Types of social needs

Social needs are born in the process of human activity as a social subject. Human activity is an adaptive, transformative activity aimed at producing means to satisfy certain needs. Since such activity acts as a practical application of sociocultural experience by a person, in its development it acquires the character of a universal social production-consumer activity. Human activity can be carried out only in society and through society, it is performed by an individual in interaction with other people and is a complex system of actions determined by various needs.

Social needs arise in connection with the functioning of man in society. These include the need for social activities, self-expression, ensuring social rights, etc. They are not set by nature, are not laid down genetically, but are acquired during the formation of a person as a person, his development as a member of society, are born in the process of human activity as a social subject.

A distinctive feature of social needs, with all their diversity, is that they all act as requirements for other people and belong not to an individual, but to a group of people united in one way or another. The general need of a certain social group is not only made up of the needs of individual people, but also itself causes a corresponding need in an individual. The need of any group is not identical to the need of an individual, but is always in something and somehow different from it. A person belonging to a certain group relies on the needs common with it, but the group forces him to obey its requirements, and in obeying, he is among the dictators. Thus, a complex dialectic of interests and needs of an individual, on the one hand, and those communities with which he is connected, on the other hand, arises.

Social needs are needs defined by society (society) as additionally mandatory to basic needs. For example, to ensure the process of eating (basic need), social needs will be: a chair, a table, forks, knives, plates, napkins, etc. In different social groups, these needs are different and depend on the norms, rules, mentality, living habits and other factors that characterize social culture. At the same time, the presence in the individual of objects that society considers necessary can determine his social status in society.

With a wide variety of human social needs, one can distinguish more or less distinct individual levels of needs, each of which shows both its specificity and its hierarchical connections with lower and higher levels. For example, these levels include:

social needs of an individual (as a person, individuality) - they act as a ready-made, but also a changing product of social relations;

family-related social needs - in different cases they are more or less broad, specific and strong, and most closely adjoin biological needs;

social needs universal - arise, as a person, thinking and acting individually, at the same time includes his activity in the activity of other people, society. As a result, an objective need arises for such actions and states that at the same time provide the individual with both community with other people and his independence, i.e. existence as a special person. Under the influence of this objective necessity, the needs of a person develop, directing and regulating his behavior in relation to himself and to other people, to his social group, to society as a whole;

the need for justice on the scale of humanity, society as a whole is the need to improve, "correct" society, to overcome antagonistic social relations;

social needs for development and self-development, improvement and self-improvement of a person belong to the highest level of the hierarchy of personality needs. Each person, to one degree or another, is characterized by the desire to be healthier, smarter, kinder, more beautiful, stronger, etc.

Social needs exist in an infinite variety of forms. Without trying to present all the manifestations of social needs, we classify these groups of needs according to three criteria:

needs "for others" - needs that express the generic essence of a person, i.e. the need to communicate, the need to protect the weak. The most concentrated need "for others" is expressed in altruism - in the need to sacrifice oneself for the sake of another. The need “for others” is realized by overcoming the eternal egoistic principle “for oneself”. The existence and even "cooperation" in one person of opposite tendencies "for oneself" and "for others" is possible, as long as it is not about individual and deep needs, but about the means of satisfying one or another - about the needs of the service and their derivatives. The claim to even the most significant place “for oneself” is easier to realize if, at the same time, the claims of other people are not offended as far as possible;

the need "for oneself" - the need for self-affirmation in society, the need for self-realization, the need for self-identification, the need to have one's place in society, in a team, the need for power, etc. The needs “for oneself” are called social because they are inextricably linked with the needs “for others”, and only through them can they be realized. In most cases, needs "for oneself" act as an allegorical expression of needs "for others"; needs "together with others" unite people to solve urgent problems of social progress. A clear example: the invasion of the Nazi troops on the territory of the USSR in 1941 became a powerful incentive for organizing a rebuff, and this need was of a universal nature.

Ideological needs are among the most social human needs. These are human needs in an idea, in explaining life circumstances, problems, in understanding the causes of ongoing events, phenomena, factors, in a conceptual, systemic vision of the picture of the world. The implementation of these needs is carried out through the use of data from natural, social, humanitarian, technical and other sciences. As a result, a person develops a scientific picture of the world. Through the assimilation of religious knowledge by a person, a religious picture of the world is formed in him.

Many people, under the influence of ideological needs and in the process of their implementation, develop a multipolar, mosaic picture of the world with a predominance, as a rule, of a scientific picture of the world in people with a secular upbringing and a religious one in people with a religious upbringing.

The Need for Justice is one of the actualized and functioning needs in society. It is expressed in the ratio of rights and obligations in the mind of a person, in his relationship with the public environment, in interaction with the social environment. In accordance with his understanding of what is fair and what is unfair, a person evaluates the behavior, actions of other people.

