The character of a person is determined not only by the totality of his individual features, but also by the properties as a whole. Just as any whole is not equal to the sum of its elements, so the character as a whole acquires qualitatively new properties.

Certainty character is associated with the presence among his features of one or more, the most pronounced, dominant. If there are such traits, the character is called definite, and if they are especially pronounced, bright. In classical literature, many images of characters with bright positive or negative characters have been created. These are almost all the heroes of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", a novel by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" and many other works. Some character types are named after one or more of their most striking features. It is enough to say that a person has a “powerful”, “sanctimonious” or “angelic” character in order to be able to judge his personality, actions and deeds. In people with an indefinite character, dominant features are weakly expressed or absent.

Wholeness character is manifested in the internal unity of the orientation of the personality, dominant traits character and behavior of a person. People with this character in life have goals and principles that they follow. They usually have no discord between thoughts, feelings and actions, between their aspirations and duty. They are natural in communication, their actions and deeds can be foreseen. Their behavior can change according to circumstances. However, they do not compromise their principles and do not go against their convictions.

The property of character, the opposite of wholeness, is inconsistency. Contradictory nature is characterized by a discord of beliefs, principles and actions. The thoughts and feelings of such people, their motives and goals are multidirectional. Depending on the situation or on their mood, they show different traits of character, sometimes directly opposite. Therefore, their actions and actions are often unpredictable. For example, if one of the parents has a conflicting character, this manifests itself in a conflicting parenting style. The child is sometimes overprotected, then left to himself, then he is overcharged, then he is punished without good reason. As a result, he loses orientation for his actions, each time he tries to adapt to new requirements or to the mood of his parents. A kind of contradictory character - character dual, manifested in a double manner of behavior. For example, the head of the production team, who allows rudeness in relations with his subordinates, behaves ingratiatingly with his superior. The inconsistency and duality of character indicate a person's lack of deep convictions, the incompleteness of the moral development of the individual.

Strength or firmness character is determined by the degree of development of a person's volitional traits: purposefulness, determination, perseverance, courage, endurance, which prevail over others. A person with a strong character is able to achieve his goals, show stamina, and resist external circumstances. Weakness is manifested in the inability to uphold one's principles, achieve the intended goals, and complete the work begun.

originality character is expressed in originality, independence, dissimilarity to others. People with such a character are distinguished by bright individual traits, peculiar thinking, and creative abilities. Studies of the lives of prominent people have provided a wealth of material on the characteristics of their character. The original character was noted by Peter the Great, A.S. Pushkin, A. Einstein, K.E. Tsiolkovsky and many other outstanding personalities

Sustainability character is manifested in the fact that a person over a long period of life retains a tendency to act in a certain way in similar situations. The relative stability of character does not exclude its variability. Character reflects the specifics of life relationships. But the circumstances of a person's life and the types of his relationship to reality can change, which entails a change in character. In some people, the tendency to stability of character prevails, the features of conservatism appear. This is not always favorable for a person, as it can make it difficult to adapt to new conditions. With a sharp change in life circumstances, such people remain committed to the old forms of behavior that do not correspond to new circumstances. The optimum ratio of stability and variability of character is determined by the extent to which a person comprehends the changed circumstances and strives to comply with them by virtue of his convictions, and not mercantile interests.

Character leaves its mark on all forms of behavior and activity. It manifests itself in actions, deeds, verbal and non-verbal communication. In activity, character is expressed in relation to its process and result, in the ability to overcome difficulties and obstacles. Character determines the style of business and interpersonal human communication and how it affects other people. In speech, such character traits as self-confidence, shyness, frankness, intemperance and many others are manifested. If speech, although not to the full extent, lends itself to conscious regulation, then it is much more difficult to mask certain character traits in non-verbal behavior. They can be traced in facial expressions, gestures, in the entire external appearance of a person. Popular wisdom says that character is second nature, and it really is.

Approaches to the definition of character in psychology.

MAIN CHARACTER PROPERTIES

Most general properties character can be arranged along the axes:

strength-weakness;

hardness - softness;

integrity - inconsistency;

breadth - narrowness.

Under force Characters understand the strength of perseverance with which a person achieves his goals, his ability to get passionately carried away and develop great tension in the face of difficulties. Weakness character is usually associated with the manifestation of cowardice, indecision in achieving the goal, instability of views, cowardice in making independent decisions, etc.

Hardness character means strict consistency, inflexibility in achieving goals, defending views, etc. At the other pole - softness, which manifests itself in flexible adaptation to changing conditions, achieving the goal through some concessions, finding reasonable compromises.

Wholeness character is the stability of positions and views in various situations, the consistency of words and deeds. Agree how rarely we meet people with a solid character. But very often you can observe people with a contradictory character. inconsistency- this is the presence of incompatible views, attitudes, actions, goals, motives and desires in one character.

Latitude character is the diversity of the needs of the individual, the breadth of his interests and the awareness of the central core interests that determine the purposefulness of the individual. narrowness This is one-sidedness and limited development of a person.

Character, along with temperament, is one of the most significant forms of personality manifestation. If temperament determines the dynamic side of the personality, then character is its content.. Character leaves its mark on all the actions, thoughts and feelings of a person, by which we judge personality traits. Not all of its features are part of the character, but only essential and stable.

Definition. Character -- it is a substructure of the personality, which is formed by an individually unique set of stable personality traits, expresses her attitude to reality and determines the typical way of behavior for a given person.

The nature of the human personality is always multifaceted. It defines a set of traits, personality traits. All these traits, or qualities, of a person can be conditionally divided into several groups that reflect a person's attitude to different aspects of life. Each group includes positive and negative qualities.

Allocate a group of traits in which it is manifested the relationship of a person to the people around him and to society as a whole. The positive qualities that are included in this group are collectivism, sociability, sensitivity, devotion, kindness, honesty, truthfulness, sincerity, etc., negative ones are selfishness, callousness, deceit, hypocrisy, etc.

The next group includes character traits that express a person's attitude towards himself, self-esteem of the individual. Depending on self-esteem, a person can be pleased with himself or condemn himself, agree with himself or be in a state of internal struggle. Positive character traits are self-confidence, realistic self-esteem, negative ones include inadequately high self-esteem, excessive strictness towards oneself, underestimation of oneself, self-doubt, shyness.

play a significant role in the development of human character volitional and emotional qualities . Will is called the basis of character, its core. The significant role of the volitional qualities of a person is reflected in such expressions as ``a person with character'', ``a strong character'', ``a characterless person''. Positive volitional qualities are distinguished: courage, determination, purposefulness, etc., and negative ones: indecision, stubbornness. It should also be said about the emotional qualities of a person: anxiety or emotional stability, restraint or impulsiveness, etc. The corresponding qualities will be considered in more detail when studying the volitional and emotional spheres of the personality.

All traits, or qualities, of a person are significant for activity and communication. Each particular individual has main character traits that set the general direction of the whole complex of its manifestations, and secondary features that in some cases are determined by the main ones, and in others may contradict them. Thus, character traits do not exist in isolation, separately from each other, but are linked together, forming a more or less integral character structure.

character structure is found in a regular relationship between its individual features. For example, W. Sheldon, in the process of research, found that if a person discovers love for comfort, then with highly likely will have a good appetite, friendliness, contact, thirst for praise and approval. If a person is a coward, then he is not characterized by decisiveness and independence in decision-making, characteristic of initiative people, since decision-making involves personal responsibility.

Regularly combined character traits form an integral structure. Whole character - a character in which positive relationships between traits predominate.

However, in life there are often conflicting characters. Controversial nature (discordant) - a character in which there are features that contradict each other and determine different forms behavior in similar situations.

3. accentuation - this is the disharmony of character development, which manifests itself in the excessive severity of its individual features or compounds, which causes an increased vulnerability of the individual in relation to certain types of influences and makes it difficult to adapt in some specific situations.

