Overview of the New Testament study guide. D. Guthrie Introduction to the New Testament. II. literary form of the gospels
D. Guthrie
Introduction to New Testament
Donald Guthrie NEW TESTAMENT INTRODUCTION
Apollos, Leicester, England Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
D. Guthrie. Introduction to the New Testament: trans. from English; foreword N. A. Aleksandrenko. - Odessa: "God-thinking", 1996. - 800 p. ISBN 5-7707-5702-7
Donald Guthrie's book is an attempt to give a strictly academic and unbiased overview of the introductory issues relating to the biblical texts of the New Testament: authorship, time, place of writing, style, language, historical circumstances, etc. It contains a lot of reference and bibliographic information. The author accepts the New Testament as divinely inspired truth, but at the same time sets out all the critical research that exists in this area.
The book is intended for students who study theology in depth, for specialists and for all readers who are seriously interested in the text of the New Testament.
Per. from English. N. F. Poltoratskaya, V. Ya. Dykhanov. Editor V. Ya. Dykhanov. Technical editor A. A. Zotova. Corrector L. G. Babiy.
ISBN 5-7454-0112-5 ISBN 5-7707-5701-9
© 1996 Odessa Theological Seminary
FOREWORD TO THE RUSSIAN EDITION
Many books have been written on the introduction to the New Testament, but almost all of them are in English, German and French. Therefore, the need for such literature in Russian has been felt for a long time, and the book of the English scholar, teacher of the language and literature of the New Testament at the London Bible College Donald Guthrie is an excellent answer to this need. This book was not chosen by chance. On the one hand, this is a serious academic work. And on the other hand, the author objectively and unbiasedly covers almost all current research in the field of the New Testament.
People look at the Bible, and therefore at the New Testament, in two ways. Some accept it as the Word of God, given by God for the edification and teaching of believers, others - as one of the types of ancient literature. But both necessarily ask introductory questions about authorship, time and place of writing, style and language, and historical circumstances, since the answers to these questions clarify the content. Believing scholars address these issues with the conviction of the full inspiration and divine guidance of the human collaborators of books. Holy Scripture. But not all experts adhere to this point of view. Many attach more importance to the human part of authorship, sometimes even to the exclusion of the divine, and therefore fall into skeptical and negative criticism. Many theological books are based on such criticism. Their conclusions can be drawn from either 'source criticism', which looks for the written sources underlying the books of the New Testament, or the 'history of forms' method, which looks for particular forms of oral tradition that existed before the books were written, or the 'revision history' method. ", which looks for the addition of authors-editors, or "textual criticism", which tries to clarify the text of the original. To some extent, these conclusions are admissible, since they are subjective, but the reader must be critical of everything that is written about the Bible. The history of biblical criticism in the Soviet period shows how incorrectly one can use theological analysis, speculating on the reader's ignorance. Donald Guthrie tried to give an introduction to the books of the New Testament from a rather conservative point of view of a believing scholar, but, given the existence of various theories and remarks about the books and the content of the New Testament, he included them in his work and presented them to the readers. He does not seek to resolve controversial issues, but simply analyzes contemporary critical opinions found in other books. He does not omit any of the opinions once expressed by scholars, so that the reader of the New Testament will know what issues have already been raised, although he does not support these opinions.
D. Guthrie's book contains a lot of information and bibliographic material and is therefore useful for the serious reader. In it he will find extensive information about the environment and historical setting, about the time and place of the writing of the New Testament Books, about the purpose and purpose of the books, their content and theological significance in Christianity.
Scholarly discussion about the Bible is widespread in the West and is not a stumbling block to faith, but the Bible was not studied scientifically in the former Soviet Union. Soviet biblical studies most often indiscriminately rejected the text of Scripture as unnecessary. ancient myth, or used the hypotheses and assumptions of liberal theology to destroy faith, presenting them as scientifically proven facts. On the other hand, believers often believe that, in addition to directly reading and quoting, raising questions of authorship defiles the Word.
God's. Guthrie's book presents the third proposition, which accepts the Word of God as inspired truth, holding it so firm and great, and so pure that nothing can detract from it or defile it, but at the same time a comprehensive study of this Word is the instruction of the Lord Jesus Christ Himself. who said: "Search the Scriptures, for in them you think you have eternal life; and they testify of Me" (John 5:39).
