The structure of art in the world. The influence of art on the consciousness and life of a child. How to explain modern works of art to a child? Modern expressive techniques
Definition of the term
In the most general sense, art is called craftsmanship, the product of which gives aesthetic pleasure. The Encyclopedia Britannica gives the following definition: "The use of skill or imagination to create aesthetic objects, settings or activities that can be shared with others". Thus, the criterion of art is the ability to evoke a response from other people. Works of art began to be created in prehistoric times, however, some authors tend to consider art only professional activity people of art in modern Western countries. The literature on the concept of art itself is extremely extensive. As Theodor Adorno said: “In our time, it is generally accepted that of everything, one way or another related to art, nothing can be considered generally accepted anymore.”
The theoretical claims contained in futuristic posters, where they are revered for their fury, dynamism and modernity, almost always prevail in practical application. The story told by the triptych takes place in a railway station, a catalytic place of intense feelings. Those that remain a kind of vertical filamentous structure seem to be trapped and hindered by the slow and tedious work of the parsons, described with a few dark oblique strokes. The almost monochrome use of color perfectly conveys the feeling of vacuum and the gloom of those who "remain" after separation, those who come home after inspecting the train.
The definition and evaluation of art as a phenomenon is the subject of ongoing debate. The nature of art is often considered "the most elusive of all the mysteries of human culture." Some authors believe that art is a way of expressing or empathizing with emotions and ideas, others believe that it is a way of exploring and evaluating formal elements, and others that it is mimesis or representation. Leo Tolstoy defined art as a way of indirect communication between people. Benedetto Croce and Robin Collingwood developed the idealistic doctrine that art expresses emotions and therefore its essence is only in the intention of its creator. The theory of art as form has its roots in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and was developed in the early 20th century by Roger Fry and Cleve Bell. View of art as mimesis or representation goes back to the philosophy of Aristotle.
The scene is seen from above, in the center of the picture stand out the forms of two people who stretch their hands together in the motto of mutual attraction. A strong emotion, the turmoil of the soul at the moment of withdrawal, is done through a wavy and tormented trend of brush strokes, hinting at smoke environment. This time, the use of a wide range of colors makes it possible to understand that the combination of different sensations that are triggered at the same time.
In the second version of this painting, Boccioni eliminates the human figures, replacing them with the shape of a train that smokes smoke and steam while waiting for a street signal. 
Those who walk onto the canvas are showered with quick signs of a diagonal move. This texture reproduces the image warping due to speed, as seen from a train window, and is overlaid by the landscaping trees and slanted houses seen at the top. The movement and speed of the train also warns of red curves full of wind and rhythmically repeating handles, simulating watching two different moments at the same time.
Primitive art was syncretic. According to some authors, it originates in pre-speech skills and techniques for transmitting, perceiving and storing linguistic information in memory. The communicative utility of primitive creativity, along with the development of the aesthetic aspect, is clearly observed in the pre-printing folklore period of the cultures of all peoples. There are also theories about art as a biological function (artistic instinct).
In those who travel, the feeling of emptiness left behind is quickly filled with the determination to leave, the excitement, and the pleasure of the journey ahead. If the dense network of recording marks a clear debt to the splits in the last picture, however, we find all the elements of the futuristic language from that dynamism expressed by the diagonal line of houses, in speed, in rhythm and simultaneity of lines concentric.
With this painting, Boccioni states that he wants to "bring to life a modern new vibrant altar of dynamics, as pure and sublime as those who have been elevated from religious contemplation to divine mystery." The painting refers to a real event, a site on the outskirts of Milan and, more general plan, to the expansion of urban areas, with the urban appropriation of the space occupied by the village, and the conquest of the sky through the construction of ever higher buildings. Palaces and forests are visible in the background, as are the chimneys of industries and the new electric tram.
Art in the ancient world
Portrait of the baker Terence Neon and his wife. Pompeii (House of Terence Neon, VII, 2, 6). Inv. no. 9058. Naples, National Archaeological Museum.
The foundations of art in the modern sense of the word were laid by ancient civilizations: Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Greek, Roman, as well as Arabian (ancient Yemen and Oman) and others. Each of the mentioned centers of early civilizations created its own unique style of art, which survived the centuries and influenced later cultures. They also left the first descriptions of the artists' work. For example, the ancient Greek masters in many ways surpassed others in the image human body and were able to show the muscles, posture, the correct proportions and beauty of nature.
