O OH confirms that Sanskrit is the mother of all languages. The influence of this language has directly or indirectly spread to almost all the languages ​​of the planet (according to experts, it is about 97%). If you speak Sanskrit, you can easily learn any language in the world. The best and most efficient computer algorithms were created not in English, but in Sanskrit. Scientists in the United States, Germany and France are creating software for devices that work in Sanskrit. At the end of 2021, several developments will be presented to the world, and some commands such as "send", "receive", "forward" will be written in the current Sanskrit.

The ancient language of Sanskrit, which transformed the world centuries ago, will soon become the language of the future, controlling bots and guiding devices. Sanskrit has several main advantages that scholars and linguists admire, some of them consider it a divine language - it is so pure and harmonious. Sanskrit also reveals some of the secret meanings of the hymns of the Vedas and Puranas, ancient Indian texts in this unique language.

Amazing facts of the past

The Vedas, written in Sanskrit, are the oldest in the world. They are believed to have been preserved unchanged in oral tradition for at least 2 million years. Modern scholars date the creation of the Vedas to 1500 BC. e., that is, "officially" their age is more than 3500 years. They have a maximum time interval between oral dissemination and written fixation, which falls on the 5th century AD. e.

Sanskrit texts cover a wide variety of topics, from spiritual treatises to literary works(poetry, drama, satire, history, epic, novels), scientific works in mathematics, linguistics, logic, botany, chemistry, medicine, as well as works to clarify subjects that are unclear to us - “raising elephants” or even “growing curved bamboo for palanquins”. The ancient library of Nalanda included the largest number of manuscripts on all topics until it was looted and burned.

Sanskrit poetry is remarkably diverse, with over 100 written and over 600 oral works.

There are works of great complexity, including works that describe several events at the same time using wordplay or use words that are several lines long.

Sanskrit is the mother of most North Indian languages. Even the tendentious pseudo-Aryan intrusion theorists who ridiculed the Hindu texts, after studying it, recognized the influence of Sanskrit and accepted it as the source of all languages. The Indo-Aryan languages ​​developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, which in turn evolved from the Proto-Aryan Sanskrit. Moreover, even the Dravidian languages ​​(Telugu, Malalam, Kannada, and to some extent Tamil), which do not originate from Sanskrit, borrowed so many words from it that Sanskrit can be called their adopted mother.

The process of forming new words in Sanskrit continued for a long time, until the great linguist Panini, who wrote the grammar, established the rules for the formation of each word, compiling a complete list of roots and nouns. After Panini some changes were made, they were streamlined by Vararuchi and Patanjali. Any violation of the rules laid down by them was recognized as a grammatical error, and therefore Sanskrit has remained unchanged from the time of Patanjali (about 250 BC) to our times.

For a long time, Sanskrit was used mainly in the oral tradition. Before the advent of printing in India, Sanskrit did not have a single written alphabet. It was written in local alphabets, which includes more than two dozen scripts. This is also an unusual occurrence. The reasons for establishing Devanagari as the standard of writing are the influence of the Hindi language and the fact that many of the early Sanskrit texts were printed in Bombay, where Devanagari is the alphabet for the local Marathi language.

Of all the languages ​​in the world, Sanskrit has the most vocabulary, while it makes it possible to pronounce a sentence with a minimum number of words.

Sanskrit, like all literature written in it, is divided into two large sections: Vedic and classical. The Vedic period, which began in 4000-3000 BC. e., ended around 1100 AD. e.; the classical began in 600 BC. and continues to the present. Vedic Sanskrit merged with classical Sanskrit over time. However, a fairly large difference remains between them, although the phonetics are the same. Many old words were lost, many new ones appeared. Some meanings of words have changed, new phrases have arisen.

The sphere of influence of Sanskrit spread in all directions of Southeast Asia (now Laos, Cambodia and other countries) without the use of military action or violent measures from India.

The attention paid to Sanskrit in India (the study of grammar, phonetics, etc.) until the 20th century came, surprisingly, from outside. The success of modern comparative linguistics, the history of linguistics and, ultimately, linguistics in general, originates in the enthusiasm for Sanskrit by Western scholars such as A. N. Chomsky and P. Kiparsky.

Sanskrit is scientific language Hinduism, Buddhist teachings (together with Pali) and Jainism (second after Prakrit). It is difficult to classify it as a dead language: Sanskrit literature continues to thrive thanks to the novels, short stories, essays and epic poems that are written in this language. In the last 100 years, authors have even been awarded some literary awards, including the respected Jyanpith in 2006. Sanskrit is the official language of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Today, there are several Indian villages (in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka and Uttara Pradesh) where this language is still spoken. For example, in the village of Mathur in Karnataka, more than 90% of the population knows Sanskrit.

