Questions of correct literary pronunciation are studied by a special linguistic discipline - orthoepy(from Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepic rules and recommendations have always been in the focus of attention of Russian philologists, as well as representatives of those professions whose activities are directly related to public speaking to an audience: statesmen and public figures, lecturers, announcers, commentators, journalists, artists, translators, teachers of Russian and foreign languages, preachers, lawyers. But in last years there has been a marked increase in interest in the problems of the culture of oral speech among the most diverse strata of society. This is facilitated by socio-economic changes in our country, the democratization of all aspects of life. Acquired wide use the practice of broadcasting parliamentary debates and hearings, live speeches: statesmen, leaders of parties and movements, political observers, specialists in various areas science and culture.

Possession of the norms of literary pronunciation, the ability to expressively and correctly formulate a sounding speech is gradually recognized by many as an urgent social necessity.

Historically, the development and formation of the rules of Russian orthoepy has developed in such a way that the literary pronunciation is based on the Moscow pronunciation, on which some variants of the St. Petersburg pronunciation were subsequently “layered”.

Departure from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture, which reduces the authority of the speaker and scatters the attention of listeners. Regional features of pronunciation, incorrectly placed stress, “reduced” colloquial and everyday intonation, and ill-conceived pausing distract from the correct, adequate perception of public speaking.

Erroneous pronunciation through radio and television is “replicated” to a huge audience, voluntarily or involuntarily assimilated and consolidated, thereby blurring the idea of ​​​​correctness and purity of speech that is necessary for every cultured person. In addition, there are certain negative socio-psychological consequences of non-normative pronunciation, which tends to spread (especially in conditions of round-the-clock broadcasting). Since in the bulk the listener first of all pays attention to the content side of the information, the sound side of speech is not controlled by him, but is fixed at the subconscious level. In these cases, everything that contradicts the established tradition of shaping Russian sounding speech: violation of the intonation pattern of the phrase and the text as a whole, unjustified logical stress, pauses that do not correspond to the natural “flow” of the speech, evoke an intuitive feeling of protest in the listener, create a feeling of anxiety, psychological discomfort.

Work on one's own pronunciation, on improving the pronunciation culture requires a person to have certain knowledge in the field of orthoepy. Since pronunciation is largely an automated side of speech, a person “hears” himself worse than others, controls his pronunciation insufficiently or does not control it at all, is uncritical in assessing his own pronunciation, and painfully perceives comments in this area. The rules and recommendations on orthoepy, reflected in manuals, dictionaries and reference books, seem to him to be overly categorical, different from the usual speech practice, and common spelling errors, on the contrary, are very harmless.

Therefore, in order to successfully master the orthoepic norm or deepen knowledge in Russian literary pronunciation, it is necessary from the point of view of methodological recommendations:

¦ learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

¦ listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which is owned by radio and television announcers, masters artistic word;

¦ consciously compare your pronunciation with exemplary, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

¦ correct them by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness of the two main styles of pronunciation: complete recommended for public speaking, and incomplete(colloquial colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. The full style is characterized primarily by the observance of the basic requirements of the orthoepic norm, clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, the correct placement of verbal and logical stress, moderate tempo, correct pausing, neutral intonation pattern of the phrase and speech as a whole. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is an excessive reduction in vowels, falling out of consonants, indistinct pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, excessive emphasis on words (including official ones), inconsistent speech tempo, and unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

The main feature of Russian literary pronunciation in the field of vowels is their different sound in stressed and unstressed syllables with the same spelling. In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo reduction. There are two types of reduction - quantitative(when the longitude and intensity of the sound decrease) and quality(when the sound itself changes in an unstressed position). The vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable are subjected to less reduction, the greater - in all other syllables. Vowels [a], [o], [e] undergo both quantitative and qualitative reduction in unstressed syllables; vowels [and], [s], [y] do not change their quality in unstressed syllables, but partially lose their duration.

1. Vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable:

a) after solid consonants in place about and a [a]: v[a] yes?, n[a] ha?, M[a]squa?, s[a]dy?, s[a]bo?r ; after hard sizzling and and sh on the spot a and about also pronounced weakened sound [a]: w[a]ra?, w[a]nglör, sh[a]gi?, w[a]fer .

Note 1. After hard sizzling and, sh and after c soft consonants are preceded by a sound like [s] with an overtone [e] , denoted conditionally [s uh ] : w[s uh ] lie, unfortunately [s uh ] le? niyu, f [s uh ]ke?t , in plural forms of the word horse: losh[s uh ]de?th, losh[s uh ]dya?m etc. ... in the forms of indirect cases of numerals on - twenty: twenty[s] uh ]ty?, thirty[s] uh ]ty? etc.; in rare cases sound [s uh ] pronounced on the spot a in position before hard consonants: hw[s uh ]Noah. w[s uh ]sm?n .

Note 2. Unstressed [about] pronounced in conjunctions but and what , and is also allowed in some foreign words, for example: b[o]a?, b[o]mo?nd. rococo?. J[o]re?c .

Note 3. Preservation about in unstressed syllables is a feature of regional pronunciation, so the pronunciation M[o]squa?, p[o]ku?pka, p[o]e?dem, v[o]zi?t. railway station does not correspond to the norm;

b) after hard hissing w, w and c on the spot e pronounced reduced sound type [s] with an overtone [e] , denoted conditionally [s uh ]: w[s uh ]on?, w[s uh ]pt?t, q[s uh ]lu?y ;

c) after soft consonants in place of letters I and e , as well as after soft hissing h and sch on the spot a a weakened sound is pronounced [and] with an overtone [e] , denoted conditionally [and uh ] : m[i uh ]sno?th, R[and uh ]for?n, m[and uh ]sti?, h[i uh ]sy?, sch[and uh ]di?t , as well as in the plural forms of the word area: area uh ]de?th, square[and uh ]dya?m etc.;

d) on the spot I and e a sound is pronounced at the beginning of a word [and] with an overtone [e] , denoted [and uh ] combined with the previous [yi]: [yi uh ]Zda?, [yi uh ]nta?r, [yi uh ]egg?.

Note. Preservation [a] in an unstressed syllable after soft consonants is a feature of the regional pronunciation, so the pronunciation [w’a] for? be, bi? on, h[a] sy?, [ya] egg?, [ya] vi? does not correspond to the norm.

2. Vowels in other unstressed syllables:

a) at the absolute beginning of a word in place of letters a and about always pronounced attenuated sound [a]: [a] rbu? z: [a] kno ?, [a] car? l, [a] declination;

b) after solid consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed, in place a and about a reduced sound is pronounced, average in sound between [a] and [s] [b]: g[b] lova?, k[b] rand? sh, i? bl [b] k [b] ;

c) after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed, in place and I and e pronounced reduced, middle in sound between [and] and [e] , short in duration, denoted conditionally [b]: [p’b] tacho? k, [l’b] rubbish? b, you? [n’b] su, h[b] catch? k .

3. Vowel and at the beginning of the root after a prefix or preposition, ending in solid consonants is pronounced like [s] : from the institute - and[zy]institute , with Igor - [sy] grief ; save in this position [and] and the softening of the consonant before it is a regional feature of pronunciation and does not correspond to the norm.

