Formal business style: why are you so serious

Plan

1. Analysis of the general features of the style.

2. Sub-styles of official business style.

3.Linguistic features of the off-line substyle.

The modern official business (hereinafter referred to as OD) style is a functional variety of Russian literary language used in the field of public relations. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.

The official business style refers to the book-written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, in business correspondence of institutions. The oral form is officially business speech represented by speeches and reports at meetings and conferences, court speeches, official telephone conversations, and oral orders.

The general extralinguistic and proper linguistic features of this style include the following:

1) accuracy, detail of presentation;

2) standardization of presentation;

3) the obligatory-prescriptive nature of the presentation (voluntariness).

Indeed, the language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy, which does not allow any discrepancies; speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for a complete understanding. The standardization of the presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in a business style fit into a limited number of standard forms (questionnaire, certificate, instruction, statement, business letter, etc.).

Business speech is impersonal, stereotyped, it lacks an emotional beginning.

A specific property of business speech is the expression of will. Voluntaryness in texts is expressed semantically (selection of words) and grammatically. So, in management documentation, we constantly meet with the forms of the first person of the verb (I ask, I suggest, I order, congratulations), with modal forms, must (should, must, should, be offered).

SUB-STYLES OF OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, they are usually distinguished within the OD three substyles:

1) diplomatic(types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memorandums, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);

2) legislative(types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state significance; the main oral form is judicial speech);

3) managerial(types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, orders, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, office telephone conversation, oral order).

Diplomatic style. This kind of OD style serves the area international relations. The scope of documenting the diplomatic sub-style is law, and to a greater extent than in other sub-styles. - politics, as it is connected with the implementation of the international policy of the state.

Legislative style. Legal documents are more stylistic and linguistically homogeneous than documents of other sub-styles. In these texts, one can note the extensive use of legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner).

The legislative substyle uses abstract vocabulary and practically lacks expressive-emotional language means, evaluative vocabulary. Estimated words of this kind, such as a parasite, a criminal acquire a terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, opposes and compares the concepts: rights and obligations, work and leisure, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and forcibly, withhold and accrue.

The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has always been the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, due to the content and composition of documents.

Managerial substyle. The scope of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, industrial relations. Types of documents of the administrative substyle in most differ from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic relations.

In the texts of the administrative substyle, along with neutral and bookish vocabulary, words and set phrases with official business style coloring are used (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, lump sum, notify).

The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the name of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this sub-style serves various areas of social and industrial activity (culture, education, trade, Agriculture, various industries), the most diverse terminology is used in substyle texts. It is not recommended to use synonyms in official texts, replacing the direct names of objects and actions with them. Unlike the legislative sub-style, there are few antonyms here. Abbreviations, abbreviated words, various means of codification (names of institutions and enterprises, car brands, etc.) are often used in the texts of the managerial substyle.

Only in the texts of the managerial sub-style are used forms of the verb in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to concretization, with an exact indication of the author of the text (I order, I ask you to send me, I inform). In the managerial style, verbs in the imperative mood are not used and relatively rarely - constructions with the words must, must. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as oblige, oblige, impose an obligation.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE

OD speech prefers generic designations with broad and poor semantics, with a limited number of semantic features:

premises (cf .: apartment, workshop, hangar, lobby, shelter, monastery, apartments), person (cf .: individual, person, man, girl, guy, small, owner, tenant, passerby), parent (cf .: mother , father, father, mother, ancestor), soldier (cf .: soldier, lieutenant general, artilleryman, recruit, warrior, serviceman, sailor), penalty (cf .: reprimand, fine, arrest, scolding, scolding), arrive ( cf .: come, arrive, sail, jump, tumble in, swoop in, welcome) and others.

Word-formation and morphological features. The word-formation and morphological features of the OD style are inextricably linked with its common features: the desire for accuracy, standardization, non-personal and obligatory prescriptive nature of presentation.

In OD speech, there is the highest percentage of the infinitive from other verbal forms among all functional styles, namely 5:1 (in scientific speech, this ratio is 1:5). Such a quantitative increase in the share of the infinitive is associated with the target setting of most OA documents - to express the will of the legislator. Here is an example from the "Convention on the Rights of the Child":

"The child has the right to freedom of expression; this right includes freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of any kind, regardless of grant, whether orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other means of the child's choice"(part /, p. 13).