In this regard, a person can be oriented:

to uphold and expand, first of all, their rights;

on the predominant performance of their duties in relation to other people, the social sphere as a whole;

to a harmonious combination of their rights and obligations in solving social and professional tasks.

aesthetic needs play an important role in human life. The realization of the aesthetic aspirations of the individual is influenced not only by external circumstances, conditions of life and human activity, but also by internal, personal prerequisites - motives, abilities, volitional preparedness of the individual, understanding of the canons of beauty, harmony in the perception and implementation of behavior, creative activity, life in general according to the laws of beauty, in an appropriate relation to the ugly, base, ugly, violating the natural and social harmony.

An active long life is an important component of the human factor. Health is the most important prerequisite for understanding the world around us, for self-affirmation and self-improvement of a person, therefore the first and most important human need is health. The integrity of the human personality is manifested, first of all, in the relationship and interaction of the mental and physical forces of the body. The harmony of the psychophysical forces of the body increases the reserves of health. Replenish your health reserves through rest.

Social needs- a special type of human needs - the need for something necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism of the human person, social group, society as a whole; internal motivator. There are two types of needs - natural and socially created. natural needs- these are the daily needs of a person in food, clothing, housing, etc.

Social needs- these are the needs of a person in labor activity, socio-economic activity, spiritual culture, i.e. in everything that is a product of social life. Natural needs are the basis on which social needs arise, develop and are satisfied. Needs act as the main motive that induces the subject of activity to real actions aimed at creating conditions and means for satisfying his needs, i.e., to production activities.

Without needs, there is not and cannot be production. They are the initial stimulus of a person to activity; they express the dependence of the subject of activity on the external world. Needs exist as objective and subjective connections, as inclinations to the object of need. Social needs include the needs associated with the inclusion of the individual in the family, in numerous social groups and collectives, in various areas of production and non-production activities, in the life of society as a whole.

It is advisable to take into account the following most important "kinds" of needs, the satisfaction of which provides normal conditions for the reproduction of social groups (communities):

1) in the production and distribution of goods, services and information required for the survival of members of society;

2) in normal (corresponding to existing social norms) psychophysiological life support;

3) in cognition and self-development;

4) in communication between members of society;

5) in simple (or extended) demographic reproduction;

6) in the upbringing and education of children;

7) in controlling the behavior of members of the society;

8) in ensuring their safety in all aspects.

Social needs are not satisfied automatically, but only by the organized efforts of members of society, which are social institutions.

Theories of human needs A. Maslow And F. Herzberg . The theory of labor motivation of an American psychologist and sociologist Abraham Maslow(1908-1970) reveals the needs of man. classifying human needs, A. Maslow divides them into basic(need for food, safety, positive self-esteem, etc.) and derivatives, or metaneeds(in justice, prosperity, order and unity of social life, etc.).

Basic Needs are arranged according to the principle of hierarchy in ascending order from the lowest material to the highest spiritual:

- Firstly, physiological and sexual needs - in the reproduction of people, food, respiration, physical movements, housing, rest, etc .;

- Secondly, existential needs - the need for the security of one's existence, confidence in the future, stability of living conditions and activities, the desire to avoid unfair treatment, and in the sphere of work - in guaranteed employment, accident insurance, etc .;

- Thirdly, social needs - in affection, belonging to a team, communication, caring for others and attention to oneself, participation in joint work activities;

- fourthly, prestigious needs - in respect from significant people, career growth, status, prestige, with knowledge and appreciation;

- fifthly, spiritual needs - the need for self-expression through creativity.

Maslow Abraham Harold Professor of Psychology at Brooklyn College and the University of Massachusetts. He combined academic and entrepreneurial activities by founding his own enterprise Maslow Cooperage Cor poration. At the age of 18, A. Maslow entered the New York City College. The father wanted his son to become a lawyer, but the young man was absolutely not attracted to the legal career. Interest in psychology arose in his penultimate year of college, and the topic for his term paper was chosen by him purely psychological. A. Maslow began systematic studies in psychology by entering Cornell University.

He then transferred to the University of Wisconsin, where he was actively engaged in experimental studies of animal behavior. He created the so-called hierarchy of needs, the purpose of which was originally to explain human behavior and which was quickly adopted by managers, since it made it possible to understand the peculiarities of employee motivation. A. Maslow became one of the first management figures who used a humanistic approach to personnel instead of an administrative one. Considering that it is the personnel that becomes the key resource of successful companies, Maslow's model as a concept of management is becoming more and more relevant.

The advantage of A. Maslow's theory was in the explanation, the interaction of factors, in the discovery of their driving force, in the fact that he considered the needs of each new level to be relevant, urgent for the individual only after the previous ones were satisfied. In addition, A. Maslow suggested that physiological, sexual and existential needs are innate, and the rest are socially acquired.