There are even newspapers in Sanskrit! Sudharma, printed in Mysore, has been published since 1970 and now has an electronic version.

On the this moment There are about 30 million ancient Sanskrit texts in the world, 7 million of which are in India. This means that there are more texts in this language than Roman and Greek combined. Unfortunately, most of them have not been catalogued, and therefore a lot of work is required to digitize, translate and systematize the available manuscripts.

Sanskrit in modern times

In Sanskrit, the number system is called katapayadi. She assigns a certain number to each letter of the alphabet; the same principle is incorporated in the construction of the ASCII table. Drunvalo Melkizedek's book The Ancient Secret of the Flower of Life interesting fact. In the sloka (verse), the translation of which is as follows: “O Lord Krishna, smeared with yogurt of the worship of milkmaids, O savior of the fallen, O lord of Shiva, protect me!” After applying katapayadi, the number 0.3141592653589793238462643383279 was obtained. If you multiply it by 10, you get the number pi to the thirty-first digit! It is clear that the probability of a simple coincidence of such a series of numbers is too unlikely.

Sanskrit enriches science by passing on the knowledge contained in such books as the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Mahabharata, Ramayana and others. To this end, it is studied in the Russian State University and especially at NASA, which contains 60,000 palm leaves with manuscripts. NASA declared Sanskrit "the only unambiguous spoken language planet" that is suitable for computers. The same thought was expressed back in July 1987 by Forbes magazine: "Sanskrit is the language most suitable for computers."

NASA presented a report that America is building the 6th and 7th generations of computers based on Sanskrit. The project end date for the 6th generation is 2025 and the 7th generation is 2034. After that, it is expected that there will be a boom in Sanskrit learning around the world.

In seventeen countries of the world there are universities for the study of Sanskrit for technological knowledge. In particular, a protection system based on the Indian Shri Chakra is being studied in the UK.

There is an interesting fact: the study of Sanskrit improves mental activity and memory. Students who master this language begin to better understand mathematics and other exact sciences and receive higher marks in them. School of James Jr. In London, she introduced the study of Sanskrit as a compulsory subject for her students, after which her students began to study better. This example was followed by some schools in Ireland.

Studies have shown that the phonetics of Sanskrit has a connection with the energy points of the body, so reading or pronouncing Sanskrit words stimulates them, increasing the energy of the whole body, thereby increasing the level of resistance to diseases, relaxing the mind and getting rid of stress. Also, Sanskrit is the only language that uses all the nerve endings in the language; when pronouncing words, the general blood supply improves and, as a result, the functioning of the brain. This results in better overall health, according to the American Hindu University.

Sanskrit is the only language in the world that has existed for millions of years. Many languages ​​descended from it have died; many others will come to replace them, but he himself will remain unchanged.

Sanskrit, one of the main ancient Indian languages ​​of the Indo-European language family, which received literary processing. Distributed in Northern India from the 1st century BC. BC e. Differs in strictly normalized grammar, unified system of rules. Sanskrit opposes Prakrits as a language brought to formal perfection (samskrta, literally - processed), the Vedic language, archaic and little unified, as well as other ancient Indian dialects that gave rise to Prakrits. Works of art, religious, philosophical, legal and scientific literature who influenced the culture of the South-East and Central Asia and Western Europe.

Note: If certain characters of the Sanskrit language are not displayed for you, then you need to change the encoding or browser.

Sanskrit(writing in Sanskrit): संस्कृतम्

Sanskrit influenced the development of the languages ​​​​of India (mainly in vocabulary) and some other languages ​​\u200b\u200bthat ended up in the sphere of Sanskrit or Buddhist culture (the Kawi language, the Tibetan language). Sanskrit is used as a language in India humanities and cult, in a narrow circle - as a spoken language. There are epic Sanskrit (the language of the "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana", archaic and less normalized), classical Sanskrit (a unified language of vast literature, described by ancient Indian grammarians and occupying a central place among other types of Sanskrit) , Vedic Sanskrit (the language of late Vedic texts, influenced by contemporary Sanskrit), Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit and Jain Sanskrit (Middle Indian languages ​​​​of Buddhist, respectively, Jain texts).

