Gasparov M.L. Entertaining Greece. Brief outline of the history of the Latin language We know that Troy was taken by the Greeks

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I. DE AENGA

Antīqui poētae Romanōrum tradunt egregium virum Trojanum, Aenēan 1 nomĭne, post Trojam a Graecis captam et delētam a Trojae orā in Italiam venisse. Narrant eum fatō profŭgum multum terrā marīque jactātum esse ob iram Junōnis deae saevae. Nam fato destinātum est Trojānos cum Aenēa in Italiam ventūros esse et ibi ab eis oppĭdum novum condĭtum iri. Ităque Aenēas et amīci illīus in Italiam veniunt. Inter eos et Latinos, antiquae Italiae incŏlas, bellum ortum est. Eo bello Trojāni Latīnos vincunt et Lavinium oppĭdum novum ab eis condĭtur. Postea Julus Aenēae filius aliud oppĭdum Albam Longam condit.

Text notes:
nomĭne - By name; post Trojam captam - after taking Troy; terra marique - on on dry land And on sea; Junnis- gen. sing. from Juno - Juno; destination est - was predetermined; bellum ortum est - arose war.
1 Greek feminine proper nouns on -ē and masculine on -es And -as belong to the I declension: sing., N. Aeneas; G.,D. Aeneae; acc. Aenēān; Abl.,V. Aenēā

II.

1. Ego sum illus mater. 2. Ubi nunc ea femina habtat? 3. Scio illum amīcum ejus esse. 4. Apparet id etiam caeco. 5. Hinc illae lacrimae. 6. Valde ipsas Athenas amo. 7. Ob ista verba gratias ei magnas ago. 8. Pro isto tuo officio gratias agĕre vix possum. 9. Ipsa scientia potentia est. 10. Naturā tu illi pater es, consiliis ego. ( Terentius) 11. Femĭnae formōSae sunt plerumque superbae eo ipso, quod pulchrae sunt.

Text notes:
5. hinc - from here; for this reason. 11. eo ipso, quod... - precisely because...

EXERCISE

1. Define shapes:

dicit, dictum esse, superāri, captāre, tradunt, tradidisse, ventūros esse, narrātur, condĭtum iri, dici, jactātum esse, condĭtur.

2. Agree:

ad ill... amīcum, ist... natūrae (3 forms), apud ill... villas, ips... agricolārum, eum naut..., ejus amic...

3. Decline:

illĕ naută bonŭs, id oppĭdum antīquum.

4. Make the following sentences dependent on notum est:

Luna circumterram errat. In luna vita non est.

5. Which Latin words do the following Russian derivatives go back to:

master, antique, doctrine, appeal, intervention.

6. Translate from Russian into Latin:

1. We know that the Greeks took Troy. 2. We know that Troy was taken by the Greeks. 3. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that Troy will be taken by the Greeks. 4. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that the Greeks will take Troy. 5. Jupiter informs the gods that Aeneas will arrive in Italy and that the Latins will be defeated by the Trojans.

Lessons 1 0 .

No. III SKL; III AGREE. SKL ; PERF. IND. PASS; QUI,QUAE,QUO; ABL. SEPARATIONIS; DAT. DUPLEX

NOUNS III declension

The third declension includes nouns of all three genders with consonant stems g, With, d, t, b, p, r, l, n, m, s and for a vowel ĭ .
Nom. sing. 3rd declension nouns are formed either with the help of the ending -s(sigmatic nominative") or without any ending (asigmatic nominative) - in the latter case, it is a base in its pure form or phonetically slightly modified. Therefore, the forms of nom. sing. nouns of the III declension look very diverse: miles, victor, custos, tempus , ratio, vertas, anser, nomen, urbs, orbis, mare, anĭmal, longitūdo, homo, lex, etc.
A practical sign of the III declension is the ending gen. sing. -ĭs.
Since in the III declension, as in other declensions, in the form nominativus sing. it is not always possible to determine the basis of a noun, it is necessary to remember two forms - nominativus and genitivus sing.
In the form of gen. sing. one can determine the practical basis of a noun by discarding the ending -ĭs, For example:

All other case forms are formed from this stem.

