The planets differ in temperature as they have different structure and distance from the Sun. As the distance from the Sun increases, the temperature on the surface of planets tends to decrease. Internal and external factors are responsible for temperature fluctuations within the planets. The nature and composition of the atmosphere determines the amount of heat radiated and how much heat a planet can hold.

The hottest planets in the solar system:

Venus

Venus is the second and hottest among. Its temperature can reach 464º C. The high temperature is due to the dense atmosphere with thick cloud cover. Carbon dioxide makes up the bulk of Venus's atmospheric gases, acting like a blanket that keeps the planet from losing heat. Temperatures remain relatively regular with little fluctuation throughout the year. Unlike other planets, Venus' slight elliptical tilt does not affect temperatures, allowing them to remain stable.

Mercury

Mercury is the first and smallest planet in the solar system. Despite its proximity to the Sun, Mercury is the second hottest planet. Unlike Venus, it does not have an atmosphere, so during the day it experiences various temperatures. Temperatures can drop as low as -93º C or rise to 427º C, with an average of around 167º C. Temperatures on Mercury are directly influenced by the Sun. Therefore, the side facing the star often becomes hot, and freezes on the shaded side. Astronomers believe that Mercury's polar regions are never heated by the Sun and may therefore be colder than Jupiter's cloud tops.

The coldest planets in the solar system:

Pluto

Pluto is a dwarf planet made up of ice and rock. Originally thought to be the ninth planet, Pluto is the furthest from the sun and has the coldest temperatures, averaging around -225º C. Temperatures on Pluto depend on its proximity to the Sun: as the planet approaches the star, the temperature of the atmosphere becomes much warmer. The surface temperature is colder than the atmosphere due to the influence of methane, which creates a temperature inversion. Pressure waves in the atmosphere lower the temperature, making them colder than intended.

Neptune

Since Pluto's disqualification as a planet, Neptune has been considered the coldest planet in the solar system, with an average temperature of around -200º C. Neptune is the eighth planet in our system, made up primarily of hydrogen and helium. The planet experiences fluctuations in pressure and temperature depending on altitude. because of long distance from the Sun, the temperature on Neptune depends more on the radiation inside the planet itself than on the star. Its 23.4º elliptical slope heats up the upstream side, raising the temperature by about 10º C, thus avoiding methane escape. In the interior of the planet, temperature fluctuations are also noticeable, which occur during movement around the Sun or under the influence of internal factors such as winds and pressure changes. do not have a defined surface temperature compared to .

The average temperature of all the planets in the solar system

temperature on the planets solar system

If you are going to take a vacation on another planet, then it is important to know about possible climate changes :) Seriously, many people know that most of the planets in our solar system have extreme temperatures that are not suitable for peaceful living. But what exactly are the temperatures on the surface of these planets? Below I offer a small overview of the temperatures of the planets in the solar system.

Mercury

Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun, so one would assume that it is constantly burning like a furnace. However, although the temperature on Mercury can reach 427°C, it can also drop to a very low temperature of -173°C. Mercury has such a large temperature difference because it has no atmosphere.

Venus

Venus, the second most nearby planet to the Sun, has the highest average temperature of any planet in our solar system, regularly reaching 460°C. Venus is so hot because of its proximity to the Sun and its dense atmosphere. The atmosphere of Venus consists of dense clouds containing carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. This creates a strong greenhouse effect that keeps high temperature The sun is trapped in the atmosphere and turns the planet into a furnace.

Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and so far the only planet known for its ability to support life. The average temperature on Earth is 7.2°C, but it varies by large deviations from this indicator. The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 70.7°C in Iran. The lowest temperature was recorded in Antarctica. and it reaches -91.2°C.

Mars

Mars is cold because, firstly, it does not have an atmosphere to maintain high temperature, and secondly, it is relatively far from the Sun. Since Mars has an elliptical orbit (it gets much closer to the Sun at some points in its orbit), during the summer, its temperature can deviate up to 30°C from the norm in the northern and southern hemispheres. The minimum temperature on Mars is approximately -140°C and the highest is 20°C.

Jupiter

Jupiter doesn't have any solid surface, since it's a gas giant, so it doesn't have any surface temperature either. At the top of Jupiter's clouds, temperatures are around -145°C. As you descend closer to the center of the planet, the temperature increases. At the point where Atmosphere pressure ten times that of Earth, a temperature of 21°C, which some scientists jokingly refer to as "room temperature." In the core of the planet, the temperature is much higher and reaches approximately 24,000°C. For comparison, it is worth noting that the core of Jupiter is hotter than the surface of the Sun.

