Human activities over the past few millennia have been able to affect the Earth. As reality shows, it becomes the only source of pollution in the environment. Because of what is observed: a decrease in soil fertility, desertification and land degradation, deterioration of air and water quality, and the disappearance of ecosystems. In addition, there is a negative impact on human health and life expectancy. