Year of issue: 2012

Genre: Informatics

Publisher: Unity

Format: PDF

Quality: OCR

Number of pages: 399

Description: The textbook has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the state educational standard higher vocational education and includes three sections: general theory of statistics, socio-economic statistics and business statistics. The profession of an economist is exciting and challenging. In whatever particular area he works, he needs to have a set of such qualities as:

• deep knowledge of the fundamental provisions of economic theory;
• a taste for finding non-standard solutions, a developed intuition of an analyst, a creative excitement of a researcher, a subtle sense of inner vision of the unity of a diverse and contradictory world around and hidden mechanisms for maintaining this unity;
• impeccable command of modern tools and technologies for working with information, which is the fundamental basis for understanding the laws of socio-economic relations, which is necessary for effective management social processes at the micro, meso and macro levels.

The Economist's Rise to professional excellence- a long, ever-complicating, systematic process of learning and practical training. The basis of this process is the assimilation of knowledge contained in a wide range of scientific disciplines, the study of which is provided for by the training programs for highly qualified specialists in Russian universities.
Academic disciplines complement each other and, ultimately, the knowledge gained by students forms the professional potential of an economist.
Statistics, the scientific and methodological foundations of which are outlined in this textbook, is one of the compulsory disciplines in the preparation of economists. It is statistics, along with accounting and computer science, that lays the foundations for theoretical knowledge and practical skills in working with information, without which it is impossible either to fully participate in the formation of databases and flows of numerical information, or to be a competent user of socio-economic information.
Statistics is a diversified science, and the list of specific knowledge in the field of statistics that is necessary for future and already established specialists in various fields is also diverse.
The domestic market of educational literature on statistical disciplines offers numerous and diverse publications. This allows the reader to find the book that meets exactly his needs. Our textbook is addressed to those for whom it is important to obtain information on all the most significant issues in one work.
sections of statistical science. The material is presented in an accessible form, the mathematical and statistical apparatus is accompanied by examples of calculations. A significant part of the numerical examples is presented by actual data, which, as the authors hope, will increase the cognitive value and facilitate the assimilation of educational material.
The textbook "Statistics" includes three sections: the general theory of statistics; macroeconomic statistics; enterprise statistics. Each chapter ends test tasks for self-control of the level of assimilation of the topic. A glossary and a list of recommended reading are provided at the end of the textbook.
The material is presented in an accessible form, the mathematical and statistical apparatus is accompanied by examples of calculations based, as a rule, on actual data.
For students studying economics and management (080100), graduate students and teachers of economic universities. It can be useful for heads of enterprises and organizations. Textbook content
"Statistics"

GENERAL THEORY OF STATISTICS

Subject, method and tasks of statistics

1. The origin and development of statistics in the world and in Russia
2. The concept of "statistics". Subject and object of statistical science
3. Methodological foundations of statistics

Statistical observation

1. Statistical observation and its tasks
2. Forms and types statistical observation, methods of obtaining data
3. Program-methodical and organizational issues of statistical observation

Generalization and analysis of statistical observation materials

1. Main directions and tools of statistical analysis
2. Essence and types of groupings
3. Statistical tables
4. Generalizing statistics
5. Graphical methods for presenting statistical indicators

Mean values ​​and indicators of variation

1. Average values, their essence and significance
2. Types of averages
3. Feature Variation
4. Indicators of the structure of the variation series
5. Variation Size Indicators
6. Variation form indicators

Selective observation

1. The concept of selective observation
2. Sampling errors
3. The main methods of forming a sample population
4. Determination of the required sample size

Statistical study interrelations of socio-economic phenomena

1. Concept of statistical connection
2. Parallel row method
3. Rank correlation coefficient
4. Concordance ratio
5. Linear correlation coefficient
6. Regression analysis

Series of dynamics

1. The concept of time series
2. Dynamic Series Indicators
3. Average dynamics for the period
4. Methods for measuring periodic oscillations

Indices

1. The concept and meaning of indices
2. Aggregate index - the basic form of the general index
3. Average indices
4. Basic and chain indices
5. Indices of variable and constant composition, index of structural shifts
6. Territorial indices

