Gothic- a period in the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe.

The word comes from Italian. gotico - unusual, barbaric - (Goten - barbarians; this style has nothing to do with the historical Goths), and was first used as a swear word. For the first time, the concept in the modern sense was applied by Giorgio Vasari in order to separate the Renaissance from the Middle Ages.

Brilliant ruby-sapphire glass with heraldic shields set in grisaille filled the windows. Clock screen and tombs added to display color. The old Norman nave remained attached to the much taller Gothic building for over a century, until more money came in at the end of the fourteenth century. The western part of the nave was then continued by the abbot, using money bequeathed by the cardinal, and the work progressed slowly for almost one hundred and fifty years. In the bay of the nave just to the west of the request screen, a combination of old and new work can be seen.

Origin of the term

However, there was nothing barbaric in this style: on the contrary, it is distinguished by great elegance, harmony and observance of logical laws. A more correct name would be "lancet", because. the lancet form of the arc is an essential attribute of Gothic art. And, indeed, in France, at the birthplace of this style, the French gave it a completely appropriate name - “gival style” (from ogive - arrow).

The label names for the statues in the niches still remain, but the numbers have disappeared or been removed by this time. Later ones were built in the early 19th century. These numbers represent kings, knights and a lady. Lethaby, Westminster Abbey and the Kings Craftsmen: An exploration of a medieval building.

Spain. Seville. Seville Cathedral

Bond, Westminster Abbey. Lethaby, Westminster Abbey. Cocket, 900 years old: restorations of Westminster Abbey. Mortimer, Westminster Abbey: sidewalks. Beansky "Cosmaty" in Westminster and the style of the English court. Bulletin of the Arts, vol.

Three main periods:

- Early Gothic XII-XIII centuries.

- High Gothic - 1300-1420. (conditionally)

- Late Gothic - XV century (1420-1500) is often called "Flaming"

Architecture

The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. It developed on the basis of Romanesque, more precisely, Burgundian architecture. In contrast to the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (wimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained-glass lancet windows. . All style elements emphasize the vertical.

Maulbronn Monastery has the first Gothic buildings in Germany - and at the same time especially successful masterpieces. Romanesque main portal with iron fittings. Since the founding of the monastery in the middle of the century, little has been preserved. All the more valuable are early testimonies, such as the barrier in the church. Its arches indicate a Romanesque appearance. Absolute rarities are church doors with iron fittings, created around the Roman church-monastery already at this time.

The monastery now received outstanding new buildings, traits of the title of Maulbronn today. Paradise, the porch of the church, is one of the most beautiful rooms of this time. The load-bearing parts of the architecture dissolve into bundles of columns. "Services" - thin supports located against the wall - seem to carry the ribs and arches of a wide vault. An early gothic master builder allows her to start at different heights. At the same time, they show a diagram of the loads on them.


art

Sculpture played a huge role in creating the image of the Gothic cathedral. In France, she designed mainly its outer walls. Tens of thousands of sculptures, from plinth to pinnacles, inhabit the mature Gothic cathedral.

In the Gothic style, round monumental plastic art is actively developing. But at the same time, Gothic sculpture is an integral part of the ensemble of the cathedral, it is part of the architectural form, since, together with architectural elements, it expresses the upward movement of the building, its tectonic meaning. And, creating an impulsive chiaroscuro game, it, in turn, animates, spiritualizes the architectural masses and promotes their interaction with the air environment.

Early to Late Gothic

Gothic flag: cross ribs. Other buildings have been preserved from that time, such as the south wing of the monastery and the Laiper refectory. From the end of the century to the middle of the century, the rest of the cloister, the dormitory of the monks on the top floor, and the head house with its elaborate rib vault were built.

Typical of Late Gothic architecture is the exquisite network vaulting of the connecting structure. It stands between Romanesque and Renaissance. Distinguish early Gothic, Gothic and late Gothic. The most important sacred buildings were built in the Gothic style, and even today this art form plays an important role in architecture. The most imposing Gothic buildings are the cathedrals, which is why they are considered "the epitome of Gothic architecture". In the Gothic style, different architectural styles are distinguished.


