"The Art of Beauty" - W. Maurice Kline. Gamma C major on the piano. Vasiliev "Wet Meadow". Architecture is an amazing field of human activity. Catherine Palace. ...Sculpture. AD:AC==DC:AD. Mathematics, harmony, beauty. Division of a line segment according to the golden ratio. F. Bacon. The "golden section" is widely used to depict the faces of an adult.

"Mass culture" - Subculture. Graffiti. Professional culture: Picture of the world: Youth subculture: Spiritual and material Mass and elite Social Professional. Spiritual culture: Rostomani. Painting. Metalworkers. Popular culture: Rock music Fantasy Blockbusters Night clubs Youth fashion Video clips, etc.

"Sculpture by Donatello" - Padua. Working in different cities of Italy, he created sculptural masterpieces. Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi. Donatello is a bright representative of the era early renaissance in Italy. Marble. 1408-1409. Prophet Habakkuk 1427-1435. He was buried with great honors in Florence in the church of St. Lawrence. The central place under the canopy was occupied by the statue of the Madonna and Child.

"Ballroom dancing" - European program. Dancing in cinema. Quickstep. Instead of a tailcoat, dancing in a tuxedo or vest is allowed. Debuted at the American Music Hall and became very popular in dance halls. Slow waltz - ballroom dance of the European program. The suits of the Cavaliers are also very tight-fitting, often (but not always) black.

"The Art of Ballet" - Pas de deux - a duet of the main persons. Galina Ulanova. Character dance - creates an image through music, costume, movement. "Petrushka". Corps de ballet - mass dances. Classical dance - expresses the character of the characters. The first ballet - 1673. Ballet - a musical performance, where the main means of expression is dance.

"History of Dance" - The origin and history of dance. Each nation has its own dance traditions. Tango. Flamenco. A very large variety of dances, each dance is beautiful in its own way. Tectonic. Polka. Many dances contain history. Brakedance. Salsa. Ballet. The dance expressed prayers for rain, for sunlight, for fertility, for protection and forgiveness.

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General classification of styles. There is a general classification of artistic styles. It includes the styles of individual works, authorial, national, international, transnational, large and fundamental styles.

As the previous analysis has already shown, the central element of this typology is the grand style. Let us turn again to the Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary: "... the great styles of the organic artistic epochs of the past are the consistency of the generally significant principles of world knowledge and canonical, normative creativity ...". Large styles, characterizing the (often contradictory) leading value orientations of cultural epochs, embrace different kinds and genres of art, generalize the styles of individual works, author's, national, international, transnational. At the same time, large styles themselves form typological groupings in the fundamental styles characterized by the German art historian E. Kohn-Wiener: tectonic (simple construction), decorative, ornamental, eclectic, and (let's add) postmodernist.

Differentiating large styles (ancient Greece and ancient Rome, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, baroque and classicism, romanticism and realism, impressionism and symbolism, modernity and modernism) arise and develop in pairs, demonstrating the unity and struggle of opposite directions and currents, passing through the stages of genesis, differentiation, flourishing, rapprochement, academicization, eclectic exhaustion and postmodern "regrouping", i.e. innovative reconstruction (deconstruction). Each new pair of opposites becomes a dialectical negation of conservative tendencies that exhaust the reserves of development of the previous, basic and intermediate, pairs. For example, the styles of romanticism and realism come in the 19th century. to replace the academicized and eclectically combined examples of baroque and classicism, rococo and empire, demonstrating emphasized deviations from the exhausted, petty ideological principles and formal standards represented by these samples.

Each great style has national, interethnic and transnational forms, determined by the corresponding artistic mentalities, aesthetic ideals and multifaceted refracting collisions of the era. Let's compare examples of Italian Baroque (Bernini, F. Borromini, G. Guarini), Flemish Baroque (P. Rubens, J. Iordan), East Slavic literary Baroque (Simeon of Polotsk), sophisticated French Rococo (in painting - A. Watteau, F. Boucher , J. Nattier, O. Fragonard) and richly ornamented formations of the Belarusian-Polish rococo combined with baroque elements. As already emphasized, such formations found their diverse embodiment in the palace and temple architecture of the 18th century. (the palace of N. Radziwill in Dyatlov, the palace of M. Oginsky in Slonim, the Sapieha palace in Ruzhany, the Jesuit church in Grodno, the Carmelite church in Glubokoe), as well as in the excesses of luxurious life, theatrical entertainment of the "independent" magnates of the waning Commonwealth.

So, the grand style, on the one hand, refracts the cultural epoch in a configurative way, on the other hand, it acquires national and international forms. There are also transnational (polynational) styles. A vivid example of the latter is the expressionist painting of Marc Chagall, who saw the world revived by love through the eyes of a wise child.

