The biology codifier is one of the documents that determine the structure and content of the KIM USE, which includes:

• List of content elements to be tested at the unified state exam in biology.
• Requirements for the level of training of graduates, the achievement of which is checked at the unified state exam in biology

Content elements tested on the exam

1. Biology as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge

1.1 Biology as a science, its achievements, methods of cognition of living nature. The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural-science picture of the world.

1.2 Level organization and evolution. The main levels of organization of living nature: cellular, organismic, population-species, biogeocenotic, biospheric. Biological systems. General features of biological systems: cellular structure, chemical composition, metabolism and energy conversion, homeostasis, irritability, movement, growth and development, reproduction, evolution.

2. Cell as a biological system

2.1 Modern cellular theory, its main provisions, the role in the formation of the modern natural-science picture of the world. Development of knowledge about the cell. The cellular structure of organisms is the basis of unity organic world, proof of the relationship of living nature.

2.2 variety of cells. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Comparative characteristics cells of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi

2.3 The chemical composition of the cell. Macro- and microelements. The relationship of the structure and functions of inorganic and organic substances (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP) that make up the cell. Role chemical substances in the cell and the human body.

2.4 Cell structure. The relationship of the structure and functions of the parts and organelles of the cell is the basis of its integrity.

2.5 Metabolism and energy conversion are properties of living organisms. Energy metabolism and plastic metabolism, their relationship. Stages of energy metabolism. Fermentation and respiration. Photosynthesis, its significance, cosmic role. Phases of photosynthesis. Light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, their relationship. Chemosynthesis. The role of chemosynthetic bacteria on Earth.

2.6 Genetic information in a cell. Genes, genetic code and its properties. Matrix nature of biosynthetic reactions. Biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.

2.7 The cell is the genetic unit of living things. Chromosomes, their structure (shape and size) and functions. The number of chromosomes and their species constancy. Somatic and sex cells. Life cycle cells: interphase and mitosis. Mitosis - division somatic cells. Meiosis. Phases of mitosis and meiosis. The development of germ cells in plants and animals. Cell division is the basis for the growth, development and reproduction of organisms. The role of meiosis and mitosis.

3. Organism as a biological system

3.1 Diversity of organisms: unicellular and multicellular; autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobes, anaerobes.

3.2 Reproduction of organisms, its significance. Methods of reproduction, similarities and differences between sexual and asexual reproduction. Fertilization in flowering plants and vertebrates. External and internal fertilization.

3.3 Ontogeny and its inherent regularities. Embryonic and postembryonic development of organisms. Causes of disruption in the development of organisms.

3.4 Genetics, its tasks. Heredity and variability are properties of organisms. Methods of genetics. Basic genetic concepts and symbolism. Chromosomal theory of heredity. Modern ideas about the gene and genome.

3.5 Patterns of heredity, their cytological basis. Patterns of inheritance established by G. Mendel, their cytological foundations (mono- and dihybrid crossing). Laws of T. Morgan: linked inheritance of traits, violation of the linkage of genes. Sex genetics. Inheritance of sex-linked traits. Interaction of genes. The genotype as an integral system. Human genetics. Methods for studying human genetics. Solution of genetic problems. Drawing up cross-breeding schemes.

3.6 Regularities of variability. Non-hereditary (modification) variability. reaction rate. Hereditary variability: mutational, combinative. Types of mutations and their causes. The value of variability in the life of organisms and in evolution.

3.7 The value of genetics for medicine. Human hereditary diseases, their causes, prevention. The harmful effects of mutagens, alcohol, drugs, nicotine on the genetic apparatus of the cell. Protection of the environment from pollution by mutagens. Identification of sources of mutagens in environment(indirectly) and an assessment of the possible consequences of their influence on their own body.

