsequent production tests.
7. Development of a prototype.
8. Tests with the participation of the state acceptance committee.

In turn, the R&D process consists of six typical stages.

1. Clarification of the problem, choice of research direction, formulation of its topic. Start of work on planning research work, drawing up technical specifications, preliminary calculations of economic efficiency.
2. Formulating, setting research goals and objectives based on selected literature, bibliography, patent research, annotations and abstracting of sources, analysis of the information received. At this stage, the terms of reference for R&D are finally agreed and approved.
3. The stage of theoretical research, during which the essence of the phenomenon under consideration is studied, hypotheses are formed, models are created, their mathematical justification and analysis.
4. Experimental studies with their own structure of methodological development, planning and execution. The direct conduct of a series of experiments ends with the issuance of a conclusion based on the processing of the results of experimental studies.
5. Analysis and presentation of research results, preparation of a report on research work. The analysis involves: terms of reference for research, theoretical conclusions, models, experimental results. Hypotheses are confirmed or refuted, scientific conclusions are formulated as the most important aspect of the research report, the theory is developed.
6. The stage of introducing the results of research into production, the formation of prerequisites for the commercialization of the innovation being created, the transition innovative project to the OKR stage.

Stage of experimental studies

The theoretical stage of research is a separate subject area with its own specifics. And it is obvious that the formulated theoretical conclusions must be confirmed by experiment, which is one of the key parts scientific research. It is understood as a set of actions aimed at creating the necessary conditions to reproduce the phenomenon under study in the purest, undistorted form. The purpose of the experiment is to test the hypotheses under consideration, to test the properties of the objects of study, to test the conclusions of the theory.

The methodology of experimental research is determined by the purpose of this stage of research and the type of experiment used. Experiments differ in many ways: goals, methods of forming the conditions for execution, types of organization of the conduct. The grounds for their classification can also include the nature of external influences on the object of study, the type of model studied in the experiment, the number of variable factors, etc. Among the specific types of experimental studies, the following stand out.

1. Natural and artificial types of experiments.
2. Ascertaining experiment.
3. Search experiment.
4. control experiment.
5. Decisive experiment.
6. Laboratory and full-scale types of experiments.
7. Mental, informational and material types of experiments.
8. Technological and computational experiments.

Appropriate experimental methods are applied to each of the above species. But whatever method is chosen, due to the uniqueness of each such work, in any case, it is necessary to clarify or even re-develop the methodology for its implementation. In doing so, it is necessary to provide:

• resources for preliminary observation of the object under study;
• selection of objects for the experiment with the exclusion of the impact of random factors;
• ensuring systematic monitoring of the development of a process or phenomenon;
• selection of measurement limits;
• systematic registration of measurements;
• creating situations that complicate the experiment;
• creation of conditions for the transition from empirical experience to analysis, logical generalizations and synthesis in support or refutation of theoretical assumptions.

At this stage of research, among the work performed, the following stages of experimental research are distinguished.

1. Formulation of the purpose and objectives of the experiment.
2. Choice of experimental area, variable factors, mathematical model data presentation.
3. Planning of experimental activities (development of a methodology for conducting, justification of the scope of work, number of experiments, etc.).
4. Description of the experiment and organization of its implementation (preparation of models, samples, equipment, measuring instruments, etc.).
5. The actual experiment.
6. Checking the prerequisites of a static nature to obtain the correct data and the primary processing of the results.
7. Analysis of the results and comparison with the hypotheses of the theoretical stage.
8. Preliminary conclusions and correction of theoretical generalizations.
9. Appointment and conduct of additional experiments.
10. Formulation of final conclusions and recommendations on the use of the information obtained.

We conclude this article on the basics of research work - the first stage of a fully deployed innovation project. It is high time for a modern project manager to turn "Terra Incognita" R&D into a completely understandable and clear process. This is due to the fact that this is an inevitable global trend. And although not every company is able to afford its own science, but to imagine how a scientific product arises, it becomes more and more important for business and its representatives every day.

7.1. Types of R&D and their main stages

Scientific research can be divided into fundamental, exploratory and applied (Table 7.1).

Table 7.1

Types of research work

Fundamental and prospecting works are usually not included in the product life cycle. However, on their basis, ideas are generated that can be transformed into R&D projects.

Applied research is one of the stages of the product life cycle. Their task is to answer the question: is it possible to create a new type of product and with what characteristics? The procedure for conducting research is regulated by GOST 15.101-80. The specific composition of the stages and the nature of the work performed within their framework are determined by the specifics of R&D.

development of terms of reference (TOR) for R&D;

choice of research directions;

theoretical and experimental research;

generalization and evaluation of research results.

An approximate list of works at the stages of research and development is given in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2

Stages of R&D and the scope of work on them

Continuation of the table. 7.2

7.2. Information support for applied research

At the stage of developing the terms of reference for research, the following types of information are used:

Object of study;

Description of the requirements for the object of study;

List of functions of the object of study of a general technical nature;

A list of physical and other effects, regularities and theories that can be the basis of the principle of operation of the product;

Technical solutions (in predictive studies);

Information about the scientific and technical potential of the research contractor;

Information about production resources (in relation to the object of research);

Information about material resources;

Marketing information;

Data on the expected economic effect.

Additionally, the following information is used:

Methods for solving individual problems and processing information;

General technical requirements (standards, restrictions on harmful effects, requirements for reliability, maintainability, ergonomics, and so on);

Projected terms of product renewal;

Offers of licenses and "know-how" on the object of research.

At the subsequent stages of R&D, the information listed above is mainly used as a base. Additionally used:

Information about new principles of action, new hypotheses, theories, results of research;

Data of economic assessment, modeling of the main processes, optimization of multicriteria tasks, prototyping, typical calculations, restrictions;

Requirements for information entered into information systems, etc.

7.3. Methods for assessing the scientific and technical effectiveness of research

The result of research is the achievement of scientific, scientific-technical, economic and social effects. The scientific effect is characterized by the acquisition of new scientific knowledge and reflects the increase in information intended for "intra-scientific" consumption. The scientific and technical effect characterizes the possibility of using the results of ongoing research in other R&D and provides the information necessary to create new products. The economic effect characterizes the commercial effect obtained by using the results of applied R&D. The social effect is manifested in the improvement of working conditions, the improvement of economic characteristics, the development of culture, health care, science, and education.

Scientific activity is multifaceted, its results, as a rule, can be used in many areas of the economy for a long time.

Evaluation of the scientific and scientific and technical effectiveness of R&D is carried out using a system of weighted scoring. For fundamental R&D, only the coefficient is calculated scientific performance(Table 7.3), and for exploration work and the coefficient of scientific and technical effectiveness (Table 7.4). Estimates of coefficients can only be established on the basis of the experience and knowledge of scientists who are used as experts. The evaluation of the scientific and technical effectiveness of applied R&D is carried out on the basis of a comparison of the technical parameters achieved as a result of the R&D with the basic ones (which could have been implemented before the R&D was completed).

Table 7.3

Characteristics of factors and signs of scientific effectiveness of R&D

Continuation of the table. 7.3

Table 7.4

Characteristics of factors and signs of scientific and technical

effectiveness of R&D

Continuation of the table. 7.4

In this case, the coefficient of scientific and technical effectiveness is determined by the formula

where k is the number of estimated parameters;

K VL i - coefficient of influence of the i-th parameter on scientific and technical performance;

K P i - coefficient of relative increase of the i-th parameter in comparison with the base value.

For the convenience of performing calculations, the data are summarized in Table 7.5.

Table 7.5

Assessment of the scientific and technical effectiveness of applied R&D