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATISTICS

Scientific, methodological and organizational foundations of socio-economic statistics

1. Purpose and tasks of state statistics
2. Legal basis of state statistics
3. Organizational and functional structure of the system of state statistics in Russia
4. Information resources and Information Technology in the state statistics of Russia
5. International standards and classifiers in the national statistics of Russia
6. Quality statistical information

System of National Accounts and National Wealth Statistics

1. The concept and structure of the system of national accounts
2. The main indicators of the SNA and methods for their calculation
3. Gross domestic product and methods of its calculation
4. The concept and methods of assessing national wealth

Population and labor market statistics

1. Sources of information
2. Characteristics of the size, composition and territorial distribution of the population
3. Statistics of natural and mechanical movement of the population
4. Methods mathematical modeling in population statistics
5. Labor potential and labor market statistics
6. Statistics on the level and quality of life of the population

Financial instruments of socio-economic statistics

1. Tasks of statistics of the financial and credit system
2. Government budget statistics
3. money circulation statistics

STATISTICS OF THE ORGANIZATION (ENTERPRISE)

Statistics as an element of a unified accounting system and information and analytical base for managing an organization (enterprise)

1. Tasks of organization (enterprise) statistics
2. The relationship of statistical accounting with accounting, financial and management accounting in an organization (at an enterprise)
3. Functions of statistics in the organization (at the enterprise)

Statistics of personnel, remuneration, labor productivity in the organization (at the enterprise)

1. Statistics on the number and composition of employees
2. Indicators of the movement of employees of the organization (enterprise)
3. Indicators of the structure and use of working time
4. Labor productivity statistics in industry
5. Analysis of labor productivity dynamics
6. payroll statistics

Statistics of fixed assets of the organization (enterprise)

1. The concept and composition of fixed assets of an enterprise
2. Types of assessments of fixed assets of an organization (enterprise)
3. Reproduction and depreciation of fixed assets
4. The system of indicators of the availability, composition and movement of fixed assets
5. Methods for analyzing the state and efficiency of the use of fixed assets

Working capital of an organization (enterprise)

1. The concept and types of working capital
2. Characteristics of the availability, composition, movement and turnover of working capital
3. Material intensity of production and a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the use of working capital of an organization (enterprise)
4. Determining the needs of an organization (enterprise) in working capital and methods of its planning

Methodological bases of statistics of production activity of an organization (enterprise)

1. Production costs and production costs
2. Methodological base for accounting and measuring the volume of production of an organization (enterprise)
3. Features of accounting for products in some sectors of the economy
4. Efficiency of production and economic activities of the organization (enterprise)

Financial statistics of the organization (enterprise)

1. Financial system of an organization (enterprise), structure of financial resources, financial flows
2. Methods for a comprehensive assessment of the financial performance of an enterprise
3. The system of indicators of the financial condition of the organization (enterprise)
4. Statistical methods for assessing financial risks and business risks

Tests

5th ed. - M.: 2014 - 6 56 p. M.: 2008, - 2 96 p.

General questions of the theory of statistics are outlined. Considered: grouping method, calculation of relative and average values, variation indicators, correlation and regression analysis, time series analysis, sampling method and analysis of frequency distributions, economic indices. The textbook is supplied with an appendix containing mathematical and statistical tables, basic formulas and concepts of the theory of statistics, as well as a subject index. For graduate students and teachers of universities, masters, students of special faculties of the second higher education and MBA programs, specialists of analytical services and managers.

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The theory of statistics. (Educational-methodical set) Minashkin V.G., Shmoylova R.A. and others (EAOI; 2008 , 296s.)

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Workshop on the theory of statistics. Shmoylova R.A., Minashkin V.G., Sadovnikova N.A. (2014, 416s.)

