"Communication between people" - It happens that I want to fool around like a child. 24. Informal. I have already done so much for you! 44. Mistake No. 3 In case of defeat, we resort to self-deception, consoling ourselves. Actions. I have to (should) control. Mistake #4 Our morbid susceptibility to criticism. Consistency (advance) effect.

"Communication as interaction" - Sustainable action. To get acquainted with the features of communication as interpersonal interaction. systematic action. Interaction strategy in the process of communication. Interaction as a process. Non-verbal contact. Purpose: Mobile interlocutor. Two sides of interaction. Interactive communication with peers is important for young people because:

"Culture of communication" - 1. Definition of situation as a conflict. Communication depends on content. 12/15/11how to avoid conflict? Acquisition of knowledge about the world Science, culture, art… 2. Choice of interaction strategy: leaving the situation; -relationship negotiations; conflict. Where there is not enough communication culture, conflicts arise.

"Communication and interpersonal relationships" - Rules, the observance of which allows people to like. Suddenly Tom stopped whistling. Sympathy - ... Rule 1. Genuinely interested in other people. Dale Carnegie. The need for human communication. Types of conflicts. Rule 5. Talk about what interests your interlocutor. Mark Twain "Tom Sawyer"

"Interpersonal communication" - 2.4. Psychology of interpersonal influence. the object of my term paper are students of school No. 24, in the amount of 26 people. 2. Psychology of communication and interpersonal relationships. 2.3. Functions of communication in interpersonal relationships. 1. Interpersonal interaction 1.1 Tasks of interpersonal interaction. The purpose of the study is to characterize the interpersonal interaction and communication of people.

Total in the topic 31 presentations

Installation barrier characteristic

The attitude barrier is nothing more than the perception of someone or something on the basis of prior knowledge or prejudice. Past experience imperceptibly, unconsciously prepares a person to react, to act in this way and not otherwise.

The role of attitude in human mental activity became known thanks to the research of the outstanding psychiatrist and psychologist D. N. Uznadze. Installation facilitates adaptation to life circumstances. Once worked out, it remains on the pas for a more or less long time. The installation is characterized by the degree of ease of formation, decay rate, mobility, stability and other parameters. Each person has different parameters, which largely determines the uniqueness of the individual.

However, the attitude often interferes with interpersonal communication. First of all, it prevents the adequate perception of this or that person.

Settings can be negative and positive depending on whether we are ready to treat this or that person or phenomenon negatively or positively.

The perception of the same phenomenon by different people can be different. It depends on their individual settings. In a conversation, a negative attitude can be directed to:

• 1) the identity of the interlocutor(if someone else said the same thing, it would be perceived quite differently);
• 2) essence of the conversation("I can't believe it", "it's unacceptable to say that");
• 3) circumstances of the conversation("Now is not the time and place for such discussions").

A person can be deeply worried if he sees a prejudiced attitude towards himself. He has to spend a lot of mental strength to control his actions, to think about how they can be perceived and interpreted by others.

But often this can be avoided. Going to a business meeting with a new partner, take care of the preliminary recommendation of an authoritative person. If there is none, and your business partner has a negative attitude towards the firm or organization that you represent, do not try to convince him that he is mistaken. Calmly treat hostility as a manifestation of human weakness and lack of culture. Then the unfair attitude will not hurt you, and soon it will completely disappear, as your deeds and actions will force your partner to change his mind.

Characteristics of the barrier of communication styles

Every person is known to have their preferred style. business communication. It depends on the temperament of a person, his character, worldview, moral principles, profession, environment, objectively developing situation, etc. It manifests itself in the manner of behavior, features of speech, intensity and purpose of communication. Expressing the inner essence of a person, the communication style of one person may be poorly compatible with the communication style of another.

So, if both partners prefer a ritual style of communication, they can achieve interaction if desired and with certain skills. But if people are faced with a manipulative and humanistic style of communication, there is hardly any need to talk about cooperation.

Speech barrier. In essence, this is a double barrier: the "speaking" barrier and the "listening" barrier. Communication is an influence, and if communication is successful, there must be some change in the ideas about the world of the one to whom it is addressed. Meanwhile, not every person wants these changes, because they can violate his idea of ​​himself, his way of thinking, his relationships with other people, his peace of mind. Naturally, a person will defend himself against such information, and he will do it firmly and decisively.

A person must be able to somehow distinguish "good" information from "bad", "skip" the first and "stop" the second. How does this happen?

An interesting and original understanding of the mechanisms that create barriers was proposed by the outstanding psychologist B. F. Porshnev.

He came to the conclusion that speech is a method of suggestion, or suggestion, the most powerful of the means of influence available in a person's arsenal. He wrote about this as follows: “Although every speaker inspires, however, not every verbal suggestion is accepted as such, because in the overwhelming majority of cases there is also a counter psychological activity called counter-suggestion, “counter-suggestion”, which contains ways of protecting against the inexorable action of speech. "".

It is the countersuggestion that is main reason the emergence of those barriers that arise in the way of communication.

Characterization of communication barriers

Porshnev identified three types countersuggestions: avoidance, authority and misunderstanding. As we shall see later, avoidance and authority are defenses against the "source" of communication, and misunderstandings are protections against the message itself.

avoidance. Avoidance of sources of influence, avoidance of contacts with a partner is implied. From the outside, this "protection" is very well traced - a person is inattentive, does not listen, "misses deaf ears", does not look at the interlocutor, constantly finds a reason to be distracted, uses any pretext to end the conversation.

