Aeneas mythology. G.V. Nosovsky, A.T. Fomenko the beginning of Horde Rus. foundation of rome. after christ. Trojan War. The myth of the founding of Rome

A.A. Neihardt

Aeneas

Based on the poem of the Roman poet Publius Maron Virgil (I century BC) "Aeneid" and "Roman history from the founding of the city" by Titus Livy (59 BC - 17 AD).

The powerful and beautiful wife of the Thunderer Jupiter, the goddess Juno, has long hated the Trojans for the indelible insult inflicted on her by Prince Paris: he awarded the golden apple not to her, the mistress of the gods, but to the goddess Venus. In addition to this insult, Juno knew about the prediction that promised her beloved city of Carthage, rich and glorious for its valor, which she herself patronized, death from the descendants of the Trojans who escaped from Troy destroyed by the Greeks. And besides, the Trojan Aeneas, who became the head of the surviving inhabitants of Troy, was the son of Venus, who shamed Juno in the dispute of the goddesses for the title of the most beautiful. Overwhelmed by the desire to avenge old grievances and prevent future ones, the goddess Juno rushed to the island of Aeolia, the homeland of clouds and fogs. There, in a vast cave, the king of the winds, Eolus, held in heavy chains "internecine winds and thunderous storms." She began to ask Eol to unleash the winds and sink the ships of the Trojans in a terrible storm. Eol obediently complied with the request of the great goddess. He struck the wall of the huge cave of winds with his trident, and all of them rushed into the open sea with a roar and howl, raising waves high, pushing them against each other, catching menacing clouds from everywhere, circling and scattering the ships of the Trojans like pitiful chips. Aeneas, horrified, watched his comrades in arms perish, as the Trojan ships disappeared one after another in the seething abyss. Occasionally, drowning swimmers, torn sails, and shipboards appeared on the surface of the waves. And all this was absorbed by the sea abyss without a trace. Three ships were thrown into the shallows by a huge wave, and fragments of oars, masts and corpses of Trojans were covered with sand, three were thrown onto coastal rocks. The ruler of the seas, Neptune, disturbed by a furious storm that broke out without his knowledge, rising to the surface and seeing the ships of Aeneas scattered over the waves, realized that these were the intrigues of Juno. With a powerful blow of the trident, he tamed the fury of the waves and the frenzy of the winds, and with a formidable cry: "Here I am!" - ordered them to immediately return to the cave to Eol. Neptune himself, racing through the waves in a chariot drawn by hippocampi, calmed the agitated surface of the sea, with his trident removed the ships that had settled in them from the rocks, carefully moved the rest from the shallows and ordered the waves to drive the Trojan ships to the coast of Africa. Here stood the magnificent city of Carthage, founded by Queen Dido, who fled from Sidon, where she suffered a heavy grief - her beloved husband Sykhei was treacherously killed near the altar by her own brother. The Trojans, led by Aeneas, landed on the shore, warmly greeted by the inhabitants of Carthage. The beautiful Dido hospitably opened the doors of her magnificent palace for them.

At a feast arranged in honor of the escaped Trojans, at the request of Dido, Aeneas began to talk about the capture of Troy by the Greeks thanks to the cunning of King Odysseus, the destruction of the ancient stronghold of the Trojans, and his flight from the city engulfed in fire at the command of the shadow of Hector, who appeared to Aeneas in a prophetic dream on the night of the insidious attack of the Greeks on the sleeping Trojans. The shadow of Hector ordered Aeneas to save the Trojan penates from the enemies and bring her father out of the city - the aged Anchises and the little son Askania-Yul. Aeneas passionately painted to the excited Dido a terrible picture of a night battle in a city captured by enemies. Aeneas woke up from groans and the ringing of weapons that he heard through a dream. Having climbed onto the roof of the house, he understood the meaning of the destructive gift of the Danaans (Greeks), and also understood the terrible meaning of his dream. Seized with rage, Aeneas gathered young soldiers around him and rushed at their head to a detachment of Greeks. Having exterminated the enemies, the Trojans put on the armor of the Greeks and destroyed many, misled by this cunning. However, the fire flared up more and more, the streets were covered with blood, the corpses lay on the steps of temples, on the doorsteps of houses. Crying, cries for help, clash of weapons, cries of women and children - what could be worse! The flames of the conflagration, pulling out bloody scenes of murder and violence from the darkness of the night, aggravated the horror and confusion of the survivors. Aeneas, throwing on a lion's skin, put on the shoulders of his father Anchises, who did not have the strength to walk, took little Ascanius by the hand. Together with his wife Creusa and several servants, he made his way to the gate and left the dying city. When they all reached the temple of Ceres, which stood far away on a hill, Aeneas noticed that Creusa was not among them. In desperation, leaving his companions in a safe place, he again made his way to Troy. There Aeneas saw a terrible picture of complete defeat. Both his own dwelling and Priam's palace were sacked and set on fire by the Greeks. Women and children stood humbly, awaiting their fate, in the temple of Juno were stacked treasures plundered by the Greeks in sanctuaries and palaces. Wandering among the burnt ruins, Aeneas tirelessly called on Creusa, hoping that she would respond. He decided that his wife got lost in the dark or simply fell behind on the way. Unexpectedly, the shadow of his wife appeared before Aeneas and quietly asked not to grieve for her, since the kingdom in a foreign land was destined for him by the gods, and his wife should be of a royal family. Creusa, looking at Aeneas with tenderness, bequeathed to him the care of her little son. Aeneas tried in vain to hold her in his arms; it dissipated in the air like a light mist.

Aeneas, immersed in grief, did not notice how he left the city and reached the agreed place where his loved ones were waiting. Raising the old Anchises on his mighty shoulders again and taking his son by the hand, Aeneas went to the mountains, where he had to hide for a long time. He was joined by those of the Trojans who managed to escape from the ruined city. Having built ships under the leadership of Aeneas, they sailed unnoticed from their native shores, leaving their homeland forever. Aeneas wandered for a long time through the stormy expanses of the ever-noisy sea with his companions. Their ships passed the numerous islands of the Aegean Sea and, with a fair wind, landed on the shores of the island of Delos, where the famous sanctuary of Apollo was located. There, Aeneas turned with prayers to the bright god, begging to grant the unfortunate Trojans a new homeland, a city and sanctuaries where they could end their difficult wanderings. In response, shaking the temple and the mountains surrounding it, the curtains opened up in front of the statue of Apollo and the voice of God foretold that the Trojans would find the land from which they originate and build a city in it, where Aeneas and his descendants would be rulers. And all peoples and lands will subsequently submit to this city. Delighted by the prediction, the Trojans began to wonder what kind of land Apollo intended for them. Wise Anchises, knowing that the Cretan Tevkr was considered the founder of sacred Troy, decided to send Trojan ships to the shores of Crete. But when they arrived on the island, a plague broke out in Crete. Aeneas and his companions had to flee from there. In dismay, Anchises decided to return to Delos again and turn to Apollo again. But the gods revealed to Aeneas in a dream that the true ancestral home of the Trojans is in Italy, which the Greeks call Hesperia, and that it is there that he should send his ships. And here again the Trojans trusted the waves of the sea. They saw many miracles, they managed to avoid many dangers. With difficulty they passed the predatory jaws of Scylla and the whirlpools of Charybdis, made their way past the dangerous coast inhabited by evil cyclops, escaped the ferocity of the monstrous harpies, and finally saw the terrible eruption of Mount Etna, this "mother of horrors". Having dropped anchor off the coast of Sicily to give rest to his companions, Aeneas suffered a terrible loss here - the elder Anchis, his father, could not bear all the hardships of endless wanderings. His suffering is over. Aeneas buried him on Sicilian soil, and he, trying to get to Italy, was, thanks to the machinations of the goddess Juno, abandoned to the shores of Africa.

With excitement, Queen Dido listened to the story of Aeneas. And when the feast ended and everyone dispersed, she could not distract her thoughts from the beautiful courageous stranger, with such simplicity and dignity
who told her about his sufferings and misadventures. His voice sounded in her ears, she saw the high forehead and the clear, firm gaze of a guest of noble birth and adorned with valor. None of the many leaders - Libyans and Numidians, who offered her to marry after the death of her husband, did not evoke such feelings in her soul. Of course, Dido could not know that this sudden passion that seized her was inspired by her mother Aeneas, the goddess Venus. Unable to fight the feelings that flooded over her, Dido decided to confess everything to her sister, who began to convince the queen not to resist this love, not to wither alone, gradually losing her youth and beauty, but to marry her chosen one. After all, it was no accident that the gods drove the Trojan ships to Carthage - apparently, this is their will. Tormented by passion and doubt, Dido then took Aeneas around Carthage with her, showing him all the wealth of the city. his abundance and power, then arranged magnificent games and hunts, then again invited him to feasts and listened to his speeches, not taking her flaming gaze from the narrator. Dido was especially attached to the son of Aeneas, Ascanius-Yul, because he vividly reminded her of her father both in posture and in his face. The boy was brave, took part in the hunt with pleasure and bravely galloped on a hot horse in the footsteps of the raised beast.