CONTENTS (2014, 656s.)
Preface 9
SECTION I. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 13
Chapter 1. Statistics as a science 13
1.1. Concept of statistics 13
1.2. Statistics history ( short review) 16
1.3. The main features of the subject of statistical science 21
1.4. Theoretical basis statistics as a science 29
1.5. Method of statistical science (statistical methodology) 35
1.6. General theory of statistics as a branch of statistical science 39
1.7. Organization modern system state statistics in the Russian Federation, its tasks and functions 41
Basic concepts 52
Tests 53
Literature 54
Chapter 2. Collection of statistical information (the theory of statistical observation) 56
2.1. The concept of statistical observation, the stages of its implementation 56
2.2. Program and methodological issues of statistical observation 57
2.3. The most important organizational issues of statistical observation 61
2.4. Basic organizational forms, types and methods of statistical observation 62
2.5. Surveillance Accuracy 74
Basic concepts 77
Tests 78
Literature 80
Chapter 3. Statistical summary and grouping 81
3.1. Summary tasks and content 81
3.2. The grouping method and its place in the system of statistical methods 83
3.3. Types of statistical groupings 84
3.4. Principles of constructing statistical groupings and classifications 95
3.5. Rows of distribution and grouping 103
3.6. Comparability of statistical groupings 112
3.7. Grouping method and multidimensional classifications 117
Basic concepts 125
Tests 126
Literature 127
Chapter 4. Statistical tables 128
4.1. The concept of a statistical table. Elements of the statistical table 128
4.2. Types of tables by the nature of the subject 130
4.3. Types of tables for the development of the predicate 136
4.4. Basic rules for constructing tables 137
4.5. Reading and analyzing table 140
4.6. Tables and Matrices 142
4.7. Crossing tables 144
Basic concepts 146
Tests 146
Literature 149
Chapter 5. Graphical display of statistical data 150
5.1. The concept of statistical graphics. Elements of a statistical graph 150
5.2. Classification of chart types 154
5.3. Comparison charts 157
5.4. Structural diagrams 167
5.5. Dynamic charts 170
5.6. Statistical maps 178
Basic concepts 182
Tests 183
Literature 185
Chapter 6. Statistical indicators 186
6.1. The concept, forms of expression and types of statistical indicators 186
6.2. Absolute indicators 190
6.3. Relative indicators 192
6.4. The essence and meaning of averages 197
6.5. Arithmetic mean and its properties 201
6.6. Other types of averages 208
Basic concepts 211
Tests 212
Literature 213
SECTION II. ANALYTICAL STATISTICS 214
Chapter 7
7.1. Variation of a trait in the aggregate and the significance of its study 214
7.2. Distribution center indicators 217
7.3. Indicators of variation and how to calculate them 225
7.4. Alternative feature variations. Distribution entropy 238
7.5. Types of variances in the population, divided into groups. Variance addition rule 242
7.6. Structural characteristics of the variational distribution series. Differentiation indicators 251
7.7. Distribution moments 259
7.8. Studying the form of distribution 263
7.9. Theoretical distributions in analysis variation series 268
Basic concepts 275
Tests 277
Literature 279
Chapter 8. Selective observation 280
8.1. Significance and theoretical foundations of sampling 280
8.2. Methods (algorithms) for selecting units in a sample set 289
8.3. Self-random (simple random) sampling 296
8.4. Mechanical (systematic) sampling 304
8.5. Typical (stratified) sample 306
8.6. Serial sampling 312
8.7. The practice of applying selective observation in socio-economic research 316
Basic concepts 319
Tests 320
Literature 322
Chapter 9. Statistical study of the relationship of socio-economic phenomena 323
9.1. Causality, regression, correlation 323
9.2. The main tasks and prerequisites for the use of correlation and regression analysis 329
9.3. Pairwise regression based on the method of least squares and the method of groupings 333
9.4. Multiple (multivariate) regression 342
9.5. Evaluation of the materiality of the relationship. Decision Making Based on the Regression Equation 353
9.6. Self-correlation parametric methods for studying communication. Correlation significance assessment 361
9.7. Methods for studying the connection of social phenomena 377
9.8. Nonparametric indicators of communication.
Rank Coupling Coefficients 385
Basic concepts 399
Tests 401
Literature 402
Chapter 10. Statistical study of the dynamics of socio-economic phenomena 404
10.1. The concept and classification of time series 404
10.2. Comparability of levels and closing of time series 407
10.3. Analytical indicators of changes in the levels of a series of dynamics 413
10.4. Dynamic Series Components 423
10.5. Types of trend components and testing the hypothesis of the existence of a trend 425
10.6. Methods for analyzing the main trend (trend) in the series of dynamics 430
10.7. Methods for identifying the periodic component. Models seasonal fluctuations 453
10.8. Regression Analysis of Connected Time Series 461
10.9. Time Series Correlation 470
10.10. Elements of prediction and interpolation 472
Basic concepts 477
Tests 479
Literature 481
Chapter 11 Statistical analysis structures 483
11.1. The concept and types of structure of socio-economic phenomena 483
11.2. Indicators of structure and structural shifts 485
11.3. Summary assessment of structural changes in time and space 493
11.4. Statistical indicators of concentration and centralization 497
Basic concepts 507
Tests 508
Literature 509
Chapter 12. Economic Indices 510
12.1. The concept of economic indices. Index classification 510
12.2. Individual and general indexes 514
12.3. Aggregate index as the original form of index 519
12.4. Average indices 524
12.5. Selecting the Base and Weights of Indexes 531
12.6. Indices of structural shifts 536
12.7. Spatial mapping indices 540
12.8. The most important economic indices and their relationships 543
12.9. Properties of the Laspeyres and Paasche 547 indices
12.10. Ideal Fisher index 554
12.11.Deflator indices 556
Basic concepts 557
Tests 558
Literature 560
Chapter 13. General issues of analysis and generalization of statistical data 561
13.1. The concept and basic principles of economic and statistical analysis 561
13.2. A priori analysis and its role in the study of socio-economic phenomena 562
13.3. Complex application of mathematical and statistical methods of data analysis 568
Basic concepts 581
Literature 582
Applications 583
Index 649