Galloping horses dominate the foreground, trawlers have become symbols of vitality and universal dynamism. Dynamism that invests and pulls people. Bright, intense colors come with vibrant brush strokes. The figures are not outlined, the color strokes of each of them merge with the shades of other figures and the environment.
Our bodies enter sofas and sofas enter us, just as a passing tram enters houses, which in turn stumble over and merge with the tram. With this work, Boccioni states that he wants to resume the mummified art of sculpture. The main character is still dynamism. The Grand Bronze is actually a person, perhaps an athlete, in a race that suggests heroic advancement, an attitude of trust and conquering what lies ahead, therefore the will and courage to face the future.
Arts in the Middle Ages
See also Carolingian RenaissanceModernism with its idealistic search for truth in the second half of the 20th century. paved the way for the realization of his own unattainability. Relativity was accepted as an indisputable truth, which marked the advent of the period of modern art and postmodern criticism. World culture and history also became relative and transient categories, which began to be treated with irony, and the blurring of the boundaries of regional cultures led to their understanding as parts of a single global culture.
To describe the hind limbs, muscles, ligaments and the artist also uses a curved line, capable of suggesting movement, further exacerbated by the alternation of concave and convex surfaces, which, respectively, retain and reflect light. The avant-garde, in a cultural sense, is a series of new languages that emerge and establish themselves in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century. These are organized groups of artists and intellectuals who, through the compilation of program posters, intend to follow a common line. Futurism The futurism of the typeface, at the forefront of the twentieth century, is characterized by a renewed desire for a revolt of sentiment towards the tradition of classical culture of unconditional trust in the possibilities of the future and its technical innovations of striving for the "ideal" work" general art”, which can include all the senses and areas of intellectual research. The rise of war as the only sanitation of the world. The Futurist Artists Manifesto, addressed to young Italian artists, encouraging them to revolt against tradition, against institutions, against professors and critics, the Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting, in which the two fundamental concepts of the Futurist pictorial language are: dynamism and interpenetration.
- Vanguard.
- Replacing the myths of the past with those of the present and future.
Classification
Art can be classified according to different criteria. display subject visual arts is the external reality, while the non-pictorial forms of art embody the inner world. According to the type of expression and perception, non-fine arts are divided into musical, dance and literary, mixed types are also possible. Various types Art is characterized by genre differentiation.
It outlines the direction of their search and change in the visual arts towards more abstract forms, until he reaches the negation of color in painting, and the rejection of painting itself. Added to all this is the confidence of the artists that the work should be contemplation and perceived by the viewer, the author did not say. This, in turn, is one of the main characteristics of the sublime as an aesthetic category.
How to understand painting as temporary art and what is the relation of the time factor in relation to painting, painting and fine art. The painting is not time-art in relation to the development of the art itself, but the time factor is an integral part of painting, painting and fine art.
According to the dynamics of art can be divided into spatial and temporal. According to their utility, arts are divided into applied and elegant (pure).
According to the materials, art can be divided into types using
- traditional and modern materials (paints, canvas, clay, wood, metal, granite, marble, plaster, chemical materials, serial industry products, etc.)
- modern ways of storing information (modern electrical engineering, digital computers)
- sound (audible air vibrations)
- word (language unit)
- human intermediary (performer: actor, singer, clown, etc.)
Depending on the expressed feelings and emotions, art can be divided into genres and styles: drama, tragedy, comedy, farce, etc.
What is the creative impulse for painting, creating a work of art and cultivating as an artist. The most simple way to put a creative impulse is the author's inner impulse to create, to create, to open their imagination, to speak through the expression of art.
Painting with watercolors - nature and purpose. The difference between drawing and watercolor painting
The essence of watercolor painting is the same as the essence of painting in general, as far as its main functions are concerned, but differ in the technique with which it was made. The main and most important difference between drawing and watercolor painting is established by the artist aiming at creation.
| ~ Arts | Static | dynamic | |
| Fine | painting, graphics (drawing, printmaking), arts and crafts, sculpture, photography, graffiti, comics | silent movie | |
| theatre, opera, pop music, circus, cinematography, video games | |||
| Non-pictorial (expressive) | architecture, literature | music, choreography, ballet, radio art |
Any kind of activity can be conditionally called art if the performer puts his feelings in a new original and meaningful form. So, for example, ikebana, martial arts, etc. can be classified as art on the basis of the aesthetic perception of the elements of this activity associated with graphics, sound, movement, and according to the principle of the degree of mastery of performance.
