Quotation marks stand out:

1) uncommon, uncommon words to which the author wants to draw attention, for example: We went to the forest, or, as we say, to "order" (Turgenev);

2) words used in a figurative or special, unusual sense, for example: They [third class passengers] were not allowed to be on the upper decks, which were reserved exclusively for "pure" first and second class audiences(Kataev);

3) narrow special words that need an explanation, for example: Early in the spring...begin "burned" or forest fires(Aksakov);

4) words are outdated or, conversely, completely new, if this feature is emphasized, for example: The young teacher began to be invited to regional pedagogical « hangouts » (From newspapers);

5) words used in an ironic sense, for example: ... We honor in literature "Table of Ranks" and afraid to speak out loud "high persons" (Belinsky);

6) words used in conditional value (in relation to the situation or context), for example: AT last years in the face of impending environmental catastrophe, the movement "green" takes on a wide scope.

§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conventional, ironic sense

1) unusual, little-used words that the author wants to pay attention to, for example: We went to the forest, or, as we say, to "order"(Turgenev);

2) words used in a special, unusual meaning, for example: They are[third class passengers] did not have the right to be on the upper decks, intended exclusively for the "clean" public of the first and second class(Kataev);

3) words that are little-known terms, for example: Early in the spring ... “burns”, or forest fires, begin(Aksakov);

4) words are obsolete or, conversely, completely new, if this feature is emphasized, for example: Almost all high school students came to this fun "party";

5) words used in an ironic sense, for example: ... We in literature honor the "table of ranks" and are afraid to speak aloud about "high persons"(Belinsky);

6) words used in a conditional meaning (in relation to a situation or context), for example: On maneuvers, the "reds" opposed the "greens"; "enemy" used "atomic weapons".

Wed also: "barrel"(in aviation) "boiler"(in military affairs) "green Street"(for the railroad) "White gold"(cotton), "white coal"(electricity of water), "White paper"(collection of documents), "black gold"(oil), "lightning"(urgent print release) "bat"(lantern at the miners), be on “you” (on “you”), cut “under the pot”, “great dumb”(movie), "goat"(in sports), etc.

§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.

1) names literary works, newspapers, magazines, paintings, music, etc., for example: the novel “On the Eve”, the story “Step”, the story “Kashtanka”, the poem “Pine”, the newspaper “Kommersant”, the magazine “ New world”, the painting “Morning in a Pine Forest”, the opera “Khovanshchina”, the ballet “Raymonda”, a report on the topic “The UFO Problem”;

2) names of enterprises, firms, mines, banks, organizations, hotels, etc., for example: Arsenal plant, Rubin factory, Severnaya 2-bis mine, Georgia ship, Aurora cruiser, IL-18 aircraft, Metropol hotel, Enlightenment publishing house, Dynamo sports society , trust "Neftegazstroy"; the same in foreign names: General Motors Corporation, La Scala Theatre, Covent Garden Theatre, Teatro Musicale della Citta di Roma, Columbia Broadcasting Systems Television Company.

§ 130. Names of orders and medals

1. The names of orders and medals of the Russian Federation, the former Soviet Union are in quotation marks, if the names themselves do not syntactically depend on the words order and medal, for example: Order "Badge of Honor", medal "For Labor Distinction", medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945".”, medal “In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow”.
2. If the name is syntactically dependent on the preceding word order, then it is not quoted, for example: Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of the Red Star, Order of the Patriotic War 1st class, Order of Suvorov 1st class.

   For uppercase and lowercase letters in the names of orders, medals, insignia, see § 25 .

§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, manufactured products, etc.

1. Type names are in quotation marks:

   cars "Volga", "Seagull", "Ford", "Cadillac", "Volkswagen";

   aircraft "Ilya Muromets", "Ruslan", "Il-l8" ("IL-I8"), "Ty-144" ("TU-144") etc.; in the specialized literature, abbreviations are written without quotes: Il-18, Ty-144, An-24, MiG-15, U-2, Yak-9; colloquial aircraft names are written in quotation marks with a lowercase letter: "maize" (U-2), "migar" (MiG-15), "hawk" (Yak-9); the official names of aircraft of foreign companies (the name is accompanied by a numerical designation) are written with a capital letter: Messerschmitt-109, Heinkel-111, Boeing-707, Junkers-83; the same names in colloquial speech (without numerical designations) are written with a lowercase letter: Messerschmitt, Heinkel, Boeing, Junkers, Douglas, Farman;

   Panther, Tiger, Ferdinand tanks;

   machine gun "Maxim", Guards mortar "Katyusha";

   names of means of space exploration: spaceship Vostok-1, Luna-3 interplanetary station, Molniya-1 communications satellite, Lambda-4S-5 four-stage rocket; also: missiles "ground - air - ground", "air - air";

   other names: tractors "Belarus", "KhTZ"; cameras "FED", "Zenit" etc.

   Note. The names of the brands of those industrial products that have become common names are not quoted, for example: revolver, browning, jacket, riding breeches, mackintosh, napoleon(cake), etc.

2. The names of confectionery products, perfumery products, etc. are highlighted in quotation marks, for example: sweets "Cornflower", "Chamomile", "Southern Nut", "Clumsy Bear"; perfume "White Lilac", powder "Swan", soap "Tenderness", cream "Metamorphosis", set "Blue Casket".

§ 132. Names of plant varieties

The names of crops, vegetables, flowers, etc. are highlighted in quotation marks, for example: rye "Kharkovskaya-194", barley "nutans-187", wheat "Krymka", strawberry "Victoria", gladiolus "elegy"(See § 14, item 2).

Note. Not separated by quotation marks:

a) names of plant varieties in the specialized literature (these names are written with a capital letter), for example: Slava gooseberry, Marlboro raspberry, Winner strawberry, Exhibition red currant, Kitayka golden early apple tree, Nikolskaya white plum, Black Prince tulip;

b) common names of flowers, fruits, for example: pansies, ivan da marya, white pouring, rosemary, antonovka, renklod.