4. Stressed vowels in place e and yo . In the pronunciation of a number of words, difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text. e and yo , since only the letter is used to designate them e (except for educational literature for junior schoolchildren and foreign students). This situation leads to a distortion of not only the graphic, but also the phonetic appearance of the word, and is the cause of frequent pronunciation errors. Therefore, it is recommended to remember two rows of words:

a) with a letter e , in the place of which sounds [e]: scam, spineless, bluff, being, sleet, firebrand, grenadier, plump, life, alien, religious procession (but Godfather ), fishing line, non-existence, perplexed, invaluable, guardianship, sedentary (settlement), successor, successor, shadowing, modern, yoke, barley and etc.;

b) with a letter yo , in the place of which, sounds [about]: hopeless, buckets, engraver, bile (admissible bile ), bilious (admissible bilious ), mockery, traveling salesman, priest (but priest ), maneuvers, mercenary, convicted, brought in, translated, brought, sturgeon, fable, laid down, brought, brought, scabrous, scrupulous, belted, sweep, tyosha, wool (coarse-haired), lye and etc.

In some pairs of words, a different meaning is accompanied by a different sound of the stressed vowel. [about] or [e]: expired (term) - expired (blooded), announced (shouts like an announced) - announced (decree), perfect (singing) - perfect (opening).

1. Consonant [G] in the literary pronunciation of an explosive, instant sound, when stunned, it is pronounced as [to]: sleep [to], take [to] . Pronouncing in his place "Ukrainian" G , conventionally denoted [h] , does not correspond to the norm: [h] uh? be, sapo [h] and? . The exception is the word God , at the end of which sounds [X] .

2. Instead of h in words of course, boring, scrambled eggs, fiddling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, laundry, rag, rag-picker , in female patronymics ending in - ichna (Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, Ilyinichna etc.), as well as in the words what to, nothing pronounced [w] .

3. In words man, defector in place of combination zhch , in the shape of comparative degree adverbs tougher, tougher (and biting ) in place stch , as well as in place of combinations zch and mid pronounced [n]: loader, customer, carver, subscriber, sandstone, happy, happiness, account, electronic account, counter, cost accounting, count and etc.

4. With the accumulation of several consonants in some combinations, one of them is not pronounced:

a) combined stn not pronounced [t]: teaching? [s'n'] ik, ve? [s'] nick, what? i?ro[sn]th ;

b) combined zdn not pronounced [d]: by? [zn] o, right? [zn] ik, nae? [zn] ik , but in the word abyss it is recommended to leave a weak sound [e] ;

c) combined stl not pronounced [t]: happy [s’l ’] and? ; in words bony and send [t] is preserved;

d) combined stl not pronounced [t] ; this produces a double consonant [ss]: maximum? [ss] cue, turi? [ss] cue, race? [ss] cue .

5. In some words, with the accumulation of consonants stk, zdk, ntk, ndk fall out is not allowed [t]: daughter-in-law, trip, summons, typist, cumbersome, laboratory assistant, student, patient, Irish, Scottish but: cloth shotla[nk]a .

6. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:

a) necessarily softens I n before soft h and With: ne? [n’s ’] ia, prete? [n’z ’] ia, rece? [n’z ’] ia, face? [n’z ’] ia ;

b) in combinations tv, dv may soften t and d: Thursday, Tver, hard [t’v’] and [tv’]; door, two, move [d’v] and [dv’] ;

c) in combinations sv and St. may soften h and With: beast, ring [z'v '] and [sv']; light, candle, witness, saint [s'v] and [sv'] , as well as in the word snake [z'm'] and [zm’] ;

G) n in front of soft t and d softens: ba[n't']ik, wi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n't']il, a[n't']ichny, ko[n't '] text, remo[n't'] ban, b[n'd']it, I[n'd']ia, style[n'd']ia, zo[n'd']irovat, and [n'd']ivid, ka[n'd']idat, blo[n'd']in.

Some grammatical forms of verbs, nouns, adjectives are characterized by special rules for pronouncing sounds in suffixes and endings.

1. In verbs with a particle- Xia in the indefinite form and in the third person singular and plural at the junction of the ending and the particle is pronounced [ts]: meet, meet - meet [tts], mark, mark - note [tch], mark - note? [tch], say goodbye - goodbye? [tch].

In the form of the imperative at the place of combination - be two soft sounds [t's']: mark - mark? [t's'], meet - the wind? [t's'] .

2. In the endings of the genitive case of the masculine and neuter forms of adjectives, numerals, pronouns - wow /-his on the spot G pronounced [c]: big house (lake) - big? [b], blue flag (sea) - si? not [b] . The same rule applies to words today - se [in] o? days, total - total [in] o? .

Note. Surnames ending in - ago (Shembinago, Zhivago ), the sound is pronounced [G] .

3. Graphic abbreviations, occurring in the text, for example, surname initials , as well as abbreviations like l (liter), m (meter), kg (kilogram), ha (hectare), p / box (“letter box”), etc. (etc.), s (page) and etc. in reading "decipher", i.e. "deployed" in full words. Graphic abbreviations exist only in written speech only for visual perception, and their literal reading is perceived either as a speech error or as irony, appropriate only in special situations.

The combination of name and patronymic is used in various situations, both in written and oral speech: in official decrees on awards, appointments, in orders, lists, for example, on personnel records, composition of production and training groups, in business and private correspondence, in circulation to the interlocutor, in the representation and naming of third parties.

In an atmosphere of official, business communication between people, especially in the work of a teacher, translator, editor, lawyer, businessman, employee of government or commercial structures, it becomes necessary to address by name and patronymic. Many Russian names and patronymics have pronunciation options that it is desirable to take into account in a particular communication situation. So, when meeting, at the first introduction of a person, a distinct, clear, close to spelling pronunciation is recommended.

In all other cases, incomplete, contracted forms of pronunciation of names and patronymics are acceptable, which have historically developed in the practice of literary oral speech.

1. - uy (Vasily, Anatoly, Arkady, Grigory, Yuri, Eugene, Valery, Gennady ) ending in combinations - evich, - evna preceded by a separator b: Vasil evich, Vasil evna; Grigory evich, Grigory evna . When pronouncing female patronymics, these combinations are clearly preserved: Vasil evna, Anatole evna, Grigory evna etc. In male patronymics, full and contracted options are allowed: Vasya?[l'jb']ich and Vasya[l'ich], Anato?[l'jv']ich and Anato?[l'ich], Grigo?[r'jb']ich and Grigo?[p' ich] etc.

2. Patronymics formed from male names on - her and - ah (Alexey, Andrey, Korney, Matvey, Sergey, Nikolay ) end in combinations - eevich, - eevna, - aevich, - aevna: Alekseevich, Alekseevna, Nikolaevich, Nikolaevna . In their pronunciation, the literary norm allows both full and contracted options: Alexeyevich and Alex?[i]h, Alekseyevna and Alek[s’e?]vna; Sergeyevich and Serge?[i]h, Sergeevna and Ser[g’e?] vna; Korne?evich and Cornet?[and]h, Korne?evna and Kor[n’e?]vna; Nikolaevich and Nikola?[i]h, Nikolaevna and Nikola?[ext]a etc.

3. Male patronymics ending in an unstressed combination - ovic , can be pronounced both in full and in contracted form: Anto?novich and Anto?n[s]h, Alexandrovich and Alexa?ndr[s]h , Iva?novich and Willow?n[s]h etc. In female patronymics ending in an unstressed combination - ram , the full pronunciation is recommended: Alexander ram, Boris ram, Kirill ram, Victor ram, Oleg ram etc.

4. If the middle name starts with and (Ivanovich, Ignatievich, Isaevich ), then in pronunciation with a name ending in a solid consonant, but goes into [s]: Pavel Ivanovich - Pavel[s]vanovich, Alexander Isaevich - Alexander[s]saevich .