Accentuation is not a disease, not a pathology, not a psychopathy, but an extreme expression of the norm. This is a sharpening of any individual traits, which, under certain adverse conditions can lead to pathology - psychopathy.

The famous Soviet psychiatrist P. B. Gannushkin formulated three criteria for psychopathy:

1. Stability over time. A character can be considered pathological, that is, regarded as psychopathy, if it is relatively stable over time (it changes little during life).

2. The totality of the manifestation of character. With psychopathy, the same character traits are found in all spheres of human life: in production activities, at home, in communication with friends and relatives, etc.

3. Social maladaptation. A person constantly has difficulties in life. Moreover, these difficulties are experienced either by himself or by the people around him.

In the case of character accentuations there may not be any of the listed signs of psychopathy, or at least all three signs are never present at once.

Absence of the first sign It is expressed in the fact that the accentuation of character is manifested only at certain stages of personality development. It is most often formed in adolescence, and smoothes out with age.

The absence of the second sign means that the traits of an accentuated character do not appear in any situation, but only in special conditions. At the same time, it should be noted that the selective vulnerability of character traits in relation to certain types of influences can very often be combined with a good or even increased resistance of this trait to other influences.

Social maladaptation with accentuation or does not come at all or can wear temporary, temporary . Difficulties in adapting the personality in some specific situations with a certain accentuation of character can be combined with good and even increased abilities for social adaptation in other situations.

These character traits, or personality traits, are moral character and are either virtues or vices of a person. Our main virtue lies in caring for the people around us, their interests, their peace of mind. Everyone thinks a lot about happiness, wants to be happy and often forgets about the main thing - only when we bring happiness to other people, we ourselves feel happy. These are not empty words. Thinking only about yourself, about your own good, you can be satisfied, satisfied (smug), calm, but never happy.

B.L. Pasternak wrote:

After all, life is also only a moment, Only the dissolution of ourselves in all others, As if they were a gift.

Second group- volitional character traits. They are expressed in the ability and habit to consciously regulate their behavior, their activities in accordance with certain principles, to overcome obstacles on the way to the goal. The will is called the basis of character, its backbone. Speaking of someone "a person with character", thereby emphasizing, first of all, the severity of strong-willed character traits: purposefulness, determination, self-control, endurance, patience, discipline, courage, courage.

But these character traits are valuable only when they are manifested in a moral, educated person. It is important to know what goals a person aspires to and what means he chooses to achieve them. Not only the goals, but also the means of activity must be honest and humane. The purposefulness and perseverance of a dictator or a careerist, the courage of a bully or a fool cannot be positive qualities. Volitional traits and actions are valuable not in themselves, but only together with the moral orientation of the individual.

Character traits are not only manifested in actions, deeds, relationships, but also formed in them. So, courage appears in the process of committing courageous deeds, and becomes a character trait only when such actions cease to be random episodes in a person’s life and turn into a habit for him. “You cannot educate a courageous person,” said A.S. Makarenko, - if you do not put him in such conditions when he could show courage - it’s all the same - in restraint, in a direct open word, some deprivation, in patience, in courage.

Democritus also stated: good people become more from exercise than from nature. A Chinese proverb says:

Sow an act - you reap a habit, sow a habit - you reap a character, sow a character - you reap a destiny.

Each character trait does not appear in isolation from others, but is associated with them. Depending on this, different people can have the same character trait in different ways. For example, a bold act can be reasonable and reckless, moral and immoral. Such a trait as courage includes not only the volitional sphere, but also the intellectual and emotional sphere. Courage is also a moral trait. The character of each person is a peculiar combination of various features combined in a human personality.

There have been many attempts in the history of psychology to classify human characters or to define types of characters. However, a satisfactory classification and typology of characters has not yet been created. Therefore, when characterizing a person, one or two of the most prominent features of his character are usually indicated. Some we call people of a firm, strong character, others - modest, hardworking, others - kind, sociable, etc.

Character traits that are manifested in a person in his activities, in feelings, in speech, in relation to other people, to himself, acquire a positive or negative meaning depending on what goals a person is guided in his life, for what he lives, how makes sense of his life and his actions.

There are people without a pronounced character, people with an indefinite character. About such people N.V. Gogol wrote: "People ... indefinite, neither this nor that, you will not understand what kind of people, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Seli-fan." Our people also quite aptly say about such people and figures: “So-so man - neither fish nor meat”, “Not a candle to God, not a poker to hell”.

Character traits are acquired and fixed personality traits, the physiological basis of character is made up of those that have changed in the process. individual life peculiarities nervous system.

I.P. Pavlov associated the changing type of the nervous system with the systematic work of the cerebral cortex and with a dynamic stereotype, which is a well-coordinated, balanced system of nervous processes.

The stereotype is the neuro-physiological basis of firmly fixed habitual personality traits, which include character traits.

To understand the neuro-physiological basis of character great importance has the teachings of I.P. Pavlova about second signal system 1 . The second signaling system is the physiological basis of thinking and speech, and at the same time it regulates human behavior. "It's okay developed person- said I.P. Pavlov, - the second signaling system is the highest regulator of human behavior. Of course, speaking of the physiological foundations of character, one cannot understand the matter in such a way that all character traits are determined only by the characteristics of the nervous system. “The physiological basis of character, of course, does not and cannot include its content side, for example, social orientation, courage, fidelity to duty. The content side of the psychology of character has its source in social categories; revealing this side, psychology is included among the social sciences” 2 .

Formed under the influence environment, life experience of a person, his upbringing, the character of each person is a unity of the individual and typical, arising under the influence of both socio-historical conditions (a certain socio-historical system, social environment), and individual conditions of life and activity (a person's life path).

Not all features of a person can be considered traits of his character, but only essential and stable. For example, the one for whom such a form of behavior is constant, is typical, is bold. Of course, he, too, can sometimes feel a sense of fear, but you cannot call him a coward.

To know the character of a person, it takes time and constant communication with him. Difficulty with a stranger

1 See: Pavlov I.P. Full composition of writings. - M., 1951. - T. 3. - Prince. 2. - S. 334, 346.

2 In the same place, communicate and deal primarily because you don’t know what to expect from him and what he expects from you. Knowing the character of a person, we can foresee, predict how he will behave in a given situation, how he will act under given circumstances, what he will do, what and how he will say.

Let's remember our friends, acquaintances, classmates, colleagues. In relation to almost each of them, one can foresee how they will react to a particular problem, how they will behave under certain circumstances, what decision they will make ...

The character of a person can be definite or indefinite, whole or contradictory.

Certainty of character depends on how clearly the dominant, core features are expressed. Whole character- this is the unity of thoughts, feelings and behavior, actions, deeds.

If the individuality of a person is devoid of internal certainty, his actions depend not so much on himself as on external circumstances, we are talking about the “spinelessness” of a person. Let us recall once again the folk proverbs: “Goes with the flow like a log”; "Not a man, but a bunch of trifles." We see that such people have never enjoyed respect among the people.

But “spiritlessness” is often only external: internally, for himself, a person strictly adheres to a certain line, but his line, if I may say so, is fundamentally indefinite - he does it both profitably: he can be heartless, cruel or kind in someone's eyes (it's all about who those eyes belong to). Courageous or cowardly, fight with the heat now for this idea, then for the opposite.

Character, like the personality itself, is very complex phenomenon, not frozen once and for all. It develops and forms throughout a person's life.

What character traits are most attractive in a person? Probably, everyone will agree that this is goodwill, a sense of dignity and justice, spiritual sensitivity, simplicity in communicating with people, optimism, dedication to one's work, courage, adherence to principles, humor. K. Paustovsky wrote that the deepest, most intense human activity can and even should be accompanied by humor. The lack of humor testifies not only to indifference to everything around, but also to a well-known mental dullness. Cultural, well-mannered person will resolve an unexpected everyday conflict more with humor than with annoyance. He (K. Paustovsky) remarked: "A person must be smart, simple, fair, brave and kind."