The answer to such numerous “whys” can be very long, so here we will try to give you basic guidelines.

Write as we please, we can write at home and personal letters. And at work, we must know the "materiel", as the military say.

It is no coincidence that official documents, which are a unity of form, form (a set of details) and content (text), are said to be compiled and executed. If the name of the document type is a requisite, then it is written in capital letters as, for example, GOST R 6.30-2003 provides, without any quotation marks:

Example 1

Type of document (number 1) and title to its text (number 2) on it

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If the name of the document type is used in the text and is part of it, then it can be issued both uppercase and lowercase and also without quotes, for example:

• “in accordance with paragraph 1.2.4 of the Instructions for working with citizens' appeals, approved by order No. 79/03-04 dated March 12, 2014”;
• “in accordance with the regulation on bonuses approved by order No. 3/od dated 12.01.2015.”

Please note: if the local normative act (“Instruction on ...”) is written with a capital letter, then the administrative document that approved it is usually written with a small letter (“order”).

In practice, you can find the design of the names of the types of documents in the ascertaining part of the order issued in pursuance of the decision of the higher organization, in different options(let's italicize the difference in spelling):

• "In pursuance order of the Head Federal Archival Agency dated 00.00.0000 No. 000 "On approval of the list of positions ...";
• "In pursuance Order of the Head Federal Archival Agency dated 00.00.0000 No. 000 "On approval of the list of positions ...".

Both options may be recognized as correct in a particular organization. Note that here only the title to the text of the document to which the link is made is framed in quotation marks. And according to the general academic spelling rules, the name of the type of document and the title of the position should have been drawn up like this:

• "In pursuance order of the head Federal Archival Agency dated 00.00.0000 No. 000 "On approval of the list of positions ...".

It is no coincidence that for a long time ministries, departments and local governments have been drawing up as annexes to instructions for office work or approved as independent documents. lists / lists of spellings of job titles, structural units and types of documents that are accepted in the industry or in a given management system. They are mandatory when issuing administrative documents and in the process of conducting correspondence. Such lists exist in the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, in the Mayor's Office of Moscow, in the executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and fix the norms of business communication etiquette.

The business style is characterized by brevity, accuracy, clarity, a certain formality, the use of standard speech models. Therefore, the names of the types of documents, the names of structural units and positions, which are often repeated and long in the text, are sometimes replaced with shorter ones (the so-called "generic" words) for the convenience of "recognition" and perception, ensuring speed of reading and searching. In order for the text of the document to have an unambiguous interpretation, you must first introduce an abbreviation (form a "generic" word), and then use it in the text. To make it conspicuous, it is often made out with a capital (big) letter:

Example 2

The formation of several conditional abbreviations in the preamble of an additional agreement to the contract, which will further replace longer text structures in this document (introduced generic words are highlighted orange)

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Public Joint Stock Company Prominveststroy, hereinafter referred to as Provider, represented by General Director Sergei Petrovich Zevsov, acting on the basis of the charter, and Toros Limited Liability Company, hereinafter referred to as Buyer, represented by the General Director Seliverstov Konstantin Mikhailovich, acting on the basis of the charter, collectively referred to as Parties, and individually Side, have agreed to make the following changes to the supply contract dated November 05, 2014 No. 586/14 (hereinafter - Treaty):

Example 3

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Example 4

Business custom also allows capitalization of a number of key words in the preamble of the contract (they are highlighted in orange)

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Public Joint Stock Company Prominveststroy, hereinafter referred to as the Supplier, represented by Director General Zevsov Sergey Petrovich, acting on the basis of Charter, and Toros Limited Liability Company, hereinafter referred to as the Buyer, represented by Commercial Director Seliverstov Konstantin Mikhailovich, acting on the basis of powers of attorney dated 05.11.2014 No. 21, have concluded this agreement on the following:

In these examples you see the result of the formation of legislative, legal (contractual) sub-styles business style Russian literary language.

What are quotation marks? What is the difference between quotes different pattern?

Quotation marks are a paired punctuation mark. They mark the left and right boundaries of a word or a segment of text; thus, quotation marks can be opening and closing quotation marks, with opening and closing quotation marks usually distinguished by pattern.

In Russian writing, the following types of quotation marks are most common:

"Christmas trees" (used in printed texts);

“paws” (used, as a rule, in handwritten texts);

‘Marr’ quotes’ (used to describe the meaning of the word and when translating the meaning of a foreign word, for example: the word “skimmer” is borrowed from the Polish language, in which it goes back to the verb szumować ‘remove foam’ from szum ‘foam’);

"computer quotation marks" are a special type of quotation marks in which the pattern of opening and closing quotation marks is completely indistinguishable. Such quotes are found in texts typed on a computer keyboard.

offtopic

Little technical trick. In any text typed on a computer, you can arrange "Christmas trees" yourself. To do this, remember the following key combinations: press Alt, type 0171, release Alt - we get “. Press Alt, type 0187, release Alt - we get ".

About quotes inside quotes

If inside the words enclosed in quotation marks there are other words, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, it is recommended (provided that there are technical possibilities for this) to use quotation marks of different patterns: external - "herringbones", internal - "paws" (or - in texts typed on a computer - "computer quotes"). If this is not possible, then closing quotes are placed only once. The quotation marks of the same picture are not repeated side by side. For example:

Preferably: the work of V. I. Lenin "On the caricature of Marxism and on" imperialist economism "", CJSC "Publishing House" TVNZ", LLC "Company" Metallinvest "".

Permissible (if it is not technically possible to use quotation marks of different patterns): the work of V. I. Lenin “On the caricature of Marxism and on “imperialist economism”, CJSC Komsomolskaya Pravda Publishing House, Metallinvest Company LLC.

Not properly References: V. I. Lenin’s work “On the Caricature of Marxism and “Imperialist Economism”, CJSC Komsomolskaya Pravda Publishing House, Metallinvest Company LLC.