5. Usually not pronounced ov n and m: Willow? [n:]na, Anto?[n:]a, Efi?[mn]a, Maxi?[mn]a .

6. Not pronounced unstressed - ov in female patronymics from names ending in in: Vyachesla?[ext]a, Stanisla?[ext]a .

Part of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features, which are fixed by the literary norm.

1. In some words of foreign origin in place of unstressed about pronounced sound [o]: ada? gio, boa?, bomo? nd, bonto? n, cocoa? o, radio, three? o . In addition, there may be stylistic hesitation in high-style text; preservation of unstressed [about] in words that are foreign in origin - one of the means of attracting attention to them, the means of highlighting them. Word pronunciation nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, creed, foyer and others with unstressed [about] optional. foreign names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Rodin, Daudet, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Honoré de Balzac, Sacramento and others also retain unstressed [about] as a variant of literary pronunciation.

In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of a word, the unstressed [e]: duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exoticism, equivalent, eclecticism, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm , encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, epoch, effect, effective and etc.

2. In oral public speech, certain difficulties are caused by the pronunciation of a hard or soft consonant in borrowed words before the letter e , for example, in words pace, swimming pool, museum etc. In most of these cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, pool, beret, beige, brunette, bill, monogram, debut, motto, recitation, declaration, dispatch, incident, compliment, competent, correct, museum, patent, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, overcoat; word pace pronounced with a firm t .

In other words before e a hard consonant is pronounced: adept, auto-da-fe, business, western, child prodigy, riding breeches, dumbbell, grotesque, neckline, delta, dandy, derby, de facto, de jure, dispensary, identical, boarding school, international, intern, karate, square, cafe, scarf, codeine, code, computer, tuple, cottage, bracket, martin, billionaire, model, modern, morse, hotel, parterre, pathos, polonaise, purse, poetess, resume, rating, reputation, superman and others. Some of these words have been known to us for at least a hundred and fifty years, but do not show a tendency to soften the consonant.

In loanwords beginning with a prefix de- , before vowels dez- , as well as in the first part of compound words starting with neo- , with a general tendency to soften, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d and n , for example: devaluation, de-ideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neo-globalism, neo-colonialism, neo-realism, neo-fascism.

Solid pronunciation of consonants before e recommended in foreign proper names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaures, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [de?], Carter, Ionesco, Minelli, Vanessa Redgrave, Stallone and etc.

In loanwords with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains firm before e: strap [rete], genesis [gene], relay [relay], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [ne; ne], reputation [re; me], secretary [se; re; te], ethnogenesis [gene] and etc.

In relatively few words of foreign origin, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e , for example: with the normative pronunciation of a solid consonant before e in words businessman [ne; me], annexation [ne] pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in words dean, complaint soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard pronunciation is also allowed [de] and [te] ; in the word session variants of hard and soft pronunciation are equal. It is not normative to soften consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in words laser, computer , as well as in colloquial pronunciation of words business, sandwich, intense, interval .

Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before e are also observed in some foreign-language proper names: Berta, The Decameron, Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck and etc.

3. Solid [w] pronounced in words parachute, brochure . In the word jury pronounced soft hissing [and'] . Names are pronounced the same way Julien, Jules .

Word stress in Russian is characterized by heterogeneity(can be on any syllable and any part of a word: but? lead, science, education, bourgeoisie? etc.) and mobility (in different grammatical forms, the word can move from one syllable to another: head?, head; head; accepted, accepted?; bold, bold? etc.).

Prepositions, conjunctions and particles usually do not have independent stress on themselves and are adjacent to independent parts speeches: beyond the city, haven’t been?, father? . In some cases, the emphasis shifts to the preposition: up the mountain, on? gender, for night . Thus, independent and functional words have one verbal stress, making up a single phonetic word in sound.

Note. A small number of service parts of speech are weakly stressed and do not change the quality of the “stressed” vowel. These are unions but, as if, for sure, then ... then , some prepositions that do not violate the semantic connection with adverbs ( along, opposite, besides, next to, between etc.), particle well .

Compound words and words with prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, over-, super-, ex- and others may have, in addition to the main, side(or secondary) stress, conventionally denoted by the grave sign ( ‘ ). But among the complex words there are many single-stressed ones: pre-war, independent, car, dormitory etc. Collateral stress usually in order is the first (closer to the beginning of the word), and basic- second (closer to the end of the word): oath th, inter-republic? nsky, su and etc.

The correct choice of the place of stress in the word has great importance in work on the culture of oral speech. The following are examples of the most common mis-emphasis. These can be both individual words and some grammatical forms of words:

1) Common nouns:

agent, agronomy, alphabet? t, apo? krif, apostrophe, are? st, asymmetry? , bravura? rny, rattling, gross? e, gross? m wali? t, faith? giving, supremacy? nstvo, supper, genesis, citizenship, grotesque, ground? e, gave? y-la?ma, hyphen?s, dia?spore, diopter?I, dispensary?r, do?gmat, old?vko, confessor?k, blinds? sk and flint, kitchen, marketing, masterful, messi, mimicry, many hours, garbage chute, intention, real estate, unsleeping(eye), not? netsky, untrodden, unspeakable? (relations), oil pipeline, newborn, provision, depreciate, facilitate, encourage, educate, one-component, wholesale, inform, recall(for manuscript) review (deputy), rebuff, somewhat, remembering, fir, plateau, repeated, teenage, anticipating, coercing, acquiring, reasoning, sanitary? I, modest, convoking ?in, concentration, means, carpenter, status, statute? t, history, taboo?, customs, customs, bidding? simple, deepen, Ukrainian, reduce, simplify, facsimile, extravaganza, phenomenon(phenomenon), needles? I, cotton? (norm), linguistic (sausage).

In many words, there are fluctuations in the setting of stress: equal options - denim and denim, zai?ndevely and frosty, combiner and combine operator, metallurgy and metallurgy, propolis and propolis, the loop? and the loop, erysipelas and childbirth, rust and rust, sa?zhen and soot?, cottage cheese and cottage cheese, fanza and fanza? ; with normative stress and? vgustovsky admissible augustian , at birch bark admissible birch bark , at shell admissible shell , at wary admissible wary ; with normative stress industry - obsolete industry , at swept away - obsolete quick-witted , at ra?course - obsolete cancer?rs ;

2) Proper names:

Aigi?, E?vno, Aze?f, A?be, Ko?be, Eli?n Peli?n, Zakhode?r, P?res de Cue?lier, Steinbeck, Se?linger, Rua?l A Mundsen, Balmont, Vorontso? va-Da? Alexi?y, Ignaty Loyo?la, archpriest Avvak?m, Julian?n Tu?vim, Sokolo?v-Mikito?v, Sa?yudis, Ana?dyr, Balashi?ha, Veliky U? Stug, Ki?zhi, Ra?donezh, Mount Narodnaya, Stavropol Territory, Hanno?ver, Che?t'i-Mine?i, Apoka?lipsis, Kali?gula, Molo?x, Karnegi Hall, Comedy? France?z. Metropolitan-Opera, Myanmar?, Nikara?gua, Peru?, Quebec?c, S?days, Massachusetts, Missouri, Foro?s, Sri Lanka?.

In some proper names, a variable accent is acceptable: New? tone (but traditionally: Newton?n ), Re?mbrandt (but traditionally: Rembra?ndt ), Li?ncoln (but traditionally: Linko?flax ), De?vid Ko?pperfield (but traditionally: Davi?d Copperfly?ice ).

Note. In cases where one proper name refers to two (or more) persons, objects, concepts, it is necessary to clarify the specific meaning of this word and, using encyclopedic dictionaries, find out the correct stress. For example, Washington George, first President of the United States but traditionally Washington- the capital of USA, Macbe?t - a character in Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, but in the title of Leskov's story "Lady Ma?kbet Mtsensk district".

The mobility of Russian stress, that is, its transfer from one syllable to another in various grammatical forms of a single phonetic word, causes a number of difficulties in the pronunciation of these forms.

1. Shifting emphasis to prepositions on, for, under, by, from, without possible if there are no words explaining it in the sentence after the noun:

1) in combination with a preposition per

"on the other side, behind" , for example: atgo for? river, for mountain; pawn for? cheek, for ear; lay your hands on? back, for head;

"during" do for? year for? day, for night, for winter pay for? year for? day etc.;

2) in combination with a preposition on the (with accusative case) meaning:

"in the direction, on top of smth" , for example: fall (sit down, lie down) on? floor, climb on? mountain, something got on? hand, on nose, load on? back, put something on? head, on legs, on arms;

"indication of the point of contact with the support" , for example: lie down on back, fall on? back, on hands on? head, stand on? legs, on hands on? head;

"within the specified period" (with units of time), for example: stock up (stretch, enough) for? year, on day, on night, on winter, take a loan for? year etc.;

"indication of the measure of difference" , for example: on the? a year older, on? the day before, on head up etc.;

3) in combination with a preposition on (with dative case) - with the meaning of this preposition "on the surface, within" (about movement), for example: walk on? semi, by field, by yard, walk around? forest, fly through? the sky, swim across? sea, crumble over? semi, by forest.

With other meanings of these prepositions, stress transfer may not occur, for example:

a) to take something for a mountain, for a river, for a leg, for winter, he is valued for his head, for his hands, a reward for his head, I fear for his hair, for head, for the legs;

b) pay attention to the hands, to the legs, to the nose, to the floor, to the day, despite the night, to the winter, the land tax;

in) longing for the sea, for the sky, judging by the yard?, for the forest, everyone got the field.

Stress transfer usually does not occur, if in a phrase a noun is followed by a word or words explaining it (subordinate to it or connected with it by a coordinating link), for example:

a) across the Ural River, for a year and two months, for a year of hard work, for a day of his duty, holding on to the hand of a comrade, took hold of his father's shoulders;

b) on Mount Yaman-Tau, put a load on the back of a porter, put a hat on the head of a neighbor, older by a year and two months;

in) around the yard? hotels, on the snow and ice of the Gulf of Finland, on the Laptev Sea.

2. Stress in the forms of adjectives.

1) the stress goes to the ending in short form female: loud, loud?, loud, loud, loud, louder; to? long, long?, to? long, to? lies, more; bad? th, bad?, bad? ho, bad? hi; heavy, heavy?, heavy, heavy; right(no full form) right?, right? in, right? you;

2) the stress passes to the ending in the short form of the feminine gender and to the suffix of the comparative degree: glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious; whole, whole, whole, whole, whole, whole, whole; satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying; fast, fast, fast?, fast, fast, fast; young, young, young, young, young, young, young;

3) the stress moves to the ending in the short form of the feminine gender and plural (as an equal option), as well as to the suffix of the comparative degree: poor, poor, poor?, poor, poor, poor? pale, pale, pale?, pale, pale, pale?, paler; important, important, important, important, important, important, important; true, true, true, true, true, true, true; free(free) , free, free?, free, free?, free? e, slim, slim, slim?, slim, slim?, slim? e;

4) movable stress accompanied by alternation yo and e: distant, far, far?, far? and far, far? and far, yes? more; cheap, cheap, cheap?, cheap, cheap, cheap? tough, tough, tough?, tough, tough, tougher; easy, easy, easy?, easy?, easy?, lighter; dark, dark, dark?, dark?, dark?, dark?e; clear, clear, clear? and clear, clear, clear, clear .

3. Difficulties in placing stress in verb forms(indefinite form, personal forms, participles, participles):

1) verbs ending in - ing with indefinite stress on the last syllable: bombarded, bombarded, bombarded; engraving, engraving, engraved; make-up, make-up, make-up; reward, reward, reward; to form, form, form, formed; costumed, costumed, armored(armor), armored, armored; bathroom; corrugated, corrugated, corrugated; grouping, grouping, grouped; sealing;

2) root verbs call for: called?, called? lo, called?, called? but, called; called? l, called?, called? lo, called? called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called;

3) verbs with a root rub: rubbed, rubbed, rubbed, rubbed? and admissible rubbed, rubbed ; the same stress pattern in verb forms wipe, wipe ;

4) verbs lock up, unlock: for? per, locked?, for? perlo, for? locked, for? first, locked? in and admissible for?pershi, locked?locked, locked?locked, locked?, locked?locked, locked?locked; o?tper, unlocked?, o?tperlo, o?tperli, o?tpershiy, unlocked? and admissible open?, open, open, open, open, open, open . The same stress pattern for the verb die , except for the form dead , where the stress falls on the root vowel;

5) verbs remove, borrow, understand, accept, undertake, take away, take over and verb to begin : With took off, took off?, took off? lo, took off, took off? busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy; similar stress pattern in verb forms to accept and undertake; understand, understood, understood?, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood?, understood, understood; take away, o? took away and admissible took away? l, took away?, about? took away and admissible taken away? lo, oh? taken away and admissible taken away, taken away, taken away? in, taken away, taken away, taken away ?, taken away, taken away; take over, take over and admissible adopted? l, adopted?, adopted and admissible adopted? lo, adopted and admissible adopted, adopted, adopted, adopted? in, adopted, adopted, adopted, adopted ?, adopted, adopted; start;

6) verbs depart, arrive: ubu? du, ubu? desh, ubu? ; the same stress pattern in verb forms arrive ;

7) verbs with a root to give (you?give, publish, transmit, sell, surrender ); in verb you?give in all forms, the stress falls on the prefix; publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish , and? issued, and? issued, published? and admissible and?building, and? building, and? building ; similar stress pattern in verb forms sell ; Phand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over and admissible handed over? l, handed over?, handed over and admissible handed over, handed over and admissible handed over, handed over, handed over? to, handed over, handed over, handed over? and admissible handed over, handed over, handed over; give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up and admissible gave up .

The study of the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation, analysis " difficult cases» stressing in words and grammatical forms, an attentive, thoughtful attitude to the sounding side of speech are necessary prerequisites for independent work over the improvement of the culture of oral speech. But the acquired orthoepic information only partially ensures the successful preparation of a public speech, the ability to pronounce (or read) a complete voluminous text of a message, report, speech, report, etc. Suggested below guidelines can be taken into account in the process of preliminary work of the speaker on the text of the speech.

1. Pausing- the division of a sounding phrase into smaller speech segments (speech measures, or syntagmas) is one of the most important features of sounding speech. Another feature is the presence of pauses that naturally occur at the boundaries of speech measures and individual phrases.

speech beat, or syntagma, is the minimum content unit. The sentence in sounding speech is perceived by the listener and translated from one language to another in separate speech measures. Different division of the phrase into speech measures can interpret the meaning of the sentence in different ways, for example: "Execution cannot be pardoned" , in which two pause options are possible: 1) Execute / cannot be pardoned ; 2) You can not execute / pardon . Or: 1) Need to study / work / and rest ; 2) We must learn to work / and rest .