In connection with this action of authority, it is very important to know how it is formed and on what the assignment of authority to a particular person depends. There are many different bases to be found here. This may be the social position (status) of the partner, his superiority in important this moment parameter or its attractiveness in certain situations, and good relationship to the addressee of the impact, etc.

Misunderstanding. It is far from always possible to identify the source of information as dangerous, alien or non-authoritative and thus protect yourself from unwanted influence. Quite often, some potentially dangerous information for a person can also come from people whom we generally and generally trust. In this case, the wired will be a kind of misunderstanding of the message itself.

The barrier system can be imagined as an automated security system - when an alarm is triggered, all access to a person is automatically blocked. Most often, the alarm goes off on time. However, other options are also possible: false alarm and disabling the alarm.

In many situations, barriers of misunderstanding can do a disservice to a person when there is nothing threatening or dangerous in the impact, and a false alarm leads to the fact that the necessary and relevant information is not perceived.

For example, too complex information is not perceived by those people to whom it is important; the use of incorrect arguments discredits, in general, a very important idea; correct suggestions coming from an unpleasant person are never listened to; a person without authority, who knows how to solve some pressing issue, can spend his whole life explaining it to others, but no one will hear him, etc. etc. Since the protection system works in automatic mode, insofar as it is, as it were, "built-in" into a person, it is a part of him and is usually not realized by him. Special efforts are required to avoid errors caused by false positives of the system.

It is important for almost all people to be able to communicate in such a way that they are correctly perceived, that their words do not run into a wall of misunderstanding, that they are listened to and heard. But for many people, such an ability to "convey" their opinion, point of view, their knowledge to a partner is also a necessary part of the profession. Therefore, they, like no one else, should learn to recognize communication barriers and overcome them with the least loss.

Socio-psychological conflict comes not only from communication, interaction, forced circumstances, organization of work, norms, laws of society, but also from individual features a person, his uniqueness, extremes, disharmony of qualities, character and accentuation. From time immemorial, there have been conflicts on the basis of unusualness, independence, abilities that go beyond those social norms and ideas that prevail in a given micro- and macroenvironment. In life, fiction such conflicts are most fully expressed in the relationship between men and women, in human love and in laws social environment(customs, mores, religion, traditions, stereotypes, prejudices).

Talented, extraordinary people are often rejected because of their dissimilarity to others - the non-standard of their behavior, thinking, feelings, since this is perceived and experienced as a violation of the generally accepted, familiar, as a threat to the integrity of their lifestyle, their "I". Innovators are very often persecuted, condemned, oppressed, isolated, envied, harmed. After all, the new requires a reassessment of the values ​​of the individual, and this leads to the need to break the usual stereotypes, the emergence of feelings of inferiority, low self-esteem.

There are other aspects of the personality that can cause conflict, for example, confidence - self-doubt. Self-confidence is supported by an overestimation of one's own capabilities and an underestimation of the potential and abilities of other people. She is socially conditioned. Uncertainty is reinforced by one-sided comparison with others. Excessive underestimation of oneself can lead to auto-aggression or aggression, as well as cause the opposite state - overcompensation.

Habitual roles, determined by a person's character, can also predispose to conflict. Habitual behavior is inert and rigid, which does not always correspond to the tasks of effective interaction. Obsessive edification, teachings, “parental” behavior, boss threats to subordinates, whims, inappropriate jokes, provocative attacks, a tendency to hurt a person’s pride, play on the nerves of another, amuse himself over his weakness are conflictogenic. Social roles, attitudes imposed by a person's character, although they change, are replaced by others, but they leave a peculiar imprint on a person's behavior.

Since ancient times, scientists have sought to somehow classify people according to their temperaments, characters, personality traits in order to determine compatibility or disunity. There are many such classifications, and they are quite fully described in popular scientific and scientific literature (Eliseev O.P., 1994; Morozov A.V., 2000; Stratievskaya V., 1997; Kjell L., Siegert D., 1997). Some of them can be considered from the point of view of self-knowledge and overcoming the difficulties of communication.

The oldest description of temperaments belongs to the "father" of medicine, Hippocrates. He believed that in human body there are four types of liquid - light bile, blood, mucus and black bile, which are born by the four natural elements, respectively, fire, air, water and earth, and the temperament of a person is determined by which liquid prevails in a given individual. Based on the Greek names for these fluids, four types of temperament are distinguished: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. Cholerics they are very mobile, excitable, with difficulty bring their plans to the end, they are characterized by a quick change of mood. Sanguine - energetic, fast, cheerful, sociable, relatively easy to respond to life's difficulties and failures. Phlegmatic balanced, calm, slow, experiencing difficulties when you need to quickly switch attention from one type of activity to another. Melancholy sensitive to adversity, closed, shy, timid, get tired quickly, prone to sadness.

When communicating with a person, it is necessary first of all to determine what features of his behavior in a conflict situation are due to his temperament. This will allow you to anticipate his reaction to certain life circumstances, to prevent conflicts. In certain cases, temperament can become a serious barrier to communication in relationships between people.

It is often difficult for a sanguine or melancholic person (not to mention a choleric person) to get along with a choleric person. They are annoyed by restlessness, excessive irascibility, fussiness of the choleric, and he, in turn, sometimes hardly tolerates hyperactivity and an overly obsessive desire for leadership on the part of a sanguine or excessive sensitivity of a melancholic.

Misunderstanding by parents of the peculiarities of the temperament of their children is the essence of one of the most serious conflicts between “fathers and children”.

The melancholic child, by its slowness, leads out of the patience of the parents (especially the one who has the temperament of the choleric). They begin to angrily urge him on, ridicule his sluggishness. The child tries to be more active, but he can hardly do it. He is nervous, crying, considers himself undeservedly offended.