Saturn

As with Jupiter, the temperature in Saturn's upper atmosphere remains very low - down to about -175°C - and increases as you get closer to the center of the planet (up to 11,700°C at the core). Saturn, in fact, generates heat itself. It generates 2.5 times more energy than it receives from the Sun.

Uranus

Uranus is the coldest planet with the lowest recorded temperature of -224°C. Although Uranus is far from the Sun, this is not the only reason for its low temperature. All other gas giants in our solar system emit more heat from their cores than they receive from the Sun. Uranus has a core with a temperature of approximately 4737°C, which is only one-fifth the temperature of Jupiter's core.

Neptune

With temperatures as low as -218°C in Neptune's upper atmosphere, this planet is one of the coldest in our solar system. Like the gas giants, Neptune has a much hotter core that is around 7000°C.

Below is a graph showing planetary temperatures in both Fahrenheit (°F) and Celsius (°C). Please note that Pluto has not been classified as a planet since 2006 (see why).

The temperature of the planets in the solar system

http://starmission.ru

In space, you can find many bizarre places with abnormally high or low temperatures. Or meet the biggest meteorite, asteroid, the most massive comet, the highest mountain, the biggest canyon and much, much more. O space records in solar system this article will be discussed.

Planet with the highest surface temperature

Planet Venus

The highest temperature that was recorded on the planets of the solar system - 464 ° C on the planet Venus. Due to the very dense atmosphere, it retains the heat of the sun even at night, the temperature practically does not change day or night. A slightly lower temperature was recorded on the planet Mercury - 430 ° C.

The lowest recorded body surface temperature

Neptune's satellite - Triton

It would seem that the farther from the Sun the colder, but the minimum temperature that was recorded on the surface of the body has the largest satellite of the planet Neptune - Triton- -235°C. This temperature was determined by Voyager 2, which flew near Triton in 1989.

largest planet

Planet Jupiter

The largest planet in the solar system - Jupiter. Its diameter is almost 11 times larger than our planet, and its mass is about 317 times larger than the Earth's. This is the one that contains more matter than all the other planets, their satellites, comets and asteroids combined.

The largest satellite of the planet

Jupiter's moon Ganymede

As expected, the largest planet has the largest satellite - Ganymede. Its diameter is 5262 kilometers. it more planet Mercury. If it did not revolve around Jupiter, but around the Sun, then it would refer to objects of a planetary type.

The highest mountain

The most high mountain- Olympus

Mount Olympus on Mars is the highest mountain in the solar system. It has a height of just over 27 kilometers and a base with a diameter of 550 kilometers. This is truly the highest natural creation. For comparison: on Earth, Mount Everest rises only 8.8 kilometers above sea level. After Mount Olympus, the second highest altitude in the solar system is occupied by the Venusian Maxwell Mountains, which have a maximum height of 11 kilometers.

The biggest canyon

The largest canyon - Mariner

Another record belongs to the planet Mars - this is largest canyon in the solar system, which is located in the Mariner valleys. It has a maximum width of 600 kilometers, a depth of 7 kilometers and extends for 3800 kilometers. For a better comparison, imagine if this canyon were in Europe, it would stretch from Paris to the Urals!

The largest crater

The largest lunar crater - Aitken

Our natural satellite of the Earth, the Moon, has one solar system record - it is most large crater - Aitken, which is located at South Pole Moon. Its diameter is 2500 kilometers. Very old impact crater. Until 1960, astronomers doubted the existence of this crater at all. In 1994 spacecraft The Clementine carried out detailed mapping of the lunar surface, and it turned out that this crater lies about 10 kilometers below the surrounding plateau.

The largest meteorite

The largest meteorite - Goba

The largest meteorite found on Earth weighs just over 65 tons. This iron meteorite was found in Namibia in 1920 and is still there today. Its length is 3 meters. Initially, it was somewhat large, but time does not spare anyone.

largest meteor shower

Largest meteor shower - Leonids

As written in various documentary sources, on November 13, 1833, a meteor shower poured over the Earth. In an hour, there were up to 200 thousand meteors (I don’t know how it was considered). Many at the time thought it was the end of the world. Astronomers realized that meteors come to us from outer space, and are not a product of the earth's atmosphere, like rain - until that moment it was believed.

comet closest to earth

Comet Lexell

In 1770, Lexell's comet approached the Earth at a distance of approximately 2.2 million kilometers. This comet is named after Andrey Leksel, an observer astronomer who specialized in comets and calculated its orbit. Since that time, the comet has never been seen again. It is believed that due to the approach to Jupiter, its trajectory shifted and it flew out of the solar system.