2. Correct pausing, i.e., the correct division of the text into phonetic phrases, and phrases into speech measures, is the first stage in preparing the text for voicing. Although the sound segment between pauses (syntagma) can be of various lengths, its average length is usually seven syllables. But the speech tact (syntagma) has a relatively complete meaning and a certain syntactic design. For example: On the banks of the Moskva River, / opposite the Southern Port of the capital, / a modern residential area has grown. / Pauses divide this simple sentence into separate phrases. Another example: In order to divide speech into measures, / stops are needed, / or, in other words, / logical pauses. This complex sentence is divided into simple ones (pause after the word so you ), simple - for phrases. Thus, thoughtful pausing helps the logical analysis of individual sentences, complex syntactic wholes (see Ch. XLIX), the entire completed text.

3. In Russian, orientation to punctuation marks can serve as the basis of the correct pausing of the text. So, in a simple sentence with isolated participles, participles, comparative turnovers, introductory and interstitial sentences, appeals, punctuation marks that highlight these syntactic constructions are signals for a pause. For example: On the southwestern outskirts of the US capital / - Washington, / where Highway No. 95, / leading south from the city, / crosses the muddy Potomac River on two bridges, / opposite Arlington Cemetery, / there is a building of grayish reinforced concrete. / /

Note. The pause may be absent during isolated single introductory words ah and single gerunds: The adoption of a new law is, of course, necessary; When you leave, turn off the light.

4. Pausing in cases where there are no punctuation marks:

1) between the subject group and the predicate group: A road trip across America/is like a trip across the ocean// (I. Ilf, E. Petrov);

2) after circumstantial words, usually with the meaning of place, time, reason, and also after additions at the beginning of the sentence: On one of the autumn evenings of 1969 / in the editorial office of the Pravda newspaper / about “ One-story America"The conversation turned at a meeting of young satirists / /(Shatunovsky, Strelnikov);

3) before the union and , if with three or more homogeneous members it combines the last two: Occasionally / we met farms scattered throughout the steppe-prairie, / with the obligatory red barn, / silo tower /and a mighty hundred-year-old tree in front of the porch of the house (Shatunovsky, Strelnikov).

5. Psychological pause arises in addition to the logical and is possible when the speaker wants to highlight a word in particular, to draw the attention of listeners to it. In the second case, we can talk about the ability to "keep a pause", which is owned by actors and experienced speakers.

Below is the text prepared for the speech with preliminary markup of pauses. red oblique lines(/) (in texts a continuous oblique line) indicate obligatory pauses, blue oblique lines (¦ ) (dashed line in texts) - possible, optional.

For Vysotsky¦ there are no forbidden topics, / he fearlessly, / with defiant courage / wrote and sang about everything / that worried him. / But it was that freedom / which is provided morally, / by an accurate attitude to the subject¦ or phenomenon. / Vysotsky ¦ not just fixes, / transmits, / reflects the drama of life. / He is dramatic himself, / by the nature of his subjectivity, / individuality, / talent. / / Everything / that he did, / and everything that he succeeded, /- this is from restlessness, / from a feeling of anxiety that did not leave him.//

Dramatic, / in the words of A. S. Pushkin, / is connected with “passions¦ and outpourings of the human soul”. / In full accordance¦ with this precise observation! / Vysotsky¦ at the very time / when half-whisper dominated, / on the one hand , / and pop noise / - on the other hand, / began to speak and sing in an “open voice”, / passionately, / angrily, / sometimes turning into a cry. / / So, / as people sing at home, / in a free, / relaxed , / environment not constrained by strict rules. / /(V. Tolstykh, In the mirror of creativity).

The expressive sound of the text is facilitated not only by correct pausing, but also by the correct, natural intonation that meets the requirements of the traditional literary norm.

There are two main types of intonation in Russian: ascending(with rising tone) and descending(with decreasing tone). Rising intonation can also be called the intonation of incompleteness, and descending- intonation of completeness.

A special rise in tone, accompanied by an increase in word stress, a greater intensity of the stressed syllable, is called logical stress. It is used to make sense of a word or phrase in a sentence. There is a certain pattern between the ways of intonation and punctuation marks, on the one hand, and the semantic relationships in the sentence, on the other.

1. Falling intonation(decrease in tone), conditionally indicated in the texts by an icon (in the examples it is highlighted bold italic

1) point: Moscow. 7 October. Today at the Museum fine arts named after Pushkin opened an exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Marina Tsvetaeva;

2) ellipsis(if it denotes the completion of a thought): "Petersburg is taken Finns... Kolchak took Syzran. Tsaritsyn…” (Bunin);

3) comma in non-union and compound sentences with enumerative relations between parts: “In July evenings and nights, the quail no longer screams and corostels, nightingales do not sing in forest ravines, does not smell flowers. day longing forgotten, everything is forgiven, and the steppe easily inhales the wide breastfeeding…» (Chekhov);

4) semicolon(the pause between parts is longer than with a comma);

5) colon in a simple sentence: The company needs workers: locksmiths, turners, millers; in complex sentence: And my request is next: take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language… (Turgenev).

2. Rising intonation(raising the tone), conventionally indicated in the texts by the icon (in the examples it is highlighted bold), is required when the following punctuation marks are used:

1) exclamation point: I beg attention! Please stop debate!;

2) question mark: What is the peculiarity of the modern stage of development societies?;

3) comma:

a) in a series of homogeneous members of a simple sentence, connected by connecting unions and yes (in meaning "and" ), or without conjunctions, is accompanied by the intonation of the same type of enumeration: The team crept up business, cheerful, vigorous. Everyone works with full bestowal and enthusiasm;

b) in a simple or complex sentence in the presence of adversatives ( but, but, however ), separating ( either ... or, then ... that, not that ... not that etc.), double comparative ( like…and; although ... but; if not...then etc.) of unions is accompanied by a heterogeneous, non-uniform intonation: the ascending intonation is replaced by a descending one: Mal spool, Yes roads. Is not the outside, a avenue. In economics, there is no other choice: either strength, or ruble ;

c) in a simple sentence separate members suggestions: Editorial thanks readerswho sent their wishes. AT decisionadopted on meetingsummed up the results of the work. Despite the difficult weather conditions, the transcontinental flight took place;

d) in a simple sentence in the presence of introductory words and appeals, if they are allocated in a speech tact, i.e. accompanied by a pause: Reportedly printing, the visit of the head of government may not take place;

e) in a complex sentence on the border of its simple sentences: to me seemsthat the style of translation will not be violated if we transmit foreign proverbs with moderation and tact Russiansthat correspond to them in content and style, especially in cases where literal translation clumsy and verbose(K. Chukovsky);

4) a dash in a simple sentence: Life live- not field go. On right- sea, left- the mountains; in a complex sentence: Century live- century learn .

3. Rising intonation(raising the tone) is required in all cases when a pause at the boundaries of speech measures (syntagmas) occurs in the absence of a punctuation mark:

Oftenwe can still hear statement:/market in its purest form/no longer exists nowhere, / especially in industrial countries.// cruel delusion.// If not to tell/illiteracy¦and blindness.// Yes, / the state today / tries to correct everywhere market.// Yes,/monopolies/plan their production,/ are fighting for control of market.// But over market,/ but not over anything others!// …Nothing useful from Togo, / what's the story economyaccumulated for century, / the modern economy has not lost. // AND, add,/- can not lose.// For the market and social division labor/not detachable.// And the deeper this division labor, /themes wider, /more branched¦ market.// BUT means,/ and its tools:/money,/price,/taxes,/credit/currency well.// (N. Shmelev, Either strength or the ruble).