3.8 Breeding, its tasks and practical significance. Contribution of N.I. Vavilov in the development of breeding: the doctrine of the centers of diversity and the origin of cultivated plants; law of homologous series in hereditary variability. Selection methods and their genetic bases. Methods for breeding new varieties of plants, animal breeds, strains of microorganisms. The value of genetics for selection. Biological bases for growing cultivated plants and domestic animals.

3.9 Biotechnology, its directions. Cellular and genetic engineering, cloning. The role of cell theory in the formation and development of biotechnology. The value of biotechnology for the development of breeding, Agriculture, microbiological industry, conservation of the planet's gene pool. Ethical aspects development of some research in biotechnology (human cloning, directed changes in the genome).

4. System and diversity of the organic world

4.1 Diversity of organisms. Significance of the works of C. Linnaeus and Zh-B. Lamarck. The main systematic (taxonomic) categories: species, genus, family, order (order), class, type (department), kingdom; their subordination. Viruses are non-cellular life forms. Measures to prevent the spread of viral diseases.

4.2 The kingdom of bacteria, structure, vital activity, reproduction, role in nature. Bacteria are the causative agents of diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Prevention of diseases caused by bacteria.

4.3 Kingdom of fungi, structure, life, reproduction. The use of mushrooms for food and medicine. Recognition of edible and poisonous mushrooms. Lichens, their diversity, features of structure and life activity. The role of fungi and lichens in nature.

4.4 Plant kingdom. Structure (tissues, cells, organs), vital activity and reproduction of a plant organism (on the example of angiosperms). Recognition (in the drawings) of plant organs.

4.5 Variety of plants. The main divisions of plants. Classes of angiosperms, the role of plants in nature and human life.

4.6 Animal Kingdom. Unicellular and multicellular animals. Characteristics of the main types of invertebrates, classes of arthropods. Features of the structure, life, reproduction, role in nature and human life.

4.7 chordate animals. Characteristics of the main classes. Role in nature and human life. Recognition (in drawings) of organs and organ systems in animals.

5. The human body and its health

5.1 Fabrics. The structure and vital functions of organs and organ systems: digestion, respiration, excretion. Recognition (in drawings) of tissues, organs, organ systems.

5.2 The structure and vital activity of organs and organ systems: musculoskeletal, integumentary, blood circulation, lymphatic drainage. Reproduction and human development. Recognition (in the drawings) of organs and organ systems.

5.3 The internal environment of the human body. Blood groups. Blood transfusion. Immunity. Metabolism and energy conversion in the human body. Vitamins.

5.4 Nervous and endocrine systems. Neurohumoral regulation of the vital processes of the body as the basis of its integrity, connection with the environment.

5.5 Analyzers. Sense organs, their role in the body. Structure and functions. Higher nervous activity. Sleep, its meaning. Consciousness, memory, emotions, speech, thinking. Features of the human psyche.

5.6 Personal and public hygiene, healthy lifestyle. Prevention of infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, fungal, caused by animals). Injury prevention, first aid. Mental and physical health of a person. Health factors (auto-training, hardening, physical activity). Risk factors (stress, physical inactivity, overwork, hypothermia). Bad and good habits. The dependence of human health on the state of the environment. Compliance with sanitary and hygienic norms and rules healthy lifestyle life. Reproductive health of the person. effects of alcohol, nicotine, narcotic substances on the development of the human embryo.

6. The evolution of wildlife

6.1 View, its criteria. A population is a structural unit of a species and an elementary unit of evolution. Microevolution. Formation of new species. Speciation methods. Conservation of species diversity as a basis for the sustainability of the biosphere

6.2 Development of evolutionary ideas. The value of the evolutionary theory of Ch. Darwin. Relationship driving forces evolution. Forms of natural selection, types of struggle for existence. Synthetic theory of evolution. Elementary factors of evolution. Research by S.S. Chetverikov. The role of evolutionary theory in the formation of the modern natural-science picture of the world.

6.3 Evidence for the evolution of wildlife. The results of evolution: the adaptability of organisms to the environment, the diversity of species.