These records are rich in our solar system. If you have something to add to the article or other interesting records that were not mentioned in this article, be sure to write and share in the comments. I will add them to this article.

In the next article I will tell. Let me introduce you to more ambitious space records. Do not miss.

In addition to the Sun, the planet Jupiter is indeed the largest in size and mass in our solar system, it is not for nothing that it is named after the main and most powerful god of the ancient pantheon - Jupiter in the Roman tradition (aka Zeus, in the Greek tradition). Also, the planet Jupiter is fraught with many mysteries and has already been mentioned more than once on the pages of our scientific site, in today's article we will collect all the information about this interesting giant planet together, so, forward to Jupiter.

Who Discovered Jupiter

But first, a little history of the discovery of Jupiter. In fact, the Babylonian priests and part-time astronomers were already well aware of Jupiter. ancient world, it is in their writings that there are the first mentions of this giant in history. The thing is that Jupiter is so big that it could always be seen in the starry sky with the naked eye.

The famous astronomer Galileo Galilei was the first who studied the planet Jupiter already through a telescope, he also discovered the four largest satellites of Jupiter. At that time, the discovery of satellites around Jupiter was an important argument in favor of heliocentric model Copernicus (that the center of the celestial system is, and not the Earth). And the great scientist himself, for his revolutionary, at that time, discoveries, was persecuted by the Inquisition, but that's another story.

Subsequently, many astronomers looked at Jupiter through their telescopes, making various interesting discoveries, for example, astronomer Cassini discovered a large red spot on the surface of the planet (we will write about it in more detail below) and also calculated the rotation period and differential rotation of Jupiter's atmosphere. Astronomer E. Bernard discovered the last satellite of Jupiter Amateus. Observations of Jupiter with increasingly powerful telescopes continue to this day.

Features of the planet Jupiter

If we compare Jupiter with our planet, then the size of Jupiter is 317 times larger than the size of the Earth. In addition, Jupiter is 2.5 times larger than all other planets in the solar system combined. As for the mass of Jupiter, it is 318 times the mass of the Earth and 2.5 times the mass of all other planets in the solar system combined. The mass of Jupiter is 1.9 x 10 * 27.

Jupiter temperature

What is the temperature on Jupiter day and night? Given the great distance of the planet from the Sun, it is logical to assume that it is cold on Jupiter, but not everything is so simple. The outer atmosphere of the giant is indeed very cold, the temperature there is about -145 degrees C, but as it deepens several hundred kilometers into the interior of the planet, it becomes warmer. And not just warmer, but simply hot, since on the surface of Jupiter the temperature can reach up to +153 C. Such a strong temperature drop is due to the fact that the surface of the planet consists of burning, releasing heat. Moreover, the molten inner parts of the planet give off even more heat than Jupiter itself receives from the Sun.

All this is complemented by the strongest storms raging on the planet (wind speed reaches 600 km per hour), which mix the heat emanating from the hydrogen component of Jupiter with the cold air of the atmosphere.

Is there life on Jupiter

As you can see, the physical conditions on Jupiter are very harsh, so, given the lack of a solid surface, high atmospheric pressure and high temperature on the planet's surface, life on Jupiter is not possible.

Atmosphere of Jupiter

The atmosphere of Jupiter is huge, however, like Jupiter itself. Chemical composition Jupiter's atmosphere is 90% hydrogen and 10% helium, and some other chemical elements: ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide. And since Jupiter is a gas giant without a solid surface, there is no boundary between its atmosphere and the surface itself.

But if we began to descend deeper and deeper into the bowels of the planet, we would notice changes in the density and temperature of hydrogen and helium. Based on these changes, scientists have identified such parts of the planet's atmosphere as the troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.

Why Jupiter is not a star

Perhaps readers have noticed that in its composition, and especially in the predominance of hydrogen and helium, Jupiter is very similar to the Sun. In this regard, the question arises why Jupiter is still a planet, and not a star. The fact is that he simply did not have enough mass and heat to start the fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium. According to scientists, Jupiter needs to increase its current mass by 80 times in order to start thermonuclear reactions that occur in the Sun and other stars.