Sanskrit uses different types of writing dating back to Brahmi: Kharoshthi, Kushan script, Gupta, Nagari, Devanagari, etc. Phonetics and phonology are characterized by three pure vowels ("a", "e", "o"), two phonemes that have vowels and consonants allophones (i/y, u/v), and two smooth ones (r, l), which could act as a syllabic function. The system of consonants is highly ordered (5 blocks - labial, anterior lingual, cerebral, posterior lingual and palatal phonemes; each of the blocks is formed by contrasting voiced / deaf and aspirated / non-aspirated). Of the prosodic features, differences are characteristic in the place of stress, the pitch of the stressed syllable, and the longitude - brevity. Numerous sandhi rules determine the behavior of phonemes at the junctions of morphemes and words. Morphonological feature - the presence of 3 types of root, depending on the number of vowels. The morphology is characterized by an eight-case system of the name, 3 genders and 3 numbers. The verb has a developed system of tenses and moods.

The syntax depends on the nature of the texts: in some there is a wealth of inflectional forms, in others compound words, analytical forms of tense and voice predominate. The vocabulary is rich and stylistically diverse. The study of Sanskrit in Europe began in the late 18th century. Acquaintance with Sanskrit played at the beginning of the 19th century. decisive role in the creation of comparative-historical linguistics.

Sanskrit has special designations for the so-called weakened consonants:

• visarga - graphic image sound H arising from s (rarely r) at the end of a sentence and at the end of a word or prefix before some consonants: taH तः, maH मः, vaH वः.
• AnusvAra- a graphic representation of a nasal overtone.n that occurs after a vowel from m or after vowels at the end of a word before a word beginning with a consonant, except for lip consonants: taM तं, naM नं, paM पं.
• AnunAsika- graphic representation of a nasalized long vowel: tA.N ताँ, vA.N वाँ, dA.N दाँ (rare).
• virama- stop, if the word ends in a consonant, then the sign ् (.h) is placed at the end, indicating the absence of a.

Devanagari alphabet

Additional letters and signs

Examples

Endings: न and क - attached to the stem of the word, change its meaning in the first case to a certain “set”, and in the second case indicate belonging to something.

जन jana- human.
जनन janana- creation, creation.
जनक janaka- creator, creator.

गण gan.a- lots of.
गणन gan.ana- check.
गणक gan.aka- mathematician.

राजीव rajiva blue lotus.
राजन् rajan raja, king
महा mahā (combined with other words) big, strong, noble.

महाराज mahā-rāja maharaja, great king. A more significant or more honorific title than just राजन् rājan.

िपतर् pitar father.
मातर् matar mother.
सुत suta son.
सुता sutā daughter.

In Sanskrit, the prefix सु su- gives the word the highest degree of quality.
That's why:

सुजन good man.
सुसुत good son.

A close examination of Hindi and Sanskrit reveals that the difference lies only in the fact that in Sanskrit all words are written in a single line, while in Hindi they are separated by a space. Therefore, it is possible to combine the study of these two languages ​​and consider them as a whole.

Consonants that do not cause difficulties:

Y M P B K T D N L R V D H J S W W X

य म प ब क त द न ल र व ग च ज स श ष ह

Note: Ш and Ш are two different sounds, but the difference in their pronunciation is practically insignificant.

PH BH KH GH GH JH TX DH

फ भ ख घ छ झ भ ध

Consonants (only in Hindi) that serve to transcribe borrowed words: З Ф (they do not differ in spelling from J and PX) except for the dot below:

Cerebral:

T TX D DX R RH

ट ठ ड ढ ड़ ढ़

Cerebral have no analogues in Russian, so they can simply be classified as one of the spellings of the letters already discussed above.

Another "inconvenience" of the Sanskrit and Hindi alphabets is that they have several phonetic variants of the H sound:

ङ ञ ण

So, the final version of the correspondences of the Russian-Devanagarian alphabet:

Pronunciation:

अ|प| -|a|a| Unstressed a (seam), like o in water.
आ|पा - |ā|A| like a percussion and in a dog, a stick, only a long one.
इ|पि| - |i|i| More closed than Russian and short.
ई|पी| - |ī|I| A long version of the previous one.
उ|पु| - |u|u| Like Russian u, short.
ऊ|पू| - |ū|U| A long version of the previous one.
ऋ|पृ| - |R| Like the English r in red, bread.
ॠ|पॄ| - |RR| double version of the previous one.
ऌ|पॢ| - |LR| L with the tongue curved back. An exotic sound found in Telugu, Norwegian.
ॡ|पॣ| - |LRR| Double version of the previous one.
ए|पे| - |e|e| diphthong as a in English bane. (hey).
ऐ|पै| - |ai|ai| Diphthong like i in English mite (ai).
ओ|पो| - |o|o| Diphthong like o in English bone (oh).
औ|पौ| - |au|au| Diphthong like ou in English house (ay).