Of the conjugated forms, the forms of the present tense are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This value is usually defined as the present prescription. The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that is prescribed by law to be performed under certain conditions:

"The accused is guaranteed the right to defense."

When naming a person in the OD style, nouns are used that designate a person on the basis of some action or attitude, which is intended to accurately indicate the "roles" of the participants in the situation: defendant, tenant, tenant, reader, guardian, adopter, plaintiff, witness, etc.

Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form and when they refer to females: police officer Smirnov, defendant Proshina and the like.

Of the word-formation models of nouns, there are widely represented verbal formations, including sometimes with a prefix and non-: non-compliance, non-recognition, decision, execution. For example:

"Children left without parental care and staying in educational institutions, medical institutions, institutions of social protection of the population and other similar institutions have the right to: maintenance, upbringing, education, comprehensive development, respect for their human dignity, ensuring their interests .... "(Family Code of the Russian Federation, p. 149).

The stringing of nouns with the suffix -nie can be considered a clear sign of the OD style:

"Preparation for a crime is the search for and adaptation of means or tools or the deliberate creation of conditions for the commission of crimes...."

The OD style is rich in constructions with a verb that takes on purely grammatical functions. The number of verbs that act as a grammatical reference word and serve to express almost only grammatical meanings is many dozens:

conduct (agitation, installation, observation, negotiations, preparation, search, development, investigation ...);

make (additions, corrections, clarifications ...);

give (consultation, appointment, justification, explanation, refutation, refusal, assessment, assignment, permission, clarification, order, recommendation, consent, indication ...);

pass (examination, training, testing ..) etc.

Extremely typical for official speech are the methods of composite word formation - basic and word formation, fusion, as a result of which two- (or more) root formations are represented in the lexicon of the business language by a very extensive collection:

marriage, offense, taxation, land use, passenger transportation, disability, tenant, landlord, country owner, paper holder, cultural and entertainment, logistical, repair and construction, administrative and economic, autumn-winter, bakery, apartment brokerage, science-intensive, transport saturated, low-paid , low-income, person-ruble, ships-day, passenger-seat-mile and many others.

The predilection of business style for complex words is easily explained: they are transparent in structure and meaning, and have idiomatic effects. To an even greater extent, the need for semantically clear names is answered by the phrase, the number of OD style names created in this way has many thousands of units:

vehicles, wages, official, confectionery, securities, travel document, collection point, executive committee, cashless payment, work injury, bodily injury, places common use, occupational disease, catering, high-demand products, on-the-job training, right to rest, search warrant, demotion, disqualification....

With particular clarity, the convenience of "analytical" models is expressed in the nomenclature of institutions, professions, positions, etc., which constitutes a giant layer of official names: Chief Researcher, Deputy Regiment Commander for Engineering Service, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State Mining Institute ( Technical University). Transcaucasian Railway, Volyn plant of household chemicals, deputy of the State Duma ...

Syntax. Of the syntactic constructions that have the coloring of the OD style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition on, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching. For example:

"Civil capacity arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen".

Simple sentences in the OD style are often complicated by homogeneous members, the number of which can reach up to 8-10 or more, due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. For example:

"Objects of common property of a peasant economy are property: a land plot, plantings, utility or other buildings, reclamation and other structures, productive and working livestock, poultry, agricultural and other machinery, equipment, vehicles, inventory and other property ... "

As in the scientific style, passive construction and complex sentences with an allied connection of parts are widely used here, and complex sentences with a conditional clause occupy a large place (26% of all complex sentences, which is 4 times greater than their use in scientific speech).

The syntax of the OD style knows "stringing the genitive case", i.e. the use of complex combinations with several dependent components in the form of the genitive case (R.p.) without a preposition. Examples: In order to apply measures of public influence, in order to widely publicize the work of the Ministry of Higher Education ...

Thus, the process of standardization of business speech covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. As a result, a stable speech stereotype is formed, which is perceived by the speakers as a special, functionally oriented type of linguistic norming of texts, i.e. special functional style.