N. A. Aleksandrenko.
Doctor of New Testament Theology, Doctor of Classical Philology, Professor at Louisiana College (USA).
Zmist
D. Guthrie. 1
Introduction to the New Testament. one
PREFACE TO THE RUSSIAN EDITION... 1
CHAPTER 1. THE GOSPEL.. 7
I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION.. 7
II. THE LITERARY FORM OF THE GOSPEL.. 7
III. MOTIVES FOR WRITING THE GOSPEL.. 10
IV. THE PLACE OF THE GOSPEL IN THE NEW TESTAMENT.. 11
V. THE BEST APPROACH TO THE GOSPEL... 13
CHAPTER 2. THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW.. 13
I. CHARACTERISTICS.. 13
II. GOAL. 16
III. DESTINATION AND PLACE OF ORIGIN.. 19
VI. DATING.. 27
VII. LANGUAGE.. 29
CHAPTER 3. THE GOSPEL OF MARK.. 31
I. CHARACTERISTICS.. 32
II. GOAL. 34
III. DESTINATION.. 38
VI. DATING.. 46
VII. THE END OF THE GOSPEL.. 48
VIII. THE BEGINNING OF THE GOSPEL.. 51
IX. LANGUAGE.. 51
X. PLACE OF WRITING.. 52
XI. HISTORICITY. 53
CHAPTER 4. THE GOSPEL OF LUKE.. 56
I. CHARACTERISTICS .. 56
II. GOAL. 58
III. READERS.. 60
VI. DATING.. 69
VII. LANGUAGE.. 73
CHAPTER 5. SYNOPTIC PROBLEM.. 75
I. ESSENCE OF THE PROBLEM ... 75
II. BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PROPOSED SOLUTIONS.. 77
III. THEORY OF WRITTEN SOURCES.. 83
IV. SOURCE MARK.. 84
V. SOURCE "Q". 91
VI. MATERIAL FOUND ONLY IN MATTHEW.. 101
VII. MATERIAL CONTAINED ONLY BY THE BOW.. 108
VIII. CONCLUSION.. 119
CHAPTER 6. THE "HISTORY OF FORMS" METHOD AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
I. REASONS FOR THE DIRECTION "HISTORY OF FORMS". 119
II. DIFFERENT TYPES OF THEORY.. 121
III. GENERAL CRITIQUE OF THE "HISTORY OF FORMS" METHOD. 127
IV. THE VALUE OF THE "HISTORY OF FORMS" METHOD. 129
V. THEORIES OF THE THEOLOGICAL EDITING.. 130
VI. HISTORICAL CRITIQUE.. 133
CHAPTER 7. THE GOSPEL OF JOHN.. 146
III. GOAL. 161
IV. DATING.. 165
V. RELATION WITH THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS.. 168
VI. STRUCTURE.. 172
VII. THEORIES OF PERMUTATION.. 178
VIII. LANGUAGE AND STYLE. 179
IX. GOSPEL BACKGROUND.. 180
X. HISTORICITY. 182
CHAPTER 8. ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.. 215
I. CHARACTERISTICS .. 215
II. DATING.. 217
III. GOAL. 221
IV. HISTORICITY. 223
V. SOURCES.. 227
CHAPTER 9
I. CHURCH IN ROME.. 251
II. REASON FOR WRITING AND DATING.. 252
III. GOAL. 253
CHAPTER 10
I. CHURCH IN CORINTH.. 271
II. PAUL'S OPPOSITORS IN CORINTH.. 272
III. PAUL'S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CORINTHIANS.. 273
IV. COMPILATION METHODS.. 279
V. DATING OF THE MESSAGES.. 280
CHAPTER 11
I. DESTINATION OF THE MESSAGE.. 292
II. DATING.. 295
III. REASON AND PURPOSE. 299
IV. THE SOURCE OF THE OPPOSITION IN THE GALATIA CHURCHES.. 300
V. AUTHENTICITY. 301
CHAPTER 12. PRISON MESSAGES.. 308
CHAPTER 13
I. AUTHENTICITY. 312
II. DESTINATION.. 325
III. GOAL. 328
IV. DATING.. 329
CHAPTER 14
I. THE PHILIPPAN CHURCH. 342
II. REASON FOR WRITING.. 343
III. AUTHENTICITY. 344
IV. PLACE AND DATE OF SHIPPING.. 344
V. INTEGRITY OF THE MESSAGE.. 348
VI. BORROWING IN PHILIPPINES (2.6-11) 350
CHAPTER 15 COLOSSIANS... 357
I. ORIGIN OF THE CHURCH.. 357
II. REASON FOR WRITING.. 357
III. HERESY. 358
IV. GOAL. 359
V. AUTHENTICITY. 360
VI. PLACE AND DATE OF DEPARTURE.. 361
VII. LETTER FROM LAODICEA.. 363
CHAPTER 16
PAUL'S MISSION TO THESSALONIKI.. 371