Painting. One of the main directions of Gothic painting was stained glass, which gradually replaced fresco painting. The stained-glass window technique remained the same as in the previous era, but the color palette became much richer and more colorful, and the plots were more complex - along with images of religious subjects, stained-glass windows appeared on everyday topics. In addition, stained-glass windows began to use not only colored, but also colorless glass.

Gothic church buildings are characterized by powerful volumes and tapering ledges. Previously closed walls, which how? Protection from evil from outside? were shattered by rows of windows. Decorations such as ribs, striebekerke and window roses were featured. The cruciform rib carries the vault, relieving pile pressure on the piers, which are supported by an open lattice of pylons and buttresses. The choir is now often extended by an altar with an hour ring. An important center will be the choir room. The western side is emphasized by high towers.

In early and high gothic the space was subdivided so that visitors could find the individual sections one by one, but in the gothic gothic style, it was leveled so that it could be seen from anywhere. In addition, the forms of this architecture took possession of castles, monasteries, town halls and residences.

The Gothic period flourished book miniature. With the advent of secular literature (knightly novels, etc.), the range of illustrated manuscripts expanded, and richly illustrated books of hours and psalters for home use were also created. Artists began to strive for a more reliable and detailed reproduction of nature. Vivid representatives of the Gothic book miniature are the Limburg brothers, court miniaturists of the Duke de Berry, who created the famous "Magnificent Hours of the Duke of Berry" (circa 1411-1416).

However, the religious background of the Gothic style of architecture was not created solely for architectural reasons, there is religious symbolism behind it. Pillars and pillars correspond to the apostles and prophets carrying the Christian faith, Jesus is the stone that connects one wall to another.

Early English Gothic: interiors

Gothic sculpture arose out of a desire to decorate the facades of cathedrals with figures and reliefs meant to represent the history of salvation. Immediately associated with architecture, the figures stand on a console with a staring gaze in front of walls, need a canopy over their heads, or stand inside a church.


Ornament


Fashion



The bathrobe has been designed especially carefully. This should give more information about the figure shown than just the body. This movement remained typical of Gothic sculpture for a long time. The late Gothic brought to Germany many reproductions of wood for winged altars.

The reserved church rooms left no room for the frescoes used in Romanesque art. Only in Italy, where the separation of the walls was preserved, could this be used. The surface of the glass and the altar began north of the Alps. Gothic was an era of visualization of the Christian world of ideas, using a lot of symbolism and allegory. Outstanding artistic creation - Gothic cathedral, combining the medieval era, architecture, sculpture and painting. In architecture, the distinction is still early, with High and Late Gothic being adopted in different European landscapes at different rates.


Interior

Dressoire - a cupboard, a product of late Gothic furniture. Often covered with painting.

Gothick style(from Italian gotico, lit. - Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe ready), artistic style.

The emergence of the Gothic style in France

Even if Vasari's rating is not divided today - he called his name in an era. The new building of Saint-Denis, the royal tomb, is the architectural formulation of a very comprehensive claim to the power of the French kingdom against the barons, but also against his worst adversary, the King of England: the facade of Saint-Denis, at the same time triumphal arch and the castle, it is almost a recreation of the Carolingian Westwerk.

The façade was built directly in front of the choir and is not yet classified as "Gothic", although it has already broken away from Romanesque art forms. The prerequisite for the development of architecture allowing Gothic architecture was the development of productive forces near prosperous cities sponsored by the king's citizens.

History of occurrence
Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strongest influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images.
Gothic originated in Northern France (Ile-de-France) in the middle of the XII century. and reached its peak in the first half of the 13th century. The style, which became the final stage in the development of medieval art in the countries of Western, Central and partially Eastern Europe (between the middle of the XII and XV - XVI centuries). The term "Gothic" was introduced during the Renaissance as a pejorative designation for all medieval art, which was considered "barbaric". First XIX in. when for art X-XII centuries the term Romanesque style was adopted, the chronological framework of the Gothic was limited, it identified the early, mature (high) and late phases. Gothic developed in countries dominated by the Catholic Church, and under its auspices, the feudal-church foundations were preserved in the ideology and culture of the Gothic era.