2.3. The relationship of character with other aspects of the personality

Character is interconnected with all aspects of personality.

The needs and interests of a person, forming the basis of his motivational sphere, form his character. There are people for whom spiritual values ​​are above all. But there are those who have become slaves of things. In the latter, the spiritual and moral world is impoverished, such character traits as stupidity, stinginess, greed, and envy arise. A person's beliefs are manifested in such character traits as purposefulness, optimism, exactingness towards oneself and others, they make a person's behavior fundamental. Worldview allows a person to correctly navigate social events, regulate their behavior.

The intellectual properties of a person also leave a certain imprint on his character and give him originality. Sharpness or dullness, solidity or shallowness of the mind are intellectual properties that can become character traits.

Will determines the decisiveness, constancy, independence and purposefulness of character. Feelings in character show an emotional attitude towards people, the world and oneself. What a person loves or hates, what remains indifferent to - all this is manifested in his character, testifying to his attitude.

Character is closely related to temperament. Temperament affects the form of manifestation of character. So, persistence in a choleric person is expressed in vigorous activity, in a phlegmatic person - in concentrated deliberation.

Many character traits depend on temperament, such as balanced behavior, sociability, ease or difficulty of inclusion in a new activity, expression of feelings. However, the type of temperament does not determine the essence of character: a phlegmatic person can be active and industrious, and a sanguine person can be fussy and barren. It should be noted that there is a close interdependence of character and abilities. The development of abilities depends on such character traits as diligence, ability to work. In school, middle and high educational institutions there are many pupils and students who, thanks to their abilities, grasp everything on the fly, do well. But in life, some of them do not justify their hopes, and mainly because they are not accustomed to work seriously and in an organized manner, to persistently overcome obstacles.

For the development of abilities, such character traits as self-criticism, exactingness to oneself are important. Such a character trait as modesty is also very important. Confidence in one's exclusivity is often detrimental to abilities, since in this case arrogance, self-admiration, and neglect of others are often formed. MM. Prishvin remarked: “The greatest happiness is not to consider yourself special, but to be like all people.” A.I. Goethe emphasized: "He who does not think too much about himself is better than he thinks about himself."

2.4. Formation of character in younger students

Character is not innate, it is formed under the influence of living conditions and purposeful upbringing. Something in the character is also innate - precisely those traits that are associated with temperament. In the formation of character, the first 7-8 years, preschool and younger are of decisive importance. school age when the foundation of a person's character is laid.

The formation of character is influenced primarily by child's living conditions the environment in which a person grows and matures, the "spirit" of society, its morality and value orientations. The channels of this influence are communication with adults and peers, books, radio, television, customs, traditions, etc.

Family conditions and relationships in the family have a very serious influence on the formation of character. Home education is crucial to the formation of a child's character.

Character is formed in activities. The character of the child will acquire its qualitative originality in consistently leading activities for him - in play, study, work. Character traits are formed by repeating forms of behavior in life and activity. A.S. Makarenko emphasized that it is very important to constantly exercise children in the right deed, "to organize ... gymnastics of behavior", to consolidate correct forms behavior.

Already in preschool age the first contours of character are outlined, a habitual way of behavior, certain attitudes towards reality begin to take shape.

If the conditions in which the child lived and acted did not require from him, for example, endurance or initiative, then the corresponding character traits are not developed in him, no matter what high moral ideas they instill in him verbally. An education that eliminates all the difficulties in the life of a child can never create a strong character.

With admission to school, a new stage of character formation begins. The child is faced with a number of new and strict rules and school responsibilities that determine all his behavior at school, at home, in public places.

These rules and duties develop the student's organization, systematicity, purposefulness, perseverance, accuracy, discipline, diligence. An exceptionally important role in the formation of character is played by the school team. At school, the child enters into a relationship of fellowship and mutual assistance with comrades. He develops a consciousness of duty and responsibility to the team of the class, school, a sense of camaraderie, collectivism.

The main condition for educating the character of younger students is unity of general requirements for them with individual approach to everyone. An individual approach should not in any way violate the general requirements.

Organization is of paramount importance in the formation of character. personal experience child, contributing to the formation of stable habits of behavior and activity.

“The character of children develops and is formed in real actions and deeds and in that inner work, which is tied around them and woven into them pedagogical process, as the activity of a teacher-educator, forms the developing personality of the child into a measured one, as a teacher directs the activity of the child, and does not replace it, wrote S.L. Rubinstein. - Any attempt by the educator-teacher to “introduce” knowledge and moral standards into the child, bypassing own activities mastering them, undermines, as Ushinsky perfectly understood, the very foundations of a healthy mental and moral development of the child, the education of his personal properties and qualities.

Forming the personal behavior of the child, the teacher also forms the personal properties of the child, his motivational sphere.

The motive effective for a given person is the future trait of his character in its genesis (potentially at least). Therefore, the features of the motivational sphere of the child should be the focus of the teacher.

Outwardly, one and the same act, one and the same attitude of children to classes, school, classmates, teacher, depending on the motives from which they proceed, on the goals that they more or less consciously pursue, acquires a completely different attitude in relation to pedagogical its value is sometimes directly opposite meaning.

The teacher needs to understand the true personal motives of the child's behavior, the motives of his actions, his inner attitude to the tasks that are set before him. If the teacher knows the real motives of his student's behavior, he will be able to interact with him, will be able to professionally competently build the educational process in order to help the child form positive motives for learning and relationships with classmates.

The upbringing of the character of children is influenced by the personal example of the teacher, his actions, attitude towards children and his activities.

Questions and tasks

1 . What do character traits express?

2. What determines the typical and individual character traits of people?

3. How is a person's character formed? What are the ways of developing character?

1 Rubinshtein S.L. Problems of general psychology. - M., 1976. - S. 191.4. Expand the psychological meaning of Aristotle's statement: "To talk well about virtue does not mean to be virtuous, but to be fair in thoughts does not mean to be fair in deed."

5. Analyze your actions and attitudes and try to identify the main features of your character.

Topic 3 ABILITIES

What are abilities.

General and special abilities.

Ability and personality.

Development of abilities in younger students.

3.1. What are abilities

One of the most complex and interesting problems in psychology is the problem of individual differences. It is difficult to name at least one property, quality, trait of a person that would not be included in the circle of this problem. Mental properties and qualities of people are formed in life, in the process of education, upbringing, activity. With the same educational programs and teaching methods we see in everyone individual characteristics. And that's great. That's why people are so interesting because they are different.

The central moment in the individual characteristics of a person is his abilities, it is the abilities that determine the formation of the personality and determine the degree of brightness of its individuality.

Capabilities- these are the internal conditions for the development of a person, which are formed in the process of his interaction with the outside world.

“Human abilities that distinguish a person from other living beings constitute his nature, but the very nature of a person is a product of history,” wrote S.L. Rubinstein. Human nature is formed and changed in the process of historical development as a result of human labor activity. Intellectual abilities were formed as, by changing nature, a person cognized it, artistic, musical, etc. formed along with the development various kinds art" 1 .

The concept of "ability" includes three main features:

Firstly, abilities are understood as individual psychological characteristics that distinguish one person from another. These are features of sensations and perception, memory, thinking, imagination, emotions and will, relationships and motor reactions, etc.

Secondly, abilities are not called individual characteristics in general, but only those that are related to the success of performing an activity or many activities. There is a huge variety of activities and relationships, each of which requires certain abilities for its implementation at a sufficiently high level. Properties such as irascibility, lethargy, indifference, which are undoubtedly the individual characteristics of people, are usually not called abilities, because they are not considered as conditions for the success of any activity.

Thirdly, abilities are understood as such individual characteristics that are not limited to the available skills, abilities or knowledge of a person, but which can explain the ease and speed of acquiring this knowledge and skills 2 .

Based on the above, the following definition can be derived.

Abilities are such individual psychological characteristics of a person that meet the requirements of this activity and are a condition for its successful implementation.