प्रेम (prem) - love(Skt.)

Devanagari alphabet

Indian alphabets, including Brahmi, Devanagari and others, are the only ones in the world where the order of characters is not random, but based on an impeccable phonetic classification of sounds. In this they compare favorably with all other alphabets, imperfect and chaotically built: ancient Greek, Latin, Arabic, Georgian, etc.
We do not know of any centuries-old development of the Devanagari script in India itself. This letter is considered a divine revelation. Indian Brahmin priests claim that Sanskrit is the language spoken by the Indian gods. According to one legend, Shiva presented the sacred sounds. From them, Sanskrit was later created.
According to another legend, the ancient enlightened yogis, who listened to their body in silence, caught fifty different vibrations that came from the chakras, and each of these subtle vibrations became one of the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, that is, Sanskrit is expressed in sounds internal energies. For example, many people know the sacred sound in the East, OM, which is also a mantra, and at the same time a letter of the Devanagari alphabet.
The Sanskrit word "Devanagari" itself is translated by different specialists in different ways:
- writing "in the dialect of the Devas " or " spoken by the Devas ( over)";
- "writing of the city of the gods" , the script of the Heavenly City (Deva-Nagari).
Devas are demigods-half-humans (what tell tales, legends and traditions not only of the Indian epic ). The devas appear in human form. Can also be translated as divine, (single-root words "div ny", "at div tedious")
"Naga", Nagas - the people of snake people, who lived, according to legend, in India in ancient times. Nagas could be gods, demigods, or close associates of the gods.
"Ri" - (one-root wordrew) speech, writing, law, order, ritual.
Thus, we get the Deva-Naga-Ri" - the letter (or speech) of the Divine Nagas.
It's funny, isn't it? The Nagas are a people who are considered a mythical fiction, and their writing is a completely material object that has existed for 5000 years. And this despite the fact that many other mythical races are mentioned in the legends of the ancient Indians: Siddhas, Charanas, Gandharvas, Rudras, Apsaras, Uragas, Guhyakis and Vidyadharas, Danavas, Nagas, Maruts, Rakshasas, Nayrrits, intelligent monkeys and others. But the fact is that the Indians themselves consider the Nagas to be their ancestors and still worship them. In many temples scattered throughout India from north to south, we find images of serpent people from the Naga clan.
The cult of snakes is also found in some myths, which are given in the collection of ancient religious texts of the Maya, the Book of Chilam-Balam. It is reported there that the first inhabitants of Yucatan were the Snake People. With Anskrit snake sounds like "naga", and in some Indian dialects (Achuar and Awahun): "napi" and "naka-naka".
There is another translation of the word Devanagari. This is the language of communication between Nagas and Devas. The Nagas are the original inhabitants of our planet, they represent the Lunar Dynasty. The virgins, representatives of the solar dynasty, are aliens. Thus, the sounds and script of Devanagari formed the basis of the language in which the gods and intelligent beings, the former inhabitants of our planet, communicated.

Sanskrit - the language of the Naga snake people?

All of the above is confirmed by the following curious observations. Specialists involved in the study of fonts and alphabets believe that when writing symbols or letters, the image of a mouth is almost everywhere accepted, making a sound from left to right (except for the letters "O" and "Ö" , drawn in front).
Suppose that each Devanagari sign represents, as in Cyrillic and other alphabets, a schematic representation of the mouth and organs of speech at the moment of pronouncing the sound. It turns out a schematic representation of the mouth from the side. The upper palate is a horizontal line, the lower jaw is a vertical line. The mouth is always open. At the same time, the teeth in this font are not depicted in any character. And some of the letters are either badly distorted, or represent the positions of the mouth of a non-human being, but perhaps Naga, the serpent-man, since these symbols depict a long tongue forked at the end.
The language of the creators of Devanagari did not contain a single dental letter. It can be assumed that these creatures did not have teeth at all. This is exactly how Indian sculptures depict nagas.But in Sanskrit and Hindi there are many sounds, with exhalation through the nose, and not through the mouth, i.e. aspirated sounds ha, dha, jha, bhra, etc. For others human languages this is an extremely rare occurrence. Why complicate things so much when our mouth and lips allow us to pronounce a huge number of different pronunciation variations? Moreover, in classical Sanskrit, these same "exhaled" sounds are also pronounced through the mouth, but with aspiration. It seems that the creators of the language did not have such a mobile mouth, but the nasopharynx was overdeveloped.