The goddess Juno, who did not want Aeneas to establish a new kingdom in Italy, decided to detain him in Carthage, betrothing him to Dido. Juno turned to Venus with a proposal to end the enmity of Carthage with Italy by connecting Aeneas and Dido by marriage. Venus, understanding Juno's cunning, agreed with a grin, because she knew that the oracle's prediction would inevitably come true and Aeneas would end up in Italy.

Once again, Dido invited Aeneas to hunt. Both of them, shining with the beauty and splendor of their clothes, reminded those around them of the immortal gods themselves. In the midst of the hunt, a terrible thunderstorm began. Dido and Aeneas took refuge in a cave and here, under the auspices of Juno, they married. Rumors spread everywhere that the beautiful and impregnable queen of Carthage called herself the wife of the Trojan Aeneas, that both, forgetting about the affairs of their kingdoms, think only of love pleasures. But the happiness of Dido and Aeneas was short-lived.

By the will of Jupiter, Mercury rushed to Africa and, finding Aeneas completing the construction of the Carthaginian fortress, began to reproach him for forgetting the instructions of the oracle, for the luxury and pampering of life. Aeneas was tormented for a long time, choosing between love for Dido and a sense of duty to the Trojans who had entrusted their fate to him, who were patiently waiting for their arrival in the homeland promised to them. And the sense of duty won. He ordered the ships to be secretly prepared for departure, still hesitant to tell loving Dido the terrible news of eternal separation. But Dido herself guessed this, having learned about the preparations of the Trojans. Like a mad woman, she rushed about the city and, burning with anger, reproached Aeneas for black ingratitude and dishonor. She predicted for him a terrible death at sea and on land, regrets for the beloved he had abandoned, an inglorious end. Many bitter words Dido poured out on Aeneas. Calmly, albeit with heartache - for he loved the generous and beautiful queen, - Aeneas answered her. He cannot resist the will of the gods, his native land is there, beyond the sea, and he must take his people and their penates there, otherwise he will truly be dishonest. If here, in Carthage, is his love, then there, in Italy, is his fatherland. And he has no choice. Grief finally clouded the mind of Dido. She ordered that a huge fire be erected from giant trunks of oak and pine and put on top of the weapons of Aeneas, which remained in her bedroom. With her hands, she decorated the fire with flowers, like a funerary structure. Aeneas, fearing that his resolve might be shaken by the tears and suffering of his beloved queen, decided to spend the night on his ship. And, as soon as he closed his eyelids, Mercury appeared to him and warned that the queen planned to prevent the sailing of the Trojan ships. Therefore, you should immediately set off at dawn and go out to the open sea.

Aeneas cut the ropes, gave command to the rowers and brought the ships out of the harbor of Carthage. And Dido, who did not close her eyes, tossing about all night on a luxurious bed, went to the window and in the rays of the morning dawn saw the sails of Aeneas far out to sea. In impotent rage, she began to tear apart her clothes, tore strands of golden hair, shouted out curses to Aeneas, his family and the land to which he aspired. She called on Juno, Hekate, the Furies to witness her dishonor and begged them to ruthlessly avenge the culprit of her suffering. Having made a terrible decision, she climbed onto the fire and plunged the sword of Aeneas into her chest. A terrible cry rang through the palace, the maids sobbed, the slaves screamed, the whole city was seized with confusion. At this moment, Aeneas cast his last glance at the Carthaginian coast. He saw the walls of Dido's palace lit up with flames. He did not know what happened there, but he understood that the queen had done something terrible, equal to her rejected love and outraged pride.

And again the ships of the Trojans fell into a terrible storm, as if the gods heeded the curses of the angry Dido. Aeneas landed on the shores of Sicily and, since the anniversary of the death of his father Anchises, honored his tomb with sacrifices and military games. And then, obeying the will of the gods, he went to the city of Kuma, where the temple of Apollo was located with the Sibyl who prophesied his will. Aeneas went to the mysterious cave where the Sibyl lived.

There she predicted a hard but glorious fate for the leader of the Trojans. Aeneas turned to the Sibyl with a request to help him descend into the underworld and meet with his dead father Anchises. The Sibyl answered Aeneas that the entrance to the underworld is open to everyone, but it is impossible for a mortal to return from there alive. First of all, it was necessary to propitiate the formidable gods of the kingdom. Under the leadership of the Sibyl, Aeneas obtained a sacred golden branch, which should have been presented as a gift to the mistress of the underworld, Proserpina. Then, at the direction of the ancient soothsayer, he performed all the necessary rites and performed sacrifices. Chilling horror sounds were heard - the earth hummed, the sinister dogs of the goddess Hecate howled, and she herself began to open the entrance to the underworld. The Sibyl ordered Aeneas to draw his sword, for the path he intended to follow required a firm hand and a strong heart. Making his way among all sorts of monsters - hydras, chimeras, gorgons, Aeneas directed his faithful sword against them, but the Sibyl explained to him that these were just ghosts of monsters roaming in an empty shell. So they got to the place where the underground river Acheron - a stream muddy with mud flows into the river Cocytus. Here Aeneas saw a bearded, in dirty rags, the carrier of the souls of the dead - Charon, who took some into his boat, and left others on the shore, despite their sobs and pleas. And again the prophetic Sibyl explained to Aeneas that this whole crowd is the souls of the unburied dead, whose bones on earth have not received eternal peace. Seeing the golden branch in the hands of Aeneas, Charon unquestioningly accepted him and the Sibyl into his boat. Lying in a cave on the other side, the three-headed dog Cerberus, rearing the snakes hanging on his necks, began to announce the banks of the gloomy river with a ferocious bark. But the Sibyl threw to him pieces of magical plants mixed with honey. All three mouths of the infernal dog greedily swallowed this delicacy, and the monster, smitten with sleep, sprawled on the ground. Aeneas and the Sibyl jumped ashore. Here the ears of Aeneas were filled with the moans of the innocently executed and the piercing cry of the dead babies. In the myrtle grove, Aeneas saw the shadows of those who died from unhappy love. And suddenly he met Dido face to face with a fresh wound in her chest. Shedding tears, Aeneas vainly prayed to forgive him for the involuntary betrayal that the gods forced him to. Silently, a beautiful shadow departed, turning away from Aeneas, nothing trembled in her pale face. In despair, the noble Aeneas forgot about the purpose of his coming. But the Sibyl firmly led him past the wrought-iron doors of Tartarus, from behind which came groans, heart-rending cries and the sounds of terrible blows. There, in monstrous torment, villains were tormented, guilty of serious crimes against gods and people. Following the Sibyl, Aeneas approached the threshold of the palace of the ruler of the underworld and performed the ceremony of offering a golden branch to Proserpina. And finally, a beautiful country opened before him
with laurel groves, green lawns. And the sounds that filled it spoke of bliss, spilled in the very air, enveloping the hills and meadows of this bright land. Birds chirped, murmuring, transparent streams flowed, magic songs and sonorous strings of Orpheus's lyre were heard. On the banks of the full-flowing Eridan, among the fragrant herbs and flowers, the souls of those who left behind a good reputation on earth spent their days - those who fell in an honest battle for the fatherland, who created goodness and beauty, who brought joy to people - artists, poets, musicians. And in one of the green hollows Aeneas saw his father Anchises. The elder greeted his son with a happy smile and friendly speeches, but no matter how Aeneas tried to hug his dearly beloved father, he slipped out of his hands, like a light dream. Only a gentle look and wise speeches were available to the feelings of Aeneas. In the distance, Aeneas saw the slowly flowing river Lethe. On its shores crowded the souls of heroes who were to appear for the second time in the world of the living. But in order to forget everything that they saw in their former life, they drank the water of Lethe. Among them, Anchises named to Aeneas many of his descendants, who, after he settles in Italy, will erect an eternal city on seven hills and glorify themselves through the ages with the art of "governing the peoples, establishing the customs of the world, sparing the conquered and slaying the recalcitrant." In parting, Anchises gave instructions to Aeneas - where he should land in Italy, how to deal with hostile tribes in order to achieve a lasting victory. So, talking, he led his son to the doors of Elysium, carved from ivory. Aeneas, accompanied by the Sibyl, entered the world of the living and boldly moved towards the trials that awaited him.

His ships quickly reached the mouth of the Tiber River and went upstream, reaching the area called Latium. Here Aeneas and his companions landed on the shore, and the Trojans, like people who had wandered the seas for too long and had not seen real food for a long time, seized the cattle grazing on the shores. The king of this region, Latinus, came with armed soldiers to protect his possessions. But when the troops lined up, ready for battle, Latin called the leader of the aliens for negotiations. And, having listened to the story of the misfortunes of the noble guest and his companions, the king of Latins offered Aeneas his hospitality, and then, having concluded a friendly alliance between the Latins and the Trojans, wished to seal this union with the marriage of Aeneas with the royal daughter Lavinia (this is how the prediction of the unfortunate Creusa, the first wife of Aeneas, was fulfilled). ). But the daughter of Tsar Latina, before the appearance of Aeneas, was betrothed to the leader of the Rutul tribe, the mighty and courageous Turn. This marriage was also wanted by Lavinia's mother, Queen Amata. Incited by the goddess Juno, enraged that Aeneas, against her will, reached Italy, Turn raised the rutuli to fight the strangers. He managed to win over to his side and many Latins. King Latin, enraged by the hostile attitude towards Aeneas, locked himself in his palace.