The choleric child has other problems. With his energetic restlessness, he arouses the indignation of his parents, who, instead of directing this energy in the right direction (for example, sports), begin to drill and punish him. You should always try to take into account the type nervous system a person and not try to break the features of behavior that are determined by temperament.

Temperament can also manifest itself in the social sphere. A choleric person, for example, has collisions with people that proceed according to the type of instant emotional discharge. In such cases, the conversation begins without the thought of a quarrel, but suddenly, in response to something that outraged him (for another, this may be a trifle), he has a flash of indignation. And if the interlocutor has a weak type of nervous system (melancholic), then he plunges into the abyss of resentment for a long time, while the "skirmisher" himself, after 20-30 minutes, forgets about what was said. Psychologist, social educator or Social worker with temperament, phlegmatic sometimes experiences significant difficulties in the performance of official duties. He cannot simultaneously solve several problems, quickly switch from one issue to another. A tense, constantly changing situation, a high responsibility for the task assigned, may have an inadequate effect on his nervous system. Later, headache, general malaise, insomnia join here, and as a result, neurasthenia develops. And it will not disappear until the root cause is eliminated - the discrepancy between the capabilities of the nervous system and the requirements of the environment.

What is the relationship between temperament and character? The character of a person is an alloy of innate properties of higher nervous activity with individual traits acquired during life. At the same time, with a certain temperament, some traits are acquired more easily, others more difficult. For example, organization, discipline is easier to develop phlegmatic than choleric; kindness, responsiveness - melancholic. Being a good organizer, a sociable person is easier for a sanguine person and a choleric person. Negative traits - hot temper, rudeness - with a vicious upbringing are more easily rooted in a choleric person, indifference - in a phlegmatic person, touchiness, pessimism - in a melancholic person.

Accentuations of character play a peculiar role in the development of a conflict situation. According to the well-known German researcher Karl Leonhard, in 20-50% of people, some traits of character or temperament are so sharpened (accentuated) that under certain circumstances this leads to the same type of conflicts and "nervous breakdowns". The severity of accentuation is different: from mild, noticeable only to the closest environment, to extreme variants of the norm, when you have to wonder if there is a mental illness here. But unlike this pathological condition, accentuation manifests itself inconsistently, only in certain situations (for example, someone is quick-tempered and rude to colleagues, but restrained with superiors).

K. Leonhard distinguishes 12 types of accentuation1, each of which predetermines a person’s selective sensitivity to one life circumstances with increased resistance to others and, most importantly, can contribute to the emergence of not just any, but a certain type of conflict behavior. The types of character accentuation described by Leonhard are not found in their pure form. More often in life one has to deal with mixed, or intermediate, types that combine certain signs. different types accentuation.

"Heavy character" is an obstacle not only to normal family, but also to effective service relationships. The cause of conflict situations is often such a personality trait as formalism. It can be a reflection of a stuck and pedantic type of character accentuation. Another reason for formalism is the desire to feel one's power. Someone is pleased to be begged, fawned over him, humiliated.

The conflict character is manifested not only by the attitude towards other people, but also towards oneself. Each of us, intentionally or without realizing it, compares himself with others. As a result, a fairly stable opinion is developed about your intellect, appearance, health, position in society, in a word, an individual “set of self-assessments” is formed, on which you are modest or arrogant, demanding of yourself or complacency. It is impossible to understand the origins of some interpersonal clashes without analyzing the self-assessment of the conflicting parties.

The conflict is subjective, since it is unthinkable outside the psyche, outside the consciousness of individuals. But the conflict is also objective, since it is realized in people's behavior. Collisions between people are not always inevitable and have objective reasons. They can be caused by the deformation of the personality, its limitations, deviations, pathology of the psyche, stereotyping of relationships, behavior, mental discomfort, inadequacy of perception and understanding of another person, the motives of his behavior, situation, mutual prejudice, inertia of the psyche and relationships that are not directly caused by what is happening.

The qualities of personalities eventually become real, objective in their manifestations, so that we ourselves create the preconditions for conflicts. Of course, mutual transitions of subjective and objective contradictions and confrontations are inevitable. Personal qualities in some situations they prevent conflict, in others they provoke. Usually a peace-loving, patient and indecisive person in an extreme situation can be aggressive.

A person becomes a source of conflicts when his orientation, values ​​are incompatible with the values, interests and goals of the team, society. Humane morality does not accept egocentrism, the opposition of the personal to the collective, to the public. Consequently, the motive of interpersonal conflicts is moral, ideological qualities. The conflict type of people do not have a correspondence between natural impulses and conscious goals. For the sake of expedient adaptation with the environment, such people are forced to live at the stage of objectification and thus regulate their social behavior. They are internally conflicted, but appearance balanced people.

Conflictogenic for a person can be qualities that are stable for her, character traits that predispose to a collision with others, cause a feeling of antipathy. This is intolerance for the shortcomings of others, reduced self-criticism and an overestimated level of claims, impulsiveness, intemperance, ingrained negative prejudices, prejudices towards individuals or groups, a tendency to aggressive behavior, to subjugate others to oneself, greed, selfishness, rigidity, inertness of habits, imbalance nervous system - high level neuroticism.

BARRIER OF NEGATIVE EMOTIONS

To determine the style of socio-psychological activity in a conflict situation, not only volitional, but also emotional activity of the individual is essential. Emotions can dominate the process of conflict so much that they speak of an emotional attitude. Some psychologists define conflict as an affective incompatibility, a clash of opposing emotions2.