Further development of A. Maslow's concept led to the conclusion that any individual has not one system of needs, but two, which are qualitatively different, independent of each other and affect people's behavior in different ways.

First group- hygienic factors. They do not relate to the content of the work, but favor comfortable working and living conditions, a well-organized organization of work and working hours, and the provision of workers with various benefits and housing. Factors contribute to the development of psychologically comfortable relations between employees, and as a result, one should not expect high job satisfaction or interest in it, but only the absence of dissatisfaction.

Second group factors - motives - satisfy, in terms of Frederick Herzberg (b. 1923), internal needs and include the recognition and achievement of success in work, interest in its content, responsibility, independence, etc. They determine job satisfaction and increase labor activity. Therefore, according to F. Herzberg, satisfaction is a function of the content of work, and dissatisfaction is a function of working conditions.

Herzberg Frederick- American psychologist, professor of management, created his own theory of motivation, specialist in clinical psychology, professor of management at the University of Utah. Herzberg's works are mainly devoted to the personality traits of a working person, but they are popular with management theorists and practitioners, as they expand management's knowledge of personnel and allow them to optimize the work of employees. Herzberg created his own theory of motivation, which can be divided into two parts - hygiene and motivation.

By hygiene, Herzberg means policies and management practices in the company, working conditions, salary, degree of security; all these factors do not serve as motives for increasing productivity, but create moral satisfaction. The second part of the theory of motivation concerns the work itself, by performing which the employee achieves certain results, receives recognition from others, moves up the career ladder, raises his status, and has the opportunity to do what he loves. Managers must use both factors simultaneously - the hygiene factor and the motivation factor, creating such working conditions so that the employee does not experience dissatisfaction.

If an employee can achieve results, get recognition, find interest, move up the career ladder, then he will work with maximum efficiency. True, Herzberg has another theory called KITA (a kick in the ass - a kick in the ass). This theory says that the easiest way to get a person to work is to give him KITA, because improving hygiene (increasing salaries, working conditions, providing additional benefits - pensions, paid vacations, etc.) does not provide a lasting effect of motivation. Motivation depends on the efficiency of using workers, not how they are treated.

The main schools of Western sociology of labor (F. Taylor, E. Mayo, B. Skinner).Sociology of labor(in the developed countries of the West it is often referred to as industrial sociology) began to develop in the 20-30s. 20th century Exploring the problems associated with the social essence of labor, industrial sociology makes social and labor relations an important object of analysis. One of the well-known contemporary American sociologists, F. Herzberg, believes that Western sociology has analyzed the three most important approaches to studying and regulating the production behavior of workers.

First approach - scientific management, based on the one developed at the beginning of the 20th century. theories of the American engineer Fred Taylor (1856-1915). According to the theory, the efficiency of human labor increases due to the reduction of the production task to the simplest operations that do not require complex labor skills. Piecework, piece-rate, progressive-bonus systems of remuneration caused an increase in labor productivity even of older and lazy workers. Timekeeping of work operations in order to save movements and simplify labor functions, a detailed description of each operation, thorough briefing, hourly pay and a system of bonuses (large bonuses from the profits of enterprises, usually received once or twice a year for success in work), assembly lines - all this scientific organization of production is widely and successfully used in industry to this day.

Taylor Frederick Winslow is an outstanding American researcher and manager-practitioner, who laid the foundation for the scientific organization of labor and rationalization in the field of management, the founder of management, a representative of the scientific school of management. From 1890 to 1893, Taylor, general manager of the Manufacture Investment Company in Philadelphia, owner of paper presses in Maine and Wisconsin, organized his own management consulting business, the first in the history of management. In 1906, Taylor became president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and in 1911 established the Society for the Promotion of Scientific Management (later it became known as the Taylor Society). Since 1895, Taylor began his world-famous research on the organization of work.

Taylor died March 21, 1915 in Philadelphia from pneumonia. There is an inscription on his tombstone: "Father of scientific management." Since 1895, Taylor began his world-famous research on the organization of work. He is the creator of production planning as a discipline. Taylor researched the factors that affect productivity and the methods of rational organization of working time. Based on the analysis of thousands of experiments, recommendations were formulated for organizing industrial production and for training personnel. F. Taylor put forward the idea of ​​narrow specialization, singled out planning as the most important element in the organization of production, and believed that professional managers should be involved in production planning.

Main labor- "Principles of Scientific Management", 1911.

The beginning of the second approach of sociology to the regulation of the production behavior of workers was carried out in the 20-30s. 20th century American scientist Elton Mayo (1880-1949) famous Hawthorne experiments at the Western Electric Company near Chicago. Studying the influence of various factors on increasing the efficiency of production (conditions and organization of labor, wages, interpersonal relationships and leadership style, etc.), Elton Mayo showed the role of the human and group factors.