And again the gods took a direct part in the war that broke out in Latium. Juno was on the side of Turnus, Venus supported Aeneas. The war went on for a long time, many Trojan and Italian heroes perished, including the young Pallas, who defended Aeneas, who was slain by the mighty Turn. In the decisive battle, the advantage was on the side of the soldiers of Aeneas. And when envoys from the Latins came to him with a request to hand over the bodies of those who fell in battle for burial, Aeneas, full of the most friendly intentions, offered to stop the general bloodshed, solving the dispute by his single combat with Turn. After listening to the proposal of Aeneas, conveyed by the ambassadors, Turnus, seeing the weakness of his troops, agreed to a duel with Aeneas.

The next day, the dawn had barely risen, the troops of the Rutuli and Latins, on the one hand, and the Trojans with the allies of Aeneas, on the other, gathered in the valley. Latins and Trojans began to mark the place for the duel. Shining in the sun with their weapons, the warriors surrounded the battlefield with a wall. On a chariot drawn by four horses, the king of Latins arrived, breaking his seclusion for the sake of such an important event. And then Turnn appeared in brilliant armor with two heavy spears in his hands. His white horses swiftly brought the mighty warrior to the battlefield. Even more brilliant was Aeneas in new armor, presented to him by his mother Venus, which was forged at her request by the god Vulcan himself. Numerous spectators did not have time to come to their senses, as both leaders quickly approached and swords rang from powerful blows, shields flashed, with which skillful warriors repelled enemy attacks. Both received minor wounds. And so Thurn, not doubting his power, raised his huge sword high for a decisive blow. But the sword broke against the indestructible shield forged by Vulcan, and Turnus, left unarmed, set off to flee from Aeneas, who was inexorably overtaking him. Five times they ran around the entire battlefield, Turn in despair grabbed a huge stone and threw it at Aeneas. But the stone did not reach the leader of the Trojans. Aeneas, aptly aiming a heavy spear, from a distance threw it at Turna. And although Turnn covered himself with a shield, a powerful throw pierced the scaly shield, and a spear pierced into the hip of the leader of the rutuls. Mighty Turn's knees buckled, he bowed to the ground. There was a desperate cry of the Rutuli, shocked by the defeat of Turn. Approaching the enemy, defeated to the ground, Aeneas was ready to spare him, but suddenly he saw on Turnn's shoulder a bandage that flashed with a familiar pattern, which he had removed from the murdered Pallas, Aeneas' friend. Unbridled anger seized Aeneas, and, not heeding the pleas for mercy, he plunged his sword into the chest of the defeated Turn. Having eliminated his terrible rival, Aeneas married Lavinia and founded the new city of Latium - Lavinia. After the death of King Latinus, Aeneas, who became the head of the kingdom, had to repel the attacks of the powerful Etruscans, who did not want to tolerate the newcomers, who won the glory of valiant and brave warriors. Having made an alliance with the Rutul tribe, the Etruscans decided to put an end to the impudent foreigners and their leader. But the Trojans and Latins, inspired by their courageous king, prevailed in a decisive battle with their enemies. This battle was the last for Aeneas and the last feat accomplished by him. The warriors of Aeneas considered him dead, but many said that he appeared to his companions beautiful, full of strength, in shining armor and said that the gods took him to themselves as their equal. In any case, the people began to revere him under the name of Jupiter

Aeneas

The ruler of the seas, Neptune, disturbed by a furious storm that broke out without his knowledge, rising to the surface and seeing the ships of Aeneas scattered over the waves, realized that these were the intrigues of Juno. With a powerful blow of the trident, he tamed the fury of the waves and the frenzy of the winds, and with a formidable cry: “Here I am!” - ordered them to immediately return to the cave to Eol. Neptune himself, racing through the waves in a chariot drawn by hippocampi, calmed the agitated surface of the sea, with his trident removed the ships that had settled in them from the rocks, carefully moved the rest from the shallows and ordered the waves to drive the Trojan ships to the coast of Africa. Here stood the magnificent city of Carthage, founded by Queen Dido, who fled from Sidon, where she suffered a heavy grief - her beloved husband Sychey was treacherously killed near the altar by her own brother. The Trojans, led by Aeneas, landed on the shore, warmly greeted by the inhabitants of Carthage. The beautiful Dido hospitably opened the doors of her magnificent palace for them.

At a feast arranged in honor of the escaped Trojans, at the request of Dido, Aeneas began to talk about the capture of Troy by the Greeks thanks to the cunning of King Odysseus, the destruction of the ancient stronghold of the Trojans, and his flight from the city engulfed in fire at the command of the shadow of Hector, who appeared to Aeneas in a prophetic dream on the night of the insidious attack of the Greeks on the sleeping Trojans. The shadow of Hector ordered Aeneas to save the Trojan penates from the enemies and bring out of the city his father, the aged Anchises and the little son Askania-Yul. Aeneas passionately painted to the excited Dido a terrible picture of a night battle in a city captured by enemies. Aeneas woke up from groans and the ringing of weapons that he heard through a dream. Having climbed onto the roof of the house, he understood the meaning of the destructive gift of the Danaans (Greeks), and also understood the terrible meaning of his dream. Seized with rage, Aeneas gathered young soldiers around him and rushed at their head to a detachment of Greeks. Having exterminated the enemies, the Trojans put on the armor of the Greeks and destroyed many, misled by this cunning. However, the fire flared up more and more, the streets were covered with blood, the corpses lay on the steps of temples, on the doorsteps of houses. Crying, cries for help, clash of weapons, cries of women and children - what could be worse! The flames of the conflagration, pulling out bloody scenes of murder and violence from the darkness of the night, aggravated the horror and confusion of the survivors. Aeneas, throwing on a lion's skin, put on the shoulders of his father Ankhis, who did not have the strength to walk, took little Ascanius by the hand. Together with his wife Creusa and several servants, he made his way to the gate and left the dying city. When they all reached the temple of Ceres, which stood far away on a hill, Aeneas noticed that Creusa was not among them. In desperation, leaving his companions in a safe place, he again made his way to Troy. There Aeneas saw a terrible picture of complete defeat. Both his own dwelling and Priam's palace were sacked and set on fire by the Greeks. Women and children stood humbly, awaiting their fate, in the temple of Juno were stacked treasures plundered by the Greeks in sanctuaries and palaces. Wandering among the burnt ruins, Aeneas tirelessly called on Creusa, hoping that she would respond. He decided that his wife got lost in the dark or simply fell behind on the way. Unexpectedly, the shadow of his wife appeared before Aeneas and quietly asked not to grieve for her, since the kingdom in a foreign land was destined for him by the gods, and his wife should be of a royal family. Creusa, looking at Aeneas with tenderness, bequeathed to him the care of her little son. Aeneas tried in vain to hold her in his arms; it dissipated in the air like a light mist.

Delighted by the prediction, the Trojans began to wonder what kind of land Apollo intended for them. Wise Anchises, knowing that the Cretan Tevkr was considered the founder of sacred Troy, decided to send Trojan ships to the shores of Crete. But when they arrived on the island, a plague broke out in Crete. Aeneas and his companions had to flee from there. In dismay, Anchises decided to return to Delos again and turn to Apollo again. But the gods revealed to Aeneas in a dream that the true ancestral home of the Trojans is in Italy, which the Greeks call Hesperia, and that it is there that he should send his ships. And here again the Trojans trusted the waves of the sea. They saw many miracles, they managed to avoid many dangers. With difficulty they passed the predatory jaws of Scylla and whirlpools of Charybdis, made their way past the dangerous coast inhabited by evil cyclops, escaped the ferocity of the monstrous harpies, and finally saw the terrible eruption of Mount Etna, this "mother of horrors." Having anchored off the coast of Sicily to give rest to his companions, Aeneas suffered a terrible loss here - the elder Anchises, his father, could not bear all the hardships of endless wanderings. His suffering is over. Aeneas buried him on Sicilian soil, and he, trying to get to Italy, was, thanks to the machinations of the goddess Juno, abandoned to the shores of Africa.

With excitement, Queen Dido listened to the story of Aeneas. And when the feast ended and everyone dispersed, she could not divert her thoughts from the beautiful courageous stranger, who with such simplicity and dignity told her about his sufferings and misadventures. His voice sounded in her ears, she saw the high forehead and the clear, firm gaze of a guest of noble birth and adorned with valor. None of the many leaders - Libyans and Numidians, who offered her to marry after the death of her husband, did not evoke such feelings in her soul. Of course, Dido could not know that this sudden passion that seized her was inspired by her mother Aeneas, the goddess Venus. Unable to fight the feelings that flooded over her, Dido decided to confess everything to her sister, who began to convince the queen not to resist this love, not to wither alone, gradually losing her youth and beauty, but to marry her chosen one. After all, it was no accident that the gods drove the Trojan ships to Carthage - apparently, this is their will.