6.4 Macroevolution. Directions and paths of evolution (A.N. Severtsov, I.I. Shmalgauzen). Biological progress and regression, aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration. Causes of biological progress and regression. Hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth. The main aromorphoses in the evolution of plants and animals. Complication of living organisms on Earth in the process of evolution.

6.5 Human Origins. Man as a species, his place in the system of the organic world. Hypotheses of the origin of man modern look. Driving forces and stages of human evolution. Human races, their genetic relationship. biosocial nature of man. Social and natural environment, human adaptation to it.

7. Ecosystems and their inherent patterns

7.1 habitats of organisms. Environmental factors: abiotic, biotic. anthropogenic factor. Their meaning.

7.2 Ecosystem (biogeocenosis), its components: producers, consumers, decomposers, their role. Species and spatial structures of the ecosystem. trophic levels. Chains and power networks, their links. Ecological pyramid rules. Drawing up schemes for the transfer of substances and energy (food chains).

7.3 Diversity of ecosystems (biogeocenoses). Self-development and change of ecosystems. Stability and dynamics of ecosystems. Biological diversity, self-regulation and the cycle of substances are the basis for the sustainable development of ecosystems. Causes of stability and change of ecosystems. Changes in ecosystems under the influence of human activities. Agroecosystems, the main differences from natural ecosystems.

7.4 The biosphere is a global ecosystem. The teachings of V.I. Vernadsky about the biosphere. Living matter, its functions. Features of the distribution of biomass on Earth. Biological circulation and transformation of energy in the biosphere, the role of organisms of different kingdoms in it. Evolution of the biosphere.

7.5 Global changes in the biosphere caused by human activities (ozone screen disruption, acid rain, greenhouse effect, etc.). Problems of sustainable development of the biosphere. Rules of conduct in natural environment.

Basic skills and methods of action

KNOW AND UNDERSTAND:

1. Methods scientific knowledge; :
   • methods of scientific knowledge, signs of living systems, levels of organization of living matter;
   • the main provisions of biological theories (cellular, chromosome, synthetic theory of evolution, anthropogenesis);
   • the main provisions of the teachings (on the ways and directions of evolution, N.I. Vavilov on the centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants, V.I. Vernadsky on the biosphere);
   • the essence of the laws (G. Mendel, T. Morgan's linked inheritance, homological series in hereditary variability, germinal similarity; biogenetic);
   • the essence of regularities (variability; linked inheritance; sex-linked inheritance; interaction of genes and their cytological bases); rules (G. Mendel's dominance, ecological pyramid);
   • essence of hypotheses (purity of gametes, origin of life, origin of man);
2. The structure and features of biological objects:
   • prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: chemical composition and structure of organelles;
   • genes, chromosomes, gametes;
   • viruses, unicellular and multicellular organisms of the kingdoms of wildlife (plants, animals, fungi and bacteria), humans;
   • species, populations; ecosystems and agroecosystems; biosphere;
3. The essence of biological processes and phenomena:
   • metabolism and energy conversion in the cell and organism, photosynthesis, plastic and energy metabolism, nutrition, respiration, fermentation, chemosynthesis, excretion, transport of substances, irritability, growth;
   • mitosis, meiosis, development of gametes in flowering plants and vertebrates;
   • fertilization in flowering plants and vertebrates; development and reproduction individual development organism (ontogenesis);
   • interaction of genes; obtaining heterosis, polyploids, distant hybrids; the action of artificial selection;
   • the action of driving and stabilizing selection, geographical and ecological speciation, the influence of elementary factors of evolution on the gene pool of a population, the formation of adaptability to the environment;
   • the circulation of substances and the transformation of energy in ecosystems and the biosphere, the evolution of the biosphere;
4. Modern and symbolism on cytology, genetics, breeding, biotechnology, ontogenesis, taxonomy, ecology, evolution;
5. Features of the human body, its structure, vital activity, higher nervous activity and behavior.