In India, to this day, the strange custom of incising the base of the tongue is widespread. Many yogis stretch their tongues in length with special training (sometimes even very strongly). There are references to the incision of the Brahmins in ancient times along the tongue so that it resembles a snake.
Why such seemingly very artificial operations? This, of course, is just a hypothesis, but isn’t it with the quite pragmatic, rational goal to make it easier to speak the Naga language? Perhaps people sought to speak the Naga language correctly, and for this purpose they changed their organs of speech.

If we look at the distribution map of such languages ​​with aspirated sounds, we will find that the language of the Nagas, Snake People and Dragons was distributed in Southeast Asia (Hindustan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, Korea). This fact is consistent with the legends of the countries mentioned that these intelligent beings, representatives of the Lunar dynasty, lived in this territory. And as the legends say, they taught the first people to read and write, agriculture, craft and other knowledge. And they also conveyed the secret knowledge about the structure of the world and man, so that a person could develop and improve ...

Atas, Russian (simple). It is considered just some kind of semi-hooligan exclamation, meaning “Quickly, guys, get out of here!”, but Skt. atas adv. from here. That’s exactly what it means, it turns out.

Aty-baty, Russian. It is considered just some kind of meaningless sentence added for rhyme in “Aty-baty, soldiers were walking ...”, but the Sanskrit ati means “past”, bhata a mercenary warrior (i.e. exactly a soldier, which word comes from the name of the coin “soldo” , because at that time they, that is, mercenaries, were paid so much per day). like “Soldiers passed, soldiers walked, soldiers passed by, to the market, soldiers bought past, soldiers passed by, samovar ...” Here’s a “meaningless sentence” for you.

Stone women, Russian. practically women in the Russian sense, i.e. images of women and are not. The word "baba" in this sense should be compared with "Indian" (ie in Hindi, from Sanskrit) baba - 1) father; 2) grandfather; 3) baba (appeal to an old man, an ascetic); 4) baba (affectionate address to a child). Those. stone "women" are actually images of our Fathers.

Burka, Russian, named after the fairy-tale horse "Sivka-Burka" Skt. bhur (var. bhumi) earth + ka which is like. Therefore, the general meaning of the name "Burka" is "(which, ~th like) the earth"

Varyag, Russian, Old Russian. VARENZ, VRYAG, VARYAG Skt. var cover, cover; hide, hide; surround; close the door; repel a blow; stop; hold back; prevent; suppress; vara - limited, enclosed space; a circle; vara rebuff, reflection; varaha boar, boar; vartar m. defender; varuna nom. pr. the lord of waters, the deity of rivers, seas and oceans; ocean; fish; varutar m. the one who fights back; defender. Varutha n. armor, armor, chain mail; shield; security; army; lots of. Thus, "Varangian" - "guard"; "mercenary warrior" The early medieval Russian “Varangian” is not the name of some people, but the name of the profession - from “var” - “guard”, “guard”. V.R.Ya.: "... cook, protect ..." (in the article "pack"). Wed tzh. commodity tъ varъ Skt. ta vara - “that is the best” / “that is protected”. See also Gates.

Enemy, Russian, cf. Skt. rahum. invader; nom. pr. a demon that swallows the Sun and the Moon, thereby causing an eclipse. “B” is added here, like in “duck-woofer”, “fire-fire”. The general meaning of the word "enemy" is "invader" and "one who inflicts wounds". See also Wound.

Virgo, Russian, Old Russian. VIRGO (with yat after "d"). The Sanskrit deva (deva, from the root div-, with the original meaning "to radiate, shine", has the basic meaning of "a radiant being" - "heavenly; divine; god (i.e. "one of the gods")". Thus, the original the meaning of the word “maiden” is “a shining being”, “celestial, ~aya; divine, ~aya.” The word meaning maiden, girl, cannot be the same deva, meaning “god”, but must at least be derived from him, and indeed, “girl” is this derivative, because the formant -ka means “which / such as”, which gives the general meaning “such as a shining being”.

Elecampane, Russian, pron. [dv`sil] - (maiden + forces) a strong herb dedicated to the deities, deva.

Nine, Russian, Old Russian. Sanskrit Devata - divinity; divine power; deity; image of a deity (statue, painting, etc.). The general meaning of this word is "divine". Interestingly, “nine” in Sanskrit is called “nava”, i.e. “new, -th, -th”, and with long vowels the same word means “ship”.