Those who see the "impoverishment" and even "damage" of the literary language in the standardization of business speech are absolutely wrong. The development of the business language corresponds to the general laws of the evolution of modern society, for example, the increasing mechanization of labor, the introduction of machine methods for processing, transmitting and storing information.

A negative linguistic phenomenon should be considered not the standardization of OD style, but the use of verbal cliches in oral and written speech. A kind of cliche, which is increasingly penetrating into live colloquial speech, is the so-called "clericalism" (according to the apt definition of K.I. Chukovsky), the use of stereotyped expressions from business papers for other purposes.

The coloring of the OD style is possessed, first of all, by the lexical and phraseological units of the language (to notify, forward, plaintiff, protocol, housing, prosecutor's supervision, lump-sum allowance). The use of the name "clericalism" in relation to this vocabulary and phraseology in all cases seems unfair, since this name has a negative emotional connotation. It is more expedient to distinguish between two concepts and, accordingly, two terms: "lexicon with coloring of OD style" and "clericalism".

The first name reflects the place of the corresponding layer of vocabulary in the system of the general literary language, its functional and stylistic coloring. The second name, "clericalisms", refers to the same lexical units, but when they are used in speech with a different stylistic coloring, for example, in colloquial speech, or in the language of a work of art. If at the same time they are used unintentionally, accidentally, then their use should be regarded as a violation of the stylistic norm, as a speech error.

The OD style itself, like the scientific one, is alien to emotionally expressive coloration. After all, in language means There are no additional, additional assessments of the speaker (writer) in the OD of style, which would be layered on linguistic units beyond their lexical, nominative or grammatical meaning. On the contrary, the language units selected here, as already mentioned, are designed to convey the facts as accurately and unambiguously as possible.

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, they are usually distinguished within the ODS three substyles:

1) diplomatic(types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memorandums, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);

2) legislative(types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state significance; the main oral form is judicial speech);

Diplomatic style. This type of OD style serves the field of international relations. The scope of documenting the diplomatic sub-style is law and, to a greater extent than in other sub-styles, politics, since it is associated with the implementation of the international policy of the state.

Legislative style. Legal documents are more stylistic and linguistically homogeneous than documents of other sub-styles. In these texts, one can note the extensive use of legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner).

Managerial substyle. The scope of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, industrial relations. The types of documents of the administrative substyle differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.

The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the name of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this substyle serves various areas of social and industrial activity (culture, education, trade, agriculture, various industries), the most diverse terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. It is not recommended to use synonyms in official texts, replacing the direct names of objects and actions with them. Unlike the legislative sub-style, there are few antonyms here. Abbreviations, abbreviated words, various means of codification (names of institutions and enterprises, car brands, etc.) are often used in the texts of the managerial substyle.

Conclusion to question 3. Thus, the official business style and the genres by which it is presented in business communication have a number of characteristic features that imply high level linguistic preparation of the compiler of the document.

The author of the document must know:

Dominant and main features of the official business style (i.e. requirements for the language of the document);

· an arsenal of stable formulas and rules for their use in a particular genre of business writing;

Characteristics of genres and their attachment to a particular situation business communication.

The document writer must be able to:

Adequately use speech means in the text, subject to language norms;

Properly draft a document and (or) edit it.

Conclusion

Violation of linguistic (including stylistic) norms can cause a negative reaction. It is extremely important that communication in the legal sphere is consistent with the requirements of the legal culture. From level speech culture largely depends on the prestige of the internal affairs bodies.

In particular, the famous lawyer A.F. wrote about the need to master the riches of the Russian language. Koni: “Let not your thought search for words ... let, on the contrary, words humbly and obligingly come before your thought at its full disposal.” Proficiency in the norms of the native language is one of the components of increasing the efficiency of law enforcement agencies.

The Russian literary language is great and rich. There is, perhaps, no other language in the world with such a diverse style design. The sub-styles of the official business style can serve as proof of this. It turns out that along with the existence of such a functional variety as official business, it is divided, in turn, according to the area in which this or that group of vocabulary is used.

Since ancient times, the main functions have been to serve business speech in the process of communication between states and administrations of enterprises and organizations. Referring to the book group of lexical means, it is implemented in orders, decrees and orders, laws, acts and certificates, and in the texts of certificates and powers of attorney. You can list endlessly, but it is better to pay attention to the intra-group vocabulary, which forms the sub-styles of the official business style.