Emotional stress can mobilize or inhibit consciousness, behavior. In a conflict, methods of socio-psychological interaction are activated: persuasion, suggestion, demonstration of strength, group pressure, aggressive acts. Negative emotions, antipathy, mutual hostility, hatred are quite strongly manifested. The escalation of the conflict leads to the rupture of all ties, an illusory world of agreement with oneself and polar disagreement with others is created.

Extremes in views and forms of behavior, rigidity increase, mental tension and emotional excitability sharply increase. Feelings of resentment, dissatisfaction from unacquired or devoid of value are aggravated. Negative emotions are mutually excited and cover all relationships. Understanding and perception of thoughts, feelings, behavior of the enemy are distorted. Any of his actions is interpreted as hostile, directed against the interests of the individual.

Fascinated by mutual enmity, the psychological defense of his integral “I” is inherent in rationalization, i.e., justification, first of all, in own eyes their behavior, as well as projections, i.e. attributing to the opposite side what is desired or one's own unwanted, consciously rejected, condemned thoughts, feelings, actions, qualities. Stereotypes and prejudices are actively used. Unfounded, extreme generalizations and exaggerations are made. Judgments about each other become categorical, superficial and random. Contacts are broken. Positive empathy decreases and negative, “cold” empathy becomes aggravated: troubles, sufferings of the enemy, harm done to him are presented and foreseen.

K. Levin, developing the "field theory", singled out four types of conflicts that are directly related to the emotional, affective manifestations of a person.

The first type of conflict is equivalent(approximation - approximation), when a person is simultaneously and approximately equally attracted by at least two things, for example, interesting lectures in different places, flattering job offers, theater tickets, etc. The usual way to solve is a compromise, a partial replacement of one with another.

The second type of conflict is vital(avoidance - avoidance), when a person is forced to choose at least two equally unattractive, rejected alternatives, figuratively speaking, to be between two fires. Such situations often occur both at home and at work. Both children and adults face them. And the solution here can also be different:

a teenager can drop out of school, run away from home, become a drug addict, parents can file for divorce, a worker can quit, start drinking. Someone is capable of suicide, and someone is ready, in the words of G. Hesse, "to rush towards fate, surrendering to the power of chance."

The third type of conflict is ambivalent(approach - removal) - suggests that the same object (goal, action) simultaneously attracts and repels, causes love and hatred. This is a conflict between sympathy and duty, an attitude towards a woman, a man and an official at the same time, antipathy for personal qualities and recognition of a person’s business merits. Thus, according to P. Hofstetter's theory, people tend to divide leaders into business and emotional ones, contrasting personal and business qualities in each of them. When solving such conflicts, people more often come to a compromise, giving up a 100% claim to values.

The fourth type of conflict is frustrating(approach - avoidance), when on the way to the desired goal, object, value, there is an obstacle, an obstacle in the form of a ban, taboo, opposition from others, unforeseen or insurmountable difficulties. Classical examples of this kind of conflicts are the tragedies depicted in I. Schiller's drama "Cunning and Love", in Leo Tolstoy's novel "Anna Karenina". This is a conflict between "I want" and "I can", according to the English proverb: "A cat would like to eat fish without getting its feet wet."

The careerist aspirations of the boss can be opposed by the goals, interests, norms adopted in the team. Solutions to such conflicts are diverse: aggression (very often); substitution; “leaving the field”, for example, to work, to religion; compromises; appeal to new values; reorientation.

Conflicts determined by emotions, especially negative ones, turn into socio-psychological ones when they are tried to be resolved at the expense of others.

One of the well-known factors causing conflict behavior by negative emotions is the “affect of inadequacy”, experimentally studied by M.Z. Neimark and his collaborators. It occurs when a person's high self-esteem collides with the fear of not justifying it, not confirming one's claims. Orientation “on oneself” is a prerequisite for the appearance of this affect. The mechanism works psychological protection from disturbances of internal balance. In those cases when the opposition of interests is not realized and, consequently, the struggle of motives also has an unconscious character, the motive that corresponds to the main tendency of the personality, its direction, wins.

Communication has long been an integral part of our lives. At work, while studying, in transport, at home, on the Internet - but you never know where else! It occupies the lion's share of our time. And everything would be fine if it were not for communication barriers. It is they, these annoying hindrances, that prevent us from enjoying and benefiting from it. These barriers arise in a variety of situations and in almost every person. Therefore, in order to achieve success in life, you need to have a good understanding of what communication barriers are and how to overcome them.

What are the difficulties in communication?

Probably, each of you had the feeling that the interlocutor seemed to be defending himself, erecting an invisible wall between you. This wall is that notorious barrier. Where do they come from? Communication barriers appear in our lives for various reasons - as a rule, this is a close interweaving of the characteristics of our characters and situations. And already, it happens, you can’t figure out who or what is to blame.

As mentioned above, almost every person faced problems in various communication situations, regardless of their gender, age, social status, values ​​and attitudes. This can only mean one thing - the reasons for which there are barriers to communication are different, and they are present in the life of every person.

These reasons may or may not be recognized by communicating people. It largely depends on how quickly these people notice that they have problems, understand what kind they are, and finally be able to solve them. By the way, communication barriers can even be contrived by one or more interlocutors - and even this is enough for failures in interacting with each other.

It must be said that some barriers may be more common than others in certain people and in certain situations. They can be characteristic of a certain gender, age, profession, nationality, culture, situation. Each of these patterns deserves separate consideration, but we will not do this in the framework of our article.

So, what are the main types of communication barriers?