Mold Decomposition and Image Synthesis in Cubist and Cubist Painting
Their application in painting is different - each of them has its own meaning for the development of an idea in the process of a creative act. 
main feature currents in contemporary art called cubism is a decomposition of the form of details that are painted as if observed from different points vision at the same time. It is based on the concept of this style - the eyes see the object from one point of view, but the mind perceives it as complete - from all its sides, and all its features, at the same time.
The manifestation of entrepreneurial talent is manifested in the art of building a business system. Creating a new business cannot be reduced to a predetermined sequence of actions and has long been recognized as a special kind of art in the socio-economic environment.
Sometimes instead of the term art use a synonym of foreign origin art: pixel art, ORFO art, art therapy, body art (one of the types of avant-garde art), video art, sound art, net art.
Painting, art, personal creativity - drawing that develops in children
Therefore, when the objects of cubism seem to be drawn on a plane, one can see different points of view at the same time. 
Children's drawing, painting, art, personal creativity, painting is not only a means of communication in children, but is important for the development of creativity, imagination, the ability to perceive art and the world around it. Creativity and imagination, in turn, are not only the attributes of an artist and an artist - these are the properties of each person and their richness can help a person solve problems in all aspects of life and find innovative solutions in all areas of professional development.
Art and criticism
art theories
Since antiquity, art has been the subject of study as the practice of philosophy. In the 19th century, art was seen predominantly as the product of an interplay between truth and beauty. For example, the theorist of aesthetics John Ruskin, analyzing the work of Turner, noted that the meaning of art is to create access to the esoteric truth contained in nature using artistic methods.
Why "children's drawing painting?" Because color is the main means of expression in children. They perceive the world with a level of emotion and spontaneity, so choosing colors is an important part of their job. 
Modern and avant-garde painting at the beginning of the 20th century stems from the artist's refusal to imitate nature and their desire to express the world of ideas, using the means of expression that best resist them and use the achievements of science and technology only to understand the world, but also to create art and painting. , which are less impressive and more conceptual.
The functions of art described above are not mutually exclusive and may overlap. For example, art for entertainment can be paired with a product, movie, or video game advertisement. One of characteristic features postmodern art (after the 1970s) - the growth of utilitarianism, functionality, focus on commercialization, while unmotivated art or its use for symbolic and ritual purposes is becoming increasingly rare.
Art, social structure and values
Often, art is seen as an attribute of selected social strata, alien to other strata of the population. In this sense, the pursuit of art is generally seen as belonging to the upper classes, associated with wealth, the ability to buy beautiful but useless things, and a penchant for luxury. As an example, supporters of such views can cite the Palace of Versailles or the Hermitage in St. Petersburg with their extensive collections, collected by the richest monarchs in Europe. Only very wealthy people, governments or organizations can afford such collections.
The past decades have shown that new trends have not been able to put a barrier to the commercialization of art: DVDs with videos of actionist performances, invitations to exclusive performances, as well as objects left by conceptualists in their exhibitions, entered the market. Many performances were action, the meaning of which is clear only to educated intellectuals, an elite of a different kind. The understanding of art has become a new symbol of belonging to an elite, instead of owning the works themselves, and since knowledge of the history and theory of art requires high level education, art is still a sign of belonging to the upper class. "With the advent of DVD technology in the 2000s, artists and galleries that profit from sales and exhibitions of works of art have taken control of the market for video and computer images, which are available to collectors in limited quantities" .
Classification discussions
The history of art knows many discussions about the significance of a particular work. During the past century, this question has become directly related to the understanding of the meaning of the term art itself.
Ancient Greek philosophers debated whether ethics was "the art of a virtuous life." In the 20th century, discussions about belonging to art often arose around the work of the Cubists and Impressionists, Marcel Duchamp's Fountain, cinema, enlarged images of banknotes, propaganda, and even a crucifix immersed in urine. Within the framework of conceptual art, works are often deliberately created that are on the verge of what is understood by art. New media, such as video games, are gradually included by artists and critics in the category of art, although these shifts in classification are not recognized everywhere and not by everyone.