Exceptionally bright and voluminous features of nationally modified and mentally conditioned large artistic styles are manifested in plastic arts oh, and above all in architecture, which, synthesizing with historically defined forms, lifestyles, directs and moves painting, graphics, sculpture, arts and crafts, and the creation of artistic everyday objects. In the work of the architect, B.R. Vipper, the multidimensional interaction of the main and additional components of the structure under construction, determined by the era, is very important. Additional ones include compositionally justified additions of auxiliary (in this case) arts. The necessary frames of a decorative nature should be organically connected with the structure being created within the framework of a single style with it. The plastic synthesis of construction and decorations allows creating an epoch-making majestic ensemble. The interior of St. Peter's Cathedral, reconstructed by Lorenzo Bernini, can serve as an example of a compositional artistic synthesis of the plastic arts.

The aristocratic Italian and the burgher Flemish baroque, although they are not similar to each other, nevertheless show visible typological correspondences within the framework of the cultural era of the New Age. Paying close attention to the significant mental and formative differences between the two types of baroque, it is appropriate to compare the solemn religious architectural ensembles (St. Apollo and Daphne”, “The Abduction of Proserpina”) with paintings by P. Rubens (“The Abduction of the Daughters of Leucippus”, “Bathsheba”, “Bacchanalia”) imbued with the turbulent dynamics of life, erotic scope and healthy sensuality. Looking at the fiery stream of vulcanizing lines-colors that densely saturate the baroque paintings of the Flemish master (“Chained Prometheus”, “Consequences of War”, “Allegory of Peaceful Prosperity”), you involuntarily recall the philosophical phrase: “Life is movement”. These works are a kind of Flemish redaction of a humanistically adjusted European activism. “In a blooming body - a heroic spirit” (V.P. Bransky). For several centuries, the eyes of the audience have been attracted by the seething energy of being, captivating the mind and feeling to new self-determinations. In the works of Rubens one can feel a passionate impulse towards life-creating human freedom, sanctified by the ideals of sacrificial humanism (“The Exaltation of the Cross”, “The Descent from the Cross”, “The Love of the Roman Woman”), directed by the mighty will of the people-titans, is keenly felt. An artistically harmonized mind, as it were, pulls a person out of the arms of an animal (“The Hunt for Lions”).

It should be noted once again as a fundamental postmodern style that is coming to the fore in modern artistic culture, to the prototypes and modern examples of which domestic art has always gravitated. This combined style is formed on the basis of a worldview of consistent pluralism, excluding the dominance of any "monopoly" excessively instructive rhetoric, academicized or Westernized aesthetic system.

As already noted in the first chapter, the artistic culture, the art of postmodernism are formed by non-literal quoting and hypertext recombination of various historical and contemporary artistic trends, trends, styles, patterns. Their mutual convergence takes place in the border zones: “All doors are open - come and take it” (O. Mandelstam). The style of Belarusian art and all primordially domestic artistic creativity internally combines structural mechanisms democratic postmodernism and creative traditionalism. This style and its components are transposed to other manifestations of our culture-civilization, responding to its borderline nature, transcommunication and transformational functions.

The cyclic nature of the development of artistic styles. Consider the general patterns of development of fundamental artistic styles. Cultural analysis of the dynamics of artistic styles allows us to conclude that they develop cyclically, in the direction of increasing diversity, convergence ( mutual intersection) and partial integration.

The evolution of internally differentiating artistic styles is non-linear. It includes - in accordance with the dialectical law of negation of negation - large-scale cycles, illuminated by E. Cohn-Wiener in his work "History of Fine Arts Styles". At the end of the study, he concludes: “Style is not created consciously, but depends on the laws of the movement of creation and destruction, on the general law of development. This law. is, perhaps, in itself the last cause. The regularities of the cyclic evolution revealed by the German art historian are especially clearly traced in relation to the aforementioned fundamental styles, which, according to his observation, reveal typological (structural) similarities and value-semantic correspondences of large styles, a kind of end-to-end continuity of the latter, as if adjoining each other, bypassing entire cultural epochs.

So, according to E. Cohn-Wiener, the tectonic style most often expressed the spiritual aspirations of a young, emerging culture and civilization and loomed, for example, in the general coincidence of the forms of a simple Doric style construction Ancient Greece, medieval Romanesque style, a large style of the early Renaissance period.

The decorative style, which was established at the stage of complication of culture and civilization, associated with an increase in social stratification, corresponded to the tastes value orientations upper strata of a hierarchical society. It is represented, in particular, by some structural correspondence (isomorphism) of the Ionic style of Ancient Greece, the Hellenistic-Roman style, mature Gothic, Baroque.

The ornamental style maximized the decorative trends in architecture, painting, applied arts, interiors, etc., filigree refined, made the components of the plastic form miniature, turning the method of ornamental decorations into the leading principle of constructing an artistic composition. The ornamental style in the history of artistic culture became the embodiment of the hedonistic aspirations and passions of the closed elite of the wealthy elite or (and) the elite cohort of aesthetes-aristocrats who valued "art for art's sake". Rococo and some currents of modernity consonant with it, including Russian (such as, for example, "The World of Art", "Blue Rose"), are the most indicative correlative manifestations of the ornamental style.