BE ABLE TO

1. Explain:

• the role of biological theories, laws, principles, hypotheses in the formation of the modern natural-science picture of the world;
• unity of animate and inanimate nature, kinship, common origin of living organisms, evolution of plants and animals, using biological theories, laws and rules;
• the negative impact of alcohol, nicotine, drugs on the development of the human embryo; the effect of mutagens on the human body;
• causes of hereditary and non-hereditary changes, hereditary diseases, gene and chromosomal mutations;
• the relationship of organisms, humans and the environment; reasons for sustainability, self-regulation, self-development and ecosystem change; the need to preserve the diversity of species, protect the environment;
• reasons for the evolution of species, man, biosphere, unity human races;
• the place and role of man in nature; relationship of man with mammals, the role of various organisms in human life;
• dependence of human health on the state of the environment; manifestation of hereditary diseases, immunity in humans; the role of hormones and vitamins in the body;

2. Establish relationships:

• structure and functions of molecules, cell organelles; plastic and energy metabolism; light and dark reactions of photosynthesis;
• driving forces of evolution; ways and directions of evolution;

3. Decide

• tasks of varying complexity in cytology, genetics (to draw up crossbreeding schemes), ecology, evolution;

4. Draw diagrams

• transfer of substances and energy in ecosystems (food chains, food webs);

5. Recognize and describe:

• plant and animal cells;
• individuals of a species according to morphological criteria;
• biological objects according to their image and processes of their vital activity;
• ecosystems and agroecosystems;

6. Detect:

• distinctive features of individual organisms;
• adaptations in organisms to the environment, aromorphoses and idioadaptation in plants and animals;
• abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems, interconnections of organisms in an ecosystem, anthropogenic changes in ecosystems;
• sources of mutagens in the environment (indirectly);

7. Compare (and draw conclusions from the comparison)

• biological objects (cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, organisms of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria, ecosystems and agroecosystems);
• processes and phenomena (metabolism in plants, animals, humans, plastic and energy metabolism; photosynthesis and chemosynthesis);
• mitosis and meiosis, asexual and sexual reproduction, fertilization in plants and animals, external and internal fertilization;
• forms of natural selection, artificial and natural selection, methods of speciation, macro- and microevolution, ways and directions of evolution;

8. Determine

• belonging of biological objects to a certain systematic group (classification);

9. Analyze

• various hypotheses of the essence of life, the origin of life, different groups organisms and man, human races, the evolution of organisms;
• state of the environment; the impact of risk factors on human health; consequences of human activities in ecosystems, global anthropogenic changes in the biosphere;
• results of biological experiments, observations according to their description;

USE THE ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN PRACTICE AND EVERYDAY LIFE

Justification

1. rules of conduct in the environment;
2. measures to prevent the spread of diseases caused by plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and viruses; traumatism, stress, HIV infection, bad habits(smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction); violations of posture, vision, hearing, infectious and colds, stress, bad habits (smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction);
3. first aid for injuries, colds and other diseases, poisoning food products;
4. methods of cultivation and propagation of cultivated plants and domestic animals, care for them.

Study the USE 2019 codifiers by:

Changes in the Unified State Examination 2018 - a certificate from FIPI

All changes in the KIM USE 2018 are not of a fundamental nature. For most subjects, the wording of assignments is being clarified and the system for assessing assignments is being improved to increase the differentiating ability of the examination work.

Table of changes in KIM USE 2018 from the official website of FIPI

FIPI 2017-2018 provides for a number of fundamental changes that should be expected in the delivery of the GIA and the Unified State Examination. Probably, it is no secret to anyone that the USE is considered and remains a priority when obtaining a certificate based on the results of a school annual assessment.

But, everyone knows and is well aware that from year to year the government constantly introduces some adjustments and changes, and this year was no exception to the rule.

But, let's name the changes around which there are already a lot of rumors.

Changes to the Unified State Examination and State Examination.