The structure of the textbook is somewhat different from the traditional one and reflects two main areas of statistics - descriptive (descriptive) and analytical.
Section I - Descriptive statistics - considers, firstly, the essence of statistics as a science and the scope of its practical activities; principles and features of statistical methodology; sectoral structure of statistics, its basic concepts and categories. Secondly, methods of collecting statistical information (forms, types and methods of statistical observation) are disclosed; features of the methodology and practice of conducting statistical summaries and groupings; construction methodology various kinds statistical tables and graphs; methods for calculating absolute, relative and average values, their use in the analysis of socio-economic phenomena.
Section II - Analytical Statistics - discusses in detail the methods of analysis of variation and frequency distributions; questions of theory and practice of selective observation; methods and indicators for assessing the relationship of features; methods and indicators for studying the structure and structural shifts and differences; methodology for statistical study of dynamics; main characteristics, types and methods of calculating economic indices, as well as issues of analysis and generalization of statistical data.
This edition of the textbook, unlike the previous one (3rd edition - 1999), has been revised and supplemented with new materials. The chapters were rewritten: "Indicators of variation and analysis of frequency distributions" and "Sampling observation". The theoretical part was supplemented by examples based on new statistical data.

The textbook covers the main statistical methods collection, presentation, generalization and analysis of mass data related to social or economic phenomena and processes. The problems of measuring socio-economic phenomena, the formation of a system of indicators (primarily used in the practice of international comparisons) are reflected. The system of indicators of statistics of national wealth, the standard of living of the population, financial market, production of goods and services and others. The textbook is replete with numerous practical examples that increase the availability of the studied material.
For students enrolled in specialties 080101 " Economic theory 080102 World Economy, 080103 National Economy, 080104 Labor Economics, 080105 Finance and Credit, 080107 Taxes and Taxation, 080109 Accounting, Analysis and Audit, 080111 Marketing, 080116 " Mathematical Methods in economics”, 080301 “Commerce (trade business)”, 080502 “Economics and management at the enterprise (by industry)”, 080503 “ Crisis management, 080504 State and Municipal Administration, 080505 Human Resources Management, 080506 Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 080507 Organization Management, 080508 (062300) Information Management, 080300 Commerce, 080700 Business Informatics ”, 080500 “Management”.

Graphical methods for presenting statistical information.
The tabular presentation of statistical information is basic and universal, since there are no restrictions on the amount of data and on the types of indicators presented, and the utmost compactness of the placement of numerical information is also achieved. Graphical methods for presenting statistical data are an additional tool, which, however, does not detract from their exceptional importance. The availability of computer graphics tools expands the possibilities of using graphic methods presentation of statistical information.