When are quotation marks used?

In modern Russian, quotation marks perform the following functions:

1. Highlighting non-paragraph direct speech and quotations.

2. Allocation of conditional (own) names.

3. Highlighting words that are used in an unusual, ironic, special meaning.

Quotation marks for words that are not used in their usual meaning

Quotation marks for words used in an unusual, special, conditional, ironic meaning not only help the author of the text to draw the reader's attention to a particular word or expression, but also make it possible to use lexical units belonging to a different style, for example, to use a colloquial word in journalistic text (often in such cases, quotes are used by the author for "reinsurance").

The first thing to note: quotation marks for unusually used words are considered as an optional sign (in contrast to the mandatory use of quotation marks for proper names and direct speech).

Quotes are allocated:

1) unusual, little-used words that the author wants to draw attention to;

2) words used in a special, unusual meaning;

3) words that are little-known terms;

4) words are obsolete or, conversely, completely new, if this feature is emphasized;

5) words used in an ironic sense;

6) words used in a conditional meaning (in relation to the situation or context).

It is often very difficult to distinguish between "usual" and "unusual" meanings of a word:

Firstly, for this it is necessary to have a highly developed linguistic instinct,

Secondly, there are often cases when "usual" for one native speaker is "unusual" for another.

Finally, the "unusual" meaning of a word can become "habitual" over time. That is why putting quotation marks on unusually used words raises so many questions.

What, then, should be guided by when answering the question about quotation marks? Here are two simple rules:

Focus on vocabulary entries explanatory dictionaries Russian language: if the word (phrase) is already fixed in them, therefore, the meaning is not unusual and quotes are not needed;

Consider the style of the text in which such lexical units occur. Of course, they can be found most often in newspaper and magazine texts, but at the same time, in “serious” media that offer readers materials on socio-political and socially significant topics, quotation marks for unusually used words are more appropriate than, for example, in newspapers and magazines aimed at young people and writing on “light” topics, since when a word is used in an “unusual” sense, it often has a colloquial or colloquial coloring.

Words and phrases that do not require quotation marks

star(" a famous person, artist")

gold ("award of the highest standard")

zest ("charm, sharpness")

zipper ("quick pull fastener")

tail ("exam debt")

the Velvet season

white salary

White gold

great mute

blue fuel

luxury hotline

round table

bags under the eyes

gray salary

stronger sex

weaker sex

helpline

black gold

black box

The words following the phrase so-called are not enclosed in quotation marks. The exception is when these words are used in an unusual or ironic sense.

Quotation marks for own names

To answer the question of when names are enclosed in quotation marks, it is necessary to find out what kinds of proper names exist. Names can be divided into two large groups:

1. Compound names that are not conditional are real proper names. In such names, all words are used in their direct meaning. Such names are not marked with quotation marks; in them, the first word and the proper nouns that are part of the name are written with a capital letter.

For example: State Russian Museum, Ostankino Museum of Serf Art, Moscow drama theatre on Malaya Bronnaya, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, St. Petersburg State University, Moscow Printing House No. 2, Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications, Russian Football Union, State Prize, Guinness Book of Records, Great Patriotic War, Petrine era.

2. Conditional (symbolic) names enclosed in quotation marks.

Real proper names and conditional names differ primarily in syntactic compatibility (roughly speaking, one word depends on another: a noun and an adjective, a noun and a noun in the genitive case).

Compare: Bolshoi Theatre, Theater of Satire, Theater in the South-West- these are real proper names, they have syntactic compatibility, quotes are not needed.

But: theater "Sovremennik", theater "School of modern play"- conditional names that are not combined syntactically with the generic word. They are enclosed in quotation marks. Similarly: Friendship Park, but: Sokolniki Park, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, but: Yabloko Party, etc.

We list the main groups of conditional names enclosed in quotation marks:

Names of firms, institutions, organizations, societies: hotel "Russia", hotel "Metropol", confectionery factory "Red October", publishing house "Nauka".

Names of political parties: parties "Yabloko", "Civil Force", "United Russia", "Fair Russia".

Names of domestic news agencies: Interfax news agency, RIA Novosti. The names of foreign news agencies are traditionally not enclosed in quotation marks: Agence France Presse, United Press International.

Names of entertainment enterprises and institutions (theaters, cinemas, exhibition centers, etc.): the Formula Kino and Cinema Star cinema chains, the Five Stars cinema, the Sovremennik theater, the School of Modern Play, the Central Exhibition Hall "Manezh", Center for Children's Art "Theater on the Embankment", Theater Center "On Strastnoy", festival "Kinotavr".

Names of musical groups: Moscow Virtuosi Chamber Orchestra, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Factory, Strelki, Gorod 312.

Names of sports societies, teams, clubs: football clubs Spartak, Zenit, Lokomotiv, Barcelona, ​​Manchester United, Lazio, Beitar, Anderlecht, hockey teams Salavat Yulaev, Severstal, Ak Bars. However, the names-abbreviations are written without quotes: CSKA, SKA.

Names of orders, medals, awards, insignia: the order "Mother Heroine", the medal "Veteran of Labor", the Golden Mask award, the Oscar award.

Names of periodicals (newspapers, magazines): newspapers "Arguments and Facts", "Moskovsky Komsomolets", magazines "Spark", "Russian Language Abroad", including names that include generic names: "Newspaper", "Nezavisimaya Gazeta" , "Russian Journal".

Names of documents: Federal Law of December 23, 2003 N 177-FZ "On Insurance of Deposits of Individuals in Banks of the Russian Federation", Federal Constitutional Law "On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation".

Names of literary and scientific works, works of art: the novel "War and Peace", the painting "The Apotheosis of War", the opera "The Queen of Spades", the film "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears", the television series "Staying Alive", including titles that include generic titles: "A Novel Without Lies", "A Tale of a Real Man", "An Optimistic Tragedy". Please note: if the name artwork consists of two names connected by the union or, then a comma is placed before the union, and the first word of the second name is capitalized: “Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath”.