There are only three of them: diplomatic, legislative and managerial. All of them are united by the accuracy and detail of the presentation of thoughts, standard language turns and clichés, as well as the prescriptive nature of the presentation, which is binding on execution. And they differ, as we see, in the scope. Consider the sub-styles of the official business style in more detail.

The diplomatic substyle is used in international documents when treaties, agreements, communiqués, conventions, etc. are drawn up. The peculiarity of this group of vocabulary is that those used in oral speech are practically not used. The main service sector is political.
Legislative substyle is the vocabulary used when writing legislative acts, government decrees, civil and criminal procedural documents of national importance. In this case, an oral form of speech is possible - judicial. Documents of this sub-style are monotonous and stylistically very similar to each other. Legal terminology is used in large quantities, even emotionally expressive words acquire the character of a term. Many words with opposite meanings are used, as in documents there is often a comparison and comparison of various concepts. The main service sector is legal, judicial.
The managerial substyle is the language of intradepartmental contracts, orders and instructions, as well as used when writing certificates, characteristics, powers of attorney and receipts of an administrative nature. This substyle has many oral forms. These include: reports, lectures, speeches, official telephone conversations, as well as oral orders. Along with the use of neutral and other types of bookish vocabulary, stable verbal expressions of an administrative and managerial nature are used, as well as Old Slavonicisms and archaisms, which have long been considered a model for creating a variety of language clichés. Here, antonyms are little used, but a lot of abbreviations and various digital codifications are used. The main area of use of the substyle is administrative.

It is the functions of the official business style that determine all its features. For documents written in this language, the emotional side is unimportant. The main thing is their legal nature, compliance with the letter of the law. Therefore, the sub-styles of the official business style are replete with generic designations with poor semantics, but used in a broader sense. Common nouns, impersonal sentences and participles and adverbial phrases and present tense verbs.

Thus, the official business style of the Russian language serves to concretize and standardize the content of business papers, avoiding emotional coloring.

Formal business style.
Analysis of style features.

The modern official business (hereinafter referred to as OD) style is a functional variety of the Russian literary language used in the field of public relations. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector. Official business style refers to the book-written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, in business correspondence of institutions. The oral form of official business speech is represented by a speech and report at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, official telephone conversations, and oral orders. The general extralinguistic and proper linguistic features of this style include the following: 1) accuracy, detail of presentation; 2) standardization of presentation; 3) the obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation (voluntariness). Indeed, the language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy, which does not allow any discrepancies; speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for a complete understanding. The standardization of the presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in a business style fit into a limited number of standard forms (questionnaire, certificate, instruction, statement, business letter, etc.). Business speech is impersonal, stereotypical, it lacks an emotional beginning. the property of business speech is the expression of will. Voluntaryness in texts is expressed semantically (selection of words) and grammatically. So, in management documentation, we constantly meet with the forms of the first person of the verb (I ask, I suggest, I order, congratulations), with modal forms, must (should, must, should, be offered).

SUB-STYLES OF OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, they are usually distinguished within the OD three substyles: 1) diplomatic (types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memorandums, notes, communiqués, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);2) legislative (types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state significance; the main oral form is judicial speech); 3) managerial (types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, orders, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, official telephone conversation, oral order). Diplomatic style. This type of OD style serves the field of international relations. The scope of documenting the diplomatic sub-style is law, and to a greater extent than in other sub-styles. - politics, as it is connected with the implementation of the international policy of the state. Legislative style. Legal documents are more stylistic and linguistically homogeneous than documents of other sub-styles. In these texts, one can note the widespread use of legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner). Abstract vocabulary is used in the legislative sub-style and there are practically no expressive-emotional language means, evaluative vocabulary. Estimated words of this kind, such as a parasite, a criminal acquire a terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, opposes and compares the concepts: rights and obligations, work and leisure, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and forcibly, withhold and accrue. The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it was originally the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, due to the content and composition of documents. Managerial substyle. The scope of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, industrial relations. The types of documents of the administrative substyle differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms. In the texts of the administrative substyle, along with neutral and bookish vocabulary, words and set phrases are used with the coloring of the official business style (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, one-time allowance, notify). The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the name of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this substyle serves various areas of social and industrial activity (culture, education, trade, agriculture, various industries), the most diverse terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. It is not recommended to use synonyms in official texts, replacing the direct names of objects and actions with them. Unlike the legislative sub-style, there are few antonyms here. In the texts of the administrative substyle, abbreviations, compound words, various means of codification (names of institutions and enterprises, car brands, etc.) are often used. This is due to concretization, with an exact indication of the author of the text (I order, I ask you to send me, I inform). In the managerial style, verbs in the imperative mood are not used and relatively rarely - constructions with the words must, must. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as oblige, oblige, impose an obligation.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE

Vocabulary and phraseology. OD speech reveals an inclination towards a lexicon that is extremely generalized in a semantic sense, where everything sharply peculiar, specific, unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. For an official document, it is not the living flesh of this phenomenon that is important, but its "legal" essence. OD speech prefers generic designations with broad and poor semantics, with a limited number of semantic features: premises (cf .: apartment, workshop, hangar, lobby, shelter, monastery, apartments), person (cf .: individual, person, man, girl, guy, small, owner, tenant, passerby), parent (cf .: mother , father, father, mother, ancestor), soldier (cf .: soldier, lieutenant general, artilleryman, recruit, warrior, serviceman, sailor), penalty (cf .: reprimand, fine, arrest, scolding, scolding), arrive ( cf .: come, arrive, sail, jump, tumble in, swoop in, welcome) and others.Word-formation and morphological features. The word-formation and morphological features of the OD style are inextricably linked with its common features: the desire for accuracy, standardization, the impersonal and obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation. in scientific speech, this ratio is 1:5). Such a quantitative increase in the share of the infinitive is associated with the target setting of most OA documents - to express the will of the legislator. Here is an example from the "Convention on the Rights of the Child": "The child has the right to freedom of expression; this right includes freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of any kind, regardless of grant, whether orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other means of the child's choice"(part /, p. 13). Of the conjugated forms, the present tense forms are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This value is usually defined as the present prescription. The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that is prescribed by law to be performed under certain conditions: "The accused is guaranteed the right to defense." When naming a person in the OD style, nouns are used that designate a person on the basis of some action or attitude, which is intended to accurately indicate the "roles" of the participants in the situation: defendant, tenant, tenant, reader, guardian, adopter, plaintiff, witness, etc. Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form and when they refer to females: police officer Smirnov, defendant Proshina and the like. Of the word-building models of nouns, verbal formations are widely represented, including sometimes with a prefix and non-: non-compliance, non-recognition, decision, execution. For example: "Children left without parental care and staying in educational institutions, medical institutions, institutions of social protection of the population and other similar institutions have the right to: maintenance, upbringing, education, comprehensive development, respect for their human dignity, ensuring their interests .... "(Family Code of the Russian Federation, p. 149). The stringing of nouns with the suffix -nie can be considered a clear sign of the OD style: "Preparation for a crime is the search for and adaptation of means or tools or the deliberate creation of conditions for the commission of crimes...." The OD style is rich in constructions with a verb that takes on purely grammatical functions. The number of verbs that act as a grammatical reference word and serve to express almost only grammatical meanings is many dozens: conduct (agitation, installation, observation, negotiations, preparation, search, development, investigation ...);make (additions, corrections, clarifications ...);give (consultation, appointment, justification, explanation, refutation, refusal, assessment, assignment, permission, clarification, order, recommendation, consent, indication ...);conduct (voting, meeting, research, testing, search ...);pass (examination, training, testing ..) etc. Extremely typical for official speech are the methods of composite word formation - basic and word formation, fusion, as a result of which in the lexicon of the business language two- (or more) root formations are represented by a very extensive collection: marriage, offense, taxation, land use, passenger transportation, disability, tenant, landlord, country owner, paper holder, cultural and entertainment, logistical, repair and construction, administrative and economic, autumn-winter, bakery, apartment brokerage, science-intensive, transport saturated, low-paid , low-income, person-ruble, ships-day, passenger-seat-mile and many others. The predilection of business style for complex words is easily explained: they are transparent in structure and meaning, and have idiomatic effects. To an even greater