The recipe for success for the further development of the style was that each large-scale building combined what had been achieved before it and at the same time became the basis for successor buildings. The cathedrals of Saint, Senlis, Noyon, Paris and Laon were important stops on the way to maturity, having already been reached at Chartres, Soissons, Reims and Amiens in the early 19th century. From there, the style spread through internationally working master builders throughout Western and Central Europe.

Ribbed vaults: The main innovation of the ribbed vault was that in an imaginary square, like a floor plan, 4 round bows were installed on the 4 sides of the square, but 2 round arches with a common central stone over the two diagonals. As a result, the stability of the vault was ensured, and the statically lesser bows above the four sides were pointed upwards to get the same height as the two longer and taller round bows above the diagonals. In this way, it is also possible to create a storage pit above a rectangular floor plan. In addition, the fabric caps between the ribs can now be loosely bricked without creating a complete formwork. characteristic feature style remained the use of edges. Thus, the design is freer than in the Romanesque style. . The walls of Gothic buildings are therefore comparatively thin between surprisingly large windows.

Character traits
Gothic is characterized by a symbolic-allegorical type of thinking and convention artistic language. From the Romanesque style, Gothic inherited the primacy of architecture in the system of arts and traditional types of buildings. A special place in Gothic art was occupied by the cathedral - the highest example of the synthesis of architecture, sculpture and painting (predominantly stained glass). The space of the cathedral, incommensurable with man, the verticalism of its towers and vaults, the subordination of sculpture to dynamic architectural rhythms, the multi-colored radiance of stained-glass windows had a strong emotional impact on the faithful.
The leading type of Gothic architecture was the city's soaring cathedral, with lancet arches, with walls turned into stone lace, which was made possible thanks to a system of flying buttresses that transferred the pressure of the vault to external pillars - buttresses. The Gothic cathedral symbolized the rush to heaven; the same purpose was to serve its richest decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained-glass windows. The theme of the stained-glass windows is also varied, in the range of which red, blue and yellow tones predominated.
The stiffness and isolation of the Romanesque statues gave way to the mobility of the figures, their appeal to each other and to the viewer. Stone Gothic cathedrals received their classical form in France. As a rule, these are 3-5-nave basilicas with a transverse nave - a transept and a semicircular bypass of the choir ("ambulatory"), to which radial chapels ("crown of chapels") adjoin. Their high and spacious interior is illuminated by the colored flickering of stained-glass windows. The impression of an unstoppable movement up and towards the altar is created by rows of slender pillars, a powerful rise of pointed pointed arches, and the accelerated rhythm of the arcades of the upper gallery (triforium). Thanks to the contrast of the high main and semi-dark side aisles, a picturesque richness of aspects arises, a feeling of the infinity of space. The constructive basis of the cathedral is a frame of pillars (in mature Gothic - a bunch of columns) and lancet arches resting on them. The structure of the building consists of rectangular cells (grass) bounded by 4 pillars and 4 arches, which, together with rib arches, form the skeleton of a cross vault filled with lightened small vaults - formwork. The lateral thrust of the arch of the main nave is transmitted with the help of supporting arches (arc-butanes) to the outer pillars - buttresses. The walls freed from the load in the gaps between the pillars are cut through by arched windows. Neutralization of the vault expansion by moving the main structural elements outwards made it possible to create a feeling of lightness and spatial freedom of the interior. The 2-tower western facades of French cathedrals with 3 "perspective" portals and a patterned round window ("rose") in the center combine aspiration upwards with a clear balance of divisions. On the facades, lancet arches and rich architectural, plastic and decorative details vary - patterned wimpers, phials, crabs, etc. Statues on consoles in front of the columns of the portals and in their upper arched gallery, reliefs on the socles and in the tympanums of the portals, as well as on the capitals columns form an integral plot system, which includes characters and episodes Holy Scripture, allegorical images. The best works Gothic sculpture - the statues of the facades of the cathedrals in Chartres, Reims, Amiens, Strasbourg are imbued with spiritualized beauty, sincerity and nobility of feelings. The established Gothic frame system appeared in the abbey church of Saint-Denis (1137-44).