1. Sigmatic nominative form names with bases:

2. Asygmatic nominative forms names with stems:

	Nom. sing.	Gen. sing.
a) on the nasal:	nomen	nomĭn-is (cm. reduction)
b) on smooth:	Victor	victor-is
c) on -s	mos	mor-is (see rotacism)
d) on -ĭ (cf. gender):	animal	animal-is

According to the nature of the historical basis in the third declension, three types of declension are distinguished. Names with a consonant stem make up consonant type declensions, names with stems on -ĭ vowel type. As a result of mixing consonant stems and stems on -ĭ formed mixed type declination.

III CONSONANT declension

According to the consonant type III declension, nouns of all three genders change with a stem to one consonant sound:

victor, ōris m winner
vox, vocis f voice
nomen, mĭnis n Name

case	Singularis	Pluralis	Singularis	Pluralis	Singularis	Pluralis
N.V.	Victor	victor-ēs	vox	voc-ēs	nomĕn	nomĭn-ă
G.	victor-ĭs	victor-ŭm	voc-ĭs	voc-ŭm	nomĭn-ĭs	nomĭn-ŭm
D.	victor-ī	victōr-ĭbŭs	voc-ī	voc-ĭbŭs	nomĭn-ī	nomĭn-ĭbŭs
Ass.	victor-ĕm	victor-ēs	voc-em	voc-ēs	nomĕn	nomĭn-ă
Abl.	victor-ĕ	victōr-ĭbŭs	voc-ĕ	voc-ĭbŭs	nomĭn-ĕ	nomĭn-ĭbŭs

WORD FORMATION OF NOUNS III declension

Many nouns of the III declension are formed from verbal stems (supina, infecta). The most productive are the following types of formation of verbal nouns:

1. From the base supina with a suffix -(t)or, -(s)or nouns are formed with the meaning actor- nomina agentis:

This is a very productive type of Latin word formation, adopted also by new languages, including Russian (cf. innovator, innovator). In new languages, this suffix forms the names not only of actors, but also of acting objects ( tractor, loudspeaker, excavator, TV etc.).

2. No less productive is another type of names, also formed from the stem of the supine with the help of a suffix -(t)io(n), -(s)io(n). This type contains feminine nouns with the meaning actions or states- nomĭna actiōnis:

	Soup base
Lego, legi, lectum 3 read	lect-	lect-io, iōnis f reading
narro, narravi, narratum 1 tell	narrat-	narrat-io, iōnis f story, narration
video, vidi, visual 2 see	vis-	vis-io, iōnis f vision

Nouns of this type have been assimilated by new languages in many. These words entered the Western European languages in the form of a stem.

Such words entered the Russian language in the form of feminine nouns with the ending -(c)ia: demonstration, revolution, nation, lecture, inspection etc.

3. From the basis of the infect (truncated) with the help of a suffix -or masculine nouns are formed with the meaning states:

timeo, ui, -, timere 2 afraid		tim-or, ōris m fear
clamo, āvi, atum, clamāre 1 scream		clam-or, ōris m cry

4. From the basis of quality adjectives with the help of a suffix -(i)tat- abstract feminine names are formed with the meaning quality- nomĭna qualitātis (in nom. sing. they end in -tas):

liber,ĕra,ĕrum free		liber-tas, tatis f Liberty
verus, vera, verum true		ver-ĭtas, itātis f true

With the same meaning properties or quality are formed from quality adjectives feminine nouns with the suffix -(i)tudin-(in nom. sing. they end in -tudo):

PERFECTUM INDICATĪVI PASSVI
(PASS PASSIVE INDICATIVE)

Participium perfecti passvi (cf. lesson 4) with verb forms essay in the present tense forms the analytical perfectum indicatīvi passīvi:
Sing.

The participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the sentence:

Liber lectus est.		The book has been read.
Libri lecti sunt.		Books have been read.
Epistola scripta est.		The letter has been written.
Epistolae scriptae sunt.		Letters have been written.

SRSP 10.

INTERESTING RELATIVE PRONOUN QUI, QUAE, QUOD

Pronoun qui, quae, quod which one acts as an interrogative and relative pronoun.

case	Singularis			Pluralis
case	m	f	n	M	F	n
N.	qui	quae	quod	Qui	Quae	quae
G.	cuius	cuius	cuius	qurum*	quarum	qurum
D.	cui	cui	cui	quibus	quibus	quibus
acc.	quem	quam	quod	Quōs	Quas	quae
Abl.	quō	qua	quō	quibus	quibus	quibus

1. Gen. and date. sing. of this pronoun are formed from the stem cu-(with loss of labialization) using endings -ius(gen. sing.), -i(dat. sing.) (see lesson 7).
2. Forms acc. sing. male quem and dat.-abl. pl. quibus have 3rd declension endings.
3.Nom. and asc. pl. neuter quae as a general rule (cf. lesson 4, note 7) are the same, but have the ending -ae(i is an ancient index particle).

ABLATĪVUS SEPARATIŌNIS

With verbs and adjectives with meaning removal, branches, release etc. is put ablative indicating a person, thing or object from which removal, separation, release, etc. occurs. Such an ablative is called ablativus separatiōnis (ablative branch). Ablatīvus separatiōnis is used without or with prepositions a(ab), de, e(ex): regno privatus - de-royal.
If ablatīvus separatiōnis denotes an animate name, then it is usually used with the preposition a(ab) or de.

The fantasy of the Greek people has widely developed the cycle of legends about the Trojan War. Their subsequent popularity was explained by a close connection with the centuries-old enmity of the Hellenes and Asians.

The arena of the Trojan War - an area on the northwestern coast of Asia Minor, stretching as a plain to the Hellespont (Dardanelles), further from the sea rising in ridges of hills to Mount Ida, irrigated by Scamander, Simois and other rivers - is already mentioned in ancient myths about the gods. The Greeks called its population Trojans, Dardanians, Tevkras. The mythical son of Zeus, Dardanus, founded Dardania on the slope of Mount Ida. His son, rich Erichthonius, owned vast fields, countless herds of cattle and horses. After Erichthonius, the Dardanian king was Tros, the ancestor of the Trojans, whose youngest son, the handsome Ganymede, was taken to Olympus to serve the king of the gods at feasts, and his eldest son, Il (Ilos), founded Troy (Ilion). Another descendant of Erichthonius, the handsome Anchises, fell in love with the goddess Aphrodite, who gave birth to a son from him, Aeneas, who, according to myths, fled west to Italy after the Trojan War. The offspring of Aeneas was the only branch of the Trojan royal family that survived after the capture of Troy.

Excavations of ancient Troy

Under the son of Il, Laomedont, the gods Poseidon and Apollo built the fortress of Troy, Pergamon. The son and successor of Laomedont was Priam, who was famous for wealth throughout the world. He had fifty sons, of whom the brave Hector and the handsome Paris are especially famous. Of the fifty, nineteen of his sons were born by his second wife Hecuba, the daughter of the Phrygian king.

Cause of the Trojan War - the abduction of Helen by Paris

The cause of the Trojan War was the abduction by Paris of Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. When Hecuba was pregnant with Paris, she saw in a dream that she gave birth to a flaming brand and that all of Troy burned down from this brand. Therefore, after his birth, Paris was thrown into the forest on Mount Ida. He was found as a shepherd, grew up strong and dexterous, handsome, a skilled musician and singer. He pastured the herds on Ida, and was the favorite of her nymphs. When three goddesses, who were arguing over which of them was the fairest, over a bone of contention, gave him a decision, and each promised him a reward for the decision in her favor, he chose not the victories and glory that Athena promised him, not dominion over Asia, promised by the Hero, but the love of the most beautiful of all women, promised by Aphrodite.