extent, the need for semantically clear names is answered by the phrase, the number of OD style names created in this way has many thousands of units: vehicles, wages, official, confectionery, securities, travel document, collection point, executive committee, cashless payment, work injury, bodily injury, common areas, occupational disease, public catering establishment, high-demand goods, education without interruption from production, the right to rest, a search warrant, demotion, disqualification.... With particular clarity, the convenience of "analytical" models is expressed in the nomenclature of institutions, professions, positions, etc., which constitutes a giant layer of official names: Chief Researcher, Deputy Regiment Commander for Engineering Service, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University). Transcaucasian railway, Volyn plant of household chemicals, deputy of the State Duma...Syntax. Of the syntactic constructions that have the coloring of the OD style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition on, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching. For example: "Civil capacity arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen".Simple sentences in the OD style are often complicated by homogeneous members, the number of which can reach up to 8-10 or more, due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. For example: "Objects of common property of a peasant economy are property: a land plot, plantings, utility or other buildings, reclamation and other structures, productive and working livestock, poultry, agricultural and other machinery, equipment, vehicles, inventory and other property ... " As in the scientific style, passive construction and complex sentences with an allied connection of parts are widely used here, and complex sentences with a conditional clause occupy a large place (26% of all complex sentences, which is 4 times greater than their use in scientific speech). the use of complex combinations with several dependent components in the form of the genitive case (R.p.) without a preposition. Examples: In order to apply measures of public influence, in order to widely publicize the work of the Ministry of Higher Education ... Thus, the process of standardization of business speech covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. As a result, a stable speech stereotype is formed, which is perceived by the speakers as a special, functionally oriented type of linguistic norming of texts, i.e. a special functional style. Those who see the "impoverishment" and even "damage" of the literary language in the standardization of business speech are absolutely wrong. The development of the business language corresponds to the general laws of the evolution of modern society, for example, the increasing mechanization of labor, the introduction of machine methods for processing, transmitting and storing information. A negative linguistic phenomenon should be considered not the standardization of OD style, but the use of verbal cliches in oral and written speech. A kind of cliché, which is increasingly penetrating into live colloquial speech, is the so-called "clericalism" (according to the apt definition of K.I. Chukovsky), the use of stereotyped expressions from business papers for other purposes. First of all, lexical and phraseological units have the color of OD style language (notify, forward, plaintiff, minutes, housing rent, prosecutor's supervision, lump sum). The use of the name "clericalism" in relation to this vocabulary and phraseology in all cases seems unfair, since this name has a negative emotional connotation. It is more expedient to distinguish between two concepts and, accordingly, two terms: "lexicon with the coloring of the OD style" and "clericalism." The first name reflects the place of the corresponding layer of vocabulary in the system of the general literary language, its functional and style coloring. The second name, "clericalisms", refers to the same lexical units, but when they are used in speech with a different stylistic coloring, for example, in colloquial speech, or in the language artwork. If at the same time they are used unintentionally, accidentally, then their use should be regarded as a violation of the stylistic norm, as a speech error. The OD style itself, like the scientific one, is alien to emotionally expressive coloration. After all, in the language tools of OD style there are no additional, additional assessments of the speaker (writer), which would be layered on linguistic units in excess of their lexical, nominative or grammatical meaning. On the contrary, the language units selected here, as already mentioned, are designed to convey the relevant concepts and facts as accurately and unambiguously as possible.