“Life is fleeting - let's dance!” Louis XV exclaimed frivolously and added: “After us, even a flood!” Perhaps the tone of these and similar irresponsible statements was influenced by the spirit of bohemian individualism escaping the anxieties of life and the growing “disregulation” of socio-cultural life (“anomie”). Super-hedonism as a companion accompanies the "corruption of being". How not to recall the poetic hyperbole of O. Khayyam here:

The world is ruled by violence, malice and revenge.

What else is reliable on Earth?

When evil is on the heels, a person thrown into an unreliable world seems to have only one thing left - to “catch a moment” of oblivion and consider sensual pleasure a self-sufficient form of mortal existence:

Life is a moment. Wine is a balm for sadness.

The day passed carelessly - thank heavens!

Be pleased with your destined share,

Don't try to fix it yourself.

Reason and intuition tell us that if these calls of Khayyam are exaggerated, then the consequences will be the saddest. However, the sound-images of bewitching poetry touch the subtle strings of the playful I of a tolerant person. Breadth of outlook, philosophical wisdom and culturological tact are required in order not to equate Khayyam's poetry with the banal temptations of the current relaxing hedonism and see in it spiritual self-sufficiency, a courageous challenge to "between times".

The cyclical dynamics of artistic styles is by no means reduced to the monotonous repetition of stereotyped configurations, since the similarity of certain cultural epochs cannot be interpreted as the periodic reproduction of the same form formations in them. The coming cultural and civilizational shift in the evolution of the world community will probably give rise to new large integral styles, the beginning of which will apparently be laid by the post-romantic worldview. These styles will resonate with the semantic images of the legendary Renaissance. The normative-ideal prototypes of the “universal man” of the Italian Renaissance and the mundane, pious Dutch burgher, who occupied a central place in Dutch painting, being, according to T. Mann, “an average man in the highest sense of this concept,” will appear in a new light. Recall the famous painting by Jan van Eyck "Portrait of the Arnolfinis".

Philosophical poetry welcomes the birth of a new world with a wide-ranging optimistic forecast. As if foreseeing great changes and humanistic prospects, the famous American poet Walt Whitman in his “Modern Years” addressed his descendants from the 19th century with an inspiring artistic and philosophical insight:

I see freedom, fully armed, victorious, proud, and it is accompanied, on the one hand, by Law and Peace, and on the other, by the Magnificent Trio, opposing the caste spirit. What historical denouements are we approaching with such rapidity?

I see the erased lines drawn by the old masters. I see the demolished borders of European kings.

I see the day when the people themselves will draw their lines, all the rest down. Modern years! Years of the imperfect!

Your horizon is rising and I see its edges parting.

ABSTRACT ART (ABSTRUCTIONISM) - non-objective art, non-figurative art, a direction of artistic creativity that does not use the image of the surrounding world in the usual forms. Abstractionists convey objects and their emotions with the help of certain elements. art form(color spot, line, texture, volume). Non-pictorial paintings are complexly organized in rhythm and color. Abstract art emerged in 1910-13. during the stratification of cubism, expressionism, futurism. In Russia, abstract art after the October Revolution developed as an underground. Since 1990, it has been on the same level with other forms of artistic creativity.

AVANT-GARDISM - a conventional name for various artistic trends in the art of the 20th century, which are characterized by the desire to radically change the principles and traditions of artistic practice - cubism, FUTURISM, expressionism, Dadaism, surrealism, abstract ART, analytical ART, LUCHISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM, cubo-futurism, suprematism, conceptualism, minimalism, postmodernism, pop art, etc. Avant-gardists strive for new means of expression and forms of works. Some decline in avant-garde occurred before the Second World War. After its completion, avant-garde tendencies are revived, neo-avant-gardism arises.

Agitational art is one of the forms of ideological, political and aesthetic influence on the masses. It became most widespread in the 20th century. in Russia after February Revolution and the October Revolution of 1917. Rapid development was received by the graphics, before - the poster. Revolutionary festivities, demonstrations and parades, workers' clubs were colorfully decorated. Many leading artists (Gerasimov, Kustodiev, Petrov-Vodkin, Tatlin, etc.) participated in such works, created colorful panels and three-dimensional structures for various dates. After the Second World War, propaganda art, limited to political propaganda, acquired the character of formal and unaddressed edification.