In other words, abilities are understood as properties, or qualities, of a person that make him suitable for the successful performance of a certain activity. You can't just be "capable" or "capable of everything", regardless of any particular occupation. Every ability is necessarily the ability to something, to any activity. Abilities both manifest themselves and develop only in action.

1 Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology: In 2 vols. - M., 1989. - T. 2. -S. 127.

2 See: Warm B.M. Selected works: In 2 volumes - M., 1985. - V.1. - C.16.ness, and determine the greater or lesser success in the implementation of this activity.

Indicators of abilities in the process of their development can be the pace, ease of assimilation and speed of advancement in a particular area of ​​human activity.

A person is not born with the ability for this or that activity. Only inclinations that form the natural basis for the development of abilities can be innate.

Inclinations are structural features of the brain and nervous system, sense organs and movements, functional features of the body, given to everyone from birth.

The inclinations include some innate features of the visual and auditory analyzers, typological properties of the nervous system, on which the speed of formation of temporary nerve connections, their strength, the strength of concentrated attention, the endurance of the nervous system, and mental performance depend. The level of development and correlation of the first and second signal systems should also be considered as inclinations. I.P. Pavlov distinguished three specifically human types of higher nervous activity: artistic type with the relative predominance of the first signal system, thinking type with the relative predominance of the second signal system, third type - with relative balance of signaling systems. For people of the artistic type, the brightness of direct impressions, the imagery of perception and memory, the richness and liveliness of the imagination, and emotionality are characteristic. Thinking type people tend to analyze and systematize, to generalized, abstract thinking.

Individual features of the structure of individual sections of the cerebral cortex can also be inclinations. But inclinations are only prerequisites for the development of abilities, they are one, albeit very important, of the conditions for the development and formation of abilities. If a person, even with the best inclinations, does not engage in relevant activities, his abilities will not develop. Favorable environment, education and training contribute to the early awakening of inclinations. For example, from the age of two, Rimsky-Korsakov could clearly distinguish all the melodies that his mother sang, at the age of four he already sang everything that his father played, soon he himself began to pick up the pieces he heard from his father on the piano. Igor Grabar tells about himself: “When a passion for drawing began, I don’t remember, but suffice it to say that I don’t remember myself not drawing.

Ability cannot arise without a corresponding specific activity. It is impossible to understand the matter in such a way that the ability exists before the corresponding activity has begun, and is only used in the latter. Absolute pitch as an ability does not exist in a child before he first faced the task of recognizing the pitch of a sound. Prior to this, there was only a deposit as an anatomical and physiological fact. And a subtle ear for music can be unrealized if a person does not specifically study music. Therefore, music lessons with young children, even if the kids do not show bright musical talents, are of great importance for the development of their musical abilities.

Abilities are not only manifested in activity, but are also created in this activity. They are always the result of development. By its very essence, ability is a dynamic concept - it exists only in motion, only in development.

The development of abilities takes place in a spiral: the realization of the possibilities that the ability of one level represents opens up new opportunities for further development, for the development of abilities of a higher level (S.L. Rubinshtein).

Thus, the child's abilities are formed gradually by mastering him in the process of learning the content of material and spiritual culture, technology, science, and art. The initial prerequisite for this development of abilities is innate inclinations (we note that the concepts of "innate" and "hereditary" are not identical).

It should not be thought that each ability corresponds to a special deposit. The inclinations are ambiguous and can be realized in various types of abilities, on their basis different abilities can be developed depending on how a person’s life goes, what he learns, what he is inclined to. Inclinations can, to a greater or lesser extent, determine the originality of a person's development, the style of his intellectual or other activity.

It is impossible to indicate in advance the exact boundaries in the development of certain abilities, to determine the "ceiling", the limit of their development. This is due to the fact that any activity requires for its implementation not one, but several abilities, and they can, to a certain extent, compensate, replace each other. Learning and mastering what has been created by mankind throughout the history of its existence, we develop our natural qualities, our inclinations, turn them into abilities for activity. Every person is capable of something. Abilities develop in a person as he masters some activity, field of knowledge, academic subject.

A person's abilities develop and work out on what he does. One can cite as an example P.I. Tchaikovsky. He did not have an absolute pitch, the composer himself complained of a poor musical memory, he played the piano fluently, but not so well, although he had been playing music since childhood. Composer activity P.I. Tchaikovsky first took up, having already graduated from the School of Law. And despite this, he became a brilliant composer.

There are two levels of ability development: reproductive and creative. A person who is at the first level of development of abilities reveals a high ability to master a skill, acquire knowledge, master an activity and carry it out according to the proposed model, in accordance with the proposed idea. At the second level of development of abilities, a person creates a new, original.

In the process of mastering knowledge and skills, in the process of activity, a person "transfers" from one level to another. Accordingly, the structure of his abilities also changes. As you know, even very gifted people began with imitation, and then, only as they gained experience, they showed creativity.

“Scientists have established that it is not individual abilities as such that directly determine the possibility of successfully performing any activity, but only that peculiar combination of these abilities that characterizes a given person.

One of the most important features of the human psyche is the possibility of an extremely wide compensation of some properties by others, as a result of which the relative weakness of any one ability does not at all exclude the possibility of successfully performing even such an activity that is most closely related to this ability. The missing ability can be compensated within very wide limits by others highly developed in the given person. B.M. Teplov emphasized the importance of the advancement and development by a number of foreign psychologists, and primarily by V. Stern, of the concept of compensation for abilities and properties.

Separate abilities do not just coexist with each other. Each ability changes, acquires a qualitatively different character, depending on the presence and degree of development of other abilities. L.S. Vygotsky wrote: “Each of our “ability” actually works in such a complex whole that, taken by itself, it does not even give an approximate idea of ​​the real possibilities of its action. A person with a weak memory when we study it in isolation may turn out to be better at remembering than a person with a good memory, simply by virtue of the fact that memory never appears on its own, but always in close cooperation with attention, general attitude, thinking - and the combined effect of these various abilities may turn out to be completely independent of the absolute value of each of the terms" 1 .

A peculiar combination of abilities that provides a person with the opportunity to successfully perform any activity is called giftedness.

The problem of giftedness is primarily a qualitative problem (S.L. Rubinshtein). The first, main question is what are the abilities of a person, what are his abilities for and what is their qualitative originality. But this qualitative problem also has its quantitative aspect.

A high level of development of abilities is called talent.

Talented people are able to solve complex theoretical and practical problems in some field of knowledge or practice, they are able to create material or spiritual values ​​that are new and have progressive significance. In this sense, we are talking about talented scientists, writers, teachers, artists, designers, managers, etc.

Talent can manifest itself in any human activity, and not just in the field of science or art. The attending physician, and the teacher, and the skilled worker, and the head, and the farmer, and pilot, etc.

1 Vygotsky L. S. Pedagogical psychology. - M., 1991. - S. 231. Talented people are also called those who are able to quickly acquire knowledge and correctly apply them in life and in their activities. These are talented pupils and talented students, talented violinists and pianists, talented engineers and builders.

Genius- this is the highest degree of manifestation of the creative forces of man. This is the creation of qualitatively new creations that open a new era in the development of culture, science, and practice. So, A.S. Pushkin created works, with the appearance of which a new era begins in the development of Russian literature and the Russian literary language.

We can say this: a genius discovers and creates something new, and talent understands this new thing, quickly assimilates it, applies it to life and moves it forward.

Brilliant and talented people are people with a very developed mind, observation, imagination. M. Gorky remarked: "Great people are those who have better, deeper, sharper developed abilities of observation, comparison and conjecture - guesswork and" estimates "".

Creative activity requires the so-called broad outlook, familiarity with many areas of knowledge and culture. Anyone who is "up to his ears" immersed in a narrow scientific field deprives himself of a source of analogies.