In the concept of “human relations”, Elton Mayo focuses, firstly, on the fact that a person is a social animal, oriented and included in the context of group behavior; secondly, a rigid hierarchy of subordination and bureaucratic organization are incompatible with the nature of man and his freedom; third, industry leaders should focus more on people than on products. This ensures the social stability of society and job satisfaction for the individual. The second approach is called human relations management. It is from this second approach that American industrial sociology began. In modern conditions, within its limits, important problems of labor are being investigated and practically developed.

Mayo Elton- American psychologist, founder of the school of human relations in management, professor of industrial sociology at Harvard University, then professor of industrial studies at the Graduate School of Business and Administration. He received a philosophical medical education in the UK, then a financial education in the USA. He directed a number of research projects and experiments, including Philadelphia and Hawthorne. He founded the movement "for the development of human relations."

One of the founders of the school of human relations. He put forward the idea of ​​humanizing labor in an industrial enterprise. He laid the foundations of the model of organization as a community, while considering as its most important function the function of meeting the social needs of a person in the conditions of the crisis of American society, the breakup of the family, and the decline of the role of traditional social institutions. He drew attention to the social nature of man (based on the thesis of man as a social animal), as well as the importance of a small group, leadership and informal organization in the regulation of human behavior.

He proposed to focus in management on stimulating the motivation and interest of the employee in the content of the activity. He questioned the universality of the role of monetary reward as a motive for activity. He emphasized the importance of the intellectualization of executive functions, the maximum possible use of rich human potential, and self-organization.

Hawthorne experiments- a working group led by E. Mayo at the Hawthorne factories near Chicago in 1927-1932. conducted experiments to study the impact of various technical and social factors on labor productivity; Initially, the aim of the study was to identify the relationship between the level of illumination of the workplace and the level of productivity.

Hawthorne Works- the plant of the Western Electric Company in Chicago, telephone equipment was assembled at these plants; the number of workers was 25 thousand people; in 1983 the company was closed.

The third approach to regulating the production behavior of workers is associated with the name of the American sociologist Burres Frederick Skinner and is called situational management. Here material social incentive factors are used. The remuneration for work is carefully linked to the achievement of specific goals in the labor process, and the main concern of the manager was to evaluate the performance of the employee and subsidize material and moral incentives.

The needs of the individual (need) is the so-called source of personal activity, because it is the needs of a person that are his motivating reason for actions in a certain way, forcing him to move in the right direction. Thus, need or need is such a personal state in which the dependence of subjects on certain situations or conditions of existence is revealed.

Personal activity is manifested only in the process of satisfying its needs, which are formed during the upbringing of the individual, introducing him to public culture. In its primary biological manifestation, necessity is nothing but a certain state of the organism, expressing its objective need (desire) for something. Thus, the system of needs of the individual directly depends on the lifestyle of the individual, the interaction between the environment and the sphere of its use. From the standpoint of neurophysiology, need means the formation of some kind of dominant, i.e. the appearance of excitation of special brain cells, characterized by stability and regulating the required behavioral actions.

Types of personality needs

Human needs are quite diverse and today there is a huge variety of their classifications. However, in modern psychology, there are two main classifications of types of needs. In the first classification, needs (needs) are divided into material (biological), spiritual (ideal) and social.

The realization of material or biological needs is connected with the individual species existence of the individual. These include - the need for food, sleep, clothing, security, home, intimate desires. Those. need (need), which is due to biological need.

Spiritual or ideal needs are expressed in the knowledge of the world that surrounds, the meaning of existence, self-realization and self-respect.

The desire of the individual to belong to any social group, as well as the need for human recognition, leadership, dominance, self-affirmation, attachment of others in love and respect, is reflected in social needs. All these needs are divided into important types of activity:

• labor, work - the need for knowledge, creation and creation;

• development - the need for training, self-realization;

• social communication - spiritual and moral needs.

The needs or needs described above have a social orientation, therefore they are called sociogenic or social.

In another type of classification, all needs are divided into two types: need or need for growth (development) and conservation.

The need for preservation combines such needs (needs) - physiological: sleep, intimate desires, hunger, etc. These are the basic needs of the individual. Without their satisfaction, the individual is simply not able to survive. Further the need for security and preservation; abundance - the comprehensiveness of the satisfaction of natural needs; material needs and biological.

The need for growth combines the following: the desire for love and respect; self-actualization; self-respect; knowledge, including life meaning; needs for sensual (emotional) contact; social and spiritual (ideal) needs. The above classifications make it possible to highlight the more significant needs of the subject's practical behavior.

OH. Maslow put forward the concept of a systematic approach to the study of the psychology of the personality of subjects, based on the model of personality needs in the form of a pyramid. Hierarchy of personality needs according to A.Kh. Maslow is the behavior of an individual, directly dependent on the satisfaction of any of his needs. This means that the needs at the top of the hierarchy (realization of goals, self-development) guide the behavior of the individual to the extent that his needs at the very bottom of the pyramid are satisfied (thirst, hunger, intimate desires, etc.).