1. Russian language - for the certificate 24 points. For admission to the university 36 points.
2. Maths - profile level- 27, basic level - 3 points, for the university - 27 points.
3. Physics - for the certificate - 36, for the university also 36 points.
4. Chemistry - 36 points for all options.
5. Informatics - 40 points.
6. Biology - 36 points.
7. History - 32 points.
8. Geography - 37 points.
9. Social studies - 42 points.
10. Literature - 32 points.
11. Foreign language - 22 points.

And this is only a small part of all the major changes that should be expected this year.

USE schedule for 11 classes.

Regarding the early stage of passing the exam, experts advise and recommend relying on the following approximate schedule.

1. Geography, informatics and ICT - March 23.
2. Russian language - March 27.
3. History, chemistry - March 29.
4. Mathematics basic and profile - March 31.
5. Foreign languages oral part– 3 April.
6. Foreign language, biology, physics - April 5.
7. Social science. Literature - 7 April.
8. Reserve: geography, chemistry, informatics and ICT, foreign languages- April 10th.
9. Reserve: foreign languages, literature, physics, social science, biology - April 12.
10. Reserve: Russian language and mathematics - April 14.

The main stage of passing the exam.

1. Geography, informatics and ICT - May 29.
2. Mathematics basic - May 31.
3. Mathematics profile - June 2.
4. Social Studies - 5 June.
5. Physics, literature - June 7.
6. Russian language - June 9.
7. Foreign language, biology - June 13.
8. Foreign language oral part - June 15-16.
9. Chemistry, history - June 19.

As for the students of the 9th grade, a completely different timetable has been created for them.

As you can see, every year passing the exam, GIA becomes a serious test not only for the children themselves, but also for their teachers and parents. Let's hope that these are useful changes, and in 2018 nothing else will make the guys worry and worry in terms of adjustments.

Task 2. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

Boolean function F given by the expression ¬x ∨ y ∨ (¬z ∧ w).
The figure shows a fragment of the truth table of the function F, containing all sets of arguments for which the function F is false. Determine which column of the truth table of the function F corresponds to each of the variables w, x, y, z.

Write the letters in your answer. w, x, y, z in the order in which the columns corresponding to them go (first - the letter corresponding to the first column; then - the letter corresponding to the second column, etc.) Write the letters in the answer in a row, you do not need to put any separators between the letters.

Task 3. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):
In the figure on the right, the road map of the N-sky district is shown as a graph, the table contains information about the length of each of these roads (in kilometers).

Since the table and the diagram were drawn independently of each other, the numbering settlements in the table is not connected in any way with the letter designations on the graph. Determine the length of the road from the point BUT to paragraph G. In your answer, write down the whole number - as it is indicated in the table.

4 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):
Below are two fragments of tables from the database of residents of the microdistrict. Each row of table 2 contains information about the child and one of his parents. The information is represented by the value of the ID field in the corresponding line of table 1. Based on the data given, determine how many children at the time of their birth mothers were over 22 full years old. When calculating the answer, consider only information from
the given fragments of the tables.

5 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):
Encrypted messages containing only ten letters are transmitted over the communication channel: A, B, E, I, K, L, R, C, T, U. An uneven binary code is used for transmission. Code words are used for nine letters.


Specify the shortest code word for the letter B, under which the code will satisfy the Fano condition. If there are several such codes, indicate the code with least numerical value.

6 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):
The input of the algorithm is a natural number N. The algorithm builds a new number based on it R in the following way.

1. A binary notation of a number is being built N.

2. Two more digits are added to this entry on the right according to the following rule:

- add up all the digits of the binary notation of the number N, and the remainder after dividing the sum by 2 is added to the end of the number (on the right). For example, the entry 11100 converted to record 111001 ;

- the same actions are performed on this record - the remainder of dividing the sum of its digits by 2 is added to the right.

The record obtained in this way (it contains two digits more than in the record of the original number N) is a binary record of the required number R.
Enter the minimum number R, which exceeds the number 83 and can be the result of this algorithm. Write down this number in decimal notation.

