What is contemporary art. What are the types of art

Each person understands the meaning of art in different ways: some elevate and exalt, others erupt into the abyss of emotions. Man can live without works of art Everyday life, but emotional hunger needs the knowledge of real art, which gives a feeling of happiness, joy and peace of mind. It is able to transfer a person to the world of dreams and fantasies, which everyone expresses in various types art. Below we will consider them.

Plastic or spatial arts

art

This type of creativity aims to reproduce the surrounding world and feel it visually. For the sake of this type of art, many artists gave up a calm, well-fed life and burned on the altar of art. The works of the masters became the causes of political clashes and wars. Collectors were ready to incur a curse. That's what people are willing to do for the sake of art.

Painting. The art of depicting reality with colors. It represents objects depicted with a multi-colored palette on the surface. The artist can express his inner world and emotions on canvas, easel and cardboard. This genre is divided into several types: easel, monumental, miniature.
. The art of depicting objects with strokes and lines. On the one hand, both adults and children can do this, having only a sheet of paper, paints, pencils. But not everything is so simple, and those who believe that graphics are publicly available are mistaken. This is a complex kind that needs to be trained if you want to become masters of this business. The artist applies strokes, lines and spots on the plane (wood, metal, structures, cardboard, and so on), using one or two color schemes (in some cases, you can use more). This genre is divided into several types: easel, computer, magazine and newspaper, book, applied and industrial.
Sculpture. The artist expresses his works from solid and plastic materials that have a three-dimensional form. The captured works in the materials are able to convey the life image of the objects of creation. This type is divided into several types: sculpture of small forms, monumental, easel, small plastic and monumental - decorative.

constructive art

The master expresses his creativity in reproduction of artistic buildings that organize the spatial and objective environment around us while not showing anything. It is divided into two genres:

. It is based on the life, views and ideology of society and easily adapts to the change of style in different historical periods of life. This genre is divided into several types: urban planning, landscape and architecture of three-dimensional structures.
Design. It is an aesthetic symbol of the modern world. By creating masterpieces, the designer consolidates the style of the era with his creativity. It is divided into several genres: exhibition, subject, landscape, interior design, clothing and books.

Decorative and applied art

Creative works of this art have practical use in everyday life . The basis of this art is various branches of creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. It is divided into several types:

ceramics;
forging;
glass;
tapestry;
clay toy;
sewing;
application;
quilted products;
artistic processing of leather;
weaving;
stained glass and much more.

Temporary arts

The composer expresses his spiritual beauty and picture of the world with the help of sound tones and rhythms, meaningful and organized in an orderly manner. This is the spiritual language of the material world, reproduced with the help of musical instruments (their basis is a resonator), unconsciously grasped by hearing. Types of music can be divided according to different criteria, for example, according to the nature of the performance, it is divided into such types as vocal, instrumental, chamber, solo, electronic, vocal-instrumental, choral and piano. By habitat - military, church, religious, dance and theatrical. But basically it is divided into two types:

vocal;
instrumental.

Most often, this type of art means only fiction, but not everything is so simple. In addition, this includes scientific, philosophical and other works that reflect the views of people. Here works are created with the help of words and writing. They reflect the totality of branches of knowledge of a particular science or specialty. Literature is divided into such types as educational, technical, scientific, artistic, reference, memoir and documentary prose. Created in several genres:

folklore;
prose;
poetry.

Spatio-temporal arts

This is a combination of several art forms, such as literature, choreography, music, poetry, and so on. The theater has its own views and views on the reflection of reality and does this with the help of dramatic action. This is a collective art, expressing one's ideas with the help of actors, directors, screenwriters, directors, composers, costume designers and make-up artists. Consists of several types such as drama theatre, puppet, opera, ballet and pantomime.

A type of artistic creativity based on various technical methods for recording and reproducing an image in motion, accompanied by sound. There are several types of this art - feature films, documentaries and short films.

Expression of emotions and inner experiences with the help of body movements, built into a certain work, accompanied by music. People have the opportunity to express their feelings, themes, ideas through pantomime, scenery and costume. It has its own directions and styles: ballroom dance, historical, ritual, folk, acrobatic, variety and club dance.

Art reflects a person's life in the inseparability of its natural, social and personal moments, therefore it performs many functions and meets the diverse needs of a person, realizing his artistic abilities.