Judgment of Paris. Painting by E. Simone, 1904

Paris was strong and brave, but the predominant traits of his character were sensuality and Asian effeminacy. Aphrodite soon directed his path to Sparta, whose king Menelaus was married to the beautiful Helen. The patroness of Paris, Aphrodite, aroused love for him in the beautiful Elena. Paris took her away at night, taking with him many treasures of Menelaus. It was a great crime against hospitality and marriage law. The wicked man and his relatives, who received him and Helen in Troy, incurred the punishment of the gods. Hera, an avenger for adultery, aroused the heroes of Greece to stand up for Menelaus, starting the Trojan War. When Elena became an adult girl, and many young heroes gathered to woo her, Elena's father, Tyndareus, took an oath from them that they would all protect the marital rights of the one who would be elected. They were now to fulfill that promise. Others joined them out of love for military adventure, or out of a desire to avenge an offense done to all of Greece.

Elena's kidnapping. Red-figure Attic amphora, late 6th c. BC

Beginning of the Trojan War. Greeks in Aulis

The death of Achilles

Later poets continued the story of the Trojan War. Arktin of Miletus wrote a poem about the exploits accomplished by Achilles after the victory over Hector. The most important of them was the battle with Memnon, the radiant son of distant Ethiopia; therefore Arktin's poem was called "Ethiopida".

The Trojans, discouraged after the death of Hector - it was told in the "Ethiopian" - were animated with new hopes when the queen of the Amazons, Penthesilea, came from Thrace to help them, with regiments of her warriors. The Achaeans were again driven back to their camp. But Achilles rushed into battle and killed Penthesilea. When he removed the helmet from the opponent who fell to the ground, he was deeply moved to see what a beauty he had killed. Thersites scathingly reproached him for this; Achilles killed the offender with a blow of his fist.

Then, from the far east, the king of the Ethiopians, the son of Aurora, the most beautiful of men, came with an army to help the Trojans. Achilles evaded the fight with him, knowing from Thetis that soon after the death of Memnon, he himself would die. But Antilochus, the son of Nestor, the friend of Achilles, covering his father persecuted by Memnon, died a victim of his filial love; the desire to avenge him drowned out in Achilles concern for himself. The fight between the sons of the goddesses, Achilles and Memnon, was terrible; Themis and Aurora looked at him. Memnon fell, and his mournful mother, Aurora, wept, carried his body home. According to an Eastern legend, every morning she waters her dear son again and again with tears falling in the form of dew.

Eos carries off the body of his son Memnon. Greek vase, early 5th century BC

Achilles furiously chased the fleeing Trojans to the Skean gates of Troy and was already breaking into them, but at that moment an arrow fired by Paris and directed by the god Apollo himself killed him. She hit him in the heel, which was the only vulnerable point of his body (Achilles' mother, Thetis, made her son invulnerable by immersing him as a baby in the waters of the underground river Styx, but the heel, for which she held him, remained vulnerable). All day long the Achaeans and the Trojans fought in order to take possession of the body and weapons of Achilles. Finally, the Greeks managed to carry away the body of the greatest hero of the Trojan War and his weapons to the camp. Ajax Telamonides, a mighty giant, carried the body, and Odysseus held back the onslaught of the Trojans.

Ajax takes out the body of Achilles from the battle. Attic vase, ca. 510 BC

For seventeen days and nights, Thetis, with the Muses and Nereids, mourned her son with such touching songs of sorrow that both gods and people shed tears. On the eighteenth day, the Greeks lit a magnificent fire on which the body was laid; Achilles' mother, Thetis, carried the body out of the flames, and transferred it to the island of Levka (Snake Island, lying in front of the mouths of the Danube). There, rejuvenated, he lives, forever young, and enjoys war games. According to other legends, Thetis transferred her son to the underworld or to the islands of the Blessed. There are also legends saying that Thetis and her sisters collected the bones of her son from the ashes and placed them in a golden urn near the ashes of Patroclus under those artificial hills near the Hellespont, which are still considered to be the tombs of Achilles and Patroclus left after the Trojan War.