There are also potential (non-actualized) needs and actualized ones. The main driver of personal activity is the internal conflict (contradiction) between the internal conditions of existence and external ones.

All types of needs of the individual, located on the upper levels of the hierarchy, have a different level of severity in different people, but without society, no person can exist. A subject can become a full-fledged personality only when he satisfies his need for self-actualization.

Social needs of the individual

This is a special kind of human need. It consists in the need to have everything necessary for the existence and life of an individual, any social group, society as a whole. This is an internal motivating factor of activity.

Public needs are people's need for work, social activity, culture, and spiritual life. Needs created by society are those needs that are the basis of social life. Without motivating factors for meeting needs, production and progress in general are impossible.

Also, social needs include the needs associated with the desire to form a family, joining various social groups, teams, with various areas of production (non-production) activities, the existence of society as a whole. Conditions, factors of the external environment that surround the individual in the course of his life, not only contribute to the emergence of needs, but also form opportunities to satisfy them. In human life and the hierarchy of needs, social needs play one of the defining roles. The existence of an individual in society and through it is the central area of ​​manifestation of the essence of man, the main condition for the realization of all other needs - biological and spiritual.

They classify social needs according to three criteria: the needs of others, their own needs, and joint needs.

The needs of others (needs for others) are the needs that express the generic basis of the individual. It consists in the need for communication, protection of the weak. Altruism is one of the expressed needs for others, the need to sacrifice one's own interests for others. Altruism is realized only through the victory over egoism. That is, the need “for oneself” must be transformed into the need “for others”.

Own need (need for oneself) is expressed in self-affirmation in society, self-realization, self-identification, in the need to take one’s place in society and the team, the desire for power, etc. Such needs, therefore, are social, which cannot exist without needs “for others ". Only through doing something for others, it is possible to realize their desires. Take any position in society, i.e. to achieve recognition for oneself is much easier to do without hurting the interests and claims of other members of society. The most effective way of realizing one's egoistic desires will be one that contains a share of compensation in the movement to satisfy the claims of other people, those who can claim the same role or the same place, but can be satisfied with less.

Joint needs (needs "together with others") - express the motivating power of many people at the same time or society as a whole. For example, the need for security, freedom, peace, change in the existing political system, etc.

Needs and motives of the individual

The main condition for the life of organisms is the presence of their activity. In animals, activity is manifested in instincts. But human behavior is much more complicated and is determined by the presence of two factors: regulatory and incentive, i.e. motives and needs.

The motives and system of needs of the individual have their own main features. If a need is a need (deficiency), the need for something and the need to eliminate something that is in excess, then the motive is a pusher. Those. the need creates a state of activity, and the motive gives it a direction, pushes the activity in the required direction. Necessity or necessity, first of all, is felt by a person as a state of tension inside, or manifests itself as reflections, dreams. This encourages the individual to search for the object of need, but does not give direction to activities to satisfy it.

The motive, in turn, is the motivating reason for achieving the desired or, conversely, avoiding it, to carry out activities or not. Motives can be accompanied by positive or negative emotions. Satisfaction of needs always leads to the removal of tension, the need disappears, but after a while it may arise again. With motives, the opposite is true. The goal and the motive itself do not coincide. Because the goal is where or what a person aspires to, and the motive is the reason for which he aspires.

Goals can be set for a variety of reasons. But it is also possible that the motive shifts to the goal. This means the transformation of the motive of activity directly into a motive. For example, a student first learns lessons because his parents force him to, but then interest awakens and he begins to study for the sake of studying. Those. it turns out that the motive is an internal psychological stimulus of behavior or actions, which is stable and encourages the individual to carry out activities, giving it meaning. A need is an internal state of feeling of need, which expresses the dependence of a person or animals on certain conditions of existence.

Needs and interests of the individual

The category of needs is inextricably linked with the category of interests. Interests are always based on needs. Interest is an expression of the purposeful attitude of an individual to any kind of his needs.

The interest of a person is not so much directed precisely at the subject of need, but rather at such social factors that make this subject more accessible, mainly these are the various benefits of civilization (material or spiritual), which ensure the satisfaction of such needs. Interests are also determined by the specific position of people in society, the position of social groups and are the most powerful incentives for any activity.

Interests can also be classified depending on the direction or the bearer of these interests. The first group includes social, spiritual and political interests. To the second - the interests of society as a whole, group and individual interests.

The interests of the individual express its orientation, which largely determines its path and the nature of any activity.

In its general manifestation, interest can be called the true cause of social and personal actions, events, which stands directly behind the motives - the motives of individuals participating in these very actions. Interest can be objective and objective social, conscious, realizable.

An objectively effective and optimal way to meet needs is called objective interest. Such an interest is of an objective nature, does not depend on the consciousness of the individual.