Among the main functions of art are the following:

Cognitive-heuristic function. Reflecting reality, art is one of the ways a person learns about the world around him. For example, almost the only source of our ideas about culture Ancient Greece so-called "Dark Ages" are the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey", the author of which is Homer, and it is no coincidence that this historical period bears his name (Homeric period).

One can learn more about the life of Petersburg society from Dostoevsky's novels than from the writings of all historians, economists, and extras of that era.

Long before science, art participated in the knowledge of the surrounding reality and the person himself, his nature, soul, own inner peace, their formation and development, harmonization of relations with nature and society.

But unlike science, which is interested in the world that exists by itself, objectively, art excites (as already noted) the world of man and man in the world, i.e. personal aspect.

Axiological function, consisting in assessing the impact of art on a person in terms of ideals, public ideas about the perfection of spiritual development, about morality, which the artist is guided by.

An example is the idea of beauty, which is historically changeable. At the same time there can be different ideals of beauty. More N.G. Chernyshevsky noted that the ideas about human beauty among the common people are in many respects dissimilar to the ideas about it among the ruling classes. At ordinary people these ideas have always been associated, first of all, with health, the ability to work. Therefore, the popular ideal was not a slender white-faced beauty with thin arms, but a red-cheeked, blooming, full of health, the ability to work. During the Middle Ages, folk ideals of beauty found their expression in folklore, in the artistic products of artisans, while the ideals of the ruling classes were embodied in knightly literature.

Communicative function . Art is a sign system that has its own historically conditioned language, code, its own conventions, and this feature allows art to be one of the universal means of communication and artistic communication. Communication through art makes these codes and conventions publicly available, introduces them into the arsenal artistic culture humanity. Of course, a work of art cannot be reduced only to a sign or symbol, but knowledge of the special specific languages of each type of art in different historical eras is necessary in order to adequately perceive the information that they contain.

Art has long united people and helped them communicate. So, for example, in ancient times, multilingual tribes, concluding a truce, arranged a dance that rallied them with its rhythm. Art related and united the Neapolitans, Romans, Lombards, when at the end of the XVIII century. politicians divided Italy into small counties and principalities. It was art that allowed them to feel like a single nation. And in modern world art paves the way for mutual understanding of peoples, it is an instrument of peaceful coexistence and cooperation.

aesthetic function . By its nature, art is the highest form of mastering the world "according to the laws of beauty." Art, with its figurative structure, its specific work with the forms of reality, seeks to reproduce, embody in its forms the beauty of the world and bring it into human life. By creating a new, man-made beauty, art has become the organization and a new sense of the fullness of man's possibilities. The search for harmony and order made art a means of embodying social energy and organizing the correspondence between the external harmony of the world and the internal harmony of the human world. Art, as a struggle between harmony and chaos, acted as an organizing factor at all levels of its existence and functioning, became a human way of mastering reality with the help of figurative comprehension of it, reproduction by building its general, human-oriented model.

It is no coincidence that the Indian poet Kalidasa (5th century) singled out four goals of art: to arouse the admiration of the gods; create images of the world and man; deliver high pleasure with the help of aesthetic feelings: comedy, love, compassion, fear, horror; serve as a source of joy, happiness and beauty. The aesthetic function is the specific ability of art to educate artistic tastes, orient a person in the world of values, activate the creative spirit of the individual, the desire and ability to create.

hedonic function, which lies in the fact that true art brings people pleasure, spiritualizes them. Even the ancient Greeks noted the special, spiritual nature of aesthetic pleasure and distinguished it from carnal satisfactions.

Information function lies in the ability of art to convey a variety of information, serving as a specific channel of communication and socialization of the individual experience of relationships and personal appropriation of socialized experience. The information possibilities of art are wide. Artistic information is always distinguished by originality, emotional richness, and aesthetic richness.

educational function. Without a doubt, art is one of the components that form a holistic personality. It expresses the totality of human relations to the world - the norms and ideals of freedom, truth, goodness, justice and beauty. Holistically perceiving piece of art, actively empathizing with him, the viewer, as it were, becomes a co-author. Thus, art acts as a way of intellectual and emotional spheres consciousness in their harmonious interaction.

M.S. Kagan, pointing to the special place occupied by art in culture, identifies five functional orientations of art: in relation to nature, society, man, culture, and itself as a specifically cultural phenomenon.