Museum names: Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, Krasnaya Presnya Museum. Please note: the names of foreign museums and art galleries are written without quotes, such as: the Prado Museum, the Orsay Museum, the Uffizi Gallery, etc.

Titles natural Disasters(hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes): typhoon Judy, hurricane Katrina, storm Noel, cyclone Cider.

Names of production brands of technical products: Volga, Toyota cars, Indesit washing machine, Ardo gas stove.

Names of aircraft and means of space conquest; military equipment: Ruslan, Boeing-747 aircraft, Discovery shuttle, Atlantis shuttle, Node-2 docking module; ballistic missile"Topol", strike complex "Iskander-M".

Names associated with the sphere information technologies(IT), including the names of Internet resources and web services: Izvestiya.Ru, Slovari.Ru, Strana.Ru, Yandex, Rambler, Yandex.Fotki, Yandex .Dictionaries", reference and information systems and computer programs: "ConsultantPlus", "1C: Enterprise" systems, names of tariff plans and services provided by companies - mobile operators and Internet providers: tariff plans "Single", "Mobile", "Profi 1300 VIP", "Challenge Xtreme", "Stream 6", services "Who called?", "Account analyzer", "Megafon.Bonus", "Service Guide".

Names of medicines, medicines. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of medicines should be written with a capital letter in quotation marks: "Agri", "Influvak", "Aflubin", "Ferveks", and in household use - with a lowercase letter without quotation marks, for example: drink fervex, take viagra. Also, some names of drugs that have come into wide use as a result of many years of use (validol, analgin, aspirin) are also written with a lowercase letter without quotes.

Names of food products, including alcoholic beverages. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of food products are written with a capital letter in quotation marks: Cream waffles, Potato cake, Chinese salad, Amateur carbonade, Mozzarella cheese, Tartar sauce, liquor Baileys, Beaujolais Nouveau wine, Cinzano Bianco vermouth, Black Card coffee. The names of products in everyday use are written with a lowercase letter without quotes: amateur sausage, Borodino bread, Olivier salad, potato cake. Without quotation marks, the names of varieties of wines, mineral waters and other drinks are also written with a lowercase letter: Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Port wine, Borjomi.

The names of species and varieties of crops, vegetables, flowers, etc. are terms of agronomy and horticulture. Unlike the names listed above, these names are written in quotation marks with a lowercase letter: Victoria strawberry, Chardonnay grape, Black Prince tulip.

Particularly difficult is the spelling of car names.

Reference books recommend writing the names of car brands in quotation marks with a capital letter: cars "Volga", "Volvo", "Nissan", "Skoda", and the names of the cars themselves as technical products - with a lowercase letter in quotation marks (except for names that coincide with their own names - personal and geographic). For example: "Cadillac", "Moskvich", "Toyota", "Nissan", but: "Volga", "Oka" (coincide with proper names, therefore they are written with a capital letter).

Exceptions: "Zhiguli", "Mercedes" (coincide with proper names, but are written with lowercase). However, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish in which case the name is the name of the car brand, and in which the name of the technical product: He prefers “Toyota” / “Toyota” to all cars. In disputable cases, the decision to write with an uppercase or lowercase letter is made by the author of the text.

Names written in Latin are not quoted: Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Škoda Fabia, Lada Priora.

Ambiguous names (car brand and model) written in Cyrillic are written with a hyphen, while all parts of the name are written with a capital letter: Lada Priora, Toyota Corolla, Renault Megane, Nissan Teana, Hyundai Getz, Nissan Almera Classic, Suzuki Grand Vitara. But: "Volkswagen beetle" (roll call with a common noun).

Abbreviated names are written without quotes: ZIL, VAZ, KamAZ.

In everyday use, the names of vehicles are written without quotes, for example: I arrived in an old Muscovite (in a luxurious Cadillac). Without quotes, colloquial names of cars with diminutive suffixes are also written, for example: Muscovite, Ford, UAZ.

Numerous questions also arise when writing names and nicknames of people, nicknames of animals, as well as geographical names. We will try to answer the most frequently asked questions.

Nicknames are written without quotes both in cases where the nickname is after the name (Vsevolod the Big Nest, Richard the Lionheart), and when the nickname is located between the name and surname: Garik Bulldog Kharlamov, Pavel Snezhok Volya, Dwayne Skala Johnson;

The nicknames of animals are not enclosed in quotation marks and are written with a capital letter: the dog Barbos, the cat Matroskin, the kitten Woof, the lion Boniface. However, if individual names are used as generalized names of animals, they are written with a lowercase letter: murka, bug, barbos, savraska, cow. With a lowercase letter without quotes, the names of animal breeds are also written: a hillock cow, a poodle dog.

The names of railway stations, railway stations are written without quotes, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic designations: stations Fili, Uzlovaya, Podsolnechnaya, 125 km, Stroitel, Dachnaya, Rabochy Poselok.

Reference books recommend writing airport names without quotation marks, but in recent years there has been a steady tendency to enclose these names in quotation marks. Perhaps soon such a spelling will be recognized as normative. However, now it is better to write without quotes: Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, Pulkovo, Borispol airports.

The names of metro stations are enclosed in quotation marks (in texts, but not on maps and diagrams and not at the stations and stops themselves!), the first word of such names is written with a capital letter (it can be the only one), as well as all those words that are written with capital letter as part of the corresponding toponyms: metro stations "Fili", "Pionerskaya", "Sviblovo"; Vyborgskaya, Avtovo, Electrosila; "Prospect Mira", "Kuznetsky Most", "Okhotny Ryad"; "Gostiny Dvor", " Old village»; "Street of 1905", "Sparrow Hills", "Sretensky Boulevard", "Filyovsky Park"; "Ligovsky Prospekt", "Technological Institute".