Philoctetes and Neoptolemus

After the brilliant funeral games in honor of Achilles, it was to be decided who was worthy of receiving his weapon: it was to be given to the bravest of the Greeks. This honor was claimed by Ajax Telamonides and Odysseus. Trojan prisoners were chosen as judges. They decided in favor of Odysseus. Ajax found this unfair and was so annoyed that he wanted to kill Odysseus and Menelaus, whom he also considered his enemy. On a dark night, he secretly went out of his tent to kill them. But Athena struck him with a cloud of reason. Ajax killed the herds of cattle that were with the army, and the shepherds of these cattle, imagining that he was killing his enemies. When the darkness passed, and Ajax saw how wrong he was, he was seized with such shame that he threw himself on his sword with his chest. The whole army was saddened by the death of Ajax, who was stronger than all Greek heroes after Achilles.

Meanwhile, the Trojan soothsayer, Helen, who was captured by the Achaeans, told them that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of Hercules. The owner of these arrows was the wounded Philoctetes, abandoned by the Achaeans on Lemnos. He was brought from Lesbos to the camp near Troy. The son of the god of healing, Asclepius, Machaon healed the wound of Philoctetes, and he killed Paris. Menelaus desecrated the body of his offender. The second condition necessary for the victory of the Greeks in the Trojan War was the participation in the siege of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), the son of Achilles and one of the daughters of Lycomedes. He lived with his mother, on Skyros. Odysseus brought Neoptolemus, gave him his father's weapons, and he killed the beautiful Mysian hero Eurypylus, who was the son of Heraclid Telephus and Priam's sister, and was sent to help the Trojans by his mother. The Achaeans now defeated the Trojans on the battlefield. But Troy could not be taken as long as it remained in its acropolis, Pergamum, a shrine given to the former Trojan king Dardanus by Zeus - palladium (an image of Pallas Athena). To look out for the location, palladium, Odysseus went to the city, disguised as a beggar, and was not recognized in Troy by anyone except Helen, who did not betray him because she wanted to return to her homeland. Then, Odysseus and Diomedes sneaked into the Trojan temple and stole the palladium.

Trojan horse

The hour of the final victory of the Greeks in the Trojan War was already close. According to a legend already known to Homer and told in detail by later epic poets, the master Epey, with the help of the goddess Athena, made a large wooden horse. The bravest of the Achaean heroes: Diomedes, Odysseus, Menelaus, Neoptolemus and others hid in it. The Greek army burned their camp and sailed to Tenedos, as if deciding to end the Trojan War. The Trojans who came out of the city looked with surprise at the huge wooden horse. The heroes who hid in it heard their deliberations on how to deal with it. Helen walked around the horse, and loudly called the Greek leaders, imitating the voice of each wife. Some wanted to answer her, but Odysseus held them back. Some Trojans said that one cannot trust one's enemies, and one should drown the horse in the sea or burn it. The most insistent of all was the priest Laocoön, the uncle of Aeneas. But before the eyes of all the people, two large snakes crawled out of the sea, wrapped rings around Laocoön and his two sons and strangled them. The Trojans considered this a punishment to Laocoon from the gods and agreed with those who said that it was necessary to put the horse in the acropolis, dedicate it as a gift to Pallas. The traitor Sinon, whom the Greeks left here to deceive the Trojans with the assurance that the horse was destined by the Greeks as a reward for the stolen palladium, and that when it was placed in the acropolis, Troy would be invincible, especially contributed to the adoption of this decision. The horse was so large that it could not be dragged through the gate; The Trojans made a hole in the wall and dragged the horse into the city with ropes. Thinking that the Trojan War was over, they feasted happily.