The functions of art in relation to a person are the development of his spiritual potential, “humanization” in the literal sense of the word. Works of art not only deliver aesthetic pleasure, but also contribute to the achievement of the spiritual self-determination of the individual, his unique individuality.

The functions of art in relation to society are the strengthening of social ties between people through giving an aesthetic, emotionally effective “clothing” to various social and organizational actions of people, as well as through the formation of the consciousness of each member of society in a spirit that meets the needs and ideals of this society.

Art also affects nature itself, since it not only depicts, but also transforms it - both in artistic imagination and in reality.

In relation to culture, art performs the functions of culture's self-awareness, the "mirror" of culture as a whole. In addition, art is the "code" of each specific culture in the process of its communication with other cultures.

Finally, the function of art in relation to its own needs is self-regulation. artistic development caused by the need for aesthetic self-improvement; therefore, art always has to look for a "golden mean" between the demands of modernity and the traditions of the classics.

In art, the aesthetic receives emotional and sensual content, due to which the objective reality is displayed and perceived in the subjective system of “objectified” values, ideas, meanings, i.e. formed art picture peace. In addition, art "turns out to be at the same time a part of that reality, the way of perception of which is systematized human consciousness and is reflected by the latter in the form of a “picture of the world”, and a specific, “artistic” instrument of the very process of this systematization. This "duality" of art is apparent; in fact, there is not an opposition here, but a complementarity of different aspects of one whole.

The world-historical purpose of art is to perceive the world in its entirety, to preserve the integrity of the individual, culture and life experience of mankind. one. Socially transformative(art as an activity). Art is the creation of artistic reality and the transformation of the real world in accordance with the ideals of the artist. For example, the enslaved Icelandic people created sagas in which freedom-loving and courageous heroes-heroes lived and acted. In the sagas, the people spiritually realized their thoughts about freedom and independence. The dreams of the people about liberation from the power of the Tatar-Mongol yoke are reflected in Russian epics. Eroticism of cinema and novels of the 20th century. largely determined the sexual revolution of 60-70 years. 2. Compensatory(art as consolation). Perceiving a work of art, people discharge the internal tension and excitement generated by real life, and at least partially compensate for the monotony of everyday life. The compensatory function has three main aspects: distracting (hedonistic-playful and entertaining); consoling; contributing to the spiritual harmony of a person (actually compensatory). The life of a modern person is full of conflict situations, tension, overload, unfulfilled hopes, sorrows. Art is able to console a person, take him into the world of dreams. With its harmony, it gives a person balance, sometimes helping him to stay on the edge of the abyss, and makes it possible to live on. 3. Cognitive(art as knowledge and enlightenment) The philosophy of Plato and Hegel considered art to be the lowest form of knowing the truth, and showed distrust of the cognitive possibilities of art. However, they are huge, they cannot be replaced by other spheres of human spiritual life. From novels Ch. Dickens you can learn more about the life of English society than from the writings of all historians, economists, extras of that era, taken together. The formula of water is H2O, but it does not contain the lovely murmur of a stream, reminiscent of the voice of a loved one, there is no moonlit path on the surface of the sea, there are no such seething waves as in the picture I.V. Aivazovsky "The Ninth Wave". Concrete sensory wealth and hundreds of properties of water remain outside the scope of scientific generalization. The role of art in the knowledge of the spiritual world of man is especially great. It penetrates into the very depths of personality psychology, reveals the most complex interaction of thoughts, feelings, will, reveals the sources and motives for the actions and deeds of people. four. Communicative (art as communication). On the communicative nature of art, its modern consideration as a sign system is based. Art has its own conventions. Many types of art (music, painting, dance) do not require translation into other languages for their understanding. Art brings people together, allows them to get to know each other better (cultural exchange between countries). 5. Educational (art as catharsis). Art forms a holistic personality. The impact of art has nothing to do with didactic moralizing, it manifests itself subconsciously. The Aristotelian theory of catharsis is that by showing heroes who have gone through severe trials, art makes people empathize with them and thus, as it were, purifies the inner world of viewers and readers. A person is enriched by the experience of other people and develops his own value attitudes faster and better. 6. aesthetic(art as the formation of a creative spirit and value orientations). Art forms the artistic taste, abilities and needs of a person, awakens his creativity. 7. hedonistic(art as pleasure). Aesthetic pleasure has a special spiritual character, and even the ancient Greeks distinguished it from carnal pleasures. Artistic creativity gives people the joy of comprehending beauty and artistic truth. Also, rightfully belonging to art, one can single out functions: inspiring, informational, analyzing, anticipating.