7 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):
A fragment of a spreadsheet is given. From cell B3 into a cell A4 formula has been copied. When copying the addresses of the cells in the formula, they automatically changed. What is the numeric value of the formula in the cell A4?


Note: The $ sign denotes absolute addressing.

8 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

Write down the number that will be printed as a result of the following program. For your convenience, the program is presented in five programming languages.

var s, n: integer; begin s:= 260; n:=0; while s > 0 do begin s:= s - 15; n:= n + 2 writeln(n) end.

9 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

An automatic camera produces bitmaps of size 640 × 480 pixels. In this case, the size of the file with the image cannot exceed 320 KBytes, data packing is not performed. What is the maximum number of colors that can be used in a palette?

10 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

All 4-letter words made up of letters D, E, To, O, R, are listed in alphabetical order and numbered starting with 1 .
Below is the beginning of the list.

1. DDDD 2. DDDE 3. DDDD 4. DDDO 5. DDDR 6. DDED …

What is the first word in the list that starts with a letter? K?

11 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

Below, a recursive algorithm is written in five programming languages F.
Pascal:

procedure F(n: integer); begin if n > 0 then begin write(n); F(n - 3); F(n div 3) end end;

Write down in a row without spaces and separators all the numbers that will be printed on the screen when making a call F(9). The numbers must be written in the same order in which they are displayed on the screen.

12 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

In TCP/IP networking terminology, a netmask is a binary number that determines which part of a host's IP address refers to the network address and which part refers to the address of the host itself on that network. Usually, the mask is written according to the same rules as the IP address - in the form of four bytes, with each byte written as a decimal number. At the same time, in the mask, first (in the highest digits) there are ones, and then from a certain digit - zeros.
The network address is obtained by applying a bitwise conjunction to the given host IP address and mask.

For example, if the host IP address is 231.32.255.131 and the mask is 255.255.240.0, then the network address is 231.32.240.0.

For host with IP address 57.179.208.27 network address is 57.179.192.0 . What is greatest possible number units in the ranks of the mask?

13 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

When registering in a computer system, each user is given a password consisting of 10 characters. Capital letters of the Latin alphabet are used as symbols, i.e. 26 various symbols. In the database, each password is stored with the same and the smallest possible integer byte. In this case, character-by-character coding of passwords is used, all characters are encoded with the same and the minimum possible number of bits.

Determine the amount of memory (in bytes) required to store data about 50 users. In the answer, write down only an integer - the number of bytes.

14 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

Performer The draftsman moves on the coordinate plane, leaving a trace in the form of a line. The draftsman can execute the command move to (a, b), where a, b are integers. This command moves the Painter from the point with coordinates (x,y) to the point with coordinates (x + a, y + b).

The draftsman was given the following algorithm to execute (the number of repetitions and the magnitude of the offset in the first of the repeated commands are unknown):

START move by (4, 6) REPEAT… ONCE move by (…, …) move by (4, -6) END REPEAT move by (-28, -22) END

As a result of executing this algorithm, the draftsman returns to starting point. Which greatest the number of repetitions could be indicated in the construction "REPEAT ... ONCE"?

15 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

The figure shows a diagram of roads connecting cities A, B, C, D, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M.
On each road, you can only move in one direction, indicated by the arrow.
How many different ways are there from the city BUT in town M passing through the city AND?

16 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

The value of the arithmetic expression: 49 10 + 7 30 – 49 - written in a number system with a base 7 . How many digits 6 » contained in this entry?

17 task. Demo USE 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

In the search engine query language, to denote the logical operation " OR» symbol is used « | ", and to denote the logical operation " And" - symbol " & ».

The table shows queries and the number of pages found by them for a certain segment of the Internet.

How many pages (in hundreds of thousands) will be found for the query Butterfly & Caterpillar?
It is assumed that all requests were executed almost simultaneously, so that the set of pages containing all the searched words did not change during the execution of the requests.

