As it falls, it forms a drop shape. In the region of weightlessness, liquids, as a rule, form spheres. On the other hand, gases tend to spread in all directions in zero gravity. In the Earth's gravitational field, gases can form layers. Their propensity to spread is also given in the gravitational field. With increasing pressure, liquids and solids hardly react with a decrease in volume if they remain in their state of aggregation. If they change their aggregate state, they can also change their volumes dramatically.

Gases expand when the pressure is reduced, and there are various possibilities for increasing the pressure. Which one occurs, you can see. When cooled below this temperature, water expands. Ice has a lower density than water and therefore floats on water. In winter, the water does not freeze completely due to the water anomaly. This water can no longer be circulated.

It even insulates the lower layers of water from cooling too quickly. For this reason, aquatic organisms such as fish can survive the winter in a frozen lake. The phenomenon of expansion of liquids during solidification occurs only in a few other substances. Large crystals develop very significant forces during their growth, so that large stones can be blown away or fist sizes can develop on the road surface. At the boiling point, the liquid changes into gaseous state, then the liquid and gaseous phases are in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium.

At the boiling point, only the described equilibrium state is reached. When a liquid is heated, heat is first supplied to heat the liquid. How more temperature liquid approaches the boiling point, the more heat is evaporated to evaporate the liquid. When the boiling point is reached, the temperature does not increase for a longer time, it remains constant. The heat supplied then only serves to evaporate the liquid. At constant temperature the boiling point is reached.

In this way, substances can be recognized at their boiling points. In distillation, the boiling point is used to separate mixtures of substances. Since the boiling point of a substance decreases with decreasing pressure, distillations are also carried out under vacuum. Reducing the pressure lowers the boiling point, so there must be less energy to heat. If the external pressure and temperature are converted into a diagram, a so-called state diagram can be represented for a substance. The lines show at what pressure and at what temperature the substance changes its state.

Thermodynamic equilibrium is present on the lines themselves. In a triple point, all three aggregate states can be present at the same time. Below the triple point, a sublimation phenomenon occurs, the dividing line between the absolute zero point and triple point called the sublimation curve. The dividing line between the solid and liquid phases is called the melt curve, the dividing line between the boiling curve of the liquid and the gaseous phase. At the critical point, gas and liquid can no longer be distinguished due to their identical density.

We can say that the substance is gaseous and liquid. Technicians at a power plant working with water at a critical point speak of "excessive water". Phase boundary line can no longer be specified higher critical point. Additional Notes: The melting curve of water is different from other substances. When ice melts, the melting point is observed as pressure increases. This phenomenon is called melt water anomalies. The state diagram provided is simplified for didactic and illustrative reasons, and the proportions in the diagram are not shown correctly.

Only a few substances show classical states of aggregation with typical temperatures during transformations. Some substances, like many organic substances, decompose when heated, even when the air is closed. There are minerals, such as calcite, that do not melt at all. In the case of quartz and many glasses, the transition from solid to liquid is fluid. As the glass tube heats up, the glass gradually becomes soft, becoming more viscous as it heats up, but never quite as liquid as water.

Crystalline sulfur becomes liquid on heating, then on further heating a viscous state appears before it becomes liquid again and then evaporates at the boiling point. All these phenomena cannot be explained by the model of classical states of aggregation.

Criticism of the commonly used particle model. Some school books use the particle model as an "attempt to explain" classical aggregate states. In a solid, the smallest particles, according to this idea, move little. Strong attractive forces are at work, the particles are arranged regularly and they lie relatively close to each other. The higher the temperature, the more self-propulsion increases. In the case of a liquid, the motion of the particles is so great that the particles can no longer hold their place. However, the cohesion of the particles is still provided.

In the case of a gas, the particles move so fast that they can no longer occupy a regular arrangement and no longer stick together. Criticism. The problem with the particle model is that it works with images from the human visible world. The microcosm, however, is an abstract and different world, like the world that we humans perceive and recognize. The particle model places too much emphasis on the visual representation of particles that "push" each other like closed blocks, like ping pong balls, or "attract" each other, like magnets.

Complex interactions of systems in the atomic field are not considered properly. Alternative A detailed study of the phenomena is accurate enough for easy understanding. Everyday life from a didactic point of view. More complex relationships are accurately described by abstract mathematical language, such as a boiling curve or a state diagram.

Gases decompose into plasma, in which electrons atomic shells fully or partially released. Free, negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions were obtained. Matter in the plasma state has completely new properties. It is generally very electrically conductive and can be easily influenced magnetic fields. Plasma states often occur in our environment, without direct perception of them. Thus, candles or thunderstorms form partial plasma states.

They are very common in the universe. Plasmas are found in stars, for example, inside our sun. Meanwhile, it is believed that the so-called "metal plasma" exists inside the planets, which are under high pressure and at a relatively low temperature. In the laboratory, plasma states can be artificially generated by strong current charges, using laser beams, or by bombarding matter with heavy ion beams. The closer the absolute zero point approaches as matter cools, the more atoms lose their individuality and function in synchrony.

There is practically no interaction between atoms. quantum physicist talking about one quantum state in atoms. The combined state is called a Bose-Einstein condensate. Atoms in this state can no longer be spatially assigned. We can also say that the atoms are everywhere in the condensate at the same time. The combined fortune of Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein is already this year.

Sometimes fermion condensation is the sixth state of aggregation, or only a variant of the fifth, since the fermion condensate has not yet been defined. Whether the vacuum as a collective state can be called debatable. The resulting vacuum occurs when the various phenomena known from the gas are no longer present.

• The absence of flows, such as turbulence or suction, occurs more.
• The audio line is completely interrupted.
• Air exposure no longer occurs.
• Heat is transferred only by thermal radiation.

Among the most important physical changes we have changes of state, which are those produced by the action of heat. We can distinguish between two types of state changes depending on the influence of heat: progressive changes and regressive changes.

Progressive changes are those that occur when heat is applied. These are: progressive sublimation, fusion and evaporation. These changes are caused by the cooling of bodies, and three types are also distinguished: regressive sublimation, solidification, and condensation.

"The friction of the skis creates a coalescence of the snow, forming a layer of water that promotes gliding." "If the water hadn't evaporated, we wouldn't have rain." "The various by-products derived from the oil are achieved by separating them by boiling point." Why does the streets have a darker stripe on the pavement, each specific section? Why railway tracks is there a small gap?

Volume changes refer to the changes that a material experiences in relation to the space it occupies. For example, a body increases its volume if it increases the space it occupies and, on the other hand, a decrease in its volume means that it decreases the space it occupies.

Volume changes - two: contraction and expansion. This is the reduction in volume that a body undergoes when it cools. For example, your shoes become looser in winter; placing the inflated balloon in a pot of cold water is reduced in size. Contraction is understood because as bodies cool, the particles are closer together, their motion is reduced and, as a result, their volume is reduced.

What happens when you put a thermometer in ice water? This is the increase in volume experienced by bodies in contact with temperature. For example, the Mercury of a thermometer expands easily and is therefore able to rise through a small capillary and indicate an increase in temperature.

This phenomenon affects not only liquids or solids, but also gases. After receiving an increase in heat, the particles separate from each other, allowing the gas to become lighter and rise. An example of this is that it allows "balloons" to be lifted and moved.