Formal business style.
Methods for classifying documents.

There are several ways of classifying style OD documents:

Place of compilation : domestic and external the documents. Interior the document is created within the same organization, where both the compiler and the addressee of the text work. Internal documents include, for example, orders from the administration of the enterprise, memos, job descriptions, etc. External documents are intended for recipients working at other enterprises. These are all types of business letters, orders and instructions from higher organizations, etc.

By shape : individual and typical. Individual documents assume some independence of the text and elements of a creative approach (which does not exclude their standardization). it certain types letters, memos, reports. Typical documents are built on the basis of a predetermined text by modifying its individual elements; most often these documents are the same for groups of homogeneous enterprises (for example, staffing, staff regulations, etc.). If in a standard document the constant elements are printed in a typographical way, and there are gaps for variables that are filled in when it is compiled, then such a document is called a screen document (questionnaires, some types of certificates, employment contracts).

By deadline : urgent and perpetual. AT urgent documents contain an indication of the performance of certain actions in a limited time period (orders, instructions, etc.). Action perpetual documents is not limited by time frames (decrees, laws, some types of instructions).

Origin : official and personal. Service documents are aimed at realizing the interests of the organization. Such documents include orders, business letters, contracts. Personal documents usually reflect the interaction of an individual with official bodies or other persons (for example, statement,power of attorney , receipt, explanatory note etc.).

By type of design : originals, copies, duplicates and extracts. Script- This is a signed and properly executed copy of the document drawn up for the first time.
Copy reproduces the original exactly, but has limited legal effect, except for notarized.
Duplicate is a copy that has the same validity as the original, issued in case of its loss.
Extract- this is a reproduction of only one of the parts of the original. Copies, duplicates and extracts must be certified by seals in the same way as the originals.

By function

organizational

administrative

organizational

charter, regulation, staffing, staff regulations, job description

managerial

orders, directives, instructions, decisions

information and reference

for the personnel of the enterprise

employment contract, personal cards, registration cards, questionnaires

letters

treaties

Formal business style.
Documentation rules.

The documents- these are texts drawn up according to established rules and fixed on different media, necessary for the implementation of control actions. Rules for formatting texts business documents governed by the following standards:

GOST R 6.30 - 2003. Unified system of organizational and administrative documentation. Documentation requirements.
GOST 6.10.5-87. Unified documentation system. Requirements for the construction of the layout form.
GOST ISO 8601-2001. System of standards for information, library and publishing. Representation of dates and times. General requirements.
GOST ISO 15489:2001. Information and Documentation. records management.

There are five record types for business documents:

Linear- a record that is independent in the design of thought, with fully completed sentences that meet the requirements of the official business style (autobiographies, statements, explanatory notes, business letters, instructions).

Recording in the form analogue texts, which differs from the linear greater standard, the coincidence of a number of linguistic and graphic components (orders, decisions, resolutions).

Stencil- traditional linear notation, but with gaps that are filled with variable information; are used in typical situations (certificates, contracts, agreements).

Questionnaire- a list of pre-selected questions. It differs from the stencil in that it is more fractional, questions and answers can have both the same and different shape, questions and answers are arranged vertically (personal sheet for personnel records).

Table

The form in accordance with which the document is drawn up is determined by the requirements of GOSTs and the current rules for processing documents. In the absence of legislatively fixed recommendations for the preparation of a document, they resort to the established practice of their execution. The components of the document (its requisites) are determined by the recommendations GOST R 6.30 - 2003. "Unified system of organizational and administrative documentation. Requirements for paperwork".For each type of document, the set of details is determined separately in accordance with the requirements of GOST, the Civil or Tax Codes of the Russian Federation, other legal acts, as well as the established practice of office work. The absence of the required details of the document may lead to its invalidation, which means to release the partner from the obligations recorded in such a document.

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Formal business style.
Administrative documents.

Administrative documents- this is solutions, rulings, orders, orders, instructions, orders, instructions. Order - This is a legal act issued by the heads of ministries, departments, departments, departments, enterprises and organizations operating on the basis of unity of command. The order is issued to solve the operational tasks facing the organization. Disposition - this is an act of management of a state body that has an authoritative nature, issued within the framework of the assigned to an official or government agency competence, which is binding on citizens and organizations to which this order is addressed. An order is also called a document issued by the head of an enterprise mainly on operational issues of daily production and economic activities.
The text of the order must contain: 1) a specific task; 2) last name, first name, patronymic and position of the responsible executor; 3) the deadline for completing the task. Solution - a document of a collegial body (board of directors, meeting of shareholders) drawn up on production issues. The execution of the decision is similar to other administrative documents using the words DECIDED, DECIDED (necessarily in capital letters). The decision is signed by the chairman of the collegiate body and its members.
The course of discussion of issues in collegiate bodies and the decisions taken on these issues are reflected in the minutes. indication - an administrative document on issues related to the organization of the execution of orders, instructions, instructions, etc. The administrative part of the instruction begins with the word I OFFER (necessarily in capital letters). Instructions are assigned sequential numbers within the calendar year. Job description - a document that defines the functions, rights and obligations of an employee of the organization. Based on the job description, an employment contract is drawn up with the employee. The job description is necessary for a clear delineation of the labor functions of employees, as well as in the event of disputes, conflict situations. Instruction is a legal act issued by the government controlled(or approved by its head) in order to establish rules governing the organizational, scientific, financial and other special aspects of the activities of institutions, organizations, enterprises, officials and citizens.
The heading of the instruction should clearly outline the range of issues that are to be considered in it.