4. Logical stress(a special rise in tone, accompanied by the intensity of the sound of the stressed syllable, in texts) conventionally indicated by the icon (") (in the examples, the accented letter is highlighted bold), is allowed only when the semantic selection of the word and phrase in the phrase:

1) within one simple sentence, it is recommended to resort to logical stress no more than once, thus emphasizing new, important information for this statement, since the meaning of the message as a whole changes from a change in the place of logical stress. For example, a proposal Pushkin was born in Moscow can have three options for setting a logical stress, depending on what you need to pay attention to: a) PatShkin was born in Moscow; b) Pushkin familyandwas in Moscow; in) Pushkin was born in Moscowe.

The presence of more than one logical stress in a simple sentence is allowed in a series of homogeneous members, if you need to emphasize each of them: Pushkin's draft is a precious documentent, in which all stadiy creative process, all its lasteconsistency, all gradualenia;

2) in a connected text, logical stress helps the speaker to clearly distinguish the beginning of a new thought, emphasizes the auxiliary words that form the compositional beginnings: firstly, secondly, thus, so, of course, naturally, after all etc.;

3) stands out accented word class, the logical underlining of which is typical for public speaking, since with the help of them the speaker expresses his attitude to the subject of speech: very, completely, absolutely, not at all, again, again, earlier, always, annually, usually; is, no, it is impossible, it is possible, it should not be; important, little, much etc.;

4) stand out "reference points" text - words that name the object of speech; first of all, these are terms, as well as words that clarify the meaning of terms, explaining them.

Below is an excerpt from the article by N. Shmelev, divided into speech measures, containing intonational markings and logical stress with a focus on the pronunciation norms of public speech.

Legend:

(/) a continuous oblique line indicates mandatory pauses, (¦ ) a broken oblique line - for possible, optional pauses;

- falling intonation(decrease in tone);

- rising intonation(raising tone);

(") - logical stress (a special rise in tone, accompanied by the intensity of the sound of the stressed syllable, in texts).

In the word boring:
1. 2 syllables (boring);
2. stress falls on the 1st syllable: boring

• 1st option

1 ) Transcription of the word "boring": [boring j❜].

7 letters, 7 sounds

Setting

RULES OF PRONUNCIATION 1

§ 8

§ 8. Letter s denotes a vowel [s] inside a word after solid consonants, including after [ts] (except for [w], [g], after which it is written and; see § 7). Wed wash, forget, smoke, was, full, smoke, smoke, tsyts, kutsy.

§ 9

§ 9. The vowel [y], both under stress and in unstressed syllables, is pronounced in accordance with the spelling. It is denoted in writing by the letters y and y.

§ 10

§ 10. Letter at denotes the sound [y] in the following positions; a) at the beginning of a word: mind, near the face, strike, remove; b) after vowels: science, spider, memorize, learn, sauce, clown; c) after solid consonants: bough, fluff, bush, noise, beetle, bundle k, beech, fist, make noise, candied fruits, machine gun, rogue, ransom, ledge; d) after soft hissing [h] and [u]: sensitively, forelock, pike, miracle, cast iron, eccentrics, on the feel, crying.

§ 68

§ 68. The consonants [w], [g], [c], denoted by the letters w, g, c, are only solid and are always pronounced firmly, for example: shil (pronounced [shyl]), silk (pronounced [shulk]), noise; lived (pronounced [zhyl]), heat, beetle; zinc (pronounced [tsynk]), heron (pronounced [tsá pl❜ b]).

§ 69

§ 69. Consonants [h], [u], [zh❜ w❜], [th] are only soft. For sounds [h] and [u] in Russian graphics there are special letters h and sch: cf. chin, vat, forelock, boat (pronounced [choln]), niello, shit, pike, silk (pronounced [sho lk]), sliver, food. However, the consonant [u] is also indicated in the letter by combinations of sch, zch and some others (see § 124 on this): account (pronounced [schot], driver (pronounced [converter]).

§ 106

§ 106. Consonants [zh] and [sh] are always pronounced firmly, including in combinations [zhd❜], [zhn❜], [zhl❜], [shn❜], [shl❜]:

[wa❜]: before, walking, condemned, rewarded;

[zhn❜]: artist, shoemaker, former, near, important;

[zhl❜]: polite, thrifty;

[shn❜]: superfluous, external, local;

[sh❜]: industrial, cough, come.

§ 128

§ 128. The combination ch, as a rule, is pronounced in accordance with the spelling, i.e. [ch]: cf. exact, durable, vicious, country, and alchny, eternal, Milky Way, excellent, antique, start, swing, etc.

However, in some words, [shn] is pronounced in place of ch: [kan shn] (of course), [boring] (boring), [narod shn] (on purpose), [yi e i schnits] (scrambled eggs), [pus❜ t❜ a shny] (trifle), [prach shny] (laundry), [skvareshnik] (birdhouse); [shn] is pronounced in female patronymics in -ichna: [savishn] (Savvichna), [niki tishn] (Nikitichna), [fominishn] (Fominichna), [il❜ yinishn] (Ilyinichna), [ luki nishn] (Lukinichna), etc.

In some cases, the pronunciation [shn] is acceptable next to the pronunciation [ch]: [bulshny] and [bullychny] (bakery), [small] and [small] (milk). In some words, the pronunciation [shn] becomes obsolete: [slushny] (creamy), [carish] (brown). It should be noted that in new words, only [ch] is pronounced in place of ch (for example, streaming, filming, tape).

In all cases when [shn] should be pronounced in place of ch, or [shn] can be pronounced along with [ch], the dictionary gives appropriate instructions.

1 Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; Ed. R.I. Avanesov. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. lang., 1988. - 704 p.

Words with a combination of CHN, TH can

divided into three groups:

1. those in which CHN is pronounced only as [SHN]:

of course, boring, on purpose, scrambled eggs, laundry, birdhouse,

bachelorette party, loser, mustard plaster, what, something, something,

as well as female patronymics on CHNA:

Ilyinichna, Kuzminichna, Fominichna;

2. those in which CHN is pronounced only as [CH "N]:

accurately, successful, pinpoint, camouflage, something, etc .;

3. those in which both pronunciations are considered normative - [H "N [ and [ SHN]:

candlestick, bakery, maid, penny, decent, nothing.

4. In some cases, pronunciation options delimit

various lexical meanings:

a heart attack is a friend of the heart [shn] th, a pepper pot (a vessel for pepper) is a damn pepper [shn] ita (about an evil, grumpy woman).

Pronunciation of consonants before E in loanwords:

[d"]: debate, debut, motto, deduction, disinfection, declaration, decoration,

democracy, demon, cologne, Odessa, residence, deputy, depression,

academy, ideal, etc.

[t"]: tenor, competent, patent, pate, terror, therapist, protest, term, etc.

[h "]: newspaper, zebra, marshmallow, diesel, museum, reserve, etc.

[With"]: pool, cassette, session, safe, sect, semester, senate, service, sideboard,

serenade, selector, etc.

Exercise 3

Put the stress on the following words. For help refer to the dictionary.

Apostrophe, peanut, asymmetry, indulge, spoiled, bows, being, creed, exorbitant prices, barge, bartender, gastronomy, genesis, corrugated, engraver, dogma, treble, contract, utterly, heretic, blinds, long, enviably, regular, clog, calling, calling, icon painting, iris, spark, gradually, flounder, catalogue, rubber, quarter, pantry, whooping cough, copy, self-interest, more beautiful, most beautiful, kitchen, maneuvers, briefly, miserly, for a long time, backhand, obituary, oil pipeline, newborn, guardianship, wholesale, provision, facilitate, adolescence, lampoon, loop, pizzeria, anticipate, reward, pullover, overpass, symmetry, convocation, carpenter, dancer, meatballs, cakes, shoe, deceased, Ukrainian, phenomenon, flyleaf, petition, Christian, cement, chain, gypsies, scoop, scarves, chassis, sorrel, expert.