FIRST MESSAGE.. 372
I. PURPOSE. 372
II. DATING.. 373
III. AUTHENTICITY. 373
SECOND MESSAGE.. 375
I. AUTHENTICITY. 375
II. SEQUENCE OF MESSAGES.. 377
III. REASON FOR WRITING AND PURPOSE. 378
IV. DATING.. 379
CHAPTER 17
I. AUTHENTICITY OF MESSAGES.. 387
II. PURPOSE OF THE MESSAGES.. 402
III. DATING OF MESSAGES.. 403
CHAPTER 18
I. REASON FOR WRITING.. 423
II. AUTHENTICITY. 424
III. DATING.. 425
IV. ONISIM... 425
CHAPTER 19
II. READERS.. 433
III. GOAL. 435
IV. DESTINATION.. 438
V. DATING.. 441
VI. FON.. 442
VII. LITERARY FORM.. 445
VIII. LITERARY SIMILARITY.. 446
IX. CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF THE MESSAGE.. 446
CHAPTER 20
II. DESTINATION. 475
III. DATING.. 476
IV. GOAL. 478
V. LITERARY FORM AND STYLE. 479
CHAPTER 21
I. THE FIRST EPIST OF PETER IN THE EARLY CHURCH.. 491
III. GOAL. 499
IV. DESTINATION.. 500
V. DATING.. 501
VI. INTEGRITY. 502
VII. PLACE OF WRITING.. 504
VIII. LITERARY SIMILARITY.. 504
IX. SOURCES.. 506
CHAPTER 22
I. MESSAGE IN THE ANCIENT CHURCH.. 522
III. READERS.. 537
IV. REASON FOR WRITING AND DATING.. 538
V. INTEGRITY OF THE MESSAGE.. 538
VI. FALSE TEACHER.. 539
VII. RELATIONSHIP WITH FIRST PETER 541
VIII. OTHER LITERARY RELATIONS.. 541
IX. THE MODERNITY OF THE MESSAGE.. 542
CHAPTER 23
II. REASON FOR WRITING AND BACKGROUND.. 560
III. GOAL. 561
IV. FORM AND DESTINATION.. 561
V. CONNECTION WITH THE FOURTH GOSPEL ... 562
VI. CONNECTION WITH PAUL'S TEACHING.. 565
VII. DATING.. 566
II. FUNCTION.. 568
III. REASON FOR WRITING AND PURPOSE OF THE MESSAGE.. 570
IV. DATING.. 570
II. FUNCTION.. 571
III. REASON FOR WRITING AND PURPOSE OF THE MESSAGE.. 571
IV. DATING.. 572
CHAPTER 24
III. DATING.. 587
IV. FALSE TEACHER.. 588
V. PURPOSE. 590
VI. DESTINATION.. 590
VII. USE OF APOCRYPHICAL BOOKS. 591
VIII. CONNECTION WITH 2 PETER.. 592
IX. LITERARY FEATURES.. 596
X. THE VALUE OF THE MESSAGE.. 596
CHAPTER 25
I. THE BOOK OF REVELATION IN THE ANCIENT CHURCH.. 604
III. DATING.. 612
IV. GOAL. 617
V. DESTINATION.. 618
VI. SOURCES.. 619
VII. INTEGRITY. 620
VIII. STRUCTURE.. 621
IX. ETERNAL GOSPEL.. 624
APPENDIX I. 642
COLLECTED PAUL'S EPISTLES.. 642
I. ANCIENT CERTIFICATE OF THE COLLECTION OF PAUL'S EPISTLES.. 642
II. THE PROBLEM OF THE ORIGINAL COLLECTION OF PAUL'S EPISTLES.. 643
APPENDIX II. 652
CHRONOLOGY OF PAUL'S LIFE.. 652
I. MAIN CHRONOLOGICAL DATA.. 652
II. ADDITIONAL DATA.. 653
III. VARIOUS OFFERS.. 654
APPENDIX III. 658
EPISTOLAR PSEUDOEPIGRAPHY.. 658
I. PROBLEM.. 658
II. EXAMPLES IN JEWISH LITERATURE.. 659
III. CHRISTIAN NON-CANONICAL EXAMPLES... 660
IV. DISPUTE NEW TESTAMENT EXAMPLES... 661
V. SIMULATION AND ITS DETECTION.. 663
VI. MODERN PSEUDOEPIGRAPHIC STUDIES.. 664
APPENDIX IV.. 669
FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM... 669
I. GUIDING PRINCIPLES... 669
II. KEY FACTORS IN THE SEARCH OF A SOLUTION.. 673
III. A TRIAL THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE GOSPELs.. 676
NAME INDEX. 678
GLOSSARY.. 698
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.. 706
CHAPTER 1. THE GOSPEL
FOREWORD
An integral part of any serious education, according to Christians, is a good knowledge of the Bible. Many Christian educational institutions create special Bible courses that every student entering them must take.