An objectively effective and optimal way to meet the needs of public space is called an objective social interest. For example, there are a lot of stalls and shops in the market, and there is definitely an optimal path to the best and cheapest product. This will be a manifestation of objective social interest. There are many ways to make various purchases, but among them there will definitely be one that is objectively optimal for a particular situation.

The ideas of the subject of activity about how to better satisfy their needs is called conscious interest. Such interest may coincide with the objective one or differ slightly, or it may have an absolutely opposite direction. The immediate cause of almost all the actions of subjects is precisely the interest of a conscious nature. Such interest is based on the personal experience of a person. The path that a person goes to meet the needs of the individual is called realizable interest. It can completely coincide with the interest of a conscious nature, or absolutely contradict it.

There is another kind of interests - this is a product. This variety is both a way to satisfy needs and a way to satisfy them. A product may or may not appear to be the best way to meet a need.

Spiritual needs of the individual

The spiritual needs of the individual is a directed striving for self-realization, expressed through creativity or through other activities.

There are 3 aspects of the term spiritual needs of the individual:

• The first aspect is the desire to master the results of spiritual productivity. It includes familiarization with art, culture, science.

• The second aspect lies in the forms of expression of needs in the material order and social relations in today's society.

• The third aspect is the harmonious development of the individual.

Any spiritual needs are represented by a person's internal motivations for his spiritual manifestation, creativity, creation, creation of spiritual values ​​and their consumption, for spiritual communications (communication). They are caused by the inner world of the individual, the desire to withdraw into oneself, to focus on what is not related to social and physiological needs. These needs encourage people to engage in art, religion, culture, not in order to satisfy their physiological and social needs, but in order to understand the meaning of existence. Their hallmark is insatiability. For the more internal needs are satisfied, the more intense and stable they become.

There are no limits to the progressive growth of spiritual needs. The limitation of such growth and development can only be the amount of wealth of a spiritual nature accumulated earlier by mankind, the strength of the desires of the individual to participate in their work and his capabilities. The main features that distinguish spiritual needs from material ones:

• needs of a spiritual nature arise in the mind of the individual;

• needs of a spiritual nature are inherently necessary, and the level of freedom in choosing ways and means to satisfy such needs is much higher than that of material ones;

• the satisfaction of most needs of a spiritual nature is connected mainly with the amount of free time;

• in such needs, the connection between the object of need and the subject is characterized by a certain degree of disinterestedness;

• the process of meeting the needs of a spiritual nature has no boundaries.

Yu. Sharov singled out a detailed classification of spiritual needs: the need for labor activity; the need for communication aesthetic and moral needs; scientific and educational needs; the need for recovery; military duty. One of the most important spiritual needs of a person is knowledge. The future of any society depends on the spiritual foundation that will be developed among today's youth.

Psychological needs of the individual

The psychological needs of an individual are those needs that are not reduced to bodily needs, but do not even reach the level of spiritual ones. Such needs usually include the need for affiliation, communication, etc.

The need for communication in children is not an innate need. It is formed through the activity of surrounding adults. Usually actively begins to manifest itself by two months of life. Adolescents, on the other hand, are convinced that their need for communication brings them the opportunity to actively use adults. Insufficient satisfaction of the need for communication has a detrimental effect on adults. They immerse themselves in negative emotions. The need for acceptance lies in the desire of an individual to be accepted by another person by a group of people or by society as a whole. Such a need often pushes a person to violate generally accepted norms and can lead to antisocial behavior.

Among the psychological needs, the basic needs of the individual are distinguished. These are needs that, if not met, young children will not be able to fully develop. They seem to stop in their development and become more prone to certain diseases than their peers, in whom such needs are satisfied. So, for example, if the baby is regularly fed, but grows up without proper communication with the parents, his development may be delayed.

The basic needs of the personality of adults of a psychological nature are divided into 4 groups: autonomy - the need for independence, independence; need for competence; the need for meaningful interpersonal relationships for the individual; the need to be a member of a social group, to feel loved. This also includes a sense of self-worth, and a need for recognition by others. In cases of non-satisfaction of basic physiological needs, the physical health of the individual suffers, and in cases of non-satisfaction of basic psychological needs, the spirit (psychological health) suffers.

Motivation and needs of the individual

Motivational processes of an individual have in themselves the direction of achieving or, conversely, avoiding the set goals, to realize a certain activity or not. Such processes are accompanied by various emotions, both positive and negative, for example, joy, fear. Also, during such processes, some psychophysiological stress appears. This means that motivational processes are accompanied by a state of excitement or agitation, and there may also be a feeling of decline or a surge of strength.

On the one hand, the regulation of mental processes that affect the direction of activity and the amount of energy needed to perform this very activity is called motivation. And on the other hand, motivation is still a certain set of motives, which gives direction to the activity and the very internal process of motivation. Motivational processes directly explain the choice between different options for action, but which have equally attractive goals. It is motivation that affects perseverance and perseverance, with the help of which an individual achieves his goals, overcomes obstacles.