The names of districts, microdistricts (city microtoponymic names) are written without quotation marks: the districts of Marfino, Kurkino, Lyublino, Moskvorechye-Saburovo, Biryulyovo Zapadnoe. However, the conditional names of residential areas, arrays and individual houses are enclosed in quotation marks, accompanied by the words housing estate, HOA (partnership of homeowners), SZD (social residential building), etc., for example: Parus residential area, Pobeda residential area, residential complex "Breeze", HOA "Novobrodovsky", SZD "Mitino", farm "Stolyarovo", substation "Dachnaya".

The names of directions, routes, trains are subject to the following rule: when designating spatial limits between geographical names put a dash. Names are capitalized without quotes. For example: the Kyiv-Simferopol route, the Moscow-Kyiv train, the Moscow-Uglich-Moscow route, the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline. However, conditional names of roads and routes are enclosed in quotation marks; oil pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.: Kholmogory, Caspian, Don, Ural, Crimea, Ussuri highways, the Blue Stream gas pipeline, the Druzhba oil pipeline.

Quotation marks in abbreviated names of institutions, organizations, firms

Compound names

The use of quotation marks for complex abbreviated words depends primarily on the semantics of the name. Names not enclosed in quotation marks public institutions, among them:

Unofficial names of legislative and executive authorities (ministries, federal agencies, federal services, committees, etc.), for example: State Duma, Moscow City Duma, Rosobrnadzor, Central Election Commission, Ministry of Economic Development, Moscow Heritage Committee;

Names of state institutions that act without a generic word, for example: Mosgortrans, Mosvodokanal. However, when used with a generic word, quotation marks are put: GUP Mosgortrans, MGUP Mosvodokanal.

Unlike the names of state institutions, the complex abbreviated names of commercial organizations are written in quotation marks (both in the presence of a generic word and in its absence): Rosgosstrakh and the Rosgosstrakh company, Technopromexport and Technopromexport OJSC, Stroymontazh and CJSC " Stroymontazh, Metrogiprotrans and OAO Metrogiprotrans, Gazprom Neft and OAO Gazprom Neft, Surgutneftegaz and OAO Surgutneftegaz, Lukoil and OAO Lukoil (also OAO Oil Company Lukoil) .

It should be noted that some names of the largest companies, such as Gazprom, AvtoVAZ, etc., experience fluctuations in spelling when used without a generic word; in the presence of a generic word, the quotation marks are beyond doubt: OAO Gazprom, OAO AvtoVAZ.

Note about money. The name Sberbank of Russia is written without quotes. This example can be considered unique: the absence of quotation marks for this name is explained both by the history of its use and by extralinguistic reasons. Despite the fact that Sberbank of Russia is currently a commercial organization, for many native speakers it is still associated with a state institution (in Sberbank you can get a pension, pay utility bills, etc.).

Names are initial abbreviations

The names, which are abbreviations of the initial type, are also formatted differently. Do not quote abbreviations formed from real proper names. Among them:

Initial abbreviations - names state structures, including ministries, security agencies (modern and historical), etc. special purpose), FSB ( federal Service security), SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service), PFR (Pension Fund of Russia);

Names of political parties: Communist Party of the Russian Federation (Communist Party of the Russian Federation), LDPR (Liberal Democratic Party of Russia), SPS (Union of Right Forces), BYuT (Yulia Timoshenko Bloc);

Names of educational, scientific, entertainment institutions: IRYa RAS (Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences), MGIMO (Moscow state institute international relations), Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (Peoples' Friendship University of Russia), Moscow Architectural Institute (Moscow Institute of Architecture), Moscow Art Theater (Moscow Art Theatre), State Tretyakov Gallery (State Tretyakov Gallery);

Names of international organizations: WTO (World Trade Organization), WHO (World Health Organization), IOC (International Olympic Committee), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency).

At the same time, abbreviations of the initial type are written in quotation marks, which are an abbreviation of the conditional name. Among them:

Names of periodicals: "RG" (" Russian newspaper”), “AiF” (“Arguments and Facts”), “MK” (“Moskovsky Komsomolets”), “NG” (“Nezavisimaya Gazeta”), “SE” (“Sport Express”), etc .;

Names of political parties: "PR" ("Patriots of Russia"), "SR" ("Fair Russia"); the abbreviation "ER" ("United Russia") is in quotation marks inconsistently.

The names of commercial organizations that act in combination with the generic word: OJSC MTT (OJSC Interregional TransitTelecom), OJSC Russian Railways (OJSC Russian railways”), MTS OJSC (Mobile TeleSystems OJSC).

As for the abbreviated names of commercial organizations used without a generic word (MTT, MTS, Russian Railways), in modern written speech they behave extremely inconsistently: in some cases they are enclosed in quotation marks, in some cases they are written without quotation marks. However, it should be recognized that it is preferable to enclose such names in quotation marks, since this makes it easier for the reader to understand the text.

Note. Abbreviated names of sports teams are not enclosed in quotation marks (both in the presence and in the absence of a generic word): SKA, CSKA, PFC CSKA. The tradition of not putting abbreviated names of sports teams in quotation marks dates back to the first third of the 20th century, when the number of such names was much larger.

For clarity, all the recommendations formulated above are shown in the following table.

Quotation marks in names written in Latin

Introductory remarks. None of the modern spelling guides recommends the use of quotation marks in names written in Latin. The recommendations below are based on observations of contemporary written language.

In modern Russian texts, the names are very often written in the letters of the Latin alphabet or in two alphabets (Cyrillic and Latin). This mainly concerns the names of foreign brands of equipment and electronics products, in which the Latin spelling is often combined with official serial designations, which are complex complexes of numbers, uppercase and lowercase letters ( Voxtel RX11, Sony Ericsson K610i red, Nokia 6131, Samsung D520, Canon A410 camera, BBK DV311SL DVD player, Honda Civic, Mazda 323, Mitsubishi Colt). In addition, the names of some media are written in Latin in modern texts ( magazines Automobil Review, Total DVD, Russian Mobile, newspapers Moscow Times, PC Week), commercial firms and banks ( British Airways, Bank of America), as well as various urban facilities - shops, restaurants, cafes, clubs, hairdressers, etc. At the same time, writing the name in Latin does not always indicate that we are talking about a foreign brand (such as McDonald's or Ikea), often the names of domestic organizations, enterprises, trademarks are written in the Latin alphabet ( N-Joy cafe, XL shopping center, Bolero store, Click-Net computer club, Glamor beauty salon), whose owners seek in this way - writing in Latin - to attract the attention of potential customers.