Many outstanding people showed high abilities in various fields of knowledge. Many of them were versatile in their abilities. For example, Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci, M.V. Lomonosov. Here is what Sofia Kovalevskaya wrote about herself: “I understand that you are so surprised that I can study literature and mathematics at the same time. Many who have never had a chance to learn more about mathematics confuse it with arithmetic and consider it a dry and barren science. In essence, however, this is a science that requires the most imagination, and one of the first mathematicians of our century says quite rightly that one cannot be a mathematician without being at the same time a poet at heart. Only, of course, in order to understand the correctness of this definition, one must abandon the old prejudice that a poet must compose something that does not exist, that fantasy and fiction are one and the same. It seems to me that a poet must see what others do not see, to see deeper than others. And so should a mathematician.” 3.2. General and special capabilities

Distinguish abilities general, that appear everywhere or in many areas of knowledge and activity, and special, that appear in one area.

A fairly high level of development general abilities - features of thinking, attention, memory, perception, speech, mental activity, curiosity, creative imagination and so on - allows you to achieve significant results in various areas of human activity with intensive, interested work. There are almost no people in whom all the abilities listed above are evenly expressed. For example, Ch. Darwin noted: "I surpass average people in the ability to notice things that easily escape attention, and subject them to careful observation."

Special abilities - these are abilities for a certain activity that help a person achieve in it high results. The main difference between people is not so much in the degree of giftedness and quantitative characteristic abilities, how many in their quality - what exactly he is capable of, what kind of abilities they are. The quality of abilities determines the originality and originality of the giftedness of each person.

Both general and special abilities are inextricably linked with each other. Only the unity of general and special abilities reflects the true nature of a person's abilities. V.G. Belinsky subtly remarked: “No matter how you split life, it is always one and whole. They say: for science you need mind and reason, for creativity - fantasy, and they think that this has decided the matter completely ... But art does not need mind and reason? Can a scientist do without fantasy?

Special abilities developed in the course of development human society and human culture. “All the special abilities of a person are, after all, various manifestations, aspects of his general ability to master the achievements of human culture and its further advancement,” noted S.L. Rubinstein. - A person's abilities are manifestations, aspects of his ability to learn and work.

1 Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. - M., 1946. - P.643. The development of the special abilities of each person is nothing more than an expression of the individual path of his development.

Do you know what is the most interesting? That this word is not in Dahl's dictionary, nor in Ozhegov's dictionary, nor in Max Fasmer's dictionary, and the explanation in Ushakov's dictionary is built on the principle: "oil is an oily substance." Meanwhile, this quality is considered by many to be the main one in a person. It is this that determines not just a rise, but a rise without falls, an inner experience of success.

What is this mysterious quality? John Maxwell spoke best of all about him - a man who knows more about the inner nature of leadership than anyone. Today I offer you a chapter from his book "Cultivate the leader in you".

The explanatory dictionary explains the meaning of the word "integral" (when it comes to personality) as "possessing internal unity, distinguished by the unity of character traits." The integrity of the personality means that the words of a person do not diverge from his deeds, that he is what he is, where and with whomever he is.

A whole person means that a person does not "serve two masters" (that would be duplicity) and does not pretend (that would be hypocrisy). A whole personality is manifested in directness, honesty, sincerity. The whole person has nothing to hide and nothing to fear. The life of such a person is an open book. "A person with a whole personality has established a value system for himself, according to which he evaluates all the events of his life" W. Gilbert Beers said.

Personal integrity is not what we do, but who we are. It is who we are that ultimately determines what we do. Our value system is inextricably linked with our personality, it cannot be separated from us without harming the personality. It is a navigation system that guides us on the path of life. It sets priorities and evaluates what should be accepted and what should be discarded.

Within each of us there is a clash of conflicting desires. No one, not even the most “spiritualized” person, is able to avoid this collision. The integrity of the individual determines the winner in this war of desires. Every day we are faced with situations where we have to choose between "want" and "need". The integrity of the individual creates the prerequisites for the right choice in each such case, determines our behavior in a conflict situation. The integrity of personality unites our words, thoughts and deeds into a single whole, so that neither words, nor thoughts, nor deeds are ever at odds with each other.

Personal integrity strengthens our inner sense of life satisfaction. She will never let our lips defile our hearts. She is the arbiter through whom our beliefs are reflected in our actions. And then never - neither in times of prosperity, nor in times of calamity - will there be any difference between the person we appear to strangers and what we really are, as family members know us. The integrity of the individual determines who we will be, regardless of any circumstances, environment or location.

But the integrity of the individual is not only an arbiter in the choice between competing desires. She is the line of demarcation between a happy person and a restless, divided soul. It gives us the freedom to be ourselves no matter the circumstances.

"The master key to greatness, reminds Socrates, really be what we seem". How often do we try to "act like a human being" before we become human in our essence! To be trusted by people, the leader must be himself, becoming the composer of his life. Good life- like a good song in which the music is inseparable from the words.

This is what happens when my words do not diverge from actions.

I tell subordinates: "Come to work on time." I come to work on time. Subordinates will come to work on time. I tell subordinates: "Show a positive outlook on the world." I manifest to the world. Subordinates will show a positive attitude towards the world. I tell subordinates: "The most important thing is the interests of clients." I put the interests of my clients first. Subordinates will put the interests of customers first.

Here's what happens when I say one thing and do another:

I tell subordinates: "Come to work on time." I'm late for work. Some of the subordinates will arrive on time, others will be late. I tell subordinates: "Show a positive outlook on the world." I have a negative attitude towards the world. Some of the subordinates will be positive, others will not. I tell subordinates: "The most important thing is the interests of clients." I put myself first. Some of the subordinates will put the interests of clients first, others - their own interests.

Eighty-five percent of information comes to us through the organs of vision, 10 - through the organs of hearing, and only 1 percent - through the rest of the senses. The more the concrete actions of the leader correspond to the words heard from him, the greater the confidence of the followers in the leader. A person understands what he hears and believes what he sees!

Too often we try to motivate people with little tricks and tricks. But people expect from you not calls and mottos at all, but a role model, which is you and your actions.

The integrity of the individual is the secret of ups and downs. Let's now consider the meaning of the integrity of the leader's personality in more detail.

1. Personal Integrity Creates Trust

Thirty-fourth US President Dwight Eisenhower said: "In order for a person to have followers. To find followers, a person must be trusted. So, the main of the qualities necessary for a leader is the indisputable integrity of the individual. Without it, real success is impossible anywhere - in the work team, on the football field, in army or business office. If comrades find that you are a deceiver, if they find that you lack sincerity and integrity of personality, then you are doomed to failure. The words and actions of a person should not diverge from each other. Therefore, the main need is the integrity of the personality and high goal"

Keiwitt Robert said: If my subordinates understand me, I win their attention. If they trust me, I win their deeds". To have the authority necessary for successful leadership, it is not enough for a person to have a sign with the name of the position on the door of his office. He needs the trust of those who follow him.

2. The integrity of the individual has a huge potential for influence.

As the philosopher Emerson said, "every great organization is the extended shadow of a single individual whose character determines the character of the entire organization". These words are consistent with the statement of the American actor, comedian and writer Will Rogers: "Observations change people's minds, not arguments". People do what they see.

What a pity that in the walls of our own home we often forget about the great importance of the integrity of the individual. Robert Sproul's book "Answers to Objections" tells the story of a Jewish boy who lived many years ago in Germany. The boy loved his father very much and sincerely admired him. The father was a deeply religious person, and the life of the whole family was imbued with religious traditions, rituals and customs. The whole family, led by the father, regularly attended services in the synagogue.

But it so happened that the family moved to another city, where there was no synagogue, but there was a Lutheran church. The life of the whole town revolved around the church, all the city's celebrities belonged to the church community. And then one day the father of our hero said that the whole family should go from Judaism to Lutheranism. To the bewildered questions of his wife and son, he replied that it would be better for his business. The boy was embarrassed and confused: after all, he believed his father so much! Deep disappointment soon grew into anger and a feeling of bitterness that did not leave the young man for the rest of his life.