A logical explanation of the causes of actions or behavior is called motivation. Motivation may be different from real motives or consciously applied in order to disguise them.

Motivation is quite closely related to the needs and needs of the individual, because it appears when desires (needs) or a lack of something arise. Motivation is the initial stage of physical and mental activity of an individual. Those. it is a kind of motivation to produce actions by a certain motive or process of choosing reasons for a particular line of activity.

It should always be borne in mind that completely similar, at first glance, actions or actions of the subject can be completely different reasons, i.e. their motivation may be very different.

Motivation can be external (extrinsic) or internal (intrinsic). The first is not related to the content of a particular activity, but is due to external conditions relative to the subject. The second is directly related to the content of the activity process. A distinction is also made between negative and positive motivation. Motivation based on positive messages is called positive. And motivation, which is based on negative messages, is called, respectively, negative. For example, a positive motivation would be - "if I behave well, then they will buy me ice cream", a negative one - "if I behave well, then they will not punish me."

Motivation can be individual, i.e. aimed at maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of his body. For example, avoidance of pain, thirst, the desire to maintain an optimal temperature, hunger, etc. It can also be group. It includes caring for children, searching for and choosing one's place in the social hierarchy, etc. Cognitive motivational processes include various gaming and research activities.

Basic needs of the individual

The basic (leading) needs of the needs of the individual can differ not only in content, but also in terms of the level of conditioning by society. Regardless of gender or age, as well as social class, every person has basic needs. A. Maslow described them in more detail in his work. He proposed a theory based on the principle of hierarchical structure ("Hierarchy of Personal Needs" according to Maslow). Those. Some needs of the individual are primary in relation to others. For example, if a person is thirsty or hungry, he will not really care whether his neighbor respects him or not. Maslow called the absence of an object of need scarce or scarce needs. Those. in the absence of food (an object of need), a person will strive by any means to make up for such a deficit in any way possible for him.

Basic needs are divided into 6 groups:

1. These include primarily physical need, which includes the need for food, drink, air, sleep. This also includes the need of the individual in close communication with subjects of the opposite sex (intimate relationships).

2. The need for praise, trust, love, etc. is called emotional needs.

3. The need for friendship, respect in a team or other social group is called a social need.

4. The need to get answers to the questions posed, to satisfy curiosity are called intellectual needs.

5. Belief in divine authority or simply the need to believe is called a spiritual need. Such needs help people find peace, experience trouble, etc.

6. The need for self-expression through creativity is called creative need (needs).

All of the listed needs of the individual are part of each person. Satisfaction of all basic needs, desires, needs of a person contributes to his health and positive attitude in all his actions. All basic needs necessarily have a cyclical process, direction and tension. All needs in the processes of their satisfaction are fixed. Initially, the satisfied basic need temporarily subsides (extinguishes) in order to emerge with even greater intensity over time.

Needs that are expressed more weakly, but repeatedly satisfied, gradually become more stable. There is a certain pattern in fixing needs - the more diverse the means used to fix needs, the more firmly they are fixed. In this case, the needs become the basis of behavioral actions.

Need determines the entire adaptive mechanism of the psyche. The objects of reality are reflected as probable obstacles or conditions for meeting needs. Therefore, any basic need is equipped with peculiar effectors and detectors. The emergence of basic needs and their actualization directs the psyche to determine the corresponding goals.

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1 The concept of social needs

Social needs are a special kind of human needs. Needs, the need for something necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism of the human person, social group, society as a whole; internal motivator. There are two types of needs: natural and socially created.

Natural needs are the daily needs of a person for food, clothing, shelter, etc.

Social needs are the needs of a person in labor activity, socio-economic activity, spiritual culture, that is, in everything that is a product of social life.

Natural needs are the basis on which social needs arise, develop and are satisfied. Needs act as the main motive that prompts the subject of activity to real activity aimed at creating conditions and means to meet his needs, i.e. to production activities. Without needs, there is not and cannot be production. They are the initial stimulus of a person to activity, they express the dependence of the subject of activity on the outside world. Needs exist as objective and subjective connections, as inclinations to the object of need. Social needs include the needs associated with the inclusion of the individual in the family, in numerous social groups and collectives, in various areas of production and non-production activities, in the life of society as a whole.

Social needs are an expression of the objective patterns of development of certain spheres of human life and society. The conditions surrounding a person not only give rise to needs, but also create opportunities for their satisfaction.

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In a broad sense, needs are defined as a source of activity and a form of communication between a living organism and the outside world.

The social needs of a person are the desires and aspirations inherent as a representative of the human race.

Humanity is a social system, outside of which the development of the individual is impossible. A person is always part of a community of people. Realizing social aspirations and desires, it develops and manifests itself as.