Compared to tables, graphs have a limited capacity - they can only represent individual elements from the summary scorecard. Therefore, for graphic images from the system of indicators, only the most informative ones are selected, in which the most important manifestations of the studied regularity are revealed. In addition, it should be taken into account that the advantages of the imaging method are not equivalent for different types indicators. The greatest is the visibility of graphic images for series of dynamics, series of distribution, pair connections, characteristics of the structure, territorial distribution of objects or territorial differentiation of indicators.

Table of contents
Foreword
Chapter 1. Sources, processing and presentation of statistical data
1.1. federal Service state statistics - the national center for the formation of information resources of Russia in the field of socio-economic statistics
1.2. Formation of summary statistical information
1.3. The main provisions of the methodology and organization of statistical observation
1.4. Grouping and summary of federal statistical observation materials
1.5. Statistical tables and graphs - the main ways of presenting information
Chapter 2
2.1. Forms and types of averages
2.2. Arithmetic mean and its properties
2.3. Structural averages
2.4. The concept of variation and its meaning
2.5. Indicators of variation and methods for their calculation
Chapter 3
3.1. Tasks and areas of application of the sampling method in socio-economic statistics
3.2. Theoretical, methodological and organizational foundations of selective observation
3.3. Types of sample observation, methods of selecting units
3.4. Representativeness errors: concept, calculation method
3.5. Parameter Estimation population based on the materials of the conducted selective observation
3.6. Determining the required sample size and type of sample when designing the upcoming sample observation
Chapter 4. Analysis of variance and regression
4.1. Analysis of variance
4.2. Regression analysis. Measuring Correlation
Chapter 5
5.1. The concept of series of dynamics and their types
5.2. Basic requirements for the construction of time series
5.3. Analytical indicators of dynamics
5.4. Calculation of averages for time series
5.5. Trend detection methods
5.6. Identification and measurement of seasonal fluctuations
5.7. The study of relationships in the series of dynamics
Chapter 6. Indexes and their application
6.1. The concept and types of statistical indices
6.2. Individual indices: rules for their construction and analysis
6.3. Aggregate indices
6.4. Average indices
6.5. Analysis of the change in the average
6.6. Analysis by factors
Chapter 7
7.1. The concept of national wealth
7.2. The structure of national wealth
7.3. Estimates of the Size and Structure of National Wealth
7.4. Assessment of the dynamics of national wealth
7.5. Capital stock statistics
Chapter 8. Population and labor market statistics
8.1. Statistical analysis of the size and composition of the population
8.2. Vital indicator system
8.3. Population migration statistics. Work migration
8.4. Statistics economic activity and employment
8.5. Unemployment: tasks and methods of statistical research
Chapter 9. Indicators of output of goods and services
9.1. Product statistics
9.2. Types of product evaluations
9.3. Industrial product statistics
9.4. Product statistics Agriculture
9.5. construction product statistics
9.6. Statistics of products of the sphere of circulation
Chapter 10 Price Statistics
10.1. Basic concepts, subject and tasks of price statistics
10.2. Theoretical and methodological foundations for determining price indices
10.3. Consumer price indices: definition, purpose, types, calculation methodology
10.4. Producer and wholesale price indices: definition, purpose, calculation methodology
10.5. GDP deflator index as a generalizing characteristic of inflation
10.6. Information resources on the state of prices and personal inflation calculator
Chapter 11
11.1. The concept and objectives of studying the standard of living of the population, data sources
11.2. Population income statistics
11.3. consumption statistics
11.4. Consumer basket and consumer budget
11.5. Integral indicators of the standard of living
Chapter 12. Financial statistics
12.1. Government finance and tax statistics
12.2. money circulation statistics
12.3. Banking, stock exchange and insurance statistics
Chapter 13. System of National Accounts
13.1. The concept of the system of national accounts
13.2. Theoretical foundations for building a SNA
13.3. Main accounts of the domestic economy and the relationship between them
13.4. Intersectoral balance of production and distribution of goods and services (IRB).

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