Ivan, Russian Russian personal name In its present sound form it is associated with Skt. ivan(t) "so big", "so great", because in the end, the present sound form is of greater importance, because it is valid for the present time. Vanya is not a diminutive form of Ivan. See also Vania.

Kupala, Russian, theonym. The first part of the word "Kupala" (as in the word "idol") is the same as in Skt. ku, land, country, region. The second part is Skt. palam. watchman; the keeper; shepherd; patron, protector; lord, king = Defender of the Earth, Lord of the Earth. The flame (frying pan) is a protector from predators. Skt. gopala Gopala (lit. "shepherd"), an epithet of Krishna. The name and Deity of the third month of the annual circle (kola), beginning with the vernal equinox corresponding to May-June (until June 22). Lord / Lord of the Earth - an epithet and aspect of the Sun.

Indra, Intra - Leader of the heavenly host (Skt. indra 1. Lord celestial sphere, God of thunder and storm, Lord of the Gods in the Vedic period 2. king, head; first among…, best of…). Sanskrit ina strong, strong, powerful; dra go; run or tra guard; save; defender. Thus, indra can have the general meaning of "strongly-strongly-mighty walking", while in the form of intra - "strongly-strongly-mighty savior-protector".

Meta, Russian distinguishing feature; goal (cf. also Bel. meta goal; Central Russian meta mark, mark; goal; what they aim at; what they strive for, what they want to achieve; Polish. meta finish (final point of the distance); distance, distance; limit, boundary, designated place, Skt mati f. thought, intention, goal, representation, concept, opinion, respect, prayer, hymn, Ukrainian meta goal, Czech meta goal directly and figuratively, compare also Greek methodos , pursuit, method, from meta- through, after + hodos, path, method, i.e. "method of action", "path to the goal").

Nahal, Russian Nahusha, in Hindu mythology, the mythical ascetic king, son of Ayus, grandson of Pururavas and father of Yayati. When Indra atoned for the sin of killing the brahmin Vritra, Nahusha, famous for his exploits, took his place as the king of the gods in heaven. However, he became so proud that he not only desired the wife of Indra Saci, but also traveled on a palanquin carried by the holy sages-rishis. One of them, Agastya, he kicked, and after that, according to the curse of the sage, he had to atone for his sin for ten thousand years in the form of a snake. His sin fell on his offspring. Surely he was quite impudent… So, this word means “behaving like Nahusha”.

Ohalnik, Russian Cursing, cursing, cursing, swearing. Sanskrit ahhalya - Ahalya, the name of the first woman created by Brahma, was the wife of the famous sage Gautama. Ahalya, the wife of the sage Gautama, was very beautiful. To win her, Indra had to resort to the help of the Moon, which turned into a rooster and crowed not at dawn, but at midnight. Gautama woke up, got out of bed and, as usual, went down to the river for morning baths. Indra assumed the form of Gautama, entered his house and took possession of Ahalya. When this trick was revealed, Indra became a freak as a punishment, and Ahalya became a roadside stone. Once Rama, heading into the forest, accidentally touched this stone, and then Ahalya again turned into a woman. (According to the Indian epic). Here he was, who was the slacker - whether it was Indra or someone else - but he raped a virtuous wife, which is why he got his nickname. And you can also understand that the “stunner” is a “lustful freak”.

Weapons, Russian drvnrussian. weapon; weapons, cf. Skt. arus 1. wounded 2. n. wound. Thus, the meaning of the word ARUZE ORUZE / WEAPONS, weapon is “wounding”.

Resentment, Russian Old Russian OFFENSE - the opposite. the word "victory", i.e. defeat.

Victory, Russian Old Russian POBIDA / POBIEDA / VICTORY PO + TROUBLE - “after the trouble”, i.e. defeat. See also Trouble, resentment.

Paradise, Russian є Skt. size, f. wealth. For some reason, it is considered an Iranian borrowing by official science.

Rana, Russian Old Russian RANA, VRANA є Skt. vrana wound; wound; sore. See also Enemy.

Pig, Russian; Ukrainian pig Skt. Svinna - sweaty.

Slava, Russian є Skt. shravas n. sound; glory; call; call; price; reward; prize; delight, admiration; zeal; zeal; ardor; look, appearance. See also Word. Obviously, glory and the word are the same word in two phonetic variants. In addition, praise without a word simply cannot be. "C" - light - radiance, "Lava" - a powerful stream. That is, Glory is literally - a radiant energy flow.