The vertical structure of the buildings is further emphasized by the numerous towers that surpass the outer buttresses, the so-called pinnacles. This method of construction allows a departure from the usual Romanesque subzones. This created imposing, celestial aspiring single rooms of powerful height. The huge naves add to the feeling of awe and reverence as one realizes one's insignificant smallness in the huge halls.

Only in England did the preference for Gothic continue even after the beginning of the new era, and it became, as it were, the English "national style". A great influence on the stylistic development in England then took the Gothic Revival. Vasari saw in the Gothic the art of uncultured peoples, between the decline of the "golden age" of antiquity and its revival in the Renaissance. It was only before Goethe that the term gothic became a valid positive connotation today. Goethe himself, who helped in a very notable essay on the gothic style of the art movement to today's usual appreciation.

early gothic
Early Gothic also includes cathedrals in Lana, Paris, Chartres. The richness of rhythm the grandiose cathedrals of mature Gothic in Reims and Amiens, as well as the Sainte-Chapelle chapel in Paris (1243-48) with numerous stained-glass windows, are distinguished by the perfection of architectural composition and sculptural decoration. From the middle XIII in. majestic cathedrals were built in the ancient European countries- in Germany (in Cologne), the Netherlands (in Utrecht), Spain (in Burgos, 1221-1599), Great Britain (Westminster Abbey in London), Sweden (in Uppsala), Czech Republic (choir and transept of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague) , where Gothic building techniques received a peculiar local interpretation. The crusaders brought the principles of Gothic to Rhodes, Cyprus and Syria.

The advantage of medieval buildings, which began in the Romantic era, also contributed significantly. AT fine arts religious themes were also at the forefront in Gothic. Unlike the Romanesque, the people depicted in Christian art took on more individual human traits. They are no longer grandly aloof, but become friendly and approachable; typical of them are the many fine figures of the Madonna carved in ivory, especially in France.

Contrary to Romanesque art, Christ is depicted on the cross not as a king, stern and exalted, but as a simple man, whose terrible suffering is clearly brought to the viewer. Characteristic are, first of all, the representation of the envelope of the arch, the structure and the peaks as an architectural accessory.

late gothic
In late Gothic, murals on secular subjects appeared (in the papal palace in Avignon, XVI-XV centuries; Late German Gothic (late XIV - early XVI centuries) gave brilliant examples of hall churches (Annenkirche in Annaberg-Buchholz, 1499-1525) and palace halls (Albrechtsburg in Meissen) with complex patterns of vaults.Gothic style also became widespread in Austria (the Gothic part of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna) and Switzerland (Cathedral in Bern).

The end of the Gothic coincides with the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times. Architecture in Zsterre. Vienna, Salzburg. It was then that the Renaissance was revived in central Italy. This great cultural explosion not only included a particular way of painting, new style in sculpture or architecture fashion, but also a completely new way of looking at the world. It should be remembered that the term "Renaissance" is a buzzword that covers more than 200 years of human activity. So don't worry if you lose track. Forster's novel A Room with a View, which was completely lost in Florence in the Church of Santa Croce without Badeker, was also completely baffled, until "the impudent charm of Italy affected her and she no longer demanded information, she only began to rejoice ".