ACADEMISM is a direction that has developed in art academies XVI-XIX centuries It was based on a dogmatic adherence to the external forms of classical art. Considering modern reality low and unworthy of "high art", academism opposed it with timeless forms of beauty, mythological, historical or biblical stories. Over time, the academic system became conservative, planting state-owned art, abstracted from life. In the middle of the XIX century. in Russia, the activities of the Academy of Arts came into conflict with the development of the pictorial process. In 1863 there was a public break with the Academy of a group of its graduates (led by I.N. Kramskoy), who united in the Artel of ARTISTS. It was from that time that the concept of "academism" acquired a negative meaning, characterizing this trend as dogmatic.

ACTIONISM (English, action art - the art of action) is a generalized name for a number of forms that arose in the avant-garde art of the 1960s. (happening, performance, event, art of process, art of demonstration). Representatives of actionism believe that the artist should not be engaged in the creation of static forms, but in the organization of events and processes. The origins of actionism should be sought in the activities of the Futurists, Dadaists, and Surrealists. The movement seeks to blur the line between art and reality.

AMPIR - style in architecture, arts and crafts and fine arts first third of the 19th century in European countries. Empire drew in the art of Ancient Greece, Imperial Rome and ancient egypt, on the one hand, monumentalism, laconicism, and on the other hand, the idea of ​​asserting imperial greatness through numerous attributes and symbols. In Russia, the Empire style (high classicism) is most widely used in urban planning ensembles in the center of St. Petersburg and Moscow.

ANALYTICAL ART is a method developed and substantiated by Filonov in a number of theoretical works and in his own pictorial work of the 1910-20s. Starting from the principles of cubism, Filonov considered it necessary to enrich his method, limited by rationalism, with the principle of "organic growth" of the artistic form and "made" paintings. In his art, Filonov went from the particular to the general, from " elementary particles"of the natural world and a painting to create a holistic picture of the world. In 1925, Filonov led the team "Masters of Analytical Art"

UNDERGROUND (English, underground - underground) - a concept that arose in the United States and means an "underground" culture that opposes itself to the limitations and conventions of the culture that dominated society. In Russia during the Soviet period, the concept of the underground became a designation of communities representing unofficial art, not recognized by the authorities, as well as literature, music, etc. In line with the underground, currents of Java vanguardism, Sots Art and other opposition movements developed. After restrictions on artistic freedom were lifted in the early 1990s, the underground faded away.

ASSEMBLY - a collective concept that covers various types of material combinations created by nonconformist artists of the 1960s - 1970s.

BAROQUE (Italian barocco - whimsical, strange) - one of the dominant styles in architecture and art European countries late 16th - mid 18th centuries Baroque art is characterized by grandiosity, pomp, intensity of feelings, strong contrasts: illusory and real, scale and rhythm, light and shadow, materials and textures. The Baroque era was marked by the rise and synthesis of architecture, monumental and decorative arts. In Russia, this rise occurred in the first half of the 18th century: urban and estate ensembles are distinguished by solemn clarity and integrity of the composition of buildings and architectural complexes.

REVIVAL - one of the greatest cultural and historical eras, a turning point for the history of Europe between the Middle Ages and the New Age. The term "Renaissance" is a tracing-paper of the French term "Renaissance". The Renaissance is characterized by cardinal shifts in the orientation and content pathos of culture and art, the proclamation of the real world and man as the highest value, an appeal to ancient culture as the highest spiritual authority, a source of knowledge, ethical and aesthetic values.

HYPERREALISM (English, hyperrealism) - photorealism, a trend in American and Western art that developed by the end of the 1960s. and striving to restore the life concreteness lost in modernism artistic language. This trend tried to give the most objective picture of reality by imitating photographic images. Representatives of hyperrealism mainly use techniques that minimize traces of the artist's personal handwriting. In this case, the individuality of technology completely disappears.

GRAFFITI - in its original meaning, inscriptions or drawings found on the walls of ancient structures and vessels. This is also the name of modern inscriptions and drawings left on the walls of houses, fences, in the subway by children or adults. Graffiti is either scratched into the plaster, or done with any material at hand. As a manifestation of "grassroots", naive creativity, graffiti attracted the attention of many contemporary artists who valued in them the utmost conciseness, the use of a minimum number of graphic elements to designate a face, a human figure, a characteristic movement.

GROTESQUE is a type of artistic imagery based on a contrasting, bizarre combination of fantasy and reality, the beautiful and the ugly, the tragic and the comic.

DADAISM (French dadaisme, from dado - a wooden horse, figuratively - incoherent baby talk) is a modernist trend in Western European art. Born in Zurich in 1916, it is characterized by irrationalism, demonstrative anti-aesthetics, denial of any traditions. Dadaist methods of combining "ready-made" objects became the source of pop art in the middle of the 20th century.

IMPRESSIONISM - a trend in art of the XIX - early XX centuries. Appeared in France after the exhibition in 1874, which exhibited the painting by C. Monet "Impression. The Rising Sun". In their paintings, the Impressionists strive to capture, as it were, a passing moment of the continuous flow of life, as if accidentally caught by the eye, to preserve the freshness of the first impression. Under the influence of French impressionism, the work of such Russian artists as K. A. Korovin, V.A. Serov, N.E. Grabar and others.