After some time, the young man went to England to study. Day after day he sat in the reading room of the British Museum. The young man was writing a book in which he wanted to present a fundamentally new worldview - a doctrine designed to change the whole world. He called religion "the opium of the people" and called his followers to life without God. His ideas became the basis of the state ideology of many countries of the world, whose population in total amounted to about half of all mankind. This young man was Karl Marx, the founder of the communist movement. The act of her father, who allowed her system of values ​​to be destroyed, ultimately had a huge impact on her history of the 20th (and, perhaps, not only the 20th) century.

3. The integrity of the individual is the basis for high moral requirements

The leader must make higher demands on himself than on his followers. But for the most part, people believe the exact opposite. Seeing first of all the privileges, people forget about the responsibility of those who are at the top. A leader can afford to give up anything but responsibility. John D. Rockefeller Jr. said: "I am sure that every right implies a duty, every opportunity a duty, every property an obligation". This principle can be visualized in the form of a diagram.

Too often people are willing to accept their rights but are unwilling to take on their responsibilities. Richard Evans in his book The Open Way said: "There is no price for a person who is ready to take on an obligation and fulfill it completely and completely, without requiring control from the outside. An irresponsible person does half the work, returns the work unfinished, requires verification, editing, control and close attention from the outside".

Here are the words of Tom Robbins: "Do not attribute your failures to the times in which you happen to live. The problems are not in the era, but in people. At present, there is a tendency to free a person from moral obligations, considering him a victim of social circumstances. You have to pay for such a conviction with your own soul. Weakness of character "That's what makes people strong". A weak leader will not have moral standards up to par.

4. The integrity of the individual creates not an image, but a solid reputation

Image is what people think we are. The integrity of the individual is what we really are.

Each of us knows people who are one on the outside and others on the inside. What a pity that those who work on their image more than their character often do not realize that once a carefully crafted image will collapse. The actions of such people often surprise even close friends, who are sure that "we already knew him."

The ancient Chinese built the Great Wall to protect themselves from the raids of the northern nomads. The wall was so high and thick that no one seemed to be able to get over it or break through it. It seemed that now you can live in your own pleasure, without fear of anything. But only in the first hundred years of the wall's existence, the invaders invaded China three times. And not once did the enemies have to either climb over the wall or break through it: they bribed the guards and calmly passed through the gate. The Chinese hoped so much for the strength of the stone wall that they completely forgot about the need to educate their children in a reliable, integral character.

The answers to the questions below will show what you are creating: image or character.

Subsequence. Are you always the same person, no matter who you hang out with?

Choice. Do you make decisions that are best for other people when there is another choice that is better for you personally?

Appreciation. Are you always willing to acknowledge and appreciate the contributions of others to your success?

Thomas Macauley said: "The measure of a man's true character is how he will act, being absolutely sure that no one will ever know about it". Sometimes life squeezes us, as if in a vise, and under this pressure everything that was previously hidden deep inside comes out. We can't give people what we don't have. The image promises a lot, but delivers little, but the integrity of the character never disappoints.

5. Wholeness means that we cannot demand more from others than from ourselves.

No leader can take his followers further than he himself is. Too often we're so preoccupied end result that we are trying in every possible way to cut corners on the way to it. The integrity of the individual makes these tricks impossible, because sooner or later the truth comes out anyway.

6. Personal Integrity Helps Leaders Become More Than Smart, Reliable

Fred Smith, a seasoned businessman and a wise man, told me not too long ago what the difference is between a smart man and a trustworthy man. Smart leaders, Smith said, don't stick around for long. It reminded me of the words of the writer Peter Drucker from his speech to the clergy: "The main requirement for a leader, without which it is impossible to be effective, is to gain trust. Otherwise, such a person will not be able to find a single follower. The leader is the one who people follow. To trust the leader, it is not at all necessary to agree with him in everything "Trust is the belief that a person says exactly what he thinks. It is the belief in something that is sublime and considered very old-fashioned - in the integrity of the character. The actions of the leader and his voiced beliefs should be, if not identical, then at least effective leadership - I will again express a very old idea - is based not on the mind, but primarily on the integrity of character and the sequence of actions ".

A leader with a whole character and sincere intentions does not need to make big statements. What they want to say manifests itself in all their actions and soon becomes known to everyone and everyone. Conversely, insincerity cannot be hidden or disguised, even if the leader has seven spans in his forehead. The only way to retain respect and appreciation from subordinates is to earn respect and appreciation. Even the most hardened cunning and rogue is not able to fool everyone at once. Each of us finds recognition not for what he tries to look like, but for what he really is.

As the American journalist and writer Ann Landers said, "People with a whole character can count on trust. They know that time will prove them right, and therefore they are ready to wait".

7. Personal integrity is the fruit of hard work

The integrity of the personality is not given to a person at birth. For its formation, an inner sense of faith in oneself and the determination to be absolutely honest in any life situation is necessary. Unfortunately, strength of character has become a rarity these days.

The very meaning of the concept of "personal integrity" began to blur and lose its original meaning. For most contemporaries, these words are associated with old-fashioned stiffness and narrow-mindedness. In our time, when the meanings of words are manipulated by everyone who is not, the fundamental ones can crumble to dust in the blink of an eye.

The great Christian preacher Billy Graham said: "Integrity of character is the glue that connects our actions to life. We must strive with all our might to preserve it. When wealth is lost, nothing is lost; when health is lost, something is lost; but if character is lost, everything is lost".

Ask yourself a question: "Am I being honest with myself?". The words of the American poet Edgar Gest will become a touchstone that tests the integrity of all your actions:

I'm destined to live with myself
And I want to be worthy of myself
I want day by day
I could look myself in the eyes with confidence.

I do not want in the evening, at sunset
Hate yourself for what you did during the day.
I do not want to hide in the back of the closet
Lots of secrets about myself.

I don't want to entertain myself with the thought
That nobody, nowhere and never
I don't want to cheat and pretend

I want to walk with my head held high
I want to earn the respect of all people,
And even in the struggle for glory and
I want to be able to respect myself.

I don't want to look at myself and know
That I brag, bluff, play the part
I can never hide myself from myself
I see what others may not see

I know what others may not know
I can't deceive myself.
Whatever happens I want to live
With a clear conscience and self-respect.

This is, so to speak, the "number one test" of your self-examination. Now, test number two. Ask yourself the question: " Am I being honest with my immediate leader?".

Joseph Bailey interviewed over 300 people in leading leadership positions, and it turned out that they all gained experience and knowledge "hand in hand" from their mentors. Philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson said: "Our main desire is to meet a person on our life path who will help us become what we can become". Having met such a person, we must constantly monitor our growth by asking ourselves the question: "Am I fully using the knowledge and skills received from the mentor?". Any attempt to cheat, "freebie" will hurt both you and your mentor.

And now the last test, "test number three": "Am I being honest with my followers?" Any leader understands that the wrong decision will harm not only himself, but also his followers. And if the wrong decision was the result of your false motives? Before we reach for the reins of leadership, we should realize that we teach others what we know ourselves. In our followers we reproduce ourselves. The integrity of the individual is a constant inner work.

Make a list of your life values. Beliefs are ideas or principles that you live by, for which you are ready, if necessary, even to give your life. What are your beliefs?

Ask someone who knows you well in which areas of your life you are consistent (doing exactly what you say) and in which areas you are inconsistent (say one thing and do another).

If You Want To Become Yourself - Do It Right Now!

May we not go back
And start all over again
But each of us can start right now
And continue to live differently.

This is the position of John Maxwell. What do you think about this?

A couple of weeks ago, I met a man named Oleg Dushko, who, having plucked up the courage, opened his own mailing list on Subscribe. His mailing surprised me: it is about learning the Serbian language. Therefore, I asked Oleg to tell why he suddenly decided and took up such, say, not the most popular topic. And this is what he answered me:

You ask why I decided to learn Serbian, what attracted me to it? This is both easy and difficult to answer.