Tormented by passion and doubts, Dido either took Aeneas with her around Carthage, showing him all the wealth of the city, its abundance and power, then arranged magnificent games and hunts, then again invited him to feasts and listened to his speeches, not taking her eyes off the narrator. Dido was especially attached to the son of Aeneas, Ascanius-Yul, because he vividly reminded her of her father both in posture and in his face. The boy was brave, took part in the hunt with pleasure and bravely galloped on a hot horse in the footsteps of the raised beast.

By the will of Jupiter, Mercury rushed to Africa and, finding Aeneas completing the construction of the Carthaginian fortress, began to reproach him for forgetting the instructions of the oracle, for the luxury and pampering of life. Aeneas was tormented for a long time, choosing between love for Dido and a sense of duty to the Trojans who had entrusted their fate to him, who were patiently waiting for their arrival in the homeland promised to them. And the sense of duty won. He ordered the ships to be secretly prepared for departure, still hesitant to tell loving Dido the terrible news of eternal separation. But Dido herself guessed this, having learned about the preparations of the Trojans. Like a mad woman, she rushed about the city and, burning with anger, reproached Aeneas for black ingratitude and dishonor. She predicted for him a terrible death at sea and on land, regrets for the beloved he had abandoned, an inglorious end. Many bitter words Dido poured out on Aeneas. Calmly, although with heartache - for he loved the generous and beautiful queen, - Aeneas answered her. He cannot resist the will of the gods, his native land is there, beyond the sea, and he must take his people and their penates there, otherwise he will truly be dishonest. If here, in Carthage, is his love, then there, in Italy, is his fatherland. And he has no choice. Grief finally clouded the mind of Dido. She ordered that a huge fire be erected from giant trunks of oak and pine and put on top of the weapons of Aeneas, which remained in her bedroom. With her hands, she decorated the fire with flowers, like a funerary structure. Aeneas, fearing that his resolve might be shaken by the tears and suffering of his beloved queen, decided to spend the night on his ship. And, as soon as he closed his eyelids, Mercury appeared to him and warned that the queen planned to prevent the sailing of the Trojan ships. Therefore, you should immediately set off at dawn and go out to the open sea.

And again the ships of the Trojans fell into a terrible storm, as if the gods heeded the curses of the angry Dido. Aeneas landed on the shores of Sicily and, since the anniversary of the death of his father Anchises, honored his tomb with sacrifices and military games. And then, obeying the will of the gods, he went to the city of Kuma, where there was a temple of Apollo with the Sibyl who prophesied his will. Aeneas went to the mysterious cave where the Sibyl lived.

There she predicted a hard but glorious fate for the leader of the Trojans. Aeneas turned to the Sibyl with a request to help him descend into the underworld and meet with his dead father Anchises. The Sibyl answered Aeneas that the entrance to the underworld is open to everyone, but it is impossible for a mortal to return from there alive. First of all, it was necessary to propitiate the formidable gods of the kingdom. Under the leadership of the Sibyl, Aeneas obtained a sacred golden branch, which should have been presented as a gift to the mistress of the underworld, Proserpina. Then, at the direction of the ancient soothsayer, he performed all the necessary rites and performed sacrifices. Chilling horror sounds were heard - the earth hummed, the ominous dogs of the goddess Hekate howled, and she herself began to open the entrance to the underworld. The Sibyl ordered Aeneas to draw his sword, for the path he intended to follow required a firm hand and a strong heart. Making his way among all sorts of monsters - hydras, chimeras, gorgons, Aeneas directed his faithful sword against them, but the Sibyl explained to him that these were only ghosts of monsters roaming in an empty shell. So they got to the place where the underground river Acheron - a stream muddy with mud - flows into the river Cocytus. Here Aeneas saw a bearded, in dirty rags, the carrier of the souls of the dead - Charon, who took some into his boat, and left others on the shore, despite their sobs and pleas. And again the prophetic Sibyl explained to Aeneas that this whole crowd were the souls of the unburied dead, whose bones on earth did not receive eternal peace. Seeing the golden branch in the hands of Aeneas, Charon unquestioningly accepted him and the Sibyl into his boat. Lying in a cave on the other side, the three-headed dog Cerberus, rearing the snakes hanging on his necks, began to announce the banks of the gloomy river with a ferocious bark. But the Sibyl threw to him pieces of magical plants mixed with honey. All three mouths of the infernal dog greedily swallowed this delicacy, and the monster, smitten with sleep, sprawled on the ground. Aeneas and the Sibyl jumped ashore. Here the ears of Aeneas were filled with the moans of the innocently executed and the piercing cry of the dead babies. In the myrtle grove, Aeneas saw the shadows of those who died from unhappy love. And suddenly he met Dido face to face with a fresh wound in her chest. Shedding tears, Aeneas vainly prayed to forgive him for the involuntary betrayal that the gods forced him to. Silently, a beautiful shadow departed, turning away from Aeneas, nothing trembled in her pale face. In despair, the noble Aeneas forgot about the purpose of his coming. But the Sibyl firmly led him past the wrought-iron doors of Tartarus, from behind which came groans, heart-rending cries and the sounds of terrible blows. There, in monstrous torment, villains were tormented, guilty of serious crimes against gods and people. Following the Sibyl, Aeneas approached the threshold of the palace of the ruler of the underworld and performed the ceremony of offering a golden branch to Proserpina. And finally, a beautiful country with laurel groves and green lawns opened up before him. And the sounds that filled it spoke of bliss, spilled in the very air, enveloping the hills and meadows of this bright land. Birds chirped, murmuring, transparent streams flowed, magic songs and sonorous strings of Orpheus's lyre were heard. On the banks of the full-flowing Eridanus, among the fragrant herbs and flowers, the souls of those who left behind a good reputation on earth spent their days - those who fell in an honest battle for the fatherland, who did good and beauty, who brought joy to people - artists, poets, musicians. And in one of the green hollows Aeneas saw his father Anchises. The elder greeted his son with a happy smile and friendly speeches, but no matter how Aeneas tried to hug his dearly beloved father, he slipped out of his hands, like a light dream. Only a gentle look and wise speeches were available to the feelings of Aeneas. In the distance, Aeneas saw the slowly flowing river Lethe. On its shores crowded the souls of heroes who were to appear for the second time in the world of the living. But in order to forget everything that they saw in their former life, they drank the water of Lethe. Among them, Anchises named to Aeneas many of his descendants, who, after he settles in Italy, will erect an eternal city on seven hills and glorify themselves through the ages with the art of "governing the peoples, establishing the customs of the world, sparing the conquered and fighting the recalcitrant." In parting, Anchises gave Aeneas instructions - where to land in Italy, how to deal with hostile tribes in order to achieve a lasting victory. So, talking, he led his son to the doors of Elysium, carved from ivory. Aeneas, accompanied by the Sibyl, entered the world of the living and boldly moved towards the trials that awaited him.

His ships quickly reached the mouth of the Tiber River and went upstream, reaching the area called Latium. Here Aeneas and his companions landed on the shore, and the Trojans, like people who had wandered the seas for too long and had not seen real food for a long time, seized the cattle grazing on the shores. The king of this region, Latinus, came with armed soldiers to protect his possessions. But when the troops lined up, ready for battle, Latin called the leader of the aliens for negotiations. And, having listened to the story of the misfortunes of the noble guest and his companions, the king of Latins offered Aeneas his hospitality, and then, having concluded a friendly alliance between the Latins and the Trojans, wished to seal this union with the marriage of Aeneas with the royal daughter Lavinia (this is how the prediction of the unfortunate Creusa, the first Aeneas' wife). But the daughter of Tsar Latina, before the appearance of Aeneas, was betrothed to the leader of the Rutul tribe, the mighty and courageous Turn. This marriage was also wanted by Lavinia's mother, Queen Amata. Incited by the goddess Juno, enraged that Aeneas, against her will, reached Italy, Turn raised the rutuli to fight the strangers. He managed to win over to his side and many Latins. King Latin, enraged by the hostile attitude towards Aeneas, locked himself in his palace.

His white horses swiftly brought the mighty warrior to the battlefield. Even more brilliant was Aeneas in new armor, presented to him by his mother Venus, which was forged at her request by the god Vulcan himself. Numerous spectators did not have time to come to their senses, as both leaders quickly approached and swords rang from powerful blows, shields flashed, with which skillful warriors repelled enemy attacks. Both received minor wounds. And so Thurn, not doubting his power, raised his huge sword high for a decisive blow. But the sword broke against the indestructible shield forged by Vulcan, and Turnus, left unarmed, set off to flee from Aeneas, who was inexorably overtaking him. Five times they ran around the entire battlefield, Turn in despair grabbed a huge stone and threw it at Aeneas. But the stone did not reach the leader of the Trojans. Aeneas, aptly aiming a heavy spear, from a distance threw it at Turna. And although Turnn covered himself with a shield, a powerful throw pierced the scaly shield, and a spear pierced into the thigh of the leader of the rutuls. Mighty Turn's knees buckled, he bowed to the ground. There was a desperate cry of the Rutuli, shocked by the defeat of Turn. Approaching the enemy, defeated to the ground, Aeneas was ready to spare him, but suddenly he saw on Turnn's shoulder a bandage that flashed with a familiar pattern, which he had removed from the murdered Pallas, Aeneas' friend. Unbridled anger seized Aeneas, and, not heeding the pleas for mercy, he plunged his sword into the chest of the defeated Turn.