INSTALLATION - a spatial composition created by the artist from various elements-household items, industrial products and materials, natural objects, fragments of textual or visual information. Widespread in contemporary art. The aesthetic content of the installation is in semantic transformations, the play of meanings resulting from the transformation environment and changing contexts.

HISTORICAL STYLES - a conventional collective name for the stylistic use of decorative elements of large style systems of the past.

KINETIC ART is a trend in contemporary art associated with the widespread use of moving structures and other elements of dynamics. Kineticism as an independent trend took shape in the second half of the 1950s, but it was preceded by experiments in creating dynamic plasticity in Russian constructivism and Dadaism. in the Soviet Union in the 1960s. there was a group of kineticists "Movement".

CLASSICISM - art style in European art XVII - early XIX centuries, one of the most important features of which was the appeal to the forms of ancient art as an ideal aesthetic standard. The art of classicism is dominated by balance and symmetry, statics, clear geometric shapes. In Russian art, the development of classicism falls on the last third of the 18th - the first third of the 19th centuries. All the best architectural ensembles of various cities appear during this period. In painting, classicism manifested itself most clearly in the works of the historical and mythological genres.

CONSTRUCTIVISM - a trend in Soviet art at the beginning of the 20th century. Constructivists set themselves the task of "designing" the environment, sought to comprehend the possibilities of new technology, explored the aesthetics of such materials as metal, glass, and wood. In the struggle for practicality, projects were developed for cultural centers, workers' clubs, kitchen factories, and models of work clothes. The artists A. Rodchenko, V. Tatlin, V. Stepanova and others belonged to the constructivists.

CONCEPTUALISM is one of the trends in avant-garde art that originated in the 1960s. The peculiarity of this style is the fundamental rejection of the embodiment of the idea in the material, that is, the reduction of art exclusively to the phenomena of consciousness. Works of conceptual art are associated with texts, inscriptions, documents, that is, with the area of ​​language. At the same time, material means play the role of only a stimulus of ideas; the object of contemplation is a mental form. In Russian art, such authors as I. Kabakov, I. Chuikov, V. Pivovarov, D.A. Prigov, groups "Collective Actions", "Amanita", "Nest", "Medical Hermeneutics", etc.

CUBISM is a modernist movement that emerged in the first quarter of the 20th century. Rejecting the traditional realistic art, the representatives of the movement turned to the primary elementary forms (cube, ball, cylinder, cone), designed three-dimensional forms on the plane. Pisasso, Braque, Gris had a strong influence on the development of cubism. In Russia, Malevich, Tatlin and others were fond of cubism.

CUBO-FUTURISM is a trend in Russian art of the 1910s that arose at the intersection of painting and literature. Futurist poets actively collaborated with cubist artists. As a result, a number of poetry collections designed by artists of this movement were released. The main figures of cubo-futurism in Russia are D. Burliuk, Mayakovsky, Khlebnikov, Kamensky and others.

LUCHISM is one of the earliest experiences of avant-garde painting. The creator of the current - Larionov - outlined his theory in the pamphlet "Luchism" (1913). According to Larionov, the artist must reveal the form that is obtained from the intersection of rays emanating from various items. Rays are usually represented by colored lines. The trend preceded non-objective art, configurative painting, evoked natural associations, but nothing more - the pictorial direction did not come out of Rayonism.

MASS CULTURE - dominant in industrial society late XIX-XX centuries a type of culture guided by ideological stereotypes and functioning as an industrial-commercial production. Belongs to the number of standardized phenomena of the spiritual life of society, introduced into the minds of people by means of mass communication. It is characterized by the planting of conformism in the public consciousness, the primitivization of the image of human relations, the cult of strong personalities, success.

MASS ART - a concept denoting specific manifestations mass culture and implying works of art designed to satisfy the needs of an anonymous, scattered audience and distributed through the media (film, television, printed graphics etc.) Mass art is dominated by stereotypes and simplified standards designed for the average taste of the general consumer.

METAPHYSICAL ART is an art that appeared in our country in the 1950s. Artists of this trend were primarily interested in the serious problems of being, as well as searches related to the field of the spiritual. Light and Darkness, Space and Chaos, Love and Death - these are just some of the topics that were touched upon by artists of the metaphysical direction. These include such authors as: Shvartsman, Steinberg, Krasnopevtsev and others.

MINIMALISM - the direction of avant-gardism of the 1960s - early 1970s. The works created in this style are distinguished by the deliberate simplicity of form, which is often reduced to elementary geometric contours, as well as coloristic laconicism.