Bible review is the foundation of Bible study. It is impossible to understand any biblical doctrine without knowing what the whole of Scripture is. Each separate book of the Bible is only a part of a single divine revelation, which begins with the book of Genesis and ends with the book of Revelation of John the Theologian.
When starting to study the New Testament, it is first of all necessary to find out what the world was like in which this Testament first appeared. We must study the political, social, cultural and religious background in which this great event took place. The words and expressions used by the apostles and their assistants were well known to any passer-by on the streets of Alexandria, Antioch or Rome. The more understandable these words are to the modern reader, the clearer the content of the New Testament will become for him.
However, for a correct understanding of the New Testament, it is necessary not only to know ancient world. It is necessary to understand that his prescriptions are binding on us, because man's relation to God is always the same, but the eternal God is unchanging in His relation to man. The vitality of the Word of God does not depend on how similar different epochs are. Its eternal significance is not limited by geographical or historical factors. Scripture cannot be like the obsolete books of some lost civilization. Once correctly understood, the words of Scripture will remain true forever. They always convey to the thirsty sinners the Good News that comes from God.
Author this book had no intention of replacing with his views the point of view that would be formed in the student as he studied the New Testament. He only wanted to present the most important facts by which the reader himself could understand the Bible. Like the Ethiopian eunuch who needed to explain the words of Scripture, the modern student needs an assistant to help him understand the difficulties that arise when reading.
This book cannot be considered as a detailed commentary on the New Testament. There is no detailed discussion of theological issues here. To study problems of this kind, the student should turn to special works. Our goal is to give a general approach that would help to understand and love the New Testament. Looking at how the Word of God acted in the 1st century, every sincere believer will be able to apply the knowledge gained in his real life.
When using this book in the classroom, the teacher should supplement it with his lectures, developing in detail the topics proposed in it. Notes are provided only as samples from which the student or teacher can make their own notes. References will help with self-study of the text of Scripture.
The author is especially grateful to his wife, Helen D. Tenney, who constantly inspired and helped the author with her sharp critical remarks; Dr. A. Berkeley Michelsen and Wheaton College Professor Stephanie Evans for reading the manuscript and for their valuable suggestions; to Miss Edna E. Smallwood for professional help in preparing the manuscript for publication, and to many of my past students, whose wishes I have taken into account in writing this book.
FOREWORD
TO THE REVISED EDITION
Since the first edition of this book, many changes have taken place in the study of the New Testament. The processing of numerous data obtained through the discovery of the scrolls on the shores of the Dead Sea has given us new knowledge about the religious situation in Palestine in the era of Christ's earthly ministry and the writing of the books of the New Testament.
This edition includes additional material on the Gospels and the Dead Sea Scrolls. The bibliography has been brought into line with state of the art. The book includes numerous illustrations. Some inaccuracies have also been corrected.