Having eliminated his terrible rival, Aeneas married Lavinia and founded the new city of Latium-ma - Lavinium. After the death of King Latinus, Aeneas, who became the head of the kingdom, had to repel the attacks of the powerful Etruscans, who did not want to tolerate the newcomers, who won the glory of valiant and brave warriors. Having made an alliance with the Rutul tribe, the Etruscans decided to put an end to the impudent foreigners and their leader. But the Trojans and Latins, inspired by their courageous king, prevailed in a decisive battle with their enemies. This battle was the last for Aeneas and the last feat accomplished by him. The warriors of Aeneas considered him dead, but many said that he appeared to his companions beautiful, full of strength, in shining armor and said that the gods took him to themselves as their equal. In any case, the people began to revere him under the name of Jupiter. The son of Aeneas Ascanius had not yet reached the age at which it was possible to entrust the young man with full power, and his name was ruled by Queen Lavinia, an intelligent and far-sighted woman. She managed to keep the state intact and prosperous. Having matured, Ascanius left the queen to manage the city of Lavinius, and he himself, with his friends and associates, moved to the foot of the Alban mountain, founding a city called Alba Longa, since it stretched along the mountain range. Despite his youth, Ascanius managed to achieve recognition from powerful neighboring tribes, and the border between the Latins and the Etruscans was marked along the course of the Tiber River. Ascanius was succeeded by his son Silvius, so named because he was born in the forest. The kingdom of Silvius passed from one descendant of Aeneas to another. Among them were the kings Tiberin (who drowned in the Tiber and became the god of this river) and Aventine (one of the hills on which the great city of Rome was later located was named after him). And, finally, King Numitor received power, during whose reign all the events related to the history of the founding of the city of Rome took place.

1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE TROJAN KING AENEAS AND "AENEID" VERGILIUS.

1.1. KING Aeneas.

After our analysis of the Trojan War of the 13th century A.D. many other major events that followed it become clear. Of course, one of the most striking plots of that time is the story of King Aeneas. Basically, it is set forth in the famous "ancient" poem by Virgil "Aeneid". In short, the essence of the matter is this.

The Trojan king Aeneas is in the besieged Troy together with his son Askaniy-Yul, his father Anchises and his wife Creusa. The mother of Aeneas was the goddess Aphrodite-Venus herself. Aeneas was born on Mount Ida or on the banks of Simoent. It is worth noting that<<намеки НА СОПЕРНИЧЕСТВО МЕЖДУ РОДОМ ПРИАМА (правившего в Трое - Авт.) И РОДОМ ЭНЕЯ встречаются в "Илиаде">> , v.2, p.662. The medieval book "Troy" or "Trojan History" reports: "Aeneas had many relatives and friends; there would not have been another person in Troy who could compete with Aeneas in wealth, AND HE WAS NOT LESS TO THE KING HIMSELF IN HIS INFLUENCE IN THE CITY ( Priam - Auth.) ", pp. 131-132.

Maybe that's why<<Эней сначала не принимал участия в обороне Трои и присоединился к троянцам только после того, как был изгнан Ахиллом из родных мест... Имя Энея называется в "Илиаде" среди славнейших троянских героев... Посейдон спасает Энея, ТАК КАК ТОМУ ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕНО СУДЬБОЙ СОХРАНИТЬ ЦАРСКИЙ РОД ДАРДАНА... Эней, увидев зловещее предзнаменование в гибели Лаокоона, ушел из Трои ЕЩЕ ДО НАЧАЛА НАПАДЕНИЯ АХЕЙЦЕВ; он, по-видимому, продолжал царствовать в предгорьях Иды... В более поздних источниках появился мотив БЕГСТВА ЭНЕЯ ИЗ РАЗОРЕННОЙ ТРОИ>> , v.2, p.661.

According to other testimonies, Aeneas and Antenor decided "to persuade King Priam to give Helena to the Greeks and make peace with them", p.131. Priam refused. Then Aeneas and Antenor themselves betrayed Priam and decided to surrender Troy to the Greeks. Moreover, King Priam suspected treason, p.131-133. "Rumors also reached Aeneas and Antenor that Priam and his son were PREPARING TO KILL THEM", p.131. It was argued further that Aeneas and Antenor did indeed commit an outright betrayal. A medieval book reports: “In the morning, the Greeks, accompanied by Antenor and Aeneas, TRAITORS OF THEIR FATHERLAND, broke into the great Ilion and, without meeting any resistance, killed everyone who caught their eye. And Pyrrus, with a drawn sword in his hand, rushed to the temple of Apollo, where Priam awaited his death, AND IN THE PRESENCE OF ANTENOR AND Aeneas, WHO BROUGHT THE GREEKS HERE, he chopped the king with a sword ", p.133.

Thus, the role of Aeneas is dual. On the one hand, he is a Trojan, is in Troy and, thus, is an opponent of the Greeks. On the other hand, he is, as it were, equal to King Priam, not inferior to him in nobility. As a result, Aeneas goes over to the side of the besieging Greeks and, moreover, it is thanks to his betrayal that Troy is finally taken. After that, Aeneas leaves the burning city and flees. Or he simply leaves the devastated capital. It is worth noting that, although Troy was burned, nevertheless, according to one of the versions, "the houses of the TRAITORS (that is, Aeneas and Antenor - Auth.) survived the fire, for they were marked with special signs", p.134. The medieval book "Troy" claimed that "Antenor and Aeneas were responsible for the death of the Trojan kingdom, for they betrayed King Priam, and betrayed Troy and doomed it to ruin", p.136.

As we will see later, there were diametrically opposed opinions in assessing the personality and role of King Aeneas. Different opposing camps, apparently, significantly differently assessed his role, which was reflected in the pages of the annals.

Let's go back to the Aeneid. According to Virgil, when the Greeks captured Troy, a bloody pogrom begins. Aeneas with his family and a group of Trojans flees on ships from the burning city. He was given a vision: he must take with him the sacred penates of Troy, sail to the distant, powerful and rich country of Hesperia in order to establish a new great kingdom there, which will be given to conquer the whole world. The fact is that the ancestors of Aeneas, it turns out, were from Hesperia. Therefore, Aeneas should now return to his distant homeland and create a new kingdom there. A long and difficult journey begins. In the end, Aeneas and his companions arrive in Tartarus, and then in Hesperia or Italy-Latinia, where the Etruscans and Rutelians live. According to our results, see [CHRON5], earlier Rus'-Horde was called ITALY and RUTELIA. By the way, the expression PEOPLE country could be pronounced as LATINIA, and the name RUTHENIA could come from the expression: ARMY country, that is, RUTELIA, during the transition to N-L.

Aeneas settles in Latinia-Rutelia. Along with friends, he also has enemies here, with whom Aeneas is at war. The Trojans who arrived with Aeneas gradually take root in Hesperia and begin a new life. Aeneas acquires great power. "The local king Latin is ready to give Aeneas the hand of his daughter Lavinia and provide a place to found a new city, but for this Aeneas has to enter into a difficult struggle with Turn (Ruten? - Auth.) - the leader of the local tribe of rutuls, who also claims the hand of Lavinia (Fig. .3.1 - Auth.) Aeneas wins the duel of Turn and the Trojan deities get a new home in the Italian land, which BECOMES THE SUCCESSOR OF THE GLORY OF THE TROJANS", v.2, p.662. The Aeneid ends with the battle between Aeneas and Turnus.

According to some reports, when Aeneas dies after a while, he ascends to heaven.

Further events were reflected in other "ancient" sources, for example, Titus Livius. The descendants of Aeneas - the twins Romulus and Remus - founded the great Rome in Hesperia-Latinia, which later became the capital of a grandiose world Empire.

Looking ahead, we immediately report the result of our reconstruction, the detailed substantiation of which is devoted to the subsequent sections.

Apparently, after the capture of Troy = Tsar-Grad in 1204 and heavy wars in the capital and around it, Rus'-Horde and its allies, who avenged the execution of Christ in Tsar-Grad = Evangelical Jerusalem, finally completely conquered the former Bosphorus metropolis of the empire and punish the guilty. However, among the Horde crusaders there is no agreement on the future fate of the state. Disputes lead to internecine wars, to the redistribution of spheres of influence. One of the representatives of the former royal dynasty that ruled in Tsar-Grad, Tsar John-Aeneas, stands out among others in that his family partly comes from Rus'-Horde. In addition, John-Aeneas was most likely a Christian and was personally present at the crucifixion of Christ in 1185, was his adherent.