Examples from modern journalistic texts(published both in printed and electronic media) testify to the fact that in Russian writing there is a stable tradition not to quote own names written in Latin. At the same time, the absence of quotes is determined precisely by the Latin alphabet; as a rule, it does not depend either on the number of words in the title, or on the presence or absence of a generic word in the title.

The absence of quotation marks in Latin-formatted names can be recommended in relation to all groups of names used in Russian texts. Among them:

Names of organizations, institutions, banks, firms, for example: Intel, Fashion LLC, Air France, British Airways, California Cleaners, Carven beauty salon, American Express Bank, Netland Internet Center, La Fontana restaurant, Tabula Rasa club, design bureau Phoenix Design by LG Electronics.

Names of sports societies, musical groups, for example: Lordi, Rammstein, Bee Gees, Rolling Stones, PSV Eindhoven football club.

Names of electronic resources, for example: KM-News news agency, Delfi portal, Yahoo search engine.

Trademark names, conventional names for food, perfumery and other products, medicines, alcoholic beverages, for example: Christian Lacroix Rouge perfume water, Palmolive shower gel, Triple Blade shaving system, Armani jeans, Dolce & Gabbana jacket, Global Village juice, Tuborg Green beer, Oro Verde olives.

Brand names of technical products and the products themselves, for example: Kraftway Idea personal computers, Apple iMac, Mitsubishi Colt cars, Chevrolet Lacetti, Daewoo Matiz, Mazda 323, Peugeot 207, Volvo S80, Canon A410 camera, Multiquick System mixer system, Campaver heated towel rail Bains.

However, when there are two (or more) names written in Latin in the text, it is preferable to use quotation marks to prevent the reader from misunderstanding the text. For example: a new series of microwave ovens from Samsung "Aqua".

It is debatable whether it is appropriate to use quotes in the names of literary and scientific works, works of art, documents, periodicals, etc. film Tomorrow Never Dies. Because of the semantics of these names, enclosing them in quotation marks may be preferable. The final decision on quotation marks in such cases is made by the author of the text.

Names and titles

How to use quotation marks in your own names

To answer the question of when names are enclosed in quotation marks, it is necessary to find out what kinds of proper names exist. Names can be divided into two large groups:

1. Compound names that are not conditional, - real proper names(in the terminology of A. V. Superanskaya). In such names, all words are used in their direct meaning. Such names are not marked with quotation marks; in them, the first word and the proper nouns that are part of the name are written with a capital letter. For example: State Russian Museum, Moscow Drama Theater on Malaya Bronnaya, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, St. Petersburg State University, Moscow Printing House No. 2, Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications, Russian Football Union, State Prize, Guinness Book of Records, Great Patriotic War, Peter's era.

2. Conditional (symbolic) names enclosed in quotation marks.

Real proper names and conditional names differ in syntactic compatibility. Wed: Bolshoi Theatre, Theater of Satire, Theater in the South-West - these are real proper names, they have syntactic compatibility, quotes are not needed. But: theater "Sovremennik", theater "School of the modern play" - conditional names that do not fit syntactically with the generic word. They are enclosed in quotation marks. Similarly: friendship park, but: Sokolniki park", Communist Party of the Russian Federation, but: Party "Yabloko" etc.

Note: real proper names can also be used in combination with a generic name (most often - a designation of the legal form) and at the same time enclose in quotation marks, but when used without a generic name, they, unlike conditional names, are written without quotes, compare:

Moscow Printing House No. 2 and OAO Moscow Printing House No. 2;

Russian Academy National economy and public service under the President of the Russian Federation and federal state budget educational institution higher education"Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation";

B. N. Yeltsin Presidential Library and Federal State Budgetary Institution "Presidential Library named after B. N. Yeltsin";

City military glory and honorary title"City of Military Glory".

In contrast, conventional names enclosed in quotation marks both in the presence of a generic word and in its absence, cf.: "Apple" and Party "Yabloko", "Locomotive" and football club "Lokomotiv", "Contemporary" and Theater "Sovremennik", "Forest distance" and boarding house "Forest Dali", "Romashka" and Romashka LLC etc.

We list the main semantic groups of conditional names enclosed in quotation marks (the list is far from exhaustive):

titles organizations, institutions, enterprises, joint-stock companies, firms, etc.: publishing house "Children's Literature"(but: JSC "Publishing House "Children's Literature""), gymnasium "Radonezh", hotel "Russia", confectionery factory "Sweet island", airline "Ural Airlines". The names of firms, companies, banks, etc., written in Latin letters, are not enclosed in quotation marks: Intel, Fashion LLC, Air France and British Airways, Carven beauty salon, La Fontana restaurant, Tabula Rasa club. Writing abbreviated names of institutions, organizations (abbreviated words and initial abbreviations, for example: Promsvyazbank, Rosoboronexport, MTS etc.) is dedicated to a separate one.

titles political parties: parties "Yabloko", "Civil Force", "United Russia", "Fair Russia".

titles domestic news agencies: Interfax news agency, Rossiya Segodnya news agency (FSUE MIA Rossiya Segodnya). The names of foreign news agencies, by tradition, are not enclosed in quotation marks: France Press agency, United Press International agency.

titles entertainment enterprises and institutions(theatres, cinemas, exhibition centers, etc.): cinema chains "Formula Kino", "Cinema Star", cinema "Five Stars", theaters "Sovremennik", "School of Modern Play", Central Exhibition Hall "Manege",Center for Children's Creativity "Theatre on the Embankment", Theater Center "On Strastnoy", festival "Kinotavr".