Formal business style.
Commercial correspondence.

Letters is one of the most important parts of business documentation. Business letters are all documents that serve to communicate the organization with external structures. If you want to be sure that the verbal agreement reached will be strictly observed by your business partner (or employer), be sure to confirm it business letter. All types of business letters must be registered.Document

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Formal business style

Analysis of style features

The official business style refers to the book-written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, in business correspondence of institutions. The oral form of official business speech is represented by a speech and report at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, official telephone conversation, and oral order.

The general extralinguistic and proper linguistic features of this style include the following:

1) accuracy, detail of presentation;

2) standardization of presentation;

3) the obligatory-prescriptive nature of the presentation (voluntariness).

Business speech is impersonal, stereotyped, it lacks an emotional beginning.

Substyles of formal business style

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, they are usually distinguished within the OD three substyles:

1) diplomatic(types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memorandums, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);

2) legislative(types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state significance; the main oral form is judicial speech);

Diplomatic understyle. This type of OD style serves the field of international relations. The scope of documenting the diplomatic sub-style is law, and to a greater extent than in other sub-styles. - politics, as it is connected with the implementation of the international policy of the state.

Legislative understyle. Legal documents are more stylistic and linguistically homogeneous than documents of other sub-styles. In these texts, one can note the extensive use of legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner).

managerial understyle. The scope of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, industrial relations. The types of documents of the administrative substyle differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.

The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the name of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this substyle serves various areas of social and industrial activity (culture, education, trade, agriculture, various industries), the most diverse terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. It is not recommended to use synonyms in official texts, replacing the direct names of objects and actions with them. Unlike the legislative sub-style, there are few antonyms here. Abbreviations, abbreviated words, various means of codification (names of institutions and enterprises, car brands, etc.) are often used in the texts of the managerial substyle.

Linguistic features of the official business style

OD speech prefers generic designations with broad and poor semantics, with a limited number of semantic features:

"The accused is guaranteed the right to defense."

Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form and when they refer to females: police officer Smirnov, defendant Proshina and the like.

Of the word-building models of nouns, verbal formations are widely represented, including sometimes with a prefix and non-: non-compliance, non-recognition, decision, execution. For example:

The stringing of nouns with the suffix -nie can be considered a clear sign of the OD style:

"Preparation for a crime is the search for and adaptation of means or tools or the deliberate creation of conditions for the commission of crimes...."

conduct (agitation, installation, observation, negotiations, preparation, search, development, investigation ...);

make (additions, corrections, clarifications ...);

give (consultation, appointment, justification, explanation, refutation, refusal, assessment, assignment, permission, clarification, order, recommendation, consent, indication ...);

pass (examination, training, testing ..) etc.

vehicles, wages, official, confectionery, securities, travel document, collection point, executive committee, cashless payment, work injury, bodily injury, common areas, occupational disease, public catering establishment, high-demand goods, education without interruption from production, the right to rest, a search warrant, demotion, disqualification....

With particular clarity, the convenience of "analytical" models is expressed in the nomenclature of institutions, professions, positions, etc., which constitutes a giant layer of official names: Chief Researcher, Deputy Regiment Commander for Engineering Service, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University). Transcaucasian railway, Volyn plant of household chemicals, deputy of the State Duma...

"Civil capacity arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen".

Simple sentences in the OD style are often complicated by homogeneous members, the number of which can reach up to 8-10 or more, due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. For example:

The OD style itself, like the scientific one, is alien to emotionally expressive coloration. After all, in the language tools of OD style there are no additional, additional assessments of the speaker (writer), which would be layered on linguistic units in excess of their lexical, nominative or grammatical meaning. On the contrary, the language units selected here, as already mentioned, are designed to convey the relevant concepts and facts as accurately and unambiguously as possible.

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