Firstly, I always dreamed of speaking the Serbian language, since I knew that my distant paternal ancestors fled from Serbia to Russia (probably 200 years ago) and guarded its southern border (now Ukraine). From there they moved to the Caucasus and finally dissolved as Serbs. Family ties remained, but the language did not. My surname comes from the Serbian name Dusko (accent on the first syllable).

While I lived in the south of Russia, this remained only a dream, but a few years ago, having moved to Moscow, it began to come true.

Secondly, I really like this language, its sound, melodiousness. Getting to know him more and more, I understand the Russian language more deeply, its roots, and maybe something already gone. I used to think Serbian was like Slavic, it will be easy to learn, but I was wrong - not everything is so simple.

Yes, maybe this is not the most common and popular language, but it is a beautiful, melodious and attractive language of a very proud and strong-willed people. And I want to know as much as possible about him, as well as share this knowledge with everyone and communicate, communicate...

In addition, I really want to go to Serbia and see everything with my own eyes.

Each new language- a new outlook. So let's expand our view of the world!

I don't know if I was able to answer your questions. Thanks again.

Oleg Dushko

You know ... it seems to me that Oleg is a very whole person - he studies not what is fashionable or relevant, but what he wants and likes. What do you think?

Make yourself!

I recommend "Goals and Success" (Irina Mikhalitsina). Audio training that will help you confidently achieve any goals in your career, business and life

The concept of character. Properties (traits) of character. Character classifications

Character in the narrow sense of the word, it is defined as a set of stable properties of an individual, in which the ways of his behavior and ways of emotional response are expressed. It manifests itself in de and communication, includes, os-ty, which give a person a specific, characteristic shade for him.

Myasishchev : Character - the structural integration of a person's relationship to himself and the environment. Peace. Personality is characterized by - orientation, level of development, structure, dynamics of temperament. That. orientation is a vector, and character is the ratio of motives and relationships in general.

Ananiev character including mental features. processes, determined by natural prerequisites and social attitudes.

The set of properties of an intraindividual. structure is character as a system of personal properties, its subjective relations to society, to other people, to herself, constantly realized in societies, behavior and enshrined in lifestyle. Character is the pinnacle of personality. properties.

Levitov : Character - the mental warehouse of the personality, expressed in its orientation and will. The main thing is direction. Orientation determines the activity, the will reinforces it.

Kovalev : Character - the mental disposition of the individual, which has developed under the influence of external influences and upbringing and determines the style of behavior and relationships of a person. That. is an acquired characteristic.

Allport : Character traits are morally evaluated personality traits (hence a certain culture, a certain interpretation of the same property). Character - harmonization of individual and group norms and values.

Rubinstein character is a stable generalized motive, generalized to similar circumstances. can manifest itself both in content and in the form of behavior.

Platonov : Character is the frame of personality. The content side is orientation + will + manifestation in behavior: established stereotype of behavior. The expressiveness of character is determined by the clarity of tendencies and the ability to reinforce them.

Merlin : Character traits are the properties of the personality as a whole, which are manifested in socially typical situations.

With such a definition of the nature of his properties, as well as the properties of temperament, can be attributed to the formal-dynamic features of behavior. However, in the first case, these Properties are extremely formal, while in the second they bear signs of a somewhat greater content, form. So, for the motor sphere, adjectives describing temperament will be “fast”, “mobile”, “sharp”, “sluggish”, and character qualities - “collected”, “organized”, “neat”, “slack”. To characterize the emotional sphere in the case of temperament, words such as “lively”, “impulsive”, “quick-tempered”, “sensitive”, and in the case of character - “good-natured”, “closed”, “distrustful” are used.

Character Properties:

Unlike T.: Temperament - what is given by nature, character - what we do.

If temperament is speed, tempo, then character is more specific content. Active is the pace, and purposeful is the character. Character is related to the content of the situation.

Temperament is innate, but character is acquired

- character characteristics:

completeness - a variety of features, properties

integrity - character is always an individually unique combination of properties

equilibrium

expressiveness - can reach accentuation

originality, originality

integrativity - character is always a structure

sociality - character is always manifested in behavior

automatic manifestation of character traits, although they are fixed for a long time

motivational component - character is always attitude

volitional component - character traits can compensate for temperamental traits

Separate properties of character are connected with each other, depend on each other, form an integral organization, structure. Systems of interrelated properties are called symptom complexes.

Depending on the relationship of the individual, they distinguish 4 personality trait systems:

attitude towards people

attitude to work (conscientiousness, laziness, courage, indecision)

attitude towards things (principleness)

attitude towards oneself

- In the system of personality relations, there are core (always socially typical) and derivative properties.

The structure of character is determined not only by the relationship of individual properties, but also properties of the character structure itself:

depth of properties - deeper properties defined by pivot relationships are connected to a wider system of other properties

activity (strength of character) - determined by the degree of opposition to external circumstances

stability / variability of character traits - the necessary conditions for adaptation.

plasticity is a condition for development and upbringing.

Structural properties of character are interconnected: deeper properties are more active and stable.

- Classification of character traits: 1.By mental processes - emotional (emotionality, cheerfulness, impressionability), strong-willed (perseverance, independence, courage, indecision), intellectual (curiosity, quick wits, resourcefulness, frivolity), moral (honesty, responsiveness, kindness, cruelty).

- Character as a whole is distinguished by their certainty and wholeness. Certain character - it is a character with one or more distinct dominant traits. In people with indefinite character such features are absent or very weakly expressed. whole characters are distinguished by the absence of contradictions between the awareness of goals and the activity itself, the unity of thoughts and feelings. Controversial nature characteristic discord of beliefs and activities, the presence of incompatible thoughts and feelings, goals and motives, conflicting aspirations, desires and motives.

Character is formed: on heredity affects education and life circumstances. Of all the conditions of life, human relationships are decisive for the formation of character, and of all social influences, education. Of great importance a family, because there the child's relations to people, objects, duties are formed, i.e. his character is formed:

Parents tightly control the child, severely punish → uncertainty, isolation, distrust

Parents are condescending, do not make comments, but do not encourage → lack of curiosity, intemperance

Parents are friendly, combine control with supporting the child's desire to be independent → confidence, curiosity, maturity

- The mechanism of character formation - through activity: play (childhood), educational, labor.

Character properties develop unevenly, not simultaneously, and character is formed throughout life.

Different properties of character are formed at different ages. Communicative in preschool age.

Subject sv-va, when a child is introduced to different subjects

Reflective properties (reflect the relationship of a person to himself, related to the goals that I want).

character building : the main role in shaping the character of the child is played by his communication with other people. With the help of direct learning through imitation and emotional reinforcement, he learns the forms of adult behavior. Between the ages of 2 and 9, children are especially open to outside influences. The style of communication between adults and with the child is very important for the development of a child's CHAR. Before others, they are laid in character: kindness, sociability, responsiveness, as well as the opposite of them - selfishness, callousness, indifference to people. Properties of character, which are most manifested in labor- diligence, accuracy, responsibility, perseverance. They are formed in preschool childhood, fixed in the games of children. In elementary school traits of character are formed, manifested in relations with people. In adolescence the volitional traits of character are developed and consolidated, and in early youth the basic moral, ideological foundations of L are formed. The most effective means of forming character is work.

- Character features: 1. Help a person to fulfill himself in activities. 2. Expressive function (expression of relation to something).

Character classifications

Initially, when character was studied, they described the types of people

According to Lesgaft 6 types of children

Hypocrites, deceitful cunning, lazy

Ambitious (like to be admired)

Good-natured

Maliciously downtrodden (evil, indifferent)

Softly hammered (caressed)

Oppressed (humble, industrious)

Sheldon and Kretschmer investigated character in biological determinants (picnic, athletic, asthenic)

2. constitutional typology (Kretschmer, early 20th century) - conducted many measurements of body parts of people: each type of physique corresponds to a certain psychological temperament, as well as a certain tendency to a particular mental illness.