MODERN (fr. moderne - latest, modern) - style in art at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries Ideally, modernity should have become a single style of life in society, creating a single aesthetic environment around a person (from home architecture to costume details). One of the main means of expression in art nouveau there was an ornament, often floral, permeated with expressive rhythm, subordinating the composition of the work. Graphics - book business, posters - received great development in modernity. In Russia, on the example of the Abramtsevo circle, one can see the programmatic universalism of artists who worked in the Art Nouveau style: they could simultaneously be decorators, and graphic artists, and ceramists, and painters and sculptors.

MODERNISM is a general definition of the diverse phenomena of art of the 20th century, which are characterized by the denial of old, traditional art. This includes Fauvism, Expressionism, Futurism, Cubism, Surrealism, etc. Modernism proclaims the superiority of art over reality.

NAIVE ART is one of the areas of primitive art of the 18th-20th centuries, including pictorial views folk art, creativity of self-taught artists.

NATURALISM - a trend in art that developed in the last third of the 19th century. The origins of naturalism should be sought in literature (the work of Zola, the Goncourt brothers), but it also influenced a number of artists - Manet, Degas, and others. The term naturalism was transferred to other art phenomena. The main interest of the current is focused on the depiction of the human character, due to its physiological nature and environment, understood mainly as a domestic and material environment. Exaggerated reliability of external details, without their critical analysis and reflection, predilection for a factual, superficial image is also often defined as naturalism.

NECROREALISM is a trend in contemporary visual arts and cinematography in St. Petersburg, which originated in the 1980s. The artists of this genre are characterized by an appeal to the theme of death and decay, as well as a sincere interest in the metamorphoses of a dead body and the field of pathology. In part, necrorealism was a metaphorical understanding of the phenomenon of the existence of art after the death of art. Necrorealist artists include Yufit, Serp, Kustov and others.

NEO-ACADEMISM is a trend in Russian art that originated in the second half of the 1980s. in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). The artists of this circle were inspired by the idea of ​​creating "beautiful", aesthetically complete, truly classical art at the end of the 20th century. Neo-academic artists include Novikov, Guryanov, Ostrov and others.

NEO-IMPRESSIONISM - a trend in painting that arose in France around 1885. Neo-impressionism gave a methodical, scientifically based character to the decomposition of complex tones into pure colors and developed the technique of writing with separate strokes (see Pointillism). The main representatives are Sulfur, Signac. Artists of this trend sought to overcome the randomness, fragmentation of the composition of impressionism, creating a generalized, plane-decorative painting, reminiscent of a panel.

NEOPRIMITIVISM - the designation of artistic techniques in the art of the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Neo-primitivism is characterized by deliberate simplification artistic means and forms for the sake of the greatest expressiveness To do this, neo-primitivism uses the experience of primitive art - bright colors, simplicity of composition and drawing. In Russia, the term came into circulation after the publication of the manifesto of Russian neo-primitivists (1913). This trend paved the way for the Russian avant-garde.

Neorealism is a trend in Italian painting that arose after the Second World War. It was named after the eponymous and simultaneous trends in Italian cinema, theater, and literature. In neorealism, the artistic techniques of a number of movements were used, including romanticism and expressionism. Representatives of this trend sought to establish new spiritual values ​​and new heroes (working people, ordinary people), to depict reality in all the sharpness of its contradictions.

NEO-RUSSIAN STYLE is a national-romantic branch of Russian Art Nouveau, which has received the most complete embodiment in architecture, arts and crafts and book graphics.

"NEW WILD" - a trend in European and American art of 1970-1980 based on the traditions of expressionism and fauvism and brought to the limit the principle of spontaneity, freedom from any rules and restrictions.

NONCONFORMISM - a conventional name for artistic movements that did not fit into the official Soviet art and existed within the framework of the underground in the 1960s - 1980s.

NON-FIGURATION ART - the same as abstractionism.

PERFORMANCE - form contemporary art, one of the varieties of actionism that arose in the avant-garde movements of the 1960s. A short performance before the public of an art gallery or museum, performed by one or more participants; performances are planned in advance and flow according to some program, which distinguishes them from more spontaneous happenings. Performance can be called the theater of visual arts, since it includes elements of pantomime, dance, music, poetry, video, cinema.

PLENAIR (French plein air - literally open air) is a term that refers to the transfer in the picture of the richness of color changes due to exposure to sunlight and the surrounding atmosphere. This type of painting has developed as a result of the work of artists in nature. The principles of the open air were embodied in the work of Monet, Pizarro, Renoir, in Russia - with Polenov, Levitan, Serov.

POP-APT is a trend in avant-garde art of 1950-1960, which is characterized by the use and processing of images of mass (popular) culture. Signs of mass culture are exploited by pop art in different ways: for example, sometimes they are introduced into the picture as a direct quote, through a collage or photo reproduction; in other cases, compositional techniques and the pictorial technique of billboards are imitated. Pop art artists were among the inventors of such forms as happening, installation, assemblage.