Apostrophe, peanut, asymmetry, indulge, spoiled, bows, being, religion, exorbitant prices, barge, bartender, gastronomy, genesis, corrugated, engraver, dogma, treble, contract, utterly, heretic, blinds, long, enviably, regular, clog, calling, calling, icon painting, iris, spark, gradually, flounder, catalogue, rubber, quarter, pantry, whooping cough, copy, self-interest, more beautiful, most beautiful, kitchen, maneuvers, briefly, miserly, for a long time, backhand, obituary, oil pipeline, newborn, guardianship, wholesale, provision, facilitate, adolescence, lampoon, loop, pizzeria, anticipate, reward, pullover, overpass, symmetry, convocation, carpenter, dancer, meatballs, cakes, shoe, deceased, Ukrainian, phenomenon, flyleaf, petition, Christian, cement, chain, gypsies, scoop, scarves, chassis, sorrel, expert.

Vocabulary.

Exercise 1.

Pick up Russian words corresponding to the given Old Slavonicisms. For which words is the task impossible?

Blato, doctor, boat, helmet, scarf, esen, ignoramus.

Exercise 2.

What words are native Russian?

Passenger, intermission, sneakers, kengurenok, lyceum, lyceum student, telegram.

Exercise 3

Replace foreign words with native Russian ones. For which word is this task impossible?

Discomfort, goalkeeper, revision, intuition, prologue.

Exercise 4

Divide the words into two groups. Explain the answer. Can the given words be grouped differently?

Director, collector, praise, set, collector, head, compliment, set.

Exercise 5

Set the similarity and difference between the words POWDER, ASHES, POWDER, POWDER,

Exercise 6

Find the extra word. Explain the answer.

Proclaim, attraction, fence, bracelet, environment.

Exercise 7

Find in Russian lexical units associated with the words:

1) lat.ossiro"occupy, seize";

2) lat . humanus"human";

3) italian. fresco"fresh";

4) lat. disputere"disassemble, argue";

5) lat.letum"death";

6) lat. fixus"solid, motionless";

7) franc.Danal"ordinary";

8) franc. isoler"separate, isolate";

9) lat. accentus"accent";

10) English. bluff deception".

Exercise 8

What are the similarities between these words? Divide them into groups. Justify your answer.

Finger, footman, chain mail, friendship, barber, boyar.

Exercise 9

Which questions should be answered in the affirmative?

1. Is it possible to meet a TOLMACH today?

2. Is it true that LANIT live in the forest?

3. Are there liquid RAMENS?

4. Is it true that CELIBATH is obligatory part Catholic wedding ceremony?

5. Is it true that RUBLE and CUT are historically related words?

6. Is it true that KOSHCHEY in Ancient Russia is a person who manages horses in the prince's squad?

7. Is it true that in the 19th century SHAPOKLYAK was worn on the head?

8. Is it true that BONVIVANS are no longer found these days?

9. Is it true that in the 18th century the piano was called TICHOGRESS?

10. Is it true that KIVER is a parade weapon in the Russian army of the 18th century?

Exercise 10

Find obsolete words, indicate their lexical meanings. Explain what helped you determine the meanings of seemingly incomprehensible words.

1. I, kids, are not a chwan! You do not be afraid of my nobility.

(V. Zhukovsky)

2. You know, prince, I still don’t understand why you took it into your head to choose me as the confidant of your secrets.

(F. Dostoevsky)

3. And the years went by ... Walked in the steppes

Only a violent wind in the open ...

But then Monomakh died,

And in Russia - tightness and grief.

(A. Maikov)

Exercise 11

What meanings have formed for the listed words over the past decade?

Freeze, plywood, pirate, password, roller.

Basic lexical units

Synonymous series - they are synonyms, united by a common meaning and arranged in a certain order.

The general meaning of a number of synonyms is most pronounced core word, or dominant. Dominant begins a synonymic series and is usually a stylistically neutral word. For example: Dwelling - dwelling place, lair, lair;

Good - excellent, wonderful, superb, superb.

Contextual synonyms- These are words that come together in meaning only in a certain context. Out of context, these words are not synonyms. For example: Even Sophia's love, first, tender and pink love, didn't hold him back.

And in the evening he entered charming, fragrant, light world… .

Contextual antonyms are words that take on specific meanings in a specific context. For example: Chased crumbs- lost hunk.

Homonyms - These are words that have the same spelling and pronunciation, but different lexical meanings.

For example: bloody the battle ( battle) - black the battle(servant) - lexical way;

(nautical the battle, fisted the battle, the battle bulls - synonyms).

Tact(rhythm) - tact(sense of proportion) - a morphological method (based on a comparison of derivative words and word forms).

Homoforms - words that coincide in sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms x, for example: oven (n.) - oven (ch.).

Homophones- words that are different in spelling, but are pronounced the same, for example: onion - meadow, mushroom - flu.

homographs- words that are spelled the same, but have an accent on different syllables, for example: flour "- mu" ka, zamo "k - for" mok.

Paronyms- words with the same root, similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning: subscription - subscriber, great - majestic, hostile - enemy,

Paronomases- similar-sounding words that have different roots: clarinet - cornet, boatswain - pilot, injection - infection. Such words are brought together only by an accidental sound similarity.

Paronyms.

Exercise 1.

Determine in which sentences mistakes are made related to the mixing of paronyms. Write the sentences by inserting the missing letters and punctuation marks. Use the correct paronym.

1. Turning at the huge ... the moon, we walked along the open

stone d ... line to the mouth of the river.

2. He always acted carefully ... as he was a fearful person.

3. We and (not) notice ... how the wind rose and (across) the sky (across) p ... lied

dark rainy ... I'm cloudy .. .

4. Turning ... to the guest of the program ... the presenter said I would like to ask

a personal question for you.

5. The relocation ... of the w ... villagers is also (same) associated with huge

with ... expenses and, moreover, with a dramatic breakable court ...

forced people to leave their native places.

6. Studying ... at the university ... is (not) easy - in a short time you need

master a large amount of new material.

7. Lots of facts Climatic and temperature conditions

processing time ... the nature of lighting ... influences the development

r ... walls.

8. Our kat ... r approached ... l ... to a l ... sisty island surrounded ... ... by

a light stripe of shallows.

9. In the office ... stand ... for sleep ... come down with a businesslike appearance officials.

10. Our tourist group… was introduced to herself

the instructor gave us the same (same) (not).

Exercise 2.

Choose the correct word from the given paronyms.

1. Reigned in the regiment militant - militant mood.

2. Increasingly rare mushroom - mushroom diseases

sown seeds and young plants.

3. This enterprise has not created any stock of vegetables

for processing. Conservation - canning they are being

from imported raw materials, as they say, from the wheels.

4. Many of our films have received vocation - gratitude and

our viewers, and abroad.

5. City shook - shook numbness of everyday life.

Vocabulary.

The main features of borrowed words:

1. Double consonants at the root of the word: ka ss a, ba ll otirovatsya.

2. Confluence of vowels: oa zis, moz ai ka, adage and about, d ue l.

3. At the end of the word, an unstressed sound [O]: ra "dio, kaka" oh, ske "rtso.

4. Pronunciation of a solid consonant before [E] (letter E): par [te] r,

purse[ne], pyu[re].