Communication barriers. These are communication barriers associated with the exchange of information between interlocutors in the course of communication. What are they?

semantic barrier. He gets in your way when you and your interlocutor mean completely different things by the same concepts. Such a barrier occurs almost always and everywhere, because. We have a very different understanding of many things. For example, for one girl, a good husband is one who loves her, takes care of her, earns enough money, wants a child, likes to spend time with her; and for the other, the one who rarely drinks and rarely beats her. Therefore, speaking on the same topic - “what kind of men are all the same!” - they will actually talk about different things and may encounter misunderstandings with each other. In order to destroy this barrier, it is necessary to understand the partner and his picture of the world well - the meanings that he puts into various concepts. In case of possible inaccuracies, always explain in detail what you mean, and try to use words and phrases that are understandable to the interlocutor.

logical barrier. In fact, this is the inability to express one's thoughts. In the speech of such a person, causal relationships are confused, there is a substitution of concepts. Or it can be difficult for him to find words for those complex thoughts that run through his head. If you encounter such an interlocutor, then be patient: listen to him very carefully and ask questions - this will help you get the information you need. If you yourself sin with such a feature, then it is better to try to get rid of it. Listen to how good speakers or writers express their thoughts, read a textbook on logic, take a public speaking class, or simply ask friends for feedback with recommendations - any of these options will help you become a more attractive conversationalist.

phonetic barrier. This is a bad speech technique - when it is not clear what the interlocutor is saying, and this makes it difficult to perceive information. If you are interested in communicating with this person, then there are several options. In formal or business communication, you will have to adapt to his manner of speaking, occasionally asking again in incomprehensible moments. In informal or friendly communication, you can gently convey to the interlocutor that it is difficult for you to understand him because of some features of his speech. Ask him, if possible, to adapt to you and correct them.

modality barrier. We all receive information from the world through five senses, but one of them is a priority. This is your modality. For example, people with a visual modality are best at assimilating the information they see, but the information they hear is much worse. Knowing this, try to immediately determine the modality of your interlocutor and use it: show graphs and diagrams to the visual, play with your voice with the auditory, and touch the kinesthetic more often and show everything “on your fingers”. Use appropriate verbs in your speech, such as “see,” “hear,” or “feel.”

Personal barrier. Each of us has a character, and some of its features may not suit someone. But for someone, these features are so pointed that his character can be a barrier in communication. This may be due to ignorance of their features or a lack of self-control. For example, excessive slowness or, conversely, fussiness can annoy communication partners. In case you yourself have encountered such a person, try to communicate your discomfort and ask him to be slower or faster. Well, try to adequately perceive your own shortcomings, because. for some, they can also become a barrier.

Interaction barriers. These are barriers associated with interaction with a person during communication and arising from dissatisfaction with the behavior of a communication partner. As a rule, there are significant differences in the positions of the interlocutors.

Motivational barrier. It occurs when communication partners have different motives for making contact. For example, you want support from a friend, but she wants you to discuss her new dress. In this case, you may encounter misunderstanding and even quarrel. To prevent this from happening, it will be useful to indicate your own motives in time: “You know, now I really need you to support me, and then we will discuss the dress.”

barrier of incompetence. Often found in collaboration. You may be angry at your partner's incompetence when he starts talking nonsense that is obvious to you. This causes feelings of anger, frustration and wasted time. You have two options - either gradually push him to a deeper understanding of the issue (for example, gently explaining something), or curtail communication. The choice is yours, and it depends on your goals.

ethical barrier. It arises in a situation of incompatibility of the moral positions of communication partners. The main thing is not to try to re-educate or ridicule your interlocutor. It is much more correct to curtail communication or try to find some kind of compromise, especially if you have some important common goal.

communication style barrier. Each of us has our own unique style. It depends on temperament, character, upbringing, profession and other factors. As a rule, it takes a long time to form, and then it becomes difficult to change it. Communication style includes the main motive (why do you communicate - self-affirmation, support, etc. ...), attitude towards others (kindness, tolerance, cruelty ...), attitude towards yourself and the nature of the impact on people (pressure, manipulation, persuasion and etc...). Most often, we have to simply accept the communication style of another person, since it is difficult to change it, and communication is often necessary.

Barriers to understanding and perception. These are barriers associated with the perception and knowledge of each other, as well as with the establishment of mutual understanding on this basis.

aesthetic barrier. It occurs when we do not like the way the interlocutor looks. There are various reasons for its occurrence, for example, if he is untidy or slovenly dressed, or we are annoyed by something in his appearance. It can be difficult not to think about it, but it is necessary, because this contact can be very important for us.

social barrier. The reason for difficulties in communication may be the different social status of partners. However, it is important to remember here that the appearance of such a barrier is primarily associated with attitudes in the minds of the interlocutors. If they attach importance to each other's social position and for them it can be an obstacle, this can complicate communication. But for many situations, status is unimportant - for example, to discuss some of your favorite activities or support each other.

Barrier of negative emotions. Agree, it is quite difficult to communicate with an upset or angry person. Many of us tend to take these emotions personally (at least in part). Here it is necessary to remember that often the reason for the bad mood of the interlocutor lies in some other things - the situation in the family, problems at work or a personal crisis. However, if the negative emotions of the interlocutor significantly impede the conversation, it is better to postpone it for another time.

installation barrier. Very often, communication is complicated if your partner initially does not have a very good relationship. good opinion about you. In most cases, it will be best to discuss this issue and honestly ask the interlocutor about it, try to explain to him that he is mistaken. In those situations where this is not possible, just try to take this fact into account and build your communication with your partner carefully enough. When some time passes and he realizes that his installation is not supported by anything, it may disappear by itself.