FOREWORD TO THE REVISED EDITION
The popularity deservedly enjoyed by Merrill S. Tenney's New Testament Review, which is the basis of this second revised edition, speaks eloquently of the level of knowledge, experience and skill of its author. Readers' response to this book has prompted further changes in content to reflect the latest developments in biblical scholarship in the field of New Testament studies. This second revision was made at the request of Merrill S. Tenney and William B. Erdmans, Jr. I appreciate their invitation to take part in this work and thank them for it. Working on this book has been a real pleasure for me.
A new chapter has been added to the second revised edition in 1985 (Chapter 5 - Jewish Presuppositions of the New Testament). This edition contains much new supplementary material, especially in the chapters on the Gospels and the New Testament canon.
Great help in the process of reading and preparing the manuscript for publication was provided by Charles Van Hoof of the Eerdmans Publishing Company.
Much has been written on the Introduction to the New Testament, but almost all of it is in English, German, and French. Therefore, the need for such literature in Russian has been felt for a long time.
The book of the English scholar, teacher of the language and literature of the New Testament at the London Bible College Donald Guthrie is a serious academic work.
And on the other hand, the author objectively and unbiasedly covers almost all current research in the field of the New Testament. He took into account the existence of various theories and remarks about the books and the content of the New Testament, and therefore touched on them in his work. The author does not try to resolve controversial issues, but simply analyzes modern critical opinions, presenting them to the readers.
From book
One of the most difficult problems in evangelical criticism is the determination of the place of tradition. Some critical scientific schools reject external evidence on the grounds that the eyewitnesses' approach was not scientific and therefore they could not preserve reliable traditions. At the other extreme, there is a trend that regards the ancient testimony as almost sacred and therefore indisputably true. But none of these approaches is satisfactory. The former is guilty of overmodernization, because he believes that only evidence that corresponds to modern scientific formulas can be correct. But despite the fact that the early Christians were people of their time, a largely uncritical and unscientific age, this does not mean that they were gullible in matters that affected their faith, for they knew that at any time they could be called to protect your position. As for the other point of view, which considers tradition as important as internal evidence, is unjustified, since some traditions are clearly not accurate. No one will seriously, for example, assert that Andrew took part in the compilation of the Gospel of John, as follows from the Muratorian canon. Each tradition must undoubtedly be carefully weighed.
Where there is a firmly attested ancient tradition, it will be right to assume that this tradition is possible and true, until the opposite is proved. In other words, where tradition and internal evidence contradict each other, there the interpretation of the latter should not be questioned if there is no firm conviction that the traditional view is wrong. Where inner evidence clearly and indisputably contradicts tradition, the latter must of course be rejected. An example of this is the relationship between the apostle Peter and the Gospel of Mark.
Although it is possible to argue about the connection between them, as some supporters of the "history of forms" method do, there is much to support this connection, since there is indisputable evidence for this. In other words, all existing early traditions allow us to assert the possibility that this connection is based on fact, and only the possibility of the opposite must be completely rejected. Speculation that something could happen is very far from what actually happened. Where tradition clearly states the latter, criticism must show that it could not have happened before bringing evidence to the contrary. In other words, possibility should not crowd out probabilities.
Dear friends, we would like to bring to your attention the study course “Review of the New Testament”.
When:
01/21-03/19/18 - 8 weeks, 7-10 hours a week.
Why do we need to study the New Testament today, can't we live without it? What is special about this course and what new things can be learned from it?
Course Description
Review of the New Testament studies 27 books of the New Testament, traces historical events, examines religious customs and culture, and identifies people in the life and ministry of Jesus Christ and his apostles for a better understanding of the Bible. This course focuses on the purposeful communication of God with His people for the planting and expansion of the church. The sections of the New Testament, the genre and structure of its books will be reviewed in order to improve the accuracy of the process of interpretation and the relevance of modern application.
Course Objectives
The student will demonstrate an understanding of how to apply biblical knowledge in life and ministry through the following:
- Explaining how the themes of each book of the New Testament fit into overall plan God
- Determining how the historical, religious, and cultural origins of people and events influence the interpretation of the New Testament
- Being accurate in interpreting the New Testament passage in its broader context
- Extracting principles from the New Testament that fit the student's cultural context
Section 1: Background The Intertestamental Period and Historical Events
Section 2: Jesus and the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
Section 3: Acts and the Formation of the First Church of Acts
Section 4: Catholic Epistles of James - Jude
Section 5: Paul's Letters to the Romans - Hebrews
Section 6: Revelation and Future Events Revelation
Course curator:
Vladimir Nikolaev (MA), director of the Institute of Church Ministry (Kyiv), doctoral student of the Slavic-Baltic Seminary, specializes in the theology of the Apostle Paul. e-mail [email protected]
Course author:
Course Developed by: Craig L. Blomberg, PhD, Distinguished Professor of New Testament Studies at Denver Seminary in Littleton, Colorado. Wrote dozens of books on various issues of the New Testament. His book "Interpretation of parables" was translated into Russian.