titles museums: museum-estate of L. N. Tolstoy "Yasnaya Polyana"(but: State Memorial and Natural Reserve "Museum-estate of Leo Tolstoy "Yasnaya Polyana""), museum-reserve "Kolomenskoye", museum-panorama "Battle of Borodino", historical and memorial museum "Presnya". note: the names of foreign museums and art galleries are written without quotes, such as: Prado Museum, Orsay Museum, Uffizi Gallery and etc.

titles musical groups:Moscow Virtuosi Chamber Orchestra, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Factory, Strelki, Gorod 312.

titles sports societies, teams, clubs: football clubs Spartak, Zenit, Lokomotiv, Barcelona, ​​Manchester United, Lazio, Beitar, Anderlecht, hockey teams Salavat Yulaev, Severstal, Ak Bars . However, abbreviation names are written without quotes: CSKA, SKA(For more information about abbreviation names, see).

titles orders, medals, awards, insignia, honorary titles: orders "For Merit to the Fatherland", "For Military Merit", "Parental Glory"; insignia "For impeccable service"; Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"; medals "For Courage", "Defender of Free Russia", "For Distinction in Guarding the State Border"; honorary title "People's Artist of the Russian Federation"(but without the generic word: to award the People's Artist of the Russian Federation), Golden Mask Award, Oscar Award.

titles periodicals(newspapers, magazines): newspapers "Arguments and Facts", "Moskovsky Komsomolets", magazines "Spark", "Russian Language Abroad", Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Russian Journal. About abbreviations ( AiF or "AiF") cm. ). If the name is written in Latin (including if it is an initial abbreviation of Latin letters), quotes are not needed: newspapers Financial Times, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung; magazines GQ, FHM.

titles TV channels, radio stations: TV channels "Russia", "Russia - Culture", "Match TV", radio stations "Echo of Moscow", "Vesti FM", radio channel "Radio Russia". However, channel names, which are initial type abbreviations, are usually written without quotes, for example: NTV, STS, TNT. Name First channel is also not enclosed in quotation marks (the name has an agreement with the word channel). But: Open Joint Stock Company "First Channel".

titles documents: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2015 N 683 "On the Strategy national security of the Russian Federation”, Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of January 15, 2016 N 12 “Issues of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation” and of February 2, 2016 N 41 “On Certain Issues of State Control and Supervision in the Financial and Budgetary Sphere”, Order of the President of the Russian Federation of March 8, 2016 N 39-rp "On holding the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum", Federal Constitutional Law of February 7, 2011 N 1-FKZ "On Courts of General Jurisdiction in the Russian Federation".

titles literary and scientific works, works of art: the novel "War and Peace", the painting "The Apotheosis of War", the film "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears", the television series "Staying Alive", including names including generic names: "A Novel Without Lies", "A Tale of a Real Man", "An Optimistic Tragedy". note: if the name of a work of art consists of two names connected by the union or, then a comma is placed before the union, and the first word of the second name is capitalized: "Irony of Fate or Enjoy Your Bath".Do not enclose in quotes and capitalize names such as collected works, selected works, if they are used in the meaning of the type of publication: in all collected works of A. S. Pushkin. If we are talking about a specific publication that has such a typical name, then it is written with a capital letter without quotes: in the Complete Works of A. S. Pushkin.

titles musical works. Please note: if the genre or type of a musical work is not included in the title, it is enclosed in quotation marks, the first word is written with a capital letter and the proper names included in the title: opera The Queen of Spades, ballet La Bayadère, sonata Appassionata. If the title of a piece of music is a combination of a generic word ( symphony, sonata etc. with a number or a musical term, then it is written with a capital letter, but is not enclosed in quotation marks: Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony, Chopin's Second Ballade, String Quartet No. 3.

titles natural Disasters(hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes): Typhoon Judy, Hurricane Katrina, Storm Noel, Cyclone Cider.

titles production brands of technical products (cars, aircraft, instruments, etc.): cars "Volga", "Toyota", planes "Ruslan", "Boeing-747", washing machine "Indesit", gas stove "Ardo". The spelling of such names is regulated by reference manuals, but nowadays polynomial names of technical products are becoming more common (cf .: Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft). The spelling of names of this type is almost not reflected in spelling reference books and experiences significant fluctuations in modern Russian. Names written in Latin are not enclosed in quotation marks, for example: Kraftway Idea personal computers, Apple iMac, Blackview BV8000 Pro smartphone, Canon A410 camera, Campaver Bains heated towel rail, Mitsubishi Colt, Chevrolet Lacetti, Daewoo Matiz, Mazda 323, Peugeot 207 cars. See below for more on writing car names.

titles means of space exploration, military equipment: shuttle Discovery, the Atlantis shuttle, the Prichal node module, the Topol ballistic missile, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, the Iskander-M strike system.

titles medicines, medical preparations. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of medicines should be written with a capital letter in quotation marks: "Arbidol", "Influvak", "Aflubin", "Fervex", and in everyday use - with a lowercase letter without quotes, for example: drink fervex, take viagra. Also, some names of medicines that have come into wide use due to many years of use are written with a lowercase letter without quotes ( validol, analgin, aspirin).

titles trademarks, conditional names of food, perfumery and other goods, including alcoholic beverages. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of food products are written with a capital letter in quotation marks: waffles "Creamy", cake "Potato", salad "Chinese", "Amateur" carbonade, "Mozzarella" cheese, "Tartar" sauce, "Baileys" liqueur, "Beaujolais Nouveau" wine, "Cinzano Bianco" vermouth, "Black Card" coffee. The names of products in everyday use are written with a lowercase letter without quotes: amateur sausage, Borodino bread, Olivier salad, potato cake. Without quotation marks, the names of varieties of wines, mineral waters and other drinks are also written with a lowercase letter: Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Port, Borjomi. Names written in Latin are not enclosed in quotation marks: Global Village juice, Staropramen beer, Oro Verde olives, Christian Lacroix Rouge eau de parfum, Palmolive shower gel, Armani jeans, Dolce Gabbana jacket.

titles species and varieties of agricultural crops, vegetables, flowers etc. - terms of agronomy and horticulture. Unlike the names listed above, these names are written in quotation marks with a lowercase letter: Victoria strawberries, Chardonnay grapes, Black Prince tulip. In specialized literature, such names are written without quotes with a capital letter: apricot Dionysus, zucchini Uncle Fedor, raspberry Diamond, Chardonnay grapes.