Double barrier. It lies in the fact that we involuntarily think of our interlocutor as ourselves: we attribute our opinions and views to him and expect from him the same actions that we ourselves would have committed. But he is different! It is important not to forget about this and try to perceive and remember everything that distinguishes him from us.

Rudeness and ignorance. We all come across people who are simply ill-bred. Sometimes such treatment just needs to be endured, especially in the case when a person does not respond to comments. It is very important to remain polite in such a situation - sometimes this in itself suppresses rudeness. Remember that in dealing with such a person you have some kind of goal, and this is clearly not a desire to put him in his place.

Inability to listen. It manifests itself in a lack of interest in what you are saying, a desire to talk about yourself, or constant interruption. If you need a nosebleed in this situation to be listened to, try to speak better. Use various ways to attract attention: intonation, facial expressions, gestures, NLP basics.

Who is he - a person who regularly encounters barriers in communication?

We told you about the main barriers that prevent fruitful communication between people. However, have you noticed that some people constantly have some kind of difficulties associated with communication, while others go like clockwork?

Indeed, there are types of character that make it difficult to interact with other people. As a rule, such a person behaves in a similar way in completely different situations. And then he himself complains that no one wants to communicate with him. In this case, the personality of this person acts as a barrier in communication.

What are the main features of such a character? First of all, it is necessary to say about such a feature as global distrust. Such a person does not trust himself, nor people, nor the world in general. He is suspicious and opposed to those around him. As a rule, he achieves his goals at the expense of other people. At the same time, he is often torn apart by internal contradictions, which he is not very aware of. A person who is unsuccessful in communication is characterized by self-centeredness, authoritarianism and a tendency to manipulation.

He loves very much when he is praised, when he gets what he has long wanted. He has possessive traits. If his desires are not satisfied, he gets angry, but at the same time he almost never helps other people in achieving their goals and does not sympathize with them. Such a person is emotionally unstable, and his mood often changes. Those around him describe him as irritable and quick-tempered, but internally cold. He often experiences negative emotions and has a low level of self-control.

This person has a poor understanding of others and their feelings. He is insensitive to what happens to them, is distinguished by low insight and observation. It is not given to him to understand that something else may be important to the interlocutor or that he understands the meaning of this or that phrase in a different way. Often he is not able to predict and assess the future. He is characterized by timidity, isolation, self-doubt, alienation, passivity, lack of initiative.

Usually such a person turns out to be intolerant, poorly educated and ignorant. At the same time, he thinks in very rigid categories and frameworks, and the surrounding reality should not go beyond them. He has a lot of stereotypes. He is envious and at the same time conceited. Expects a lot from other people, prone to outbursts of jealousy.

He does not know how to argue his statements, choose an adequate form for them, establish and stop contact with others. Unsuccessful in communication, a person does not know how to give good feedback. He talks a lot and listens little, periodically makes unacceptably long pauses in his speech, likes to interrupt his interlocutors and then “slow down” (this is due to the fact that his vocabulary does not match what he wants to say).

For him, social norms often turn out to be incomprehensible - he does not know how to keep his distance, he is prone to blackmail, lies, pressure and aggression. Most often in communication uses the following strategies: protection and avoidance of communication, depreciation of the opinions of others and aggression, control over others or excessive formalism. Such a person can be characterized as immature, infantile, and sometimes immoral.

As a rule, this person is not very satisfied with his life and success. Any failures cause anger and aggression in him, as a result of which he often tries to achieve his goals by some immoral means. He does not value himself or other people. He lacks the ability to truly love and have close relationships, so he usually does not have friends and loved ones.

Indeed, the psychological portrait we have drawn is terrible and resembles the image of some kind of criminal or marginal. But in one way or another, it is. Constant communication difficulties are a symptom that a person has something wrong inside himself. But it is far from necessary that he will have all the features and features listed above. The psychological portrait written above is collective, and it includes a great many different people With common problem. Therefore, in life you can only observe some individual features and features.

Difficulties in communication and life situation

However, it all depends not only on the personality and character of the person. There are situations in which almost all of us become uncomfortable. This is reflected in all our behavior, including communication with other people. In this case, the barrier is the situation that caused discomfort, and its features.

Once in such circumstances, all participants in communication feel uncomfortable. Some are more aware of this, and some less so. At the same time, they do not just feel it - by chance or on purpose they prevent each other from satisfying their desires and achieving the goals of communication. As a result of this, everyone is worried, angry, do not understand each other and generally tense up. Most often this happens in situations of restriction, refusal, accusation and insult (which, in general, is not surprising).

On the one hand, collective memory affects. Humanity in general and the inhabitants of Russia in particular have repeatedly experienced suppression, repression, wars, famine. Therefore, insults, accusations, restrictions and refusals are very clearly imprinted in the minds of people, who subsequently use them more and more often to resolve conflicts, overcome obstacles, gain power and even seek happiness. This is becoming a typical way of responding to an entire nation, speaking globally.

On the other hand, having such a negative memory becomes optional when we have such a richly represented culture of aggression. Probably, each of you will agree that a lot of attention is paid to aggression in modern society. All kinds of media are especially guilty of this - television, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, advertising companies. The culture of aggression is also gaining popularity due to some features of our lives: overcrowding of schools, hospitals and prisons, high unemployment, low qualifications of people working with the population, low salaries and lack of career prospects, corruption, poor quality of government work and much more, about which you know firsthand. You all experience this and know that these situations are always fraught with communication barriers.

How to understand that there is a barrier in communication?