Kinds of art

The primary form of art was a special syncretic(undivided) complex of creative activity. For primitive man, there was no separate music, or literature, or theater. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, separate types of art began to stand out from this syncretic action.

Kinds of art- these are historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, word, etc. Each type of art has its own special varieties - genera and genres, which together provide a variety of artistic attitudes to reality. Let us briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.

Literature uses verbal and written means to build images. There are three main types of literature - drama, epic and lyrics, and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.

Music uses audio. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Genres of music - opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.

Dance uses means of plastic movements to build images. Allocate ritual, folk, ballroom,

modern dances, ballet. Directions and styles of dance - waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.

Painting displays reality on a plane by means of color. Genres of painting - portrait, still life, landscape, as well as everyday, animalistic (image of animals), historical genres.

Architecture forms a spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, landscape gardening, industrial, etc. There are also architectural styles - Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.

Sculpture creates works of art that have volume and three-dimensional form. Sculpture is round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image). The size is divided into easel, decorative and monumental.

Arts and Crafts related to application needs. This includes art objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothes, jewelry, etc.

Theatre organizes a special stage action through the play of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.

The circus presents a spectacular and entertaining action with unusual, risky and funny numbers in a special arena. These are acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training and so on.

Movie is the development of theatrical action based on modern technical audiovisual means. The types of cinematography include fiction, documentary films, animation. By genre, comedies, dramas, melodramas, adventure films, detectives, thrillers, etc. are distinguished.

Photo fixes documentary visual images with the help of technical means - optical and chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.

Stage includes small forms of performing arts - dramaturgy, music, choreography, illusions, circus performances, original performances, etc.

Graphics, radio art, etc. can be added to the listed types of art.

In order to show common features different types of art and their differences, various grounds for their classification are proposed. So, there are types of art:

by the number of means used - simple (painting, sculpture, poetry, music) and complex, or synthetic (ballet, theater, cinema);

in terms of the ratio of works of art and reality - pictorial, depicting reality, copying it, (realistic painting, sculpture, photography), and expressive, where the artist's fantasy and imagination create a new reality (ornament, music);

in relation to space and time - spatial (fine arts, sculpture, architecture), temporal (literature, music) and space-time (theatre, cinema);

by the time of occurrence - traditional (poetry, dance, music) and new (photography, cinema, television, video), usually using rather complex technical means to build an image;

according to the degree of applicability in everyday life - applied (arts and crafts) and fine (music, dance).

Each type, genus or genre reflects a particular side or facet of human life, but taken together, these components of art give a comprehensive artistic picture of the world.

The need for artistic creation or enjoyment of works of art increases along with the growth of a person's cultural level. Art becomes the more necessary, the further a person is separated from the animal state.

Every cultured person strives to use his leisure time to read a book, go to the cinema or theater, listen to music. Why do we give our leisure time to art? Is it because it gives us the opportunity to get aesthetic pleasure?

However, neither deliberate edification nor empty entertainment is capable of delivering genuine, deep aesthetic pleasure to us. We experience it only in the perception of those works whose content is ideologically significant and at the same time artistic. In this case, from a work of art we receive such knowledge and impressions that enrich our own spiritual world, our human personality. And these impressions are extraordinarily diverse and multifaceted. Their totality we call aesthetic experience.

Aesthetic experience is a complex phenomenon by its nature. First, its subject matter is complex, i.e., a work of art perceived by a person. It reflects a number of phenomena: truthful pictures of human life, morality and psychology of the individual of a certain era, various aspects of the ideological order (ideas, ideas, ideals, etc.). It would be useless, for example, to try to isolate any one feeling that is born during the perception of a truly artistic creation. Does the performance give us satisfaction only because we have learned a lot about life through it? Or the fact that we have become eyewitnesses of the clash of human passions, to which it is impossible to remain indifferent and which shock? Or the fact that the artist always embodies his innermost thoughts, feelings and ideals in the work, addressing them to us? Or the fact that the performance is beautiful in form and amazes with directorial finds and acting performance? No, the aesthetic experience that we experience from the moment the lights went out and the curtain parted is not unambiguous, but multifaceted, like its subject - this performance.