Philosopher David Novitz believed that disagreements over the definition of art are generally not meaningful. Rather, "the partisan opinions and interests of people in their public lives form a significant part of all discussions about the classification of art" (Novitz, 1996). According to Novitz, they are usually discussions about our values and the way society develops, not about theories. For example, when the Daily Mail criticizes the work of Hirst and Emin: “For a thousand years, art has been one of the driving forces civilization. Today, pickled sheep and a bed of salt can make us all barbarians,” this is not a definition or theory of art, but only a questioning of the artistic value of a particular work. In 1998, Arthur Danto proposed a thought experiment showing that “the status of an artifact as a work of art depends more on society's views on art than on its own physical or sensory features. Interpretation within a given culture (in a way, the theory of art), therefore, determines the belonging of an object to art.
Art and science
Art and its individual aspects are the subject of scientific research. The science that studies art in general and related phenomena is art history. The branch of philosophy concerned with the study of art is aesthetics. Art-related phenomena are also dealt with in other social sciences and humanities, such as cultural studies, sociology, psychology, poetics, and semiotics.
For the first time, Aristotle (384-322 BC) turned to the systematic study of art in his work Poetics. Interestingly, in other writings, Aristotle also initiated the systematization scientific knowledge and scientific method.
Nowadays special role semiotics plays in the study of art. This science, which appeared at the end of the 19th century, considers a wide range of problems from the point of view of communication and sign systems. Yuri Lotman (1922-1993), an outstanding Soviet culturologist and semiotician, in his works proposed a semiotic approach to culture and described a communication model for the study of a literary text. With this approach, art is seen as a language, that is, a communication system that uses signs ordered in a special way.
There is a hypothesis that art arose before science, and absorbed it for a long time. Both art and science are symbolic systems of man's knowledge of nature and himself, and for this they use experiments, analysis and synthesis.
Differences between art and science:
- science and technology have a greater influence on things, and art on psychology;
- science achieves objectivity, while the authors of works of art invest themselves, their feelings in them;
- the scientific method is strictly rational, while in art there is always a place for intuitiveness and inconsistency;
- each work of art is single and complete, each treatise- only a link in the chain of predecessors and followers;
It must be borne in mind that these differences are true only with a superficial examination of their essence. Each item is a separate topic for discussion.
Art and religion
It is impossible to separate the birth of art from the birth of religion. From the point of view of an established religion, art is only a symbolic way of conveying the higher truths preached by a given religion. For a long time from the heyday of Christianity to the Renaissance in the European world, art was mainly commissioned by the church.
see also
Notes
Literature
| Portal "Art" | |
| Art in Wiktionary | |
| Art at Wikibooks | |
The primary form of art was a special syncretic(undivided) complex of creative activity. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, from this syncretic action began to stand out certain types art.
Kinds of art- these are historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, word, etc. Each type of art has its own special varieties - genera and genres, which together provide a variety of artistic attitudes to reality. Let us briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.
Literature uses verbal and written means to build images. There are three main types of literature - drama, epic and lyrics, and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.
Music uses audio. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Genres of music - opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.
Dance uses means of plastic movements to build images. Allocate ritual, folk, ballroom,
modern dances, ballet. Directions and styles of dance - waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.
Painting displays reality on a plane by means of color. Genres of painting - portrait, still life, landscape, as well as everyday, animalistic (image of animals), historical genres.
Architecture forms a spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, landscape gardening, industrial, etc. Allocate also architectural styles- Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.
Sculpture creates works of art having volume and three-dimensional shape. Sculpture is round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image). The size is divided into easel, decorative and monumental.
Arts and Crafts related to application needs. This includes art objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothes, jewelry, etc.
Theatre organizes a special stage action through the play of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.
The circus presents a spectacular and entertaining action with unusual, risky and funny numbers in a special arena. These are acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training and so on.
Movie is the development of theatrical action on the basis of modern technical audiovisual means. The types of cinematography include fiction, documentary films, animation. By genre, comedies, dramas, melodramas, adventure films, detectives, thrillers, etc. are distinguished.
Photo fixes documentary visual images with the help of technical means - optical and chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.
Stage includes small forms of performing arts - dramaturgy, music, choreography, illusions, circus performances, original performances, etc.
Design is a design activity aimed at improving the life of each person by creating a constructive ergonomic image of a holistic, aesthetic environment and objects that make up this environment. Design is the design of objects in which the form corresponds to their purpose.
Graphics, radio art, etc. can be added to the listed types of art.
Each species, genus or genre displays a special side or facet human life, but taken together, these components of art give a comprehensive art picture peace.
The need for artistic creation or enjoyment of works of art increases along with the growth of the cultural level of a person. Art becomes the more necessary, the further a person is separated from the animal state.