Of course, being inside the situation, it is not difficult to do this. In the process of difficult communication, you experience discomfort, distrust of your partner, you cannot open up, show emotions, you don’t know what to say - in general, such communication cannot be called easy. However, if you need to assess the presence of psychological barriers, then knowing how people behave in a situation of difficult communication will be very useful.

In the role of such an external indicator is our non-verbal. Hostility, craving for power and dominance, insincerity and the desire to stand out are especially clearly manifested in it. As we wrote above, our unlucky subject in communication can experience this whole gamut of feelings and desires. In what specific signs are all its negative features manifested?

1. First, it is eye contact. In the case of communication barriers, it is usually rare, not intense, and sometimes completely absent. Glances at a partner may be present (there are even long ones), but they all occur at the moment of active communication - especially when the interlocutor states something unpleasant, but important. At the same time, if the interlocutor begins to look away, sensing something was wrong, our “subject” will immediately try to pretend to be a darling and look into them - but this look will actually be cold and hard.

2. Secondly, this is the pose. Feeling difficulties in communication, people often take either unnatural, angular and tense postures, or vice versa, inadequately relaxed, sometimes even lax. Very often, the position of the body is closed (crossed arms, legs, the body turns away from the interlocutor) or “elevated” (the desire to sit higher, look down at the interlocutor).

3. Thirdly, gestures. As a rule, they are sharp and intense, which is also unnatural. The desire to hide the hands (for example, in pockets or behind the back), clench the hands into fists, “grab” or take more space due to posture and gestures is clearly expressed. This may be interspersed with private touching of oneself and the other.

4. Fourth, facial expressions. The face often expresses tension. Facial expressions are strange - for example, the mouth can smile, but the eyes remain motionless. In general, the face is characterized by expressions that demonstrate distrust and hostility towards the interlocutor, as well as contempt and anger.

Of course, a person experiencing communication difficulties does not always behave in this way. These are only the most typical and striking markers, and from them one can conclude not only that there are barriers in the interaction, but also about the interlocutors themselves - about their attitude towards each other and about their goals and guidelines in communication.

How to overcome communication difficulties?

So, we moved on to the most interesting thing - how to step over psychological barriers. Difficulties in communication are not easy, but they can be overcome. "How?" - you ask. And we will tell you about some ways and techniques to overcome communication barriers.

Watch your appearance. This does not mean that you should always look like a movie star on the red carpet. On the contrary, in many situations it will be pretentious and unnatural. Your appearance should evoke sympathy. This is facilitated by accuracy, neatness and the ability to wear those things that really suit you.

The manner of communication should correspond to the situation and people. Agree, it will be a bad move if at the disco you communicate with everyone with restraint and strictness, and at the negotiations - fun and without distance. Consider the characteristics of the interlocutor: his age, gender, upbringing, character and views. For example, you should not wear a short skirt to a meeting with a Muslim.

Try to put yourself in the place of a communication partner and try to understand his point of view. As you probably already understood, we are all different from each other. The same things have completely different meanings for us, and we understand them just as differently. This is where most of the barriers come from. The best way to solve such problems is to allow the other to be different and different from you, and also to try to understand his position, even if you do not agree with it.

Practice empathy and sensitivity. This, accordingly, is the ability to empathize with other people and feel what is happening to them to the smallest changes in the state. These two traits are the key to success in communication.

Don't expect from your partners what they can't give you. So you only cause resentment in yourself and guilt in the other for not giving you. Try to want real things from partners that match their characteristics, and tell them about your expectations.

Do not try to fully live up to your partner's expectations. Firstly, it is boring, and secondly, it is very difficult, and it is impossible to exist like this for a long time. It is better to be natural to the maximum, but taking into account the interlocutor and social norms.

Watch your words. Your messages should be logically connected, contain interesting interlocutor information and rely on something common - for example, a common understanding of the meaning of words or some kind of minimal shared memory. Your speech should be understandable to the interlocutor both in the literal sense and in the sense of matching his horizons.

Be open and honest about your thoughts, feelings, and expectations. If you are asked about something, and you are already sure of your refusal, it is better to voice it right away. So neither you nor the interlocutor will lose time and resources.

Reception "view from the side." Sometimes, in order to understand something (for example, to realize what specifically interferes with your communication with your partner), you need to look at the situation from the outside, describe it in abstract words without introducing your emotions and personal characteristics.

Respect your partner. Even if he annoys you incredibly, try to show your imagination and find something that will make you respect him. It can be some little thing, for example, his manner of highlighting individual words with intonation. Or something more serious - for example, a very rude person in communication, who at the same time spends half of his income on charity. Something good can be found in every person. respectable, and if this is not possible, then it is worth considering - do you really need this communication?

Unfortunately, in life there is no such thing that you can communicate without barriers only with pleasant people. As a rule, we all somehow find ourselves in situations where these difficulties arise. The task facing you at this moment is to feel the barrier, determine its type and apply the method that most effectively removes it. Be calm, self-confident, tolerant of the weaknesses of others and try not to get into trouble. conflict situations!

Educational literature on legal psychology

Golovkov D.A., Parkhimovich P.I.
LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY.

Tutorial.
Mn., 2004.

SECTION 3. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF AN ATS EMPLOYEE

Chapter 1. Professional communication in the activities of employees of internal affairs bodies

§ 3. Psychological barriers to communication

Behind any actions, conflicts, there are always certain reasons: needs, desires, goals. To understand them means to understand a person. In addition, in many cases to understand is to forgive.

In communication, it is always necessary to compare your desires and those of communication partners, because if they are opposite and fundamental, there is a real threat of conflict. First of all, in order to achieve any goal, it is necessary to weigh your capabilities, means and, most importantly, consequences. For a police officer, knowledge of the main communication barriers is necessary because in practical activities their manifestation will allow choosing the most effective tactics in building a conversation and actions.

