They were victims of Nazism, prisoners of German concentration camps. After the war, Einstein lobbied for nuclear disarmament and world government: “If the Third World War stones and sticks will fight in the fourth world." On the other hand, he despised nationalism and expressed doubts about whether a Jewish state was the best solution. Initially, he imagined that Jews and Arabs would live together on the same land. A few years before his death, Israel offered him to become its second president, but Einstein refused him, not possessing the necessary human qualities.

Albert Einstein, Albert Schweitzer and Bertrand Russell fought nuclear tests and bombs. Together with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs and Bertrand Russell, he published the Russell-Einstein manifesto and organized several conferences.

Let's say, for example, thermal, chemical, mechanical, radioactive, but above all, light energy. The interaction of electromagnetic radiation, that is, light, with tissues is based on a healing method that we professionally call phototherapy. Phototherapy is modern method treatment that uses the most natural source of light energy. Light is a concept directly related to the essence of life. Although we constantly meet with him and whether he is in a natural form or as an inexhaustible source, in a century nothing was known about his physical essence, and his study was in the hands of theologians.

Only in and in the following century, mainly Italian and French physicists, received a set of knowledge that eventually led to the idea of ​​the corpuscular nature of light. But in the first half of the seventeenth century, no one could explain the essence of flowers. Only at the end of this century, for the first time, light was a wave that propagated in space with the same speed and in all directions from every point on the surface of the body. A new field appears quantum physics. According to her, light has a dual character, wave and corpuscular.

Just now we are talking on the duality of waves and particles. The therapeutic use of light in scientific medicine is recorded only in a century. At the beginning of the century, light-emitting institutes were established around the world, used to process special lamps that emit light with various lengths waves, both visible and infrared or ultraviolet, which at the end was designated by the technical term as the dark part of vision. Edward Slavik, pioneer of light therapy in our country. The development of resort tourism, the construction of famous resorts in Greece, Italy, the French Riviera, or the development of alpine sanatoriums, allowed doctors to recommend a long-term stay in the mountain air, associated with the sun, as a method of treatment.

For many years, almost before the discovery of antibiotics, heliotherapy, along with the treatment of diet and the introduction of a high-calorie diet, was the only treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Today we use heliotherapy primarily in the prevention of diseases. In the therapeutic use of sunlight, we must never forget the effects of ultraviolet and infrared sunlight, although light in visible wavelengths is predominantly represented. Dependence of phototherapy on meteorological conditions led to the development of diminishing light sources.

Their development made it possible to more deeply study the effects of light on a living cell and demonstrated a strong relationship between the wavelength of light rays and the reaction of the organism. While monochromatic light with a wavelength of less than 550 nm or more than 900 nm slows down cell division, the diffraction of light between 550 and 900 nm accelerates. The wavelength of irradiated tissue is important because of its different absorption by water, hemoglobin and skin and melanin. Modern phototherapy uses several types of light sources, which differ both in their physical properties as well as its effect on living organisms.

Although some types of light have been used for decades and have become an integral part of medical settings, others have been used in medicine for the past few years. Here we mean laser. 6 7. Thus, they are called quantum light generators and radiation amplifiers, that is, optical sources of electromagnetic radiation. In accordance with the characteristics of the laser beam, we divide lasers into non-invasive, therapeutic and invasive, surgical. The laser beam is characterized by one color, coherence and polarization.

These features allow you to project the required power onto a small area. A hard ruby ​​laser was used for retinal coagulation and skin vascular tying. Its main advantages are mainly knowledge in the field of dermatological surgery and oncology. And, of course, it is interesting that the work of clinicians and researchers from Central and Eastern Europe significantly dominated. Significant progress in non-invasive laser therapy has occurred since the discovery of the helium-neon laser beam source, and especially since the end of the year with the development of miniature operationally reliable semiconductor sources, physicians can create a laser beam of any power and wavelength.

Czech laser specialists are among the world famous. Here we must remember the work of Prof. Dr. Jiří Hubáček, MD, Honorary Head of the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic of the Faculty Hospital in Olomouc, who we can consider to be the founder of the Czech School and who brought up several students in this course. Today there are several centers in the Czech Republic that focus on the use of phototherapy in selected medical disciplines and an overview of which is given at the end of this guide.

Both are widely represented in international societies such as the International Academy of Laser Therapy in Medicine and Surgery and the European Medical Laser Association. But the laser is a curable beam that can be damaged if used by a non-professional. Medical personnel, including physicians who work with them, must receive professional training. Therefore, it is undesirable to use the general public. However, not everyone has the opportunity to visit a workplace equipped with a laser.

However, it would be a shame not to take advantage of the beneficial effects of modified light. Therefore, bioptron lamps have been designed to emit polarized light, but this is not coherent. This means that the possibility of damage to the irradiated tissue is minimal, and the non-professional can also work on it after training. Perhaps the greatest benefit of using a bioptron lamp is the minimal side effects.

In the literature, we have not yet encountered a description of an adverse reaction to polarized light therapy. 8 9. The process is constantly repeated and leads to the propagation of waves in space from a given source of electromagnetic waves. Light is a type of electromagnetic wave such as x-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, or radio waves. These individual types of radiation vary in wavelength and frequency. For the light we call electromagnetic radiation which is perceived by the human eye.

Each wavelength gives rise to a different visual perception, the color of light. Light sources are energy transformations in the atoms of different substances. An atom can receive energy, for example, in the form of heat, light, or electricity. Of course, you have heard of electrons circulating in an atom around their nucleus along certain paths. Under the influence of the supplied energy, they can move a distance from the nucleus. In this state, they do not last long, and after a certain period of time, the electron returns to its original path, and the excess energy is emitted in the form of light.

The light then propagates from the light source in waves, like circles on the surface of water. The line perpendicular to the wave wave indicates the direction of light propagation and is called a light beam. Environment, in which light can propagate, differs depending on its optical properties. In a transparent transparent medium, there is no absorption of light, which causes the object to be colored in the complementary color of the absorbed wavelength, and there is no scattering of light. Light passes through a transparent medium, but it is partially scattered.

In an opaque medium, light is strongly absorbed or cannot reach it at all and is reflected on the surface. Depending on whether the optical medium has the same optical properties as a whole, we speak of a homogeneous or inhomogeneous medium. The skin is opaque and heterogeneous. Light travels in different media at different speeds. When light strikes the interface of two different optical media, the light is reflected and refracted. The speed of light in an unstable medium depends on its frequency.

This phenomenon is called light dispersion. Light dispersion allows the use of white light, in which light of all frequencies appears monochromatic. Optical prisms are used to split light. The fringe spectrum is arranged so that at least the red spectral component is deviated and most violet. Significant manifestation of light wavelengths, especially in monochromatic light, is a hindrance. The phenomenon consists of an arrangement of different contributions Coherent light or light with the same frequency laser radiation Incoherent light or light with different phases of light Bioptron waves at a given location.

Its manifestation is the appearance of an interference structure. In monochromatic light, interference manifests itself in the formation of light and dark bands, in white light, the formation of a rainbow. Another significant manifestation of the wavelengths of light is the diffraction or bending of light. As a result, the light does not propagate immediately and also into the area of ​​the geometric shadow created behind the obstacles.

Natural unpolarized light can be polarized in various ways: reflection, refraction, birefringence, or polarizing filters. In the polarization of light by birefringence, the anisotropy of crystals is used, that is, different speeds of light propagation in different directions. Monochrome light is always elliptical. A special case is circular or linear polarization. In applied and technical optics, dichroic polarizers of plastic carriers are often used to generate polarized light in which there are dichroic crystals that exhibit different absorption for different polarized light directions.