Belonging to a human society determines the emergence of human social needs. They are experienced as desires, drives, aspirations, brightly colored emotionally. They form the motives of activity and determine the direction of behavior, replace each other as some desires are realized and others are actualized.

Biological desires and the nature of people are expressed in the need to maintain vital activity and the optimal level of functioning of the body. This is achieved by satisfying the need for something. People, like animals, have a special form of satisfying all kinds of biological needs - unconscious instincts.

The question of the nature of needs remains debatable in the scientific community. Some scientists reject the social nature of desires and drives, others ignore the biological basis.

Types of social needs

Social aspirations, desires, inclinations are conditioned by people's belonging to society and are satisfied only in it.

1. "For oneself": self-identification, self-affirmation, power, recognition.
2. "For others": altruism, gratuitous help, protection, friendship, love.
3. "Together with others": peace on Earth, justice, rights and freedoms, independence.

• Self-identification consists in the desire to be similar, similar to a particular person, image or ideal. The child identifies with the parent of the same gender and is aware of being a boy/girl. The need for self-identification is periodically updated in the process of life, when a person becomes a schoolboy, student, specialist, parent, and so on.
• Self-affirmation is necessary, and it is expressed in the realization of potential, well-deserved respect among people and the affirmation of oneself as a professional in one's favorite business. Also, many people strive for power and vocation among people for their own personal purposes, for themselves.
• Altruism is gratuitous help, even to the detriment of one's own interests, prosocial behavior. A person cares about the other individual as about himself.
• Unfortunately, selfless friendship is a rarity these days. A true friend is valuable. Friendship should be disinterested, not for the sake of profit, but because of the mutual disposition towards each other.
• Love is the strongest desire of each of us. As a special feeling and type of interpersonal relationship, it is identified with happiness. It is difficult to overestimate her. This is the reason for the creation of families and the appearance of new people on Earth. The vast majority of psychological and physical problems from unsatisfied, unrequited, unhappy love. Each of us wants to love and be loved and have a family. Love is the most powerful stimulus for personal growth, it inspires and inspires. The love of children for parents and parents for children, love between a man and a woman, for one's business, work, city, country, for all people and the whole world, for life, for oneself is the foundation for the development of a harmonious, holistic personality. When a person loves and is loved, he becomes the creator of his life. Love fills it with meaning.

Each of us on Earth has universal human social desires. All people, regardless of nationality and religion, want peace, not war; respect for their rights and freedoms, not enslavement.

Justice, morality, independence, humanity are universal values. Everyone wants them for themselves, their loved ones, humanity as a whole.

While realizing your personal aspirations and desires, you must also remember about the people around you. By harming nature and society, people harm themselves.

Classification of social needs

In psychology, several dozens of different classifications of needs have been developed. The most general classification defines two types of desires:

1. Primary or congenital:

• biological or material needs (food, water, sleep, and others);
• existential (security and confidence in the future).

2. Secondary or acquired:

• social needs (for belonging, communication, interaction, love, and others);
• prestigious (respect, self-respect);
• spiritual (self-realization, self-expression, creative activity).

The most famous classification of social needs was developed by A. Maslow and is known as the "Pyramid of Needs".

This is a hierarchy of human aspirations from the lowest to the highest:

1. physiological (food, sleep, carnal and others);
2. need for security (housing, property, stability);
3. social (love, friendship, family, belonging);
4. respect and recognition of the individual (both by other people and by oneself);
5. self-actualization (self-realization, harmony, happiness).

As can be seen, these two classifications equally define social needs as desires for love and belonging.

The Importance of Social Needs

Natural physiological and material desires are always paramount, since the possibility of survival depends on them.

The social needs of a person are assigned a secondary role, they follow the physiological ones, but are more significant for the human personality.

Examples of such significance can be observed when a person is in need, giving preference to the satisfaction of a secondary need: a student, instead of sleeping, is preparing for an exam; the mother forgets to eat when caring for the baby; a man endures physical pain, wanting to impress a woman.

A person strives for activity in society, socially useful work, establishing positive interpersonal relationships, wants to be recognized and successful in the social environment. It is necessary to satisfy these desires for successful coexistence with other people in society.

Such social needs as friendship, love, and family are of unconditional significance.

On the example of the relationship between the social need of people in love with the physiological necessity of carnal relations and with the instinct of procreation, one can understand how interdependent and connected these attractions are.

The instinct of procreation is complemented by care, tenderness, respect, mutual understanding, common interests, love arises.

Personality is not formed outside of society, without communication and interaction with people, without meeting social needs.

Examples of children raised by animals (there have been several such incidents in the history of mankind) are a vivid confirmation of the importance of love, communication, and society. Such children, having got into the human community, could not become its full-fledged members. When a person experiences only primary attractions, he becomes like an animal and actually becomes one.