POSTAVANGARD - a general designation of the phenomena of artistic culture of the 1970-1980s. The post-avant-garde is distinguished by eclecticism, includes many trends based on the appeal to the art of the past - surrealism, new constructivism, etc.

POSTIMPRESSIONISM is a symbol for the main trends in French painting at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The masters of post-impressionism were looking for new and more expressive means for this era. The active mutual influence of individual directions and individual creative systems is characteristic, and the work of leading masters (primarily Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec) gave impetus to the development of many trends and trends in art of the 20th century.

POSTMODERNISM is the name of the latest trends in contemporary art. Common to these currents are the merging of different historical traditions: multiple stylistics, quotation, art as a game in which there is no organizing idea. Postmodernism rejects attempts to further update the "arsenal" of art tools and equalizes all of them in significance and relevance, following the path of borrowing from existing art systems of different eras and maintaining an ironic attitude to any art system.

PRIMITIVE is a monument of art belonging to an early stage of its development, which does not have signs of professional excellence. Interest in the primitive developed in the 18th-19th centuries. as a result of opposing "naive", "infantile" stages of evolution to "mature" art. In the XX century. the aesthetics of the primitive is associated mainly with the art of self-taught ("naive art") and amateurs.

PRIMITIVISM - a conscious, programmatic simplification of artistic means and an appeal to works of primitive, folk art, and children's creativity. The desire to gain purity of perception opposed analytical realism, naturalism and impressionism. In our country, the term "primitivism" is often used in relation to naive art- to the work of artists who did not receive education, but became participants in the general artistic process (Rousseau, Pirosmanashvili, Priymachenko).

"MANUFACTURING ARTS" - artistic movement in culture Soviet Russia 1920s, which set as its task the combination of art with craft, material production based on modern industrial technology. In 1918-1921. was directly connected with the "left" currents of fine arts. The main group of "manufacturers" broke in 1921 with abstract form-creation, moving on to practical work for production, introducing the artistic principles of constructivism. Among the participants in the movement are Tatlin, Rodchenko, Klutsis and others.

POINTILLISM - artistic technique in painting: writing with separate clear strokes (in the form of dots or small squares), applying pure colors to the canvas, based on their optical mixing in the eye of the viewer.

REALISM - a trend in art that strives to truthfully and objectively reflect reality. It assumes a variety of styles and has its own specific historical forms.

READY-MADE is one of the most common methods of contemporary art, which consists in exposing objects of industrial production. The meaning of the readymade is that due to a change in context (an exhibition hall instead of a familiar everyday environment), the perception of an object changes: the viewer sees in it not a utilitarian thing, but an abstract form.

RENAISSANCE - same as renaissance

Rococo is a style that originated in France, which became widespread in European art at the beginning of the 18th century. It is characterized by an ornamental decorative orientation, clearly expressed in architecture. Crushed ornament and bizarre furnishings are introduced into the decoration of the premises. For the painting of the Rococo era, gallant scenes, pastoral, erotic-mythological subjects are the characters. In Russia, the influence of Rococo manifested itself mainly in the decoration of palace interiors, the stucco decoration of the building, in the decorative arts - woodcarving, jewelry.

RUSSIAN STYLE, pseudo-Russian style - in Russian architecture and decorative art of the 18th-20th centuries. one of the historical styles: a direction that sought to master and bring the heritage of medieval Russian art and architecture of the 11th-17th centuries closer to modernity.

CEZANNISM (named after Cezanne) is a trend in painting of the 20th century, focusing on Cezanne's methods, on the construction of strong, material, stable three-dimensional forms by color contrasts. Cezanne's legacy was reflected in early cubism.

SECESSION - the names of the Art Nouveau style in Austria and the countries that were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

SYMBOLISM - a trend in European artistic culture at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Symbolism contrasted reality with the world of visions and dreams. A symbol generated by poetic insight and expressing the innermost, mystical meaning of phenomena was considered a universal tool for cognition. Symbolism found a stylistic justification in Art Nouveau, became a defining element of its artistic program. The most striking phenomena in symbolism were the paintings of Vrubel, Borisov-Musatov, early Petrov-Vodkin.

MODERN TRENDS - abstract art, actionism, kinetic art, conceptualism, postmodernism, sots art, necrorealism, pop art, minimalism, hyperrealism, metaphysical art, post-avant-garde

SOC-ART - a trend in domestic unofficial art of the 1970s - early 90s. Sots art artists used the style, language and conquests of social realism for their work. However, as a rule, in the works of socialist artists there is humor, irony and a sarcastic attitude towards ideological propaganda clichés, which are abundantly dissolved in the mass consciousness of Soviet people. Combining in their works pseudo-seriousness and style, taken from socialist realism, with a humorous or absurd plot, socialist artists achieved not only the audience's smile, but also the destruction of socialist mythology. Artists of this genre traditionally include: Komar, Melamid, Kosolapov, Bruskin.