Allocates 4 types of body structure of people and correlates with them three selected types of temperament:

Asthenic (schizotenic)- elongated, thin, with a flat chest, closed, emotionally vulnerable, quickly tired. Picnic (cyclothemic) - the predominance of adipose tissue, talkativeness, sociability, predisposition to manic-depressive states. Athletic (ixotemic) - Calm, little impressionable, restrained gestures and facial expressions. Low flexibility of thinking, it is difficult to adapt to a change in the situation, petty. Dysplastic- a person with a shapeless, irregular structure.

3. Sheldon (also CONSTITUTIONAL)

Visceritonia (endomorphic type body, exaggerated development of the inner germ layer, from which the internal organs and adipose tissue are formed. It is distinguished by a round head, large internal organs, spherical body shape, soft tissues, thin arms and legs, underdeveloped bones and muscles, and pronounced fat deposits.) - relaxation in movements, love for companies, orientation to others, emotional evenness, no explosive emotions and actions.

Somatotonia (mesomorphic type, the predominant development of the middle germinal layer, from which the skeleton, muscles are formed, characterized by broad shoulders and chest, muscular arms and legs, a minimum amount of subcutaneous fat, a large head) - confidence in movements, courage, claustrophobia, risk appetite, energy.

Cerebrotonia- slowness in movements, increased speed of reactions, a tendency to solitude, social phobia (fear of social contacts), excessive sensitivity to pain. Ectomorph type- this is the predominant development of the outer germinal layer, from which the nervous system and brain are formed, while the inner and middle germinal layers have developed minimally, therefore bones, muscles, and fatty layers are poorly developed. This type personifies a thin person, with an elongated face, thin and long arms and legs, weak muscles and a well-developed nervous system.

V. Stern: any system of human goals is built on the basic relationship between the individual and the world, between the self and the environment. Here the goal can be twofold. On the one hand, it can touch the I, and on the other hand, the world, the environment. Depending on which of these directions prevails in the system of goals, Stern distinguishes autotelic and heterotelic orientation, and depending on the characteristics of the relationship of the latter, distinguishes three different types of character: autistic, heterotic and introceptive.

1. Autotelic tendencies predominate in the autistic character. The goal of the will of the autistic person is essentially always himself. He either maverick, that is, constantly striving to bring to the fore and emphasize the features of his personality, or subjectivist, that is, his attitude to everything is built depending on what significance it has for his personality, or egoist, that is, he treats everyone and everything as a means of achieving his personal goals.

2. Heteristic there is a character in the case when purposefulness goes beyond the framework of one's own personality, striving for the implementation of values ​​lying beyond it. There are three types of heterists: a) altruist, who sees his goal mainly in the well-being of his neighbor, other people; it is characterized by involvement in the goals of other people, sympathy, or syntelia; b) hypertelist, that is, a person who is mainly striving to serve the collective (state, motherland, class, humanity, etc.); he experiences himself, first of all, as a member of a group, a collective, and not as a separate individual, striving to act for the benefit of the collective; in) idealist sees his destiny not in the service of individuals or a group of people, but in abstract ideas and ideals; his behavior is determined by the ideals of justice, freedom, brotherhood. An idealist who is ready to sacrifice himself in the name of, for example, the freedom of people, may turn out to be strict and merciless in relation to an individual, and a hyperthelist who is ready to sacrifice himself to the interests of the motherland can be extremely indifferent in relation to a particular citizen.

3. We are dealing with a real, complete character in the structural unification of someone else's and personal purposefulness (autothelium and heterotelia), when the subject does not oppose someone else's and personal purposefulness, experiencing them as complementary and mutually completing moments. Stern calls this character introceptive for whom service to the motherland, humanity or other ideals does not mean the denial of one's own individuality, but rather its strengthening and deployment, since one's own individuality finds its embodiment precisely in this.

Of course, the introceptive character is an ideal type. Usually, such an association concerns only certain, very narrow areas.

E. Fromm Social types of character. According to Fromm, character is a system of relations to oneself, to people, to things. Character is formed as a result of determining social relations to a person. There are typical character traits, a cat. characterize the majority. FROM

Receptive types convinced that the source of all good things in life is outside of themselves. Receptive individuals can be characterized as passive, trusting and sentimental. If we discard the extremes, then people with a receptive orientation can be optimistic and idealistic. They want to be loved. Tendencies to addiction. characteristic of totalitarian societies. To get something from this life, people must deserve it. Such people try to fit in with someone in order to deserve something.

Exploitation types take whatever they need or dream of, by force or ingenuity. They are incapable of creativity, and therefore seek love, possession, ideas and emotions, borrowing it all from others. Negative - aggressiveness, arrogance and arrogance, egocentrism and a tendency to seduce. Positive - self-confidence, self-esteem and impulsiveness.

Accumulating types trying to possess as much material wealth, power and love as possible; they seek to avoid any encroachments on their savings. Accumulators gravitate towards the past, they are scared away by everything new. They resemble rigid, suspicious and stubborn. According to Fromm, they also have some positive features - foresight, loyalty and restraint. Characteristic of the early period of the formation of capitalism

market type comes from the belief that a person is valued as a commodity that can be sold or exchanged profitably. These people are interested in maintaining good looks, meeting the right people, and are willing to demonstrate any personality trait that would increase their chances of success in selling themselves to potential customers. capitalist world

In contrast to the unproductive orientation, productive character represents, from the point of view of Fromm, the ultimate goal in human development. This type is independent, honest, calm, loving, creative and performing socially useful deeds, creative activities.

Classification by A. F. Lazursky.

This scientist emphasized that the most "pure" types of characters are when the interests and professional activities of a person, his knowledge, skills, worldview (let's call it exopsyche) develop exactly in the direction dictated by the innate features of his neuropsychic organization (endopsyche), i.e. exo- and endopsychics condition each other.

A.F. Lazursky singled out three psychological levels depending on the degree of adaptation of a person to the environment. The lowest level is ill-adjusted people (rational, affective, active); the environment leaves a particularly strong imprint on them, forcibly adapting them to their needs and almost ignoring their innate characteristics. Medium - finding a place in the environment by a person and using it for their own purposes (theorist and practitioner - an idealist). The highest is the level of creativity, when a person seeks to remake the environment (depending on the level of development of indicators of beauty, altruism, religion, struggle and power).

Taking into account these levels, showing the degree of adaptation and the predominance of mental, or emotional, or volitional functions, Lazursky proposes the following classification of characters:

1. Low level:

1)Reasonable: weakly gifted, but rational, inclined to analyze the motives and consequences of actions, copy other people's actions ("everything is like that of people"), aimed at satisfying immediate material needs, conservative, self-confident, self-satisfied.

2) affective, among which varieties stand out: mobile, lively (close to sanguine);

❖ sensual, with a predominance of organic sensual drives; ❖ a dreamer whose interests are focused on the inner world.

3)Active, varieties of which:

❖ impulsive-energetic (disorderly in actions, does not consider the consequences, prone to risk, gambling, self-confident, pugnacious, prone to love adventures, not ready for serious systematic work);

❖ obediently active (performs suggestions and directives received from outside);

stubborn (achieves the implementation of his decisions).

2. Intermediate level:

1)Idealist theorist(impractical):

❖ scientist (consistency of thinking, scientific interests); artist (developed imagination, engaging in some kind of art); religious contemplator (developed imagination).

2)Practical Realist:

❖ altruist (philanthropist, the ability of sympathy, sympathy is developed);

❖ social activist (sociality and enterprise in public affairs);

❖ domineering (strong will, ability to influence others);

❖ economic (prudence, focus on practical purposes, on the implementation of material affairs).

3.Highest level(consciousness, coordination of spiritual experiences, the highest human ideals). Types-ideals of the highest level are divided according to meaningful indicators:

❖ altruism;

❖ knowledge is inductive/deductive;

❖ beauty;

❖ religion; society, state; external activity, initiative; system, organization;

❖ power, struggle.