Capture of Troy by the Greeks

But at midnight, Sinon lit a fire - a signal to the Greeks waiting at Tenedos. They swam to Troy, and Sinon unlocked the door made in d Eos carries away the body of the Memnon-wooden horse. By the will of the gods, the hour of the death of Troy, the end of the Trojan War, has come. The Greeks rushed to the carelessly feasting Trojans, slaughtered, robbed and, having plundered, set fire to the city. Priam sought salvation at the altar of Zeus, but Achilles' son Neoptolem killed him at the very altar. Priam's son Deiphobes, who married Helen after the death of his brother Paris, courageously defended himself in his house against Odysseus and Menelaus, but was killed. Menelaus led Helen to the ships, whose beauty disarmed his hand, raised to strike the traitor. The widow of Hector, the sufferer of Andromache, was given by the Greeks to Neoptolemus and found in a foreign land a slavish fate, predicted to her by her husband at the last farewell. Her son Astyanax was, on the advice of Odysseus, thrown off the wall by Neoptolemus. The soothsayer Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, who sought salvation at the altar, was torn off from him by the blasphemous hand of Ajax the Small (son of Oileus), who overturned the statue of the goddess with a frantic impulse. Cassandra was given as booty to Agamemnon. Her sister Polyxena was sacrificed over the coffin of Achilles, whose shadow demanded her as a prey for herself. The wife of the Trojan king Priam Hecub, who survived the fall of the royal family and kingdom. She was brought to the Thracian coast and found out there that her son (Polydorus), whom Priam had sent with many treasures before the start of the war under protection to the Thracian king Polymestor, had also died. Legends spoke differently about the further fate of Hecuba after the Trojan War; there was a legend that she was turned into a dog; according to another legend, she was buried on the northern shore of the Hellespont, where her tomb was shown.

The fate of the Greek heroes after the Trojan War

The adventures of the Greek heroes did not end with the capture of Troy: on the way back from the captured city, they had to experience many troubles. The gods and goddesses, whose altars they defiled with violence, subjected them to grievous fates. On the very day of the destruction of Troy, in the assembly of heroes, heated with wine, there was, according to Homer's Odyssey, a great strife. Menelaus demanded to immediately sail home, and Agamemnon wanted to soften the anger of Athena with hecatombs (by bringing several sacrifices, each of a hundred oxen) before sailing. Some supported Menelaus, others supported Agamemnon. The Greeks completely quarreled, and the next morning the army was divided. Menelaus, Diomedes, Nestor, Neoptolemus and some others boarded the ships. At Tenedos, Odysseus, who sailed with these leaders, quarreled with them and returned to Agamemnon. The companions of Menelaus went to Euboea. From there, Diomedes returned favorably to Argos, Nestor to Pylos, safely sailed to their cities Neoptolemus, Philoctetes and Idomeneo. But Menelaus was caught by a storm near the rocky Cape Malea and brought to the coast of Crete, on the rocks of which almost all of his ships crashed. He himself was carried away by a storm to Egypt. Tsar Polybus cordially received him in the hundred-gate Egyptian Thebes, gave him and Elena rich gifts. The wanderings of Menelaus after the Trojan War lasted eight years; he was in Cyprus, in Phenicia, he saw the countries of the Ethiopians and Libyans. Then the gods gave him a joyful return and a happy old age with the eternally young Elena. According to the stories of later poets, Helen was not at all in Troy. Stesichorus said that Paris only stole the ghost of Helen; according to the story of Euripides (the tragedy " Helena"), he took away a woman like Helen, created by the gods to deceive him, and Hermes transferred the real Helen to Egypt, to King Proteus, who guarded her until the end of the Trojan War. Herodotus also believed that Helen was not in Troy. The Greeks thought that the Phoenician Aphrodite (Astarte) was Helen. They saw the temple of Astarte in that part of Memphis where the Tyrian Phoenicians lived; probably from this arose the legend of Helen's life in Egypt.