Secondly, impressions from a work are born in the mind, in the imagination of a person. Therefore, aesthetic experience is associated with ideological, moral, psychological associations, conditioned by a person's life experience. All this enriches the perceived artistic image, complements or completes it, confirms or refutes the artist's idea expressed in it. Aesthetic experience depends not only on the nature of the work, but also on the person who perceives it. This is connected with the enormous emotional persuasiveness and “contagiousness” of art, its ability to shock a person, to convince him if he takes the wrong position, to make him laugh or cry, to believe what the artist tells, true to the principle of artistic truth.

The holistic perception and impact of art is due to the vitality of artistic images perceived by a person as specific phenomena (whether these are real objects or experiences). It is wrong to believe that some part of the content of art affects a person's worldview, another - on morality, a third - on his taste, and that all these "parts" are mechanically separated from each other. No, art influences with all its content all the abilities of a person. And only in theory we can and should single out different ways and forms of this influence. This helps us to understand in a deeper, more comprehensive way the aesthetic need of a person for an art that is socially rich, immeasurably more meaningful than mere entertainment.

Art is "fiction"! Only a relatively small number of works borrow their material directly from life. There has never been a real Anna Karenina, Chekhov's Dymov, there has never been exactly that revolutionary who enters the room of his relatives in Repin's painting "They Didn't Wait". And even when the artist uses real prototypes to create his images, he modifies them, builds their fate in a different way: Professor Polezhaev ("Deputy of the Baltic") - and Timiryazev and yet not Timiryazev, Shakhov ("Great Citizen") - this and Kirov and at the same time not Kirov.

Great work of the mind and heart requires from the artist a deep penetration into life, a strong and concentrated generalization of its motley material, an intense and completely distinct expression in the work of what he has seen, rethought and experienced. And a lot of mental work requires the perception of any real creation of the artist. Sloth of thought and petty sensitivity are unacceptable when meeting with an artistic masterpiece. He is able to give anyone surprisingly powerful pleasure, sometimes bordering on shock, but this requires a person not only to master a lot, but also to spend a lot; true art rewards us a hundredfold. The generosity of the soul, so necessary for the artist, is also needed for those who want to truly enjoy art.

“I will shed tears over fiction,” Pushkin said about poetry. And this is exactly so, because art is in fact not at all “fiction” in the sense of some arbitrary whim of the creator, but the condensation of colossal life wisdom, the vast experience of the people, generations of advanced people of mankind. This is the secret of the power of real art over people.

It lifts a person, strengthens his spirit, awakens his thought, and is a powerful means of shaping everything truly human in people.

People see art as a wise and sensitive mentor. And when this mentor brings false thoughts to a person, awakens false feelings and aspirations, not everyone has the insight to immediately discern the insulting deception. The "sweet-sounding" verses of the talented Balmont did great harm to many gullible heads and inexperienced souls. They carried within themselves the poison of narcissism and petty selfishness, they convinced that real beauty is in pretentious affectation, they pushed to despise all the best, centuries-long suffering ideals of humanity struggling for happiness.

What gives us true art? Beautiful works of art shake our soul, cause tears, delight, indignation, leave a deep imprint in the mind. The joy of the first, immediate impression disappears, but the work is not forgotten! Thanks to him, we suddenly learned about those aspects of life that, perhaps, were still unknown to us, we looked at many things from a different point of view, “with different eyes”. Art opens the way to knowledge about the past of peoples, about their way of life and customs, about social order, which for us is a long gone history, about national heroes. Based on the works of Pushkin, Rustaveli, Tolstoy, Shevchenko, Repin, Surikov, Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky and other great artists of our Motherland, we learn the history and people of the country. Cinematography takes us to the most distant countries, cities and villages, introduces us to landscapes and architectural monuments and, most importantly, with people. Feelings and thoughts, characters and actions of a person, solutions to life problems, as well as much more, are revealed to us by art. It, therefore, has an enormous "cognitive significance. Does this value of art contradict its aesthetic impact on a person? Of course not! Aesthetic pleasure includes the joy of discovery, enrichment of consciousness with new impressions. Therefore, the mechanical repetition of old, hackneyed plots and images in individual works never arouses active interest among the masses of the people.