Let us turn to the classification of communication barriers proposed by Ya.A. Lupyan.

Among the psychological barriers to communication, the following can be distinguished:

• character barrier;
• neuroses;
• negative emotions;
• perception;
• technology and communication skills.

character barrier. Character is a combination of the most stable, essential personality traits, manifested in human behavior, a certain attitude towards the surrounding reality and oneself. Since ancient times, scientists have sought to somehow classify people according to temperaments, characters, and personality traits. And there are many such classifications. For example, the classification of Hippocrates, which involves the division of people into choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic and sanguine.

I.P. Pavlov, depending on the severity of the processes of inhibition and excitation in the brain, identified four types of higher nervous activity:

a) unrestrained;

c) calm;

d) weak.

Observing a person in different situations, one can get confused in conflicting impressions about his temperament, which is associated with the emotional coloring of his behavior.

In everyday and professional communication, it is possible and necessary to foresee the peculiarities of the reaction, the intensity of emotions of people with different characters and respond adequately to them.

Don't forget the following:

• underline self-worth arrogance always irritates others;
• it is unacceptable to give a general assessment of the person instead of a comment on a specific occasion;
• everyone has their own especially vulnerable spots, which cannot be “hit” with criticism and reproaches, but you can achieve favor by encouraging behavior or action.

neuroses. Neuroses are a consequence of interpersonal relationships and at the same time often serve as their cause. This creates a vicious circle: conflicts lead to neuroticism, which in turn provokes new conflicts. With this disease, a “breakdown” of brain activity occurs without any signs of its anatomical damage. The cause of the disease are long-term, and sometimes short-term, but strong experiences. These reasons lead to the appearance of neurasthenia (irritability for petty reasons), obsessive-compulsive disorder (persistent fears appear, although the person himself understands the illogicality of his behavior), hysteria (an inadequate, emotionally colored reaction to stimuli, which is typical for women). Hot temper, resentment, indecision are often due not to defects in education, but to neuroses.

When dealing with such people, it is necessary to make allowances for their "shattered nerves", to be more tolerant, restrained, tactful with them.

Barrier of negative emotions. There are many theories about the nature of emotions. The most recognized is the information theory of P.V. Simonov. Here are some of its provisions:

a) the stronger the need, the stronger the accompanying emotion and the feeling of satisfaction after achieving the goal;

b) when there is no need, there are no emotions;

c) the less likely it is to satisfy the need, the stronger the negative emotion that arises, but as the chances of success increase, the strength of the negative emotion decreases.

In practical activities, a police officer in the process of communication has to meet with such emotions as shame, contempt, guilt, fear, bad mood, anger. The effectiveness of professional communication depends on the extent to which a police officer is able to prevent or neutralize the effect of negative emotions.

perception barrier. Often on the way to mutual understanding in the process of communication there is a barrier of perception. Mutual understanding is easier to achieve if you understand the essence of the speech barrier of communication, negative attitude, inattention, absent-mindedness and understand what the first impression of a person depends on.

In the process of communication, close attention must be paid to speech. A police officer should be able to competently ask a question, listen carefully to the interlocutor, constantly monitor his intonation.

Past experience subconsciously prepares a person to react, to act in this way and not otherwise. The attitude takes place outside consciousness, but, nevertheless, it has a decisive influence on the entire content of mental life. Negative attitudes often serve as a barrier to communication. The perception of the same phenomenon by different people can be different. Therefore, it is not surprising that not every phrase is understood in the same way.

In social psychology, attitude is understood as the predisposition of an individual or group to respond in a certain way to certain phenomena of social activity.

Psychological setting- this is a relatively stable system of views, ideas about an object or event, a set of associated with it emotional states predisposing to certain actions.

The role of attitude (and the probability of error) is especially great in the formation of the first impression of a stranger. The psychological mechanism of the set ensures the appearance of certain effects that must be taken into account in order for interpersonal perception to be more accurate. In psychology, three such effects have been studied in detail: the halo effect, the novelty and primacy effect, and the stereotyping effect.

Barrier of technique and communication skills. A police officer in the process of communication must objectively evaluate not only the interlocutor, but also himself. It can be a source of confrontation, and in the process of professional communication, only one tactic will help a police officer - interaction. Regardless of the presence of communication barriers, the goal must be achieved, and this is possible with knowledge of human psychology. But it should be noted that in order to learn communication, one must strive to communicate. The mere theoretical knowledge of psychology, not backed up by practice, will remain an empty flower.

A police officer sometimes has to disguise the goals of the conversation, and then communication can be strained, forced. For a police officer, the following tips may be useful in a similar situation:

As general rules The following are recommended for preparation of interviews:

• formulate specific goals for the conversation;
• make a plan of the conversation (it does not have to be on paper);
• choose a time (convenient and sufficient for the interlocutor);
• choose a place (nothing and no one should interfere);
• the objectives of the first part of the conversation should be to attract attention and create an atmosphere of trust;
• subordinate tactics to the goals of conversation without distractions (ask more open questions, i.e. questions that cannot be answered in one word, for example: What do you think? Why? What do you know? etc.);
• try to make your interlocutor speak;
• record the information received (the methods of fixing may be different);
• stop the conversation immediately after reaching the intended goal (a person better remembers what he heard at the beginning of the conversation, and does what he heard at the end).

The police officer must remember that practical work it is necessary to improve the ability to communicate, and this is possible with introspection and self-control.

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