Agamemnon, upon returning from the Trojan War, was killed by his wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus. A few years later, the children of Agamemnon, Orestes and Electra, severely avenged their mother and Aegisthus for their father. These events formed the basis for a whole cycle of myths. Ajax the Small, on his way back from Troy, was killed by Poseidon for his unheard-of pride and blasphemous insult to the altar when Cassandra was captured.

Odysseus suffered the most adventures and hardships when returning from the Trojan War. His fate gave the theme and plot for the second great

PRONOUNAL ADJECTS

The group of so-called pronominal adjectives has the same feature of the pronominal declension:

unus, a, umone (account)
solus,a,umthe only one
totus,a,umwhole, whole
ullus,a,umany, any
nullus,a,umno
alter,era,erumother (of two)
alius, a, ud(gen. alterius) another (of many)
neuter, tra, trumneither one nor the other
uter, utra, utrumwhich (of the two)
uterque, utraque, utrumqueboth

They are called pronominal because in gen. sing. all three genders end in -ius(e.g. totius), and in dat. sing. on -ī (e.g. toti); they are called adjectives because in other cases they have the same endings as adjectives, although by value this group includes pronouns and numerals.

ABLATIVUSCAUSAE

To indicate the cause of any action or state expressed by a verb, participle or adjective with a passive meaning, an ablative is put, which is called ablatīvus causae ( ablative cause):

fatō profŭgus - fugitive by the will of fate, persecuted by fate
misericordia moveri - be driven by compassion

ABLATIVUSTEMPŎ RIS

Ablativus tempŏris ( ablative time) is used to indicate the moment of action. Words that have the meaning of time ( day, winter, year etc.), can be put in the ablative without a preposition: hieme - winter, horā septimā - at the seventh hour.
Kalendis Januariis- in January kalends (i.e. January 1st).
Words that have the meaning of the circumstance in which an event or action occurred ( war, world, dawn etc.), are put in the ablative without a preposition or with a preposition in: bello And in bello - during the war.
If these words have a definition, then, as a rule, the preposition is not used:

eo bello- during this war
bello Punĭco secūndo- Second Punic War

LEXICAL MINIMUM

bellum, i n war
condo, condĭdi, condĭtum 3 base
consilium, ii n plan, decision; thought
deleo, delēvi, delētum 2 destroy, destroy
deus, dei m ( pl. dei or di) God; dea, ae f goddess
egregius,a,umoutstanding
fatum, i n rock, destiny
formōsus,a,umBeautiful
gratia, ae f favor; Gratitude; gratias agĕre(+dat.) thank (someone)
lacrima, ae f a tear
multumvery much
nambecause, because, fornovus,a,umnew
officium, II n duty, obligation; service
ora, ae f coast, coast
potentia, ae f power, strength
superbus,a,umproud, arrogant
trado, tradi, tradtum 3 transfer; tell

CPC 9. Exercise . TEXT.

Read:
I. DE AENGA Antīqui poētae Romanōrum tradunt egregium virum Trojanum, Aenēan 1 nomĭne, post Trojam a Graecis captam et delētam a Trojae orā in Italiam venisse. Narrant eum fatō profŭgum multum terrā marīque jactātum esse ob iram Junōnis deae saevae. Nam fato destinātum est Trojānos cum Aenēa in Italiam ventūros esse et ibi ab eis oppĭdum novum condĭtum iri. Ităque Aenēas et amīci illīus in Italiam veniunt. Inter eos et Latinos, antiquae Italiae incŏlas, bellum ortum est. Eo bello Trojāni Latīnos vincunt et Lavinium oppĭdum novum ab eis condĭtur. Postea Julus Aenēae filius aliud oppĭdum Albam Longam condit.
Text notes:
nomĭne - By name; post Trojam captam - after taking Troy; terra marique - on on dry land And on sea; Junnis- gen. sing. from Juno - Juno; destination est - was predetermined; bellum ortum est - arose war.
1 Greek feminine proper nouns on -ē and masculine on -es And -as belong to the I declension: sing., N. Aeneas; G.,D. Aeneae; acc. Aenēān; Abl.,V. Aenēā