Tyrlovat, old Russian. TERLO; TURLOVATI Skt. tiryag-ga 1. 1) going across something. 2) moving in a horizontal position. (Old Russian TERLOVATI - to roam; TERLO - a place where they roam, i.e. move horizontally, migrate). tiryag-gati f. resettlement (migration) of animals. Tiryak Nm. from tiryanc 1. moving across; horizontal 2. m., n. living being, animal 3. n. width 4.adv. 1) across; sideways, crooked 2) to the side. Tyrlo Russian. dial. paddock for livestock.

Courteous, courtesy, Russian. Wed Central Russian courteous; cf. tzh. Old Russian POTCHEMO / POSCHEMO we honor, we honored / we honor; performed / are performing veneration Skt. ukta 1. (p.p. from vac) 1) said, pronounced 2. n. word, address, expression. uktha n. 1) praise, laudatory hymn 2) call, appeal (Russian veneration; reverence; honor; honor; courtesy; Polish uczciwy honest; conscientious; decent uczcic honor; honor; uczta feast; feast; courteous; courtesy). ucatha see uktha (Russian veneration; honor; honour; Pol. uczcic honor; honor; uczta feast; feast; courteous; courtesy). Ucitatva n. 1) proportionality 2) relevance 3) custom. Also Skt. cit [pron. “chit”] notice, understand, know. See also Honour. Maybe whales (sketes, Scythians) - knowing, revering, glorifying the great ancestors-ancestors, i.e. Slavs.

Chur. From the Dictionary of the VK: "SHURE - Shchur / Chur, involved in the Divine in Svarga Ancestor-heroes (Skt. shura (pronounced [shura]) courageous, courageous; hero; warrior)". As part of the word "ancestor" "u" is preserved to this day. It is clear that someone had to guard the boundaries and borders, and for this, statues were erected - both stone and wooden.

I, Russian - personal pronoun 1 l. units hours; in Old Russian “Az”, which also means the first letter of the Russian alphabet, while I is the last letter of the alphabet and also ends with the sound a (see also A). In the Middle Ages, this word was also pronounced differently: “Yaz is a personal pronoun old. az, i. Se yaz, the great prince, etc. Deeds of sale and donations began with these words: Se yaz, etc. ” (according to V.R.Ya.). Sanskrit ya (pron. "I") - "which", while Skt. aham (pron. "aham") - local. 1 l. units h. i. Thus, the original meaning of the word "I" is "which". See also Az.

Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, the religious language of Hinduism and other Indian religions, one of 22 official languages India. Its position in the culture of South and Southeast Asia can be compared with Latin or Greek in Europe, it has significantly influenced most modern Indian languages.

The pre-classical form of Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit, it is the oldest and most archaic extant form, an old core dated to around 1500 BC.

The collection of Sanskrit literature includes a rich tradition of poetry and drama, as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and Hindu religious texts. Today, Sanskrit is still widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals in the form of hymns and mantras. Spoken Sanskrit is used in several traditional institutions in India and there are some attempts at its wider revival.

Story

Sanskrit is a member of the Indo-Iranian subfamily Indo-European family languages. Its closest ancient relatives are the Iranian languages: Old Persian and Avesta.

To explain character traits, common to Sanskrit and others Indo-European languages, scholars have proposed migration hypotheses, confirming that the original speakers who formed Sanskrit arrived in the territory of modern India and Pakistan from the northwest at the beginning of the second millennium BC. Among the evidence in favor of such a theory is the close relationship of the Indo-Iranian languages ​​with the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with non-Indo-European - Finno-Ugric languages. Some scholars remain adherents of the so-called "Theory from India", which claims that the Indo-Aryans were the original inhabitants of India.

The earliest Sanskrit texts are considered to be some of the mandalas of the Rigveda, which could be found in the Punjab region and are dated to the middle to the end of the second millennium BC. But written evidence of this early period not preserved. Scholars are also sure that the existence of oral transmission of texts is authentic: they were authentically literary, the correct pronunciation was considered the most important factor for the effectiveness of religious rituals.

Since the late Rigveda (from the 4th century BC), Sanskrit has continued to develop in the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its authority when used for sacred purposes, has strengthened.

The term "Sanskrit" did not previously mean the name of a particular language that distinguishes it from others, but rather as a special refined and perfect manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a sign of social class and education in ancient India, the language was taught mainly to members of the upper castes through private study of Sanskrit grammar. Sanskrit was the language of the scholars of ancient India, along with it there were Prakrits (local dialects), which developed first into Middle Indian dialects, and eventually into modern Indo-Aryan languages.