Form of study
In our courses you will not listen to boring lectures.
The course material is divided into small chapters, which are in the electronic textbook. For each lesson, you will need to read one or two chapters and complete all the tasks associated with this text.
Usually in the process of learning, once a week we hold a video meeting for those who want to communicate with the curator and classmates.
Tasks
Each week there is a reading, a writing assignment and also a forum assignment where you will interact with other students around the world. There are also tests and exams to test the student.
The course requires 7 to 10 hours of work each week. You can do this job at any time of the day that suits you. You will need to be logged in online to attend your course at least three times a week.
Platform
The certificate confirms that you have actually taken the course.
1867. For example, compare A. M. Hunter, Interpreting the New Testament (1951), p. 64. However, many pay more attention to ecclesiological issues (eg Scott: E. F. Scott, Literature of the New Testament, p. 193). The main accents in the criticism of the Pastoral Epistles changed cyclically. Early critics before Baur, in their attacks on the authenticity of the Epistles, gave great importance stylistic differences were distinguished, and the Tübingen school resorted to objections of a historical nature. For a brief historical overview of the development of criticism in this period, see E. Reuss, History of the Sacred Scriptures of the New Testament (nep. 1884). Later, Holtzman again turned to linguistic arguments in his criticism. Increasing interest in counting the number and ratio of words may turn criticism in a completely different direction. Compare: A. Q. Morton and J. McLeman, Christianity and the Computer (1964); idem, Paul, the Man and the Myth (1966). These works assume that authorship can be objectively established using statistical methods. Morton explores various examples of ancient prose based on criteria such as word frequency and sentence length in his comparisons. At the same time, the author argues that style can be established more reliably on the basis of frequently occurring words than on the basis of characteristic stylistic expressions, since the former do not depend on mood or purpose. As a criterion, Morton chose the frequency of the use of the word και /саі/ and the use of articles. He argues that each author statistically has a certain frequency of using the same word within minor variations, and then concludes that if the deviations are more significant, then they point to a different author. As a result of his research, Morton concludes that only Galatians, Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians are authentic (also Philemon, which is not included among the authentic Epistles on the basis of statistical considerations). Without a doubt, the conclusion is drawn too dogmatically. Morton's statistical methodology has not escaped criticism. Cp.: C. Dinwoodie, SJT 18 (1965), pp. 204-218; G. B. Caird, ET 76 (1965), p. 176; N. C. McArthur, ET 76 (1965), pp. 367-370; J. J. O "Rourke, JBL 86 (1967), pp. 110-112; H. K. McArthur, NTS 15 (1969), pp. 339-349. All critics agree that Morton bases his conclusions on inadequate data. Dinwoody reasonably remarks that this study it looks as if the author comes to certain conclusions even before researching the data. MacArthur argues that Morton's charts show an exaggerated constancy in the frequency of και /cai/ for each author, while MacArthur's own sampling studies of other ancient Greek authors found much greater variability in the frequency of και for each of them. It is clear that extensive research in statistics and linguistics is needed before such methods can be applied. Moreover, it should be noted that most of the Pauline epistles are too short and not of sufficient length to serve as a benign subject for comparison with ancient Greek prose writers, for whom Morton himself determined the desired sample size for study (100 sentences). It should also be noted that the method is focused only on the denial of common authorship, and not vice versa. All this led to the negative results of the study achieved by Morton. However, cf. article: K. Grayston and G. Herdan, "The Authorship of the Pastorals in the Light of Statistical Linguistics", NTS 6 (October 1959), pp. 1-15, which also attempts to use statistics to refute the authorship of ap. Paul. Through mathematical calculations typical signs these writers have come to the conclusion that the Pastoral Epistles are strikingly different from the Pauline Epistles, and on the basis of the "style is the man" opinion, they consider it unlikely that Paul could change his style as much as changed circumstances required.