Photo of the planet Jupiter

Surface of Jupiter

Due to the absence of a solid surface on the giant planet, scientists took the lowest point in its atmosphere, where the pressure is 1 bar, as a kind of conditional surface. Various chemical elements that make up the planet's atmosphere contribute to the formation of Jupiter's colorful clouds, which we can observe with a telescope. It is ammonia clouds that are responsible for the reddish-white striped color of the planet Jupiter.

The Great Red Spot on Jupiter

If you carefully examine the surface of the giant planets, then the characteristic large red spot, which was first noticed by the astronomer Cassini, while observing Jupiter in the late 1600s, will definitely not escape your attention. What is this great red spot of Jupiter? According to scientists, this is a large atmospheric storm, and so large that it rages in southern hemisphere planet for more than 400 years, and possibly longer (considering that it could have arisen long before Cassini saw it).

Although in recent times, astronomers have noticed that the storm began to slowly subside, as the size of the spot began to shrink. According to one hypothesis, the great red spot will take on a circular shape by 2040, but how long it will last is unknown.

Age of Jupiter

On the this moment The exact age of the planet Jupiter is unknown. The difficulty in determining it is that scientists do not yet know how Jupiter was formed. According to one hypothesis, Jupiter, however, like other planets, was formed from the solar nebula about 4.6 billion years ago, but this is just a hypothesis.

Rings of Jupiter

Yes, Jupiter, like any decent giant planet, has rings. Of course, they are not as large and noticeable as those of his neighbor. Jupiter's rings are thinner and weaker, most likely they consist of substances ejected by the giant's satellites when they collide with wandering asteroids and.

Moons of Jupiter

Jupiter has as many as 67 satellites, in fact, more than all other planets in the solar system. The satellites of Jupiter are of great interest to scientists, because among them there are such large specimens that surpass some small planets in size (like already “not planets”), which also have significant reserves of groundwater.

Jupiter rotation

One year on Jupiter lasts our 11.86 Earth years. It is during this period of time that Jupiter makes one revolution around the Sun. The speed of the planet Jupiter in orbit is 13 km per second. Jupiter's orbit is slightly tilted (about 6.09 degrees) compared to the plane of the ecliptic.

How long to fly to Jupiter

How long does it take to fly to Jupiter from Earth? When Earth and Jupiter are closest to each other, they are 628 million kilometers apart. How long will this distance be overcome by modern spaceships? Launched by NASA back in 1979, the Voyager 1 research shuttle spent 546 days flying to Jupiter. Voyager 2 took 688 days to make a similar flight.

• Despite its truly gigantic size, Jupiter is also the fastest planet in the solar system in terms of rotation around its axis, so it will take only 10 of our hours to make one rotation around its axis, so a day on Jupiter is equal to 10 hours.
• Clouds on Jupiter can be up to 10 km thick.
• Jupiter has an intense magnetic field that is 16 times stronger magnetic field Earth.
• It is quite possible to see Jupiter with your own eyes, and most likely you have seen it more than once, you just didn’t know that it was Jupiter. If in the night starry sky you see a large and bright star, it's most likely him.

Planet Jupiter, video

And finally, interesting documentary about Jupiter.

The planet Mars, like another close neighbor Earth, Venus, since antiquity has been subjected to the closest study of astronomers. Visible to the naked eye, since ancient times it has been shrouded in mystery, legends and conjectures. And today we know far from everything about the Red Planet, however, many of the information obtained over centuries of observation and study dispelled some myths and helped a person understand many of the processes taking place on this cosmic object. The temperature on Mars, the composition of its atmosphere, the features of orbital movement, after the improvement of technical methods of research and the beginning of the space age, managed to move from the category of assumptions to the rank of indisputable facts. Nevertheless, much of the data about both such a close and such a distant neighbor has yet to be explained.