As evidenced by the requests of users of our "Help Desk", it is especially difficult to write car names. Let's talk about them in more detail.

In the complete academic reference book "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" ed. V. V. Lopatina was given a recommendation to write the names of car brands in quotation marks with a capital letter: cars "Volga", "Volvo", "Toyota", and the names of the cars themselves as technical products - with a lowercase letter in quotation marks (except for names that coincide with proper names - personal and geographical). For example: Muscovite, Toyota, "volvo", but: Volga, Oka, Tavria(coincide with proper names, so they are written with a capital letter). Exceptions: "Zhiguli", "Mercedes"(coincide with proper names, but are written with lowercase). However, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish in which case the name is the name of the car brand, and in which case it is the name of a technical product: He prefers Toyota / Toyota to all cars. In disputable cases, the decision to write with an uppercase or lowercase letter is made by the author of the text.

In everyday use, the names of vehicles are written with a lowercase letter without quotes, for example: Came in an old Muscovite (a luxury Cadillac). Without quotes, colloquial names of cars with diminutive suffixes are also written, for example: Muscovite, Ford, UAZ.

Abbreviated names (combined with numbers and without numbers) are written without quotes: ZIL, VAZ-2114, UAZ, KAMAZ.

Non-single-word names (make and model of a car) written in Cyrillic are enclosed in quotation marks and are written with a hyphen, while all parts of the name are written with a capital letter: "Lada Priora", Toyota Corolla, Renault Megan, Nissan Teana, Hyundai Getz, Nissan Almera Classic, Suzuki Grand Vitara. But: "Volkswagen Beetle"(reference with a common noun).

Names written in Latin are not enclosed in quotation marks: Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Lada Priora.

Numerous questions about the advisability of using quotation marks also arise when writing some proper names in the narrow sense of this term - the names and nicknames of people, the names of animals, as well as geographical names. We will try to answer the most frequently asked questions.

nicknames are written without quotes and in cases where the nickname is after the name (Vsevolod the Big Nest, Richard the Lionheart), and when the nickname is located between the given name and surname: Garik Bulldog Kharlamov.

animal names are not enclosed in quotation marks and are written with a capital letter: the dog Barbos, the cat Matroskin, the kitten Woof, the lion Boniface. However, if individual names are used as generic names for animals, they are written with a lowercase letter: murka, bug, watchdog, savraska, cow. With a lowercase letter without quotes, the names of animal breeds are also written: Holmogorka cow, poodle dog.

names of railway stations are written without quotes, with a capital letter all words are written in them, except for generic designations: stations Fili, Uzlovaya, Podsolnechnaya, 125 km, Builder, Dachnaya, Rabochiy Poselok; Ladoga railway station.

airport names reference manuals recommend writing without quotation marks, but in recent years there has been a steady tendency to enclose these names in quotation marks. Perhaps soon such a spelling will be recognized as normative. However, for now it's better to write without quotes: airports Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, Pulkovo, Borispol.

names of metro stations and ground transport stops are enclosed in quotation marks (in texts, but not on maps and diagrams and not at the stations and stops themselves!), the first word of such names is written with a capital letter (it can be the only one), as well as all those words that are capitalized in composition of the corresponding toponyms: metro stations "Fili", "Pionerskaya", "Sviblovo"; Vyborgskaya, Avtovo, Electrosila; "Prospect Mira", "Kuznetsky Most", "Okhotny Ryad"; "Gostiny Dvor", "Old Village"; "Street of 1905", "Sparrow Hills", "Sretensky Boulevard", "Filyovsky Park"; "Ligovsky Prospekt", "Technological Institute"; stops "School", "Children's Clinic", "Novopetrovskaya Street", "Prospect Builders".

names of districts, microdistricts(urban microtoponymic names) are written without quotes: districts of Marfino, Kurkino, Lyublino, Moskvorechye-Saburovo, Biryulyovo West. However, enclosed in quotation marks conditional names of residential quarters, arrays and individual houses accompanied by the words residential area, LCD (residential complex), HOA (partnership of homeowners), SZD (social residential building) etc., for example: Parus residential area, Pobeda residential area, Briz residential complex, Dom on Mosfilmovskaya residential complex, Novobrodovsky HOA, Maryino SZD, Stolyarovo farm, Dachnaya substation.

names of directions, routes, trains obey the following rule: when designating spatial limits, a dash is placed between geographical names. Names are capitalized without quotes. For example: Moscow-St. Petersburg highway, Samara-Penza train, Moscow-Uglich-Moscow route, Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline. However, enclosed in quotation marks conditional names of trains; roads, tracks; oil pipelines, gas pipelines etc.: branded trains Zhiguli, Vologda Dawns, Nevsky Express; highways "Kholmogory", "Caspian", "Don", "Ural", "Crimea", "Ussuri"; the Blue Stream gas pipeline, the Druzhba oil pipeline.

Reference books used:

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Ed. V. V. Lopatina. M., 2006 (and later editions).

Lopatin V. V., Nechaeva I. V., Cheltsova L. K. Capital or lowercase? orthographic dictionary. M., 2011.

Milchin A. E., Cheltsova L. K. Directory of the publisher and author: Editorial ed. edition design. - 4th ed. - M., 2014.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of the Russian language. Uppercase or lowercase? – 7th ed. - M., 2005.

Handbook on the execution of regulatory legal acts in the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation (as of April 5, 2016).