Vedic Sanskrit

Sanskrit, as defined, developed from an earlier "Vedic" form. The beginning of Vedic Sanskrit can be noted around 1500 B.C. (accepted date of the origin of the Rig Veda). Scholars have often treated Vedic Sanskrit and Classical "Panini" Sanskrit as separate "dialects". Although they are very similar, they differ in a number of significant points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations (Samhitas), theological discussions, religio-philosophical disputes (Brahmanas, Upanishads), which are the earliest religious texts of the Hindu religion. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rig Veda Samhita to be the earliest, written by many authors over the centuries and transmitted first orally. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the writing of the Upanishads, which form the final part of the Vedic literary collection. According to the current hypothesis, Sanskrit, in its Vedic form, survived until the middle of the first millennium BC.

Classical Sanskrit

For nearly two thousand years, the existing cultural order has influenced all of South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit came from the Hindu epic Ramayana and Mahabharata. There were four main dialects of Classical Sanskrit: Northwestern, also called Northern or Western, literally "the middle of the country", Eastern and Southern.

decline

How and when Sanskrit became a "dead" language is not exactly known, but the process was similar to the decline of Latin. Both languages ​​died slowly, at first as a means of literary expression and retaining their significance for scholarly disputes much longer. Both have been subject to periodic renewal or forced rebirths, and both have come to be used within the narrow confines of religion and the clergy, despite centuries of use in secular society.

decline in popularity Sanskrit in literary and political circles, is most likely the result of a weakening of the political institutions that support it, as well as an increase in the competition of local languages ​​seeking to acquire literary and cultural dignity.

compiled by S.V. Efimovsky

The "New Sanskrit-Russian Dictionary", which began to be created as a simple electronic assistant to the compiler when translating Sanskrit texts, in the present, 1st edition, contains 81,372 dictionary entries (what English dictionaries denoted by the term "entry"), of which more than 1250 are non-derivative verbs. Each word of the "New..." dictionary was typed by the compiler in Devanagari scripts and (Latin) transliteration, for which the fonts deva.ttf (Devanagari) and deva_trn.ttf (Latin transliteration) were used. Technical terms in the description of verbs are typed in deva_trn.ttf font (i.e. only in Latin transliteration). The words in the dictionary are listed in alphabetical order, according to the Sanskrit Matrix (given in the introduction). The names in the dictionary are given in stem form. For derived verbs, only the present forms are given. The forms of the set of nominative verbs are given (in the present). For each of the non-derivative verbs, the forms of present, passive, simple future tense, future-2, conditionalis, perfect, aorist (all in the 3rd person singular) are given, as well as the forms of causative, desiderative and intense verbs formed from the given non-derivative verb (all in the 3rd person singular). For each non-derivative verb, the forms of the infinitive and gerunds are given, as well as the forms of stems for many types of participles formed from this verb (more than 12 types). The total number of parameters that describe a non-derivative verb exceeds 20. To describe the types of participles, the dictionary introduced an original system of notation. Such a detailed and structured database when describing non-derivative verbs in such a quantity in one dictionary, especially when describing participle forms, is unique and has not been seen in European dictionaries before. For comparison, the "Sanskrit-Russian Dictionary" by V. A. Kochergina contains about 30,000 entries, of which about 800 are non-derivative verbs, and total number parameters describing the verb does not exceed 10. The “New...” dictionary has a brief outline of Hindu mythology, without understanding which (mythology), as well as without understanding Sanskrit grammar, it is very difficult to translate Sanskrit texts. The introduction contains Short story its creation, and also describes the scheme of its device. The dictionary is provided with a list of used abbreviations and symbols. The list of cited literature contains 27 titles.

https://book-markt.ru/e-store/books/143/2717

My congratulations to Sergei Efimovsky, Russian scientist and expert in Sanskrit!

Excellent, my dear friend! There is no doubt that your daring undertaking in the formation and design of a Sanskrit-Russian dictionary is a gigantic task and a bold undertaking.

There are many dictionaries various languages both in our country and around the world, and each of them has its own individuality and peculiarity. Your work is certainly worthy of praise, thanks to its system of classifying and constructing dictionary material, in accordance with the needs and tastes of not only a wide range of readers, but even specialists who sometimes need help in their Everyday life and activities.

Your work will be useful to medical students, as well as to many other people employed in the most various types activities, from women housewives to admirers of the arts and sciences. Your book will be a real help, friend and adviser for everyone who decides to become an attentive reader of it. I know you as a man of strict discipline and high human qualities.

Let me wish you and your book the best of luck. Let it shine among its own kind, as the Sun shines among the nine planets. Good! Thank you!