Just before the fall of Troy, or after the capture of the capital, Aeneas leaves Czar-Grad = Jerusalem and goes with his supporters to Rus'. Arriving here, and taking advantage of the fact that he is a royal family and that some of his ancestors came from Rus', he occupies a high place in Rus'-Horde. As can be seen from the description of Virgil, by the time John = Aeneas arrived, Rus' was already a strong and developed state. However, in the era when the capital of the empire was in Tsar-Grad, Rus' occupied a subordinate position, being one of the themes of the empire. But after some time, namely, at the beginning of the XIV century, the royal descendants of John Aeneas - the "ancient" Romulus and Remus - that is, as we now understand, Tsar Khan Georgy Danilovich Kalita and Tsar Khan Ivan Danilovich - founded Great = "Mongolian" Empire with the center in Rus'.

This became possible for two reasons. First: Rus' possessed huge natural and human resources, was a rich country, occupied an exceptionally advantageous strategic position in Eurasia. As a result, she became one of the most influential themes of the former empire. Maybe even the most influential. Perhaps that is why Rus' of the XIII century led the Crusades against Tsar-Grad, in order to punish those responsible for the execution of Christ. And in the end, she got her way.

The second reason for the rise of Rus' in the XIII - early XIV centuries is as follows. After the fall of Troy = Tsar-Grad, representatives of the former royal dynasty, headed by Aeneas, arrived in Rus' from the former capital, the Gospel Jerusalem. Moreover, we repeat, he was one of the closest supporters of Christ. Thus, the sacred heritage of the former empire was, as it were, transferred to Rus'. Virgil emphasizes that it was the transfer of the sacred penates of Troy to Latinia that gave the right to world domination of the new metropolis - Rome. That is, as we now understand, Rus'. Italian Rome will come much later.

Thus, in Rus', the former empire was reborn in a new capacity. So Rus' turned at the beginning of the XIV century into Rus'-Horde = Great Empire. It was she who was then described on the pages of numerous "ancient" sources of the XV-XVII centuries as a powerful "Roman Empire". In the XIV-XVI centuries, it really acquired gigantic proportions, engulfed almost all of Eurasia, most of Africa and America. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Russian-Horde Empire = "ancient Rome" split. In "ancient" sources, this event is described as a collapse " ancient Rome" allegedly in the VI century AD Here we see a chronological shift of about a thousand years.

In addition, as we will show, the "ancient" history of Aeneas reflected - though much more subtly - also individual events of the XIV-XV centuries, which unfolded already on the territory of Western Europe during the great = "Mongolian" conquest. In particular, the Horde-Cossack colonization of Italy and the founding of Italian Rome there at the end of the 14th century. And also, probably, the voyage of Columbus = biblical Noah = Aeneas across the Atlantic and the beginning of the colonization of America at the end of the 15th - 16th centuries [CHRON6], ch.14.

But the main content, the core of the "ancient" history of Aeneas - as it is presented by Virgil and other "classics" - is a story about the prehistory of the emergence of Rome. That is, the powerful Horde Empire with a metropolis in Rus'. The closest ally of Rus'-Horde, starting from the middle of the 15th century, was Osmania = Atamania with its capital in Tsar-Grad = Gospel Jerusalem.

1.2. IN THE MIDDLE AGES, MANY CONSIDERED THE "Pagan" VIRGIL TO BE A CHRISTIAN. WHEN DID VERGIL LIVE?

Today it is believed that:<<Виргилий, Вергилий (Публий В. Марон) [пишется Vergilius в Медицейской и Ватиканской рукописи и в нескольких последующих, начиная с XIV в. - "е" заменяется "i" в рукописях] - ЗНАМЕНИТЕЙШИЙ ПОЭТ Августовского века. Родился в 70 г. до Р.Х. близ Мантуи>> . Fig. 3.2 shows an ancient portrait of Virgil from a manuscript, usually called Vergilius Vaticanus, allegedly created around 400 AD.

"During his lifetime, Virgil was VERY FAMOUS. There is evidence that when he entered the theater to read his poems, CITIZENS RENDERED HONOR TO HIM, BECOMING AUGUST. Many years after the death of the poet, the day of his death, the Ides of October, was considered sacred ... His glory went along two very different channels. It narrowed in those circles that could appreciate his poetic merits, AND EXPANDED IN THE MASS OF THE PEOPLE ... Virgil's grassroots glory is a unique and highly curious phenomenon ", pp. 24-25.

The Aeneid is a great poem, which is one of the pearls of "ancient" literature.

In addition to the Aeneid, Virgil also wrote Bucolics. In this work, commentators have long discovered noticeable traces of Christianity. They write like this:<<Самая знаменитая и на самом деле самая интересная (в "Буколиках" - Авт.)... эклога IV (Pallio), в которой Вергилий предсказывает БУДУЩИЙ ЗОЛОТОЙ ВЕК и скорое рождение ребенка, который изменит течение жизни на земле. Поэт рисует картину этой будущей счастливой жизни... и заканчивает славословием БУДУЩЕГО БЛАГОДЕТЕЛЯ ЛЮДЕЙ. Христианские писатели видели в этой эклоге пророчество рождения Христа, и на ней основана главным образом распространенная в средние века вера в Вергилия как в волшебника>> . The fact that in medieval literature the "Golden Age" was associated precisely with Christ, we told in the book "Tsar of the Slavs".

"The famous master Abelard (allegedly 1079-1142 - Auth.), a medieval French theologian and poet, recommended the reading of a pagan poet (Virgil - Auth.) TO CHRISTIAN PASTORS", p.428.

It is believed that<<в средневековье сложилось как бы два образа Вергилия. Один - Вергилий, изображавшийся НА ВИТРАЖАХ СОБОРОВ, ПРОРОК, ПРЕДСКАЗАВШИЙ ЯВЛЕНИЕ ХРИСТА... Блаженный Августин видит в Вергилии "душу, христианскую по природе", святой Иероним ставит его выше всех языческих поэтов и включает его в круг изучаемых авторов в основанной им монастырской школе в Вифлееме...

The other Virgil is a sorcerer, warlock and magician. This transformation took place in the Middle Ages. The name of his grandfather on the maternal side is being rethought - Magic. They show a mirror with which Virgil allegedly practiced magic; images of Virgil are worn as a talisman... The founding of Naples is associated with the charms of Virgil... At the beginning of the 16th century, these legends were collected in a collection and soon translated into other languages. According to one of them, Virgil was born in the Ardennes (in the Horde? in Ordynia? in Ruthenia? - Auth.) after the founding of Rome, in Toledo he studied magic, which he later exhausted the emperor of the Romans, fell in love with the daughter of the Babylonian sultan, founded Naples and mysteriously disappeared into storm time at sea...

In the Middle Ages, ALL THREE WORKS OF VIRGIL (Bucoliki, Georgiki, Aeneid - Auth.) are subjected to an allegorical-CHRISTIAN interpretation .... Bucolics are becoming especially popular at that time. This is explained not only by the fact that in the mysterious baby of eclogues IV (IV section of the poem - Auth.) they saw Christ, but also by the fact that ... the image of the bucolic shepherd correlates with the image of Jesus as a good shepherd, in the ratio of "the shepherd and his flock" the meaning of "shepherd and his flock" is embedded ...

The "Aeneid" with its sixth book - "hell" also succumbed to allegorical-Christian interpretation... In Dante's "Divine Comedy" Virgil is chosen as the poet's escort both as a great master, AND AS A CHRISTIAN... The Aeneid is used in the Christian-allegorical tradition "and in the "House" of glory "(1383-1384) Chaucer>>, p.374-375.

As we now understand, there is nothing surprising in the fact that in the Middle Ages the poems of Virgil were considered as CHRISTIAN WORKS. The fact is that Virgil worked, most likely, in the era of the 16th-17th centuries and described, in particular, the events that occurred after the crucifixion of Christ in 1185. However, modern commentators prefer to speak of Virgil's Christianity as a "Christian-allegorical interpretation". Say, Virgil himself was not a Christian, of course. It's just "interpreted that way". It is clear why it is said so. Because the Scaligerian chronology erroneously attributed Virgil and his works to the 1st century BC, that is, allegedly before the birth of Christ. It turned out to be an artificial contradiction. Which several generations of historians, starting from the 18th century, are intensively commenting and carefully studying.

It is worth noting that<<для литературы XVII и XVIII веков наследие Вергилия продолжает сохранять значение ЖИВОЙ ТРАДИЦИИ... Как ПРЯМОЕ ПОДРАЖАНИЕ эклогам Вергилия... написаны несколько пастушеских стихотворений Д.Мильтона (1608-1674) и А.Попа (1688-1744). Роман-идиллия "Астрея" (1607) Оноре д"Юрфе, где пастухи приобрели утонченность французских аристократов, связана с возрожденческим романом-идиллией типа "Аркадии" Санадзаро (которого называли, оказывается, "неаполитанским Вергилием" , с.376 - Авт.)>> , p.379.

Moreover,<<эпос... средневековых рыцарских романов ЗАИМСТВУЕТ ИЗ "ЭНЕИДЫ" ЦЕЛЫЕ ЭПИЗОДЫ. К этой традиции можно отнести "Тезеиду" (1339-1340) Боккаччо, "Неистового Роланда" (1516-1532) Ариосто, "Королеву фей" (1591-1596) Спенсера. Наконец, "Энеида" - часть сюжетной основы христианской эпопеи в "Освобожденном Иерусалиме" (1581) Торквато Тассо>> , pp. 377-378.