5. The letter E at the root of the word: poet, energy, sir.

6. The combination of the letters YO and LOO: mayonnaise, broth.

7. Immutability of nouns and adjectives:

coat, scarf, taxi, kangaroo; run, khaki.

The term " orthoepy" is used in linguistics in two meanings:

1) a set of norms literary language related to sound design significant units: norms of pronunciation of sounds in different positions, norms of stress and intonation;
2) a science that studies the variation of the pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules).

The differences between these definitions are as follows: in the second understanding, those pronunciation norms that are associated with the operation of phonetic laws are excluded from the field of orthoepy: changing the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed syllables ( reduction ), positional stunning/voicing of consonants etc. The sphere of orthoepy, with this understanding, includes only such pronunciation norms that allow variability in the literary language, for example, the possibility of pronunciation after hissing as [ a ], and [ s ] ([heat], but [zhysm "in]).

Of the norms that allow variability of pronunciation in the same position, it is necessary to note the following norms, updated in school course Russian language:
1) the pronunciation of the hard and soft consonant before e in borrowed words,
2) pronunciation in individual words of combinations thu and ch how [ PCS ] and [ sh ],
3) pronunciation of sounds [ and ] and [ and" ] in place of combinations zhzh, zhzh, zhzh,
4) variability of positional softening of consonants in separate groups,
5) variability of stress in individual words and word forms.

It is these pronunciation norms associated with the pronunciation of individual words and forms of words that are the object of description in orthoepic dictionaries.
School textbooks define orthoepy as the science of pronunciation, that is, in the first sense. Thus, all pronunciation norms of the Russian language belong to the sphere of orthoepy: implementation of vowels in unstressed syllables, stunning / voicing of consonants in certain positions, softness of a consonant before a consonant and etc.

Basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation

In the Russian literary language, due to certain sound laws (assimilations, dissimilations, reductions) in words, the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, was established, which did not correspond to the spelling. We write what, whom, went, to study, but it is necessary to pronounce [ what ], [cavo ], [hadil ], [learnt ] etc. This is considered to be the pronunciation norm of the literary language, which was established long before the advent of orthoepy rules. Over time, pronunciation rules have been developed that have become mandatory for literary speech.

The most important of these rules are:

1. Vowels are pronounced distinctly (according to their spelling) only under stress ( saying And whether, x O dim, see E ly, b E ly, n O Sim). In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced differently.

2. The vowel o in an unstressed position should be pronounced as a sound close to a [ in BUT Yes], [X BUT R BUT sho], [to BUT forces], [mountains AT ], and write - water, well, mowed, city .

3. Unstressed e, i should be pronounced as a sound close to and [ in And sleep], [pass And obvious], [pl And sat], [P And R And watched], and write - spring, sowing, dance, revised .

4. Voiced consonants (paired) at the end of words and before deaf consonants in the middle of a word should be pronounced as their corresponding paired deaf [ du P ], [mountain T ], [loaf P ], [maro FROM ], [daro W ka], [gris P ki], [about Z bba], [small D bba], [re FROM cue], but it is written - oak, city, bread, frost, path, fungi, please .

5. The sound g must be pronounced as an explosive, except for the word God, which is pronounced aspirated. At the end of words, instead of r, it sounds paired with a deaf k [ other To ], [books To ], [boots To ], [mo To ], but it is written - friend, books, boots, could etc.

6. Consonants s, z before hissing w, w, h should be pronounced as long hissing [ AND burn], [AND heat], [be Learn worn out], but it is written burn, hot, lifeless . At the beginning of some words mid sounds like sch [SCH astier], [SCH no], [SCH italy], but it is written - happiness, counting, counting .

7. In some words, the combination ch pronounced like [ cane SHN a], [sku SHN a], [Me and SHN itza], [square SHN ik], [Nikiti SHN a], [Savvi W on the], [laundry SHN and I], but it is written of course, boring, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, Nikitichna, Savvichna, laundry . In some words, a double pronunciation is allowed - bakery -[bulo SHN and I], lactic - [molo SHN th], but only bakery, dairy is written. In most words, the combination of ch is pronounced in accordance with the spelling (eternal, country, durable, night, stove).

8. Words what to pronounce should be like [ what], [shtoby].

9. When a series of consonants collide - RDC, stn, stl etc. usually one of these sounds is not pronounced. We write: heart, honest, stairs, happy , and pronounce [ se RC e], [Che CH th], [le CH itza], [shcha SL willow].

10. Endings -oh, -his should be pronounced like ava, willow [ red AVA ],[syn WILLOW ], [KAVO], [CHIVO], and write red, blue, whom, what.

11. Endings - be,-tsya(study, study) are pronounced like - tsa [teach CC BUT], [daring CC BUT], [vstrycha CC BUT].

12. In words of foreign origin, firmly entrenched in the Russian language, consonants before [e] (e) soften: swimming pool, bacterium, bulletin, brunet, beret, vinaigrette, motto, scenery, incident, file cabinet, category, boat, coffee, museum, Odessa, president, remark, director, rhesus, theme, theory, term, tenor, thermometer, plywood, overcoat, effect etc.

13. However, in some cases before [e] (e) nevertheless, the pronunciation of solid consonants is noted. This rule applies primarily to dental consonants [d], [t], [n], [s], [h]: an [te] nna, a [te] le, biz [ne] s, bifsh [te] ks, [, de] kol [te], [de] [te] active, in [te] rvyu, in [te ]rjer, kash[ne], ko[te]j, o[te]l, past[te]l paints, polo[ne]z, syn[te]tika, so[ne]t, [te]mbr, [te] mp, [te] nnis, [te] rmos, [te] st, tos [te] r, computer [te] r, pho[ne] tika, quote [de] l, she [de] vr.

14. double consonants both in native Russian words and in words of foreign origin in most cases pronounced as single(i.e., without their extension). We write: Russia, Russian, eleven, public, done, chord, annul, accompaniment, assistant, neatly, ballon, Saturday, gram, flu, class, correspondent, tennis etc., but we pronounce these words without doubling these consonants, with the exception of a few words in which double consonants are both written and pronounced ( bath, manna, gamma and etc.).

In a number of foreign words after consonants and and spelled e, although pronounced uh(diet, hygiene, atheist, atelier, muffler, coffee, pince-nez, parterre), exceptions: sir, mayor, peer. After the remaining vowels, e is more often written and pronounced (poetry, poet, silhouette, maestro, but: project, register).

In a number of foreign words, after consonants that are pronounced softly, it is written and pronounced e(museum, college, academy, dean, decade, cologne, plywood, pace).

In Russian words after w, w, c pronounced uh, but it is always written e(iron, even, six, quieter, whole, at the end).

13. Double consonants, both in native Russian words and in words of foreign origin, in most cases are pronounced as single ones (i.e., without their length).

We write : Russia, Russian, eleven, public, made, chord, cancel, accompaniment, assistant, neatly, balloon, Saturday, gram, flu, class, correspondent, tennis, etc., and we pronounce these words without doubling these consonants, for with the exception of a few words in which double consonants are both written and pronounced (bath, manna, gamma, etc.).

Orthoepic analysis of the word

Orthoepic analysis of the word is carried out according to the following plan:
1. Read the word to yourself. Think and decide if the word can sound differently.
2. Look in the orthoepic dictionary for how the word is pronounced correctly.
3. Pronounce the word correctly. (If a written analysis is carried out, then write down the word with explanations (notes) of pronunciation and stress.)

Sample of orthoepic analysis.

Krasi "vee - stress only on the second syllable.
Horse "ch about [ sh ].
ku ne" [ pe "] neskl., noun.