Fourth

Mars is located one and a half times farther from the Sun than our planet (the distance is estimated at 228 million km). According to this parameter, he takes the fourth place. Beyond the orbit of the Red Planet lies the main asteroid belt and the "possession" of Jupiter. It flies around our star in about 687 days. At the same time, the orbit of Mars is strongly elongated: its perihelion is located at a distance of 206.7, and aphelion - 249.2 million km. A day lasts here only almost 40 minutes longer than on Earth: 24 hours and 37 minutes.

little brother

Mars belongs to the planets terrestrial group. The main substances that make up its structure are metals and silicon. Among similar objects in its dimensions, it is only ahead of Mercury. The diameter of the Red Planet is 6786 kilometers, which is about half that of the Earth. However, in terms of mass, Mars is 10 times inferior to our space home. The area of ​​the entire surface of the planet slightly exceeds the area of ​​the earth's continents combined, without taking into account the expanses of the oceans. The density here is also lower - it is only 3.93 kg / m 3.

The search for life

Despite the obvious difference between Mars and Earth, for a long time it was considered a real candidate for the title of a habitable planet. Before the beginning of the space age, scientists who observed the reddish surface of this cosmic body through a telescope periodically found signs of life, which soon, however, found a more prosaic explanation.

Over time, the conditions under which even the simplest organisms could appear outside the Earth were clearly defined. These include certain temperature parameters and the presence of water. Many explorations of the Red Planet have been aimed at discovering whether a suitable climate has developed there, and, if possible, to find traces of life.

Temperature on Mars

The Red Planet is an inhospitable world. A significant distance from the Sun noticeably affects the climatic conditions of this cosmic body. The temperature on Mars in Celsius varies on average from -155º to +20º. It is much colder here than on Earth, since the Sun, located one and a half times further away, warms the surface half as weakly. These not the most favorable conditions are exacerbated by a rarefied atmosphere, which transmits radiation well, which is known to be detrimental to all living things.

Such facts reduce to a minimum the chances of finding traces of existing or once extinct organisms on Mars. However, the point in this issue has not yet been set.

Determining Factors

The temperature on Mars, like on Earth, depends on the position of the planet relative to the star. Its maximum indicator (20-33º) is observed during the day near the equator. The minimum values ​​(up to -155º) are reached near the South Pole. Significant temperature fluctuations are characteristic of the entire territory of the planet.

These differences affect both the climatic features of Mars and its appearance. The main detail of its surface, noticeable even from the Earth, is the polar caps. As a result of significant heating in summer and cooling in winter, they undergo tangible changes: either they decrease until they almost completely disappear, then they increase again.

Is there water on Mars?

When summer comes in one of the hemispheres, the corresponding polar cap begins to decrease in size. Due to the orientation of the planet's axis, as it approaches the perihelion point, the southern half turns towards the Sun. As a result, the summer here is somewhat hotter, and the polar cap disappears almost completely. In the north, this effect is not observed.

Changes in the size of the polar caps led scientists to the idea that they are composed of not quite ordinary ice. The data collected to date allow us to assume that carbon dioxide plays a significant role in their formation, which is contained in large quantities in the atmosphere of Mars. In the cold season, the temperature here reaches a point at which it usually turns into the so-called dry ice. It is he who begins to melt with the advent of summer. Water, according to scientists, is also present on the planet and makes up that part of the polar caps that remains unchanged even with an increase in temperature (heating is insufficient for its disappearance).

At the same time, the planet Mars cannot boast of having the main source of life in liquid state. Hope for its discovery for a long time instilled areas of relief, very reminiscent of riverbeds. It is still not completely clear what could have led to their formation if there was never liquid water on the Red Planet. The atmosphere of Mars testifies in favor of the "dry" past. Its pressure is so insignificant that the boiling point of water falls at temperatures unusually low for the Earth, that is, it can exist here only in gaseous state. Theoretically, Mars could have had a denser atmosphere in the past, but then it would have left traces of it in the form of heavy inert gases. However, they have not been found so far.

Winds and storms

The temperature on Mars, more precisely, its differences, leads to the rapid movement of air masses in the hemisphere where winter has come. The resulting winds reach 170 m/s. On Earth, such phenomena would be accompanied by showers, but the Red Planet does not have sufficient water reserves for this. Dust storms arise here, so massive that sometimes they cover the entire planet. The rest of the time there is almost always clear weather (water is also needed to form a significant amount of clouds) and very clear air.

Despite the relatively small size of Mars and its uninhabitability, scientists have high hopes for it. Here in the future it is planned to place bases for the extraction of minerals and the implementation of various scientific activity. It is still difficult to say how real such projects are, but the continuous development of technology testifies in favor of the fact that soon humanity will be able to embody the most daring ideas.