(English fine arts - spatial arts, visual
arts, fine arts) - types of art, works of which have
objective nature, are created by processing material material and
exist in space.
The plastic arts include: fine arts
art (graphics, painting, sculpture, architecture, decorative and
applied arts, design), as well as works folk art
pictorial and applied character.
Like other art forms, the plastic arts
master the world in a figurative form. Works of plastic arts
perceived by sight, and sometimes by touch (sculpture and
arts and crafts) and are in real space. This
they differ significantly from works of other arts (music,
literature), where the work is perceived mainly by ear and lasts for
time. The plastic arts should not be confused with choreography, in which
plastic plays an important role human body. In spatial
plastic arts volumes, lines, forms are also essential,
that is why they got their name. And besides, sculpting, in a different way
called plastics, is also included in this group of arts.
The plastic arts have been called since the 18th century. beautiful,
graceful, and this emphasizes their sensual beauty, the perfection of images.
At the same time, the plastic arts are especially closely connected with deep
antiquity with material production, processing and design of the living environment
man and the objective world surrounding him, that is, with the creation of material
culture. Thus, the artistic thing is perceived as materialized
creativity, aesthetic exploration of the world.
The plastic arts are associated with ideological and social
the movements of his time. As a kind of artistic activity, plastic
arts occupy at all stages of the history of human development an important
place in the spiritual exploration of reality. plastic arts, especially
painting, the widest range of topics is available.
The plastic arts gravitate toward a synthesis of the arts, then
is to merge and interact with each other: architectures with a monumental
art, sculpture, painting and arts and crafts;
painting with sculpture (in reliefs); painting with arts and crafts
art (in pottery, vases), etc. Plastic arts
are included as one of the artistic elements in many synthetic
arts (theater, screen arts). There are attempts to combine painting
with music (color music), first performed by the Russian composer A.
Scriabin. In the structure of the image of the plastic arts (calligraphy, poster,
caricature) may include language material (word, letter, inscription). In art
book graphics is combined with literature. The plastic arts can even
acquire the qualities of temporary arts (kinetic art,
cartoons).
But basically the figurative structure of the work
plastic art is built by plastic means (space,
volume, shape, color, etc.).

Characteristics of spatial arts.

Art is a special form of social consciousness and human creative activity, a reflection of reality through the means of artistic images. Art is a kind of mirror of society and era, a figurative memory of a person. It has been around for a long time. People drew, decorated their homes, sang, danced. Without thinking that they are engaged in art. It was closely connected with the work and life of ancient people.

Art is both consciousness and knowledge. And communication between people. It is divided into three main types: spatial - which exist in space and do not change over time and are perceived by sight.

Temporary. Spatio-temporal.

Within each art form, genres are distinguished. And so plastic types include 1 architecture 2 art 3 Photography.

Temporary arts include 1 music 2 art. literature.

The spatio-temporal include 1 dance 2 theater 3 cinema.

Architecture or architecture is the art of designing and building objects that shape the spatial environment for human life and activity. Architecture is called the stone chronicle of history. Distinguish between the architecture of residential, public, and industrial buildings, structures, landscape architecture. It organizes the space and forms the environment in which a person lives, creating conditions for his work, life and recreation. Architecture is both construction and art. It makes 3 basic requirements for any building: strength, usefulness, beauty.

Fine art is a type of plastic art main feature yavl. Reflection of reality in visual visually perceived images. They include painting, graphics, sculpture, monumental art, arts and crafts, and design. The plastic arts also include thin. Photograph.

Music is an art form that reflects reality in sound art. images. Music can convey emotions, feelings of people, which is expressed in the rhythm of intonation. According to the method of performance, it is divided into instrumental and vocal.

Hood. Literature is a kind of art in which speech is the material carrier of imagery. It is sometimes called belles-lettres.

Dance is a kind of art, the material of which is the poses and movements of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting a single art system. Dance is divided into domestic and stage.

Theater is a kind of art, the specificity of which lies in the stage action that occurs during the game. The origins of the theater lie in the ancient games of hunters in mass folk images. Artworks theatrical art, a performance, is created on the basis of a dramatic and musical stage work in accordance with the director's intention (in the ballet the choreographer and conductor, and in the opera and operetta the director and conductor) by the joint efforts of the actors, artist, composer.

Cinematography is a kind of art, the works of which are created with the help of filming of real or specially staged or with the involvement of animation, events, facts, phenomena of reality. This is a synthetic art form that combines literature, theater, visual arts and music.

Circus is an art form, the specificity of which is to create art. Images, with the help of movements and tricks. It is associated with other art forms with theater, music. The circus performance includes clowning, animal training, illusionism, acrobatics, and musical eccentricity.

And so the types and genres of art are very diverse, art contributes to the spiritual growth of a person, helps to understand many complex issues of life, and sometimes determine their place in the world. Each of the specific arts has its own characteristics and ways of influencing the viewer, which allows us to introduce a special concept - types of arts. These are historically established stable forms of its existence. To life, the arts were caused by the need of a person to embrace and master the world in all its richness, each specific art has certain features and capabilities that make it up. main force and advantage over other arts. Within the arts, there are divisions into genres.