SOCIALIST REALISM - basic artistic direction in the USSR from 1930 to 1980. The concept of this direction was proclaimed a true reflection of reality in its revolutionary development. This meant that the artist's task was to glorify the Soviet way of life, labor enthusiasm, the revolutionary struggle of the people and leaders for a "bright future". The method of socialist realism was strictly prescribed to artists in all areas of art, which created a rigid framework, caused disgrace of many artists. However, some representatives of this method still managed to create bright and original works of universal significance.

SUPREMATISM is a code name for a trend in avant-garde art created in the mid-1910s. in Russia by Malevich. The main task of the flow is the expression of the highest, absolute reality in simple forms. Malevich's painting "The Black Square" is considered a pictorial manifesto of Suprematism. As a kind of abstract art, Suprematism was embodied in combinations of the simplest multi-colored and different-sized geometric figures, forming harmoniously balanced compositions permeated with internal movement.

"SERIOUS STYLE" - existed in the 1950s and 60s. within socialist realism. The plot-thematic picture remained at the core. The artists who worked in this style were interested in the energy, will, drama of the fate of their contemporaries. The style is characterized by a monumental composition, a generalized laconic form, and large color spots.

SURREALISM is one of the leading avant-garde trends in the artistic culture of the 20th century. In 1924, Breton's "Manifesto of Surrealism" came out. Based on Bergson's intuitionism and Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, surrealism advocated the emancipation of the subconscious processes of the human psyche, the release of suppressed painful states, complexes. In the visual arts, the main methods are the isolation of specific objects from their environment, their paradoxical connection with other objects. Masters of this direction Ernst, Dali.

Wanderers - PARTNERSHIP OF TRAVELING ART EXHIBITIONS (TPKhV) - Russian democratic artistic association. Kramskoy became the ideological leader of the current in 1870. The Wanderers abandoned the canon and the idealistic aesthetics of academism. Expanding their educational activities, they organized the life of the TPES on a cooperative basis. Since 1871, 48 traveling exhibitions in Moscow, Petersburg, Kyiv and other cities. Having chosen the creative method of critical realism as the basis, the artists strove for a truthful depiction of the life and history of their native country, its nature. The association at different times included Kramskoy, Repin, Surikov, Kuindzhi, Levitan and many others. TPHV broke up in 1923.

TOTAL ART - the concept of avant-garde aesthetics of the 1960s, denoting the desire for "all-encompassing" art, for the destruction of boundaries not only between certain types artistic creativity, but also between art and reality. This desire was especially clearly manifested in such forms as happenings, performances, etc.

FIGURATIVE ART - works of painting, sculpture and graphics, in which, unlike abstract ornamentation and abstract art, there is a pictorial principle.

FAUVISM (from French fauve - wild) - "wild", a direction in French art of the early 20th century. (Matisse, Braque, Marquet, etc.) It is characterized by an extremely intense sound of open colors, a juxtaposition of contrasting chromatic planes, a reduction of form to simple outlines while refusing black and white modeling and linear perspective. The group made itself known at the Paris exhibitions of 1905-1907, but soon the association broke up, and creative ways participants dispersed. The name of the direction reflects the reaction of contemporaries to the exaltation of color that struck them, the "wild" expressiveness of colors.

FORMALISM - common name for a number of diverse artistic movements of the 20th century. (cubism, expressionism, avant-gardism, etc.), the term was especially widespread in Russia. All areas of formalism are characterized by a focus on the problems of artistic form. Soviet criticism waged a struggle against formalism, considering it a separation of form from content and seeing in it the antipode of socialist realism. In the 1940s - early 1960s. the word "formalism" lost its scientific meaning and began to be used to discredit artists and trends that for some reason did not correspond to the official doctrine.

FUTURISM is one of the avant-garde trends of the early 20th century. It was especially pronounced in the poetry and painting of Italy and Russia. The main idea of ​​futurism is the denial of the artistic heritage of the past, traditional culture in all its manifestations and the proclamation of the need to create the "art of the future" - the coming era of industrialism, technology, high speeds and pace of life. The style was formed under the influence of French cubism. The Futurists resorted to eccentric demonstrations and provocative gestures; in their noisy performances, actionism was born as a form of avant-garde art. In Russia, futurism manifested itself mainly in poetry, in painting there was a direction of cubo-futurism (D. Burliuk, Rozanova).

HAPPENING - a kind of actionism, the most common in avant-garde art of the 1960s-1970s. It develops as an event provoked rather than organized by its initiators. The action is most often played out directly in the urban environment or in nature, and the public is also involved in it. Artists considered this form as a kind of moving work.

EXPRESSIONISM - one of the dominant trends in European art in the mid-1900s -1920s. The motto of the expressionists is "from imagery to expression", the main methods are grotesque, hyperbole, extremely concentrated contrasts of light and shadow, a sharp spatial shift in form, bright colors.