By the way, the very name "Bucoliki" probably comes from the Slavic phrase "God's Face", that is, the Face of God or the Divine Face. It fits perfectly with the content of this book. As we have seen, it actually refers to the good shepherd tending his flock. That is, as the commentators rightly believe, about Christ. In this case, the title of the book "God's Face" meant: "The Face of Christ."

The second work of Virgil - "Georgics" - has a completely different content. In it, in a poetic form, the main branches of agriculture are consistently described: arable farming, viticulture, cattle breeding and beekeeping. The poem contains many very specific prescriptions and agricultural advice. Agricultural techniques are described in detail and professionally - checking the quality of the soil, grafting trees, treating sick sheep, and methods for catching hatched bees. By the way, regarding the name "Georgics" we will express the following hypothesis. Perhaps, the phrase "Geo + I give birth" is peeping here, that is, the Earth + I give birth, in the sense - the Giving birth to the Earth, the giving birth to the Earth. Fits perfectly with the theme of the poem. Describes, in particular, techniques for improving crops, that is, how to force the "earth to give birth."

The question is, to the readers of what time were Virgil's agricultural recommendations addressed? It turns out that the peak of interest in "Georgics" falls on the XVII-XVIII centuries. The following is reported.

<<"Георгики" всегда уступали "Энеиде" и "Буколикам" в популярности. В ЭПОХУ ВОЗРОЖДЕНИЯ С ЕЕ ИНТЕРЕСОМ К БОТАНИКЕ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКОМУ САДОВОДСТВУ "ГЕОРГИКИ" НАЧИНАЮТ ИГРАТЬ БОЛЕЕ ЗАМЕТНУЮ РОЛЬ И КАК ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ НАСТАВЛЕНИЕ НАЧИНАЮЩЕМУ ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛЬЦУ, и как поэтический образец>> , p.377. Most likely, it was in the era of the XIV-XVI centuries that the "Georgics" were written. And they didn’t lie on dusty shelves for many hundreds of years, starting, as it were, from the 1st century BC.

Moreover:<<СЕМНАДЦАТЫЙ И В ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВОСЕМНАДЦАТЫЙ ВЕК - ВРЕМЯ НАИБОЛЬШЕЙ ПОПУЛЯРНОСТИ "ГЕОРГИК". Английский поэт, драматург и литературный критик XVII века Д.Драйден (1631-1700) называет "Георгики" "божественным творением" Вергилия, Вольтер видит в Вергилии прежде всего творца "сладчайших" "Георгик"...

Starting from the 19th century, Virgil's influence BECOMES LESS DIRECT, acquiring the significance of a carefully guarded cultural heritage>>, p.379,381.

And further:<<Непосредственное влияние на русскую литературу оказала "Энеида" в XVIII веке>> , p.382. In general, it must be said that for some not very clear reasons, the attitude in Romanov Russia towards Virgil's Aeneid was restrained.

Thus, if the "ancient" poet Virgil - or rather the editor from whose pen Virgil's poems came out in their modern form - lived in the era of the 16th-17th centuries, it becomes clear why the peak of the popularity of his works falls precisely on the 17th -XVIII century. And in the 19th century, his poems gradually began to be forgotten and considered only as an important historical heritage.

Not only Greek heroes were revered in the ancient world, as the ancestors of tribes and the founders of cities. In Italy, there was a legend about one of the Trojan heroes, Aeneas, about whom the Iliad says that he usually fought separately from other Trojans, because he had displeasure with King Priam, who did not want to give him due honor. The Latins had a legend that, after many wanderings, he found shelter on the banks of the Tiber among the simple and honest Latin people, that his son, Ascanius or Julius, was the founder of the city of Alba Longa and the ancestor of the Julius family, to which the famous Caesar belonged.

Flight of Aeneas from Troy. Painting by F. Barocci, 1598

Even in ancient times, there were many legends about Aeneas, who, like the Trojan Antenor, was disposed to reconciliation with the Greeks, therefore, like Antenor, he was spared by them when taking Troy. He traveled a lot, carried away by storms, and founded several cities in different countries, was connected by a love story with the Carthaginian queen Dido. These legends were already very old when the Romans adopted them for themselves in order to glorify their unresplendent origin with foreign splendor. The great Roman poet Virgil subsequently made them the basis of his Aeneid.

Aeneas and Dido. Painting by P. N. Guérin, c. 1815

There were many cities that called Aeneas their founder and proved the validity of this by the existence of temples dedicated to Aeneas, tombs and various other monuments. Aeneas was the son of Aphrodite, therefore legends lead him mostly to places that have long been famous centers of the cult of Aphrodite, such as Cythera, Carthage, Eriks (in Sicily), Lavinium (on the western coast of Italy). The ancient name of the island of Ischia, Enaria, also gave reason to transfer the activities of Aeneas to the western coast of Italy. The Latin legend said that the mother of Aeneas, Venus (Aphrodite), showed him the way by the radiance of her star, and that this star hid from him when his ship, following her, sailed to the mouth of the Tiber. The sibyls, prophetesses who spoke fate in a hollow voice from dark caves, and legends about which are found especially among the Teucres and among the Aeolians of Asia Minor, are also included in the legends of Aeneas. According to Roman legend, King Latinus received Aeneas in a friendly manner, and gave his daughter Lavinia for him. After the death of Latinus, Aeneas, who founded the city of Lavinius, began to reign over the Latins and the Trojans, who united with them into one people. In the war with Mezentius, the king of the city of Caere, Aeneas, during a thunderstorm, disappeared. Both he and Latin were accepted as gods.

According to other myths, Aeneas returned to his homeland, became the king of Troy, and after him his descendants reigned in Troy.

Aeneas, son of Anchises, leaves Troy. - The Trojan Penates send Aeneas on his way. - Storm of Juno. - Aeneas and Dido. - Death of Dido. - Cum Sibyl: the myth of the golden branch. - The landing of Aeneas at the mouth of the Tiber: the myth of the war of the Trojans with the rutuli. - Founding of Alba Longa by Aeneas and Ascanius. - God Mars and Rhea Silvia: the myth of the birth of Romulus and Remus. - Romulus and Remus are fed by a she-wolf. - The myth of the founding of Rome. - The abduction of the Sabine women.

Aeneas, son of Anchises, leaves Troy

Hero of the Trojan War Aeneas, the son of the goddess Aphrodite (Venus) from Ankhiz, the king of the Dardani and a relative of Priam, fought bravely against the Greeks. Aeneas, like, was a favorite of the Trojans for his courage and intelligence.

Aphrodite and Apollo constantly guard and protect Aeneas. During his duel with Achilles, the god Poseidon saves Aeneas, surrounding him with an impenetrable cloud, because Aeneas was destined, by the will of the gods, after the death of the whole family of Priam, to become the Trojan king.

The fate of Aeneas, his wanderings and the founding of a new kingdom in Italy are not mentioned at all by Homer. Only almost a millennium later, the Roman poet Virgil collected all the ancient myths about this hero into one whole poem called "Aeneid".

During the fire and sack of Troy, Aeneas tries, but unsuccessfully, to repel the attacking Greeks. Aeneas decides to take his family, domestic gods, sacred palladium, leave his native city and go to look for a new fatherland in foreign countries.

Aeneas' aged and relaxed father Anchises refuses to accompany him, but the gods patronize Aeneas' intentions. It is at the time when Aeneas' wife, Creusa, and his father are trying to persuade him not to leave his homeland, that a miracle happens: a bright flame appears over the head of Aeneas' son Ascanius, or Iula, which, as it were, touches the child's hair. Frightened parents, wanting to put out this flame, douse Askania's head with water, but the flame does not go out. Anchises sees this as an omen of a glorious future awaiting his grandson, and he agrees to leave Troy with Aeneas.

Then Aeneas gathers his whole family and some people devoted to him, gives his father to carry the Penates and sacred vessels, and he himself carries Anchises on his shoulders.

On Mount Ida, they are joined by the miserable remnants of the Trojans, with whom Aeneas sets off on twenty ships to Thrace.

The abandonment of Troy by Aeneas, accompanied by his family, was very often depicted on art monuments both in antiquity and in recent centuries.

One of the ancient Roman frescoes discovered in Herculaneum shows Aeneas carrying his father on his shoulders; but the ancient artist for some reason depicted all the characters with dog heads.

The Louvre Museum houses a painting by Spada depicting the same mythological story. There is also the famous group of Le Nôtre "Aeneas carries Anchises".

The Trojan Penates guide Aeneas on his way

Protected by the gods, Aeneas landed on the coast of Thrace, founds a city there and calls it by his own name.

Then Aeneas goes to the island of Delos to ask the oracle where he should direct his further path. Not understanding well the oracle's answer, Aeneas sticks to the island of Crete. But there they appear to him in a dream, taken away by him from burning Troy, and ordered to go further: “Listen to what Apollo says with our lips: we are the gods of your hearth, who followed you from sacred Ilion. We will exalt your descendants to the stars of heaven and we will give their city power over the whole world. You prepare a great capital for this great people. You must leave Crete; there is a country known to the Greeks under the name of Hesperia: it is a strong army and a country famous for its fertility. Here is our homeland, go there ”(Virgil).