(lat. proportio - ratio, proportionality) - a regular ratio of the sizes of parts artwork among themselves, as well as each part with the work as a whole. In the history of art, various systems of painting have been created, both architectural painting and painting used in depicting the human body and face. Already in ancient world architects and artists have developed fundamental modules and geometric constructions that reflect real-life patterns and are associated with mythological ideas about the harmony of the universe. Paragraphs were based on multiple ratios of integers, but since ancient times, parametric systems based on irrational relations (the golden ratio, the diagonal of a square) have also been known. In architecture and design of the 20th century. P. systems are associated with the industrial production of standardized products and parts.

PRORIS, translation - in medieval Russian painting, a contour drawing on paper, which served the painter as a model or material when arranging icons, wall paintings, miniatures. A painting can be either a freehand drawing (including a completely independent composition), or a copy made from a pictorial original or from another painting.

PROPHETIC CHARACTER- in the iconostasis there are a number of icons with images of the Old Testament prophets, whose statements in the Christian interpretation were predictions about the coming of Jesus Christ. The emergence of P. h. was preceded by a long tradition of depicting the prophets in Byzantine and ancient Russian art, in particular on the altar barrier; but as a holistic formation, P. h. exists only as part of a high Russian iconostasis. P. h. probably became part of it during the period of its active formation at the turn of the 14th - 15th centuries. This is the crowning tier of the iconostasis, placed above the festive rank or, more rarely, if there was none, above the deesis rank. The tier was strengthened in the upper tabl of the iconostasis with an inclination towards the pre-altar space. It was made up of half-length icons of the prophets with scrolls of their prophecies in their hands (the oldest surviving icons belonging to P. h. - created around 1408 for the iconostasis of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir). In the center of the row was placed the icon of the Mother of God the Incarnation, with the image of the God-child in the bosom and two seraphim on the sides. A type of iconostasis without such a centerpiece is also known: in this case, the iconostasis lost its axial orientation, which somewhat changed the semantic content of the iconostasis, in which the role of the festive and deesis ranks intensified. From the 16th century there are P. h. with icons of the prophets in growth. The centerpiece, which depicted the Mother of God sitting on the throne with the Child, became obligatory. The painting was likened to the horizontally expanded composition "Praise of the Mother of God" and in this version became part of the most solemn iconostases of the 17th - 18th centuries.

PROSCENIA(from the Greek proskenion - a place in front of the stage), 1) in the ancient Greek theater, the wooden facade of the skene or a decorative wall in front of it. 2) In the theater of the Hellenistic era, a stone extension to the skene; the roof of the proskenium often served as a stage platform.

AVENUE(from lat. prospectus - view) straight wide street in the city

PROSTYLE(lat. prostylos, from the Greek pro - in front and stylos - column) - an antique temple, rectangular in plan, the cella of which is closed behind by a blank wall (there is no opisthod); along the main facade, in front of the acts and the entrance to the pronaos, there is a colonnade of four columns in one row. Wed Amphiprostyle.

SPATIAL ARTS- a group of arts: architecture, arts and crafts, design, sculpture, painting, graphics, art photography, as well as such ensemble forms as monumental art, scenography, costume, in which artistic images exist in space, but do not develop in the literal sense in time. P.'s concept and. exists in relation to other concepts in the classification of arts. From con. 18th century in aesthetics, a tradition arose to divide all arts into spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal. P. i. It is customary to call also static (or objective), temporal - dynamic (or procedural), spatio-temporal - synthetic (directly existing simultaneously in space and time). The difference between these groups of arts is also associated with the difference in the organs of perception: P. and. perceived by sight, temporal are perceived (or can be perceived) by hearing, and spatio-temporal - by both at the same time. According to this classification, for example, literature and music oppose painting and sculpture as temporary arts, and theater, cinema, choreography, variety art, circus, and television, which are sometimes also called visual arts, as spatio-temporal arts. The conditionality of this classification is clear, since time indirectly participates in the formation and life artistic image in P. and., and space - temporary. Nevertheless, this classification highlights the immediate, direct meaning of space or time in one or another group of arts, and therefore it has firmly established itself in aesthetics and art history.P. and. sometimes they are also called plastic, which is equally inaccurate, because plastic is also inherent in other groups of arts, especially spatio-temporal, synthetic, spectacular arts (for example, dance is no less plastic art than sculpture, it is sometimes called "moving sculpture" ). P. and., existing in real space, have objective spatial characteristics. The task of an artistic solution to the problem of space is faced by any creator who creates a work of P. and. Hence the figurative significance in P. and. planar or deep perception of space, straight line or to -l. different perspectives, horizon lines and points of view, tectonics and architectonics, etc. Creating a work of P. and., The artist, however, does not copy real spatial objects, but conveys the relationship between them (for example, in a decrease or increase, on a two-dimensional plane or in a three-dimensional volume, in approach or removal, etc.). In this sense, one can speak of what artistic activity purposefully changes (recycles) real spatial structures in accordance with the specifics and features of the material of a particular type of art in order to reveal the essence and inner life of objects and to express ideas, poetic ideas and feelings of the artist.