18 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

For what is the largest integer BUT formula

identically true, that is, it takes the value 1 for any integer non-negative x and y?

19 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

The program uses a one-dimensional integer array A with indices from 0 before 9 . The element values ​​are 3, 0, 4, 6, 5, 1, 8, 2, 9, 7 respectively, i.e. A=3, A=0 etc.

Determine the value of a variable c after executing the following fragment of this program:

c:=0; for i:= 1 to 9 do if A > A[i] then begin c:= c + 1; t:= A[i]; A[i] := A; A := t; end;

20 task. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

The algorithm is written in five programming languages ​​below. Having received a number x, this algorithm prints two numbers: L and M. Enter the smallest number x, upon input of which the algorithm prints first 5 , and then 7 .

var x, L, M: integer; begin readln(x); L:= 0; M:= 0; while x>0 do begin M:= M + 1; if x mod 2<>0 then L:= L + 1; x:=x div 2; end; writeln(L); writeln(M); end.

21 tasks. Demo version of the Unified State Examination 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

Write in the answer the number that will be printed as a result of the following algorithm.

Pascal:

var a, b, t, M, R:longint; function F(x: longint): longint; begin F:= 2*(x*x-1)*(x*x-1)+27; end; begin a:=-20; b:=20; M:=a; R:=F(a); for t:= a to b do begin if (F(t)<= R) then begin M:=t; R:=F(t) end end; write(M+R) end.

22 task. Demo USE 2018 Informatics (FIPI):

Performer M17 converts the number written on the screen.
The performer has three teams that are assigned numbers:
1. add 1
2. add 2
3. multiply by 3

The first of them increases the number on the screen by 1, the second increases it by 2, the third multiplies by 3. The program for the M17 performer is a sequence of commands.

How many programs exist that convert the original number 2 in number 12 and the trajectory of the program's calculations contains the numbers 8 and 10 ? The trajectory must contain both specified numbers.

The trajectory of program computations is the sequence of results of execution of all program commands. For example, for program 132, with the initial number 7, the trajectory will consist of the numbers 8, 24, 26.

Solution 23 USE assignments in informatics demo version 2018 FIPI:

How many different sets of boolean values ​​are there x1, x2, … x7, y1, y2, … y7 that satisfy all of the following conditions?

(¬x1 ∨ y1) → (¬x2 ∧ y2) = 1
(¬x2 ∨ y2) → (¬x3 ∧ y3) = 1
…
(¬x6 ∨ y6) → (¬x7 ∧ y7) = 1

As an answer, you need to indicate the number of such sets.

Solution 24 task of the exam in informatics demo version 2018 FIPI:

A natural number not exceeding 10 9 . We need to write a program that displays the maximum digit of a number that is a multiple of 5. If there are no digits in the number that are multiples of 5 , it is required to display NO. The programmer wrote the program incorrectly. Below this program for your convenience is given in five programming languages.
Reminder: 0 is divisible by any natural number.
Pascal:

var N, digit, maxDigit: longint; begin readln(N); maxDigit:= N mod 10; while N > 0 do begin digit:= N mod 10; if digit mod 5 = 0 then if digit > maxDigit then maxDigit:= digit; N:= N div 10; end; if maxDigit = 0 then writeln("NO") else writeln(maxDigit) end.

Do the following in sequence:
1. Write what this program will display when you enter a number 132 .
2. Give an example of such a three-digit number, when you enter
The program gives the correct answer.
3. Find all errors in this program (there may be one or more). It is known that each error affects only one line and can be fixed without changing other lines. For each error:
1) write out the line where the error was made;
2) indicate how to fix the error, i.e. give the correct version of the string.
It is enough to indicate the errors and the way to correct them for one programming language.