Storm Juno

Aeneas, obedient to the will of the gods, set off again, but the goddess Juno, who continued to take revenge on the Trojans, sends a terrible storm that dispersed the ships of Aeneas.

The god Neptune again takes the hero Aeneas under his protection and pacifies the storm.

The Vatican has a beautiful illustrated antique manuscript of Virgil's Aeneid. One of the miniatures of this manuscript depicts Aeneas caught in a storm. Various sea monsters swim around the ship of Aeneas; the winds are represented as youths blowing on the ship. Aeneas has a kind of crown or radiance around his head. On ancient monuments of art, such a radiance around the head (nimbus) was an emblem of power and might; subsequently, the first Christian artists began to surround the heads of the saints with such radiance.

A storm washed Aeneas and his companions to the shores of Africa in the very place where Dido, the daughter of the Phoenician king, had just founded the city of Carthage.

Aeneas and Dido

The Trojans turned to the Queen of Carthage, Dido, with a request to show them hospitality. Dido received them not only cordially, but gave Aeneas the most luxurious reception.

The goddess Venus decided to arouse in Dido a fiery love for the Trojan hero, and soon the queen spends whole days listening to the stories of Aeneas about the disasters that befell Troy and about his wanderings.

Art very often depicts the stay of Aeneas with Dido.

No matter how strong the spell of Dido was, Aeneas resisted them and, obeying Jupiter, left the hospitable country.

Death of Dido

Dido begs Aeneas to abandon his intentions and stay with her forever. Seeing that all her requests were in vain and that Aeneas secretly left her, Dido orders a fire to be prepared, climbs on it and kills herself with the sword given to her by Aeneas.

The death of Dido has also served as a theme for works of art more than once.

The sad fate of Dido, who burns herself at the stake, because Aeneas, whom Jupiter destined to become the founder of the Roman state, left her, as if portends the death of Carthage, burned by the Romans.

Cuma Sibyl: the myth of the golden branch

Aeneas and his companions endure a new storm; fleeing from her, he sticks to the shores of Sicily. There, Aeneas arranges funeral games and competitions in memory of his father, who died a year earlier, and intends to weigh anchor again, but the Trojan women, tired of eternal wanderings, burn several ships and refuse to go further. Then Aeneas founds a city in Sicily and leaves in it women, old people and all those who do not want to follow him.

Gathering the remaining soldiers and equipping his surviving ships, Aeneas went on. Arriving in the city of Kuma in Italy, Aeneas turned to cuman sibyl(soothsayer), who gave him advice to descend into the realm of shadows and learn from his father the fate awaiting Aeneas.

Having descended into the kingdom of Hades, Aeneas brings Persephone a gift, on the advice of the Sibyl, he found on the way golden branch and looks for his father Anchises there, who predicts a glorious future for him and his descendants. Ankhiz says that Aeneas, by the will of the gods, will be the progenitor of a brave and warlike people, and his descendants will own half of the world.

The landing of Aeneas at the mouth of the Tiber: the myth of the war of the Trojans with the rutuli

After sailing for several days, Aeneas safely landed on the banks of the Tiber. There, the king of the Latin country accepts him in a friendly manner and offers Aeneas his daughter Lavinia as his wife. But Queen Amata restores against Aeneas Turnus, the king of the Rutuli, to whom Lavinia was previously promised as a wife. Turnus, led by many allies, attacks Latinus and Aeneas. Called by the latter to a duel, Turn dies, struck down by his hand.

During this war, the ships of Aeneas, anchored off the coast of the Tiber, were turned by the gods into Nereids at the moment when Thurn is about to set them on fire. The gods, who intended Aeneas to be the founder of a kingdom in Italy, thus took away from him the last opportunity to leave this country.

Art took advantage of some episodes of the war between Aeneas and the Italians; in particular, the death of two friends, the brave youths Nis and Euryalus, is often reproduced. The closest bonds of friendship united them. Nis and Euryalus die defending each other from the rutuli who attacked them. In the Louvre Museum there is a group of the sculptor Romano depicting the death of these heroes - the companions of Aeneas.

Founding of Alba Longa by Aeneas and Ascanius

Aeneas united with Lavinia, founded the city, naming it after the wife of Lavinia, and after the death of Latina inherited his kingdom.

Aeneas, together with his son Ascanius, founded the city of Alba Longa on the very place where, according to Virgil, according to the oracle, they saw a white pig with many piglets: rivers, under an oak tree, a huge white pig feeding piglets as white as herself; there is precisely the place for the new city that you will build, and then the end of your labors will come ”(Virgil).

Several ancient coins depict Aeneas and his son Ascanius at the moment when they find a white pig.

According to Roman mythology, the hero Aeneas, like later Romulus, the founder of Rome, disappears, surrounded by a cloud. Aeneas becomes invisible to everyone and only appears to Ascanius in full armor and announces to him that Jupiter took him to Olympus and placed him among the immortals.

God Mars and Rhea Silvia: the myth of the birth of Romulus and Remus

The son of Aeneas Ascanius (Iul) reigned for many years and handed over his throne to his descendants, among whom were two brothers - Numitor and Amulius. They began to dispute the throne with each other, and, despite the fact that Numitor was older, Amulius expelled him and took possession of Alba Longa and the throne.

The exiled king Numitor had a daughter, Rhea Sylvia. The usurper Amulius, not wanting his brother to have male offspring, forced his niece to devote herself to the cult of Vesta, that is, to become and thus remain a virgin.

Once, when the Vestal Rhea Sylvia, performing various duties at the temple of Vesta, went to the river for water, she had a dream: the god of war Mars appeared to her and entered into an alliance with her.

In the Pio-Clementine Museum there is an antique bas-relief depicting a visit by Mars to Rhea Silvia, who then soon gave birth to two twins - Romulus and Remus.

Hearing about this, Amulius ordered that the children be thrown into the Tiber, and Rhea Silvia should be put to the usual execution of the criminal vestals.

Romulus and Remus being suckled by a she-wolf

“Whether it was the case, or the will of the gods,” says the Roman historian Titus Livius, “but this year the Tiber overflowed very widely. The people who were instructed to abandon the children left the basket with the twins in the surging waves; when the water began to sell, the basket ended up on land, and the she-wolf, who came from the mountains to quench her thirst, attracted by the plaintive cries of abandoned children, began to feed them. The shepherd Faustulus, seeing this miracle, took Romulus and Remus to him and brought them up.

Several ancient Roman coins have been preserved, which depict a she-wolf feeding children, and in the Vatican there is an ancient sculptural group that interprets the same mythological plot.

Both brothers, having become young men, expelled Amulius and again placed their grandfather on the throne of Alba Longa.

The myth of the founding of Rome

Romulus and Remus themselves decided to found a city on the spot where they were found by the shepherd. Having founded the city, the twins Romulus and Remus began to argue about primacy and about which of them should name the city after himself. In order to finally stop the quarrel, they began to pray to the gods to send them some kind of sign or sign. Soon Remus saw six hawks flying around his head, but almost at the same time Romulus announced that twelve hawks were flying towards him; this further increased the strife and fights between the adherents of both brothers.

According to some myths, Rem was killed in one of these fights. Other myths tell that Remus climbed with one jump on the walls erected by Romulus around the new city, and began to mock them; then the enraged Romulus kills his brother, saying: "So everyone who dares to climb these walls will perish."

After the death of his brother, Romulus named the city after himself and began to reign in it.

The Rape of the Sabine Women

The newly founded city of Rome had no inhabitants. Then Romulus granted him the right of asylum. In cities that were granted the right of asylum, even criminals enjoyed immunity. Those who violated the right of asylum suffered the punishment of the gods and the state. After that, players, thieves, slaves fleeing the tyranny of their masters, and people expelled from everywhere began to move to Rome.

Of the neighboring inhabitants, no one wanted to enter into marriage alliances with such a rabble, and the city of Rome was bound to die out, not replenished with the birth of children for lack of women.

The founder of Rome, Romulus, wishing to stop this state of affairs, resorted to the following trick: he arranged a sumptuous feast and invited neighboring inhabitants, the Sabines, with their wives and children. At the sign given to them, the Romans rushed at their guests and kidnapped all the girls who were present at the celebration.

Such violence caused a war between the Romans and the Sabines, but when both armies stood one against the other, the kidnapped Sabines rushed between the opponents and began to beg their fathers and brothers to leave them in Rome with their husbands and make peace.

The Rape of the Sabine Women often served as a theme for numerous monuments of art.

Of the latest works on the mythological plot of the abduction of the Sabine women, paintings by David, Poussin and Rubens are famous.

Shortly after the abduction of the Sabine women, Romulus, having given the city laws and founded public institutions there, ordered to announce through the senator to all the inhabitants that the time would come when this city would be considered the ruler of the world, and that not a single people could stand against the power of Roman weapons.

Then Romulus disappeared or, as the Roman myth says, was taken by the gods to Olympus, and, like his ancestor Aeneas, was accepted by them among the immortal gods.

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