Gothic style in different countries peace
The towers of cathedrals in Antwerp and Mechelen brought glory to Dutch Gothic, but especially richly decorated civil buildings (cloth rows in Ypres, 1200-1304, Bruges; town halls in Brussels, Leuven).
In Great Britain, cathedrals, mostly monastic ones, are usually a low, elongated volume with a rectangular choir top and a tower above the crossroads. The strict geometric simplicity of the volumes is, as it were, compensated by the richness and complexity of the patterns on the facade and vaults. According to the forms of decor, styles are distinguished: early ("lanceolate"; Salisbury Cathedral), "decorated" (close to "flaming" Gothic (Exeter Cathedral, between 1275-1375) and "perpendicular", characterized by a fractional rhythm of verticals on walls and windows and whimsical weaving of ribs on vaults and ceilings (King's College Chapel in Cambridge, 1446-1515. The influence of English, French and German brick Gothic influenced the Gothic architecture of Norway (Cathedral in Trondheim, Gothic parts - 1180-1320), Denmark (Cathedral of St. Knud in Odense, around XIII-XV centuries), Sweden (Church in Vadstena, 1369-1430).
In Spain, extensive city cathedrals (in Seville) usually had wall planes clearly divided into tiers and small windows. The interior was divided in two by an image behind the altar (retablo) with sculpture and painting. The Gothic architecture of Catalonia and Southern Spain was influenced by Moorish art (1-nave late Gothic cathedral in Girona, 1325-1607). Large vaulted halls were created in secular buildings (stock exchange in Palma on the island of Mallorca, 1426-51 BC).
In Italy in the XIII - XIV centuries Gothic elements were included in the Romanesque architecture of churches. Lancet Gothic vaults and decor were combined with the static architectural masses, proportional clarity of spacious interiors, polychrome marble cladding of facades and interiors (the cathedral in Siena, the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence).
The influence of the Venetian Gothic influenced the architecture of Dalmatia (Croatia), Greece, Crete, and Cyprus. Gothic buildings in Eastern Europe are often characterized by fortress features, laconicism and external severity of forms, contrasting with the elegant decoration of windows, towers, portals. In Hungary, Gothic spread at the end XIII-XV centuries (Church of St. Michael in Sopron, castle in Visegrad). The heyday of Czech Gothic dates back to the 14th-15th centuries. (Cathedral of St. Vitus and Charles Bridge in Prague, hall church of St. Barbara in Kut-na-Gora, hall churches of South Bohemia). Gothic also spread in Slovakia, Slovenia, Transylvania. In Poland, Gothic developed in XIII-XV centuries In Latvia, the transition to Gothic took place in XIII-XIV centuries (Dome church in Riga; castle in Cēsis, XIII - XVI centuries). In southern Estonia XIV in. Brick Gothic churches were built (Jaani Church in Tartu). The Gothic look of Tallinn was determined in XIV-XV centuries (Vyshgorod and the burgher part of the city with the town hall, Oleviste church). To XIV-XV centuries include the Early Gothic monuments of Lithuania (castle in Trakai), XV - XVI centuries rich brick decor is received by the Onos church in Vilnius and the Perkuno house in Kaunas.

Interior style
In interior design, you can recognize the Gothic style by huge windows, multi-colored stained-glass windows, lighting effects, and the emphasized verticality of all structural elements.

Conclusion
There was an interest in real natural forms, in the physical beauty and feelings of a person, the topics of motherhood, moral suffering, martyrdom and sacrificial fortitude of a person received a new interpretation. In Gothic, lyricism and tragic affects, sublime spirituality and social satire, fantastic grotesque and folklore, sharp life observations are organically intertwined.
In the late Gothic era, the accumulation of empirical knowledge, the growth of interest in reality, in the observation and study of nature, the increased role of creative individuality paved the way for the Renaissance system of world perception. This process manifested itself in the XIV-beginning. XVI centuries in French and Burgundian miniatures, in sculpture (Klaus Sluter) and painting (Melchior Bruderlam and others), German, Czech. Polish decorative sculpture (Piotr Parlérz), in altar sculpture and painting (master Teodorik and others). AT XV - XVI centuries it was accelerated by the influence of the Italian and Netherlandish Renaissance. For XVI in. Gothic was almost universally replaced by Renaissance culture.

Sources used
1.dproekt.com.ua.
2. ufa.shikremont.ru.
3.dproekt.com.ua.