Solution 25 of the USE task in informatics Demo version 2018:

Given an integer array of 30 elements. Array elements can take integer values ​​from 0 before 10000 inclusive. Describe in one of the programming languages ​​an algorithm that finds the number of elements of an array greater than 100 and wherein multiples of 5, and then replaces each such element with a number equal to the number found. It is guaranteed that there is at least one such element in the array. As a result, you need to display the modified array, each element of the array is displayed on a new line.

For example, for an array of six elements: 4 115 7 195 25 106
the program should output the numbers: 4 2 7 2 25 106

The initial data is declared as shown below in examples for some programming languages. It is forbidden to use variables not described below, but it is allowed not to use some of the variables described.

Pascal:

const N = 30; var a: array of longint; i, j, k: longint; begin for i:= 1 to N do readln(a[i]); ... end.

As an answer, you need to give a fragment of the program, which should be in place of the ellipsis. You can also write the solution in another programming language (specify the name and version of the programming language used, for example Free Pascal 2.6). In this case, you must use the same initial data and variables that were proposed in the condition.

Analysis of the 26 task of the demo version of 2018 (FIPI):
Two players, Petya and Vanya, play the following game. There is a pile of stones in front of the players. Players move in turn, Petya makes the first move. In one move, the player can add to the pile one stone or increase the number of stones in the pile twice. For example, having a pile of 15 stones, in one move you can get a pile of 16 or 30 stones. Each player has an unlimited number of stones to make moves.

The game ends when the number of stones in the pile becomes at least 29. The winner is the player who made the last move, that is, the first to receive a pile containing 29 or more stones. At the initial moment, there were S stones in the pile, 1 ≤ S ≤ 28.

We will say that a player has a winning strategy if he can win for any moves of the opponent. To describe a player's strategy means to describe what move he should make in any situation that he may encounter with different opponent's plays. To the description of the winning strategy it does not follow include the moves of the player playing according to this strategy, which are not unconditionally winning for him, i.e. not being winning regardless of the opponent's game.

Exercise 1
a) Indicate such values ​​of the number S for which Petya can win in one move.
b) Indicate a value of S for which Petya cannot win in one move, but for any Petya's move Vanya can win with his first move. Describe Vanya's winning strategy.

Task 2
Indicate two such values ​​of S for which Petya has a winning strategy, moreover:
- Petya cannot win in one move;
— Petya can win with his second move, regardless of how Vanya moves.
For the indicated values ​​of S, describe Petya's winning strategy.

Task 3
Specify the value of S at which:
- Vanya has a winning strategy that allows him to win on the first or second move in any game of Petya;
- Vanya does not have a strategy that will allow him to win with a guarantee on the first move.

For the given value of S, describe Vanya's winning strategy. Construct a tree of all games possible with this winning strategy (in the form of a figure or a table). On the edges of the tree indicate who makes the move; in knots - the number of stones in a position

The tree should not contain games that are impossible for the winning player to implement his winning strategy. For example, the complete game tree is not a valid answer for this task.

Analysis of the 27 tasks of the demo version of 2018 (FIPI):

The input of the program is a sequence of N positive integers, all numbers in the sequence are different. All couples are considered. various elements sequences (the elements of a pair do not have to be side by side in the sequence, the order of the elements in the pair is not important). Need to define the number of pairs for which the product of elements is divisible by 26 .

Description of input and output data The first line of the input data specifies the number of numbers N (1 ≤ N ≤ 1000). In each of the subsequent N lines contains one positive integer not exceeding 10 000 .
As a result, the program should print one number: the number of pairs in which the product of elements is a multiple of 26.

Input example:

4 2 6 13 39

Example output for the example input above:

From the four given numbers, you can make 6 pairwise products: 2 6 = 12 2 13 = 26 2 39 = 78 6 13 = 78 6 39 = 234 13 39 = 507

Of these, 4 works are divided into 26:

2 13=26; 2 39=78; 6 13=78; 6 39=234

It is required to write a time-efficient and memory-efficient program for
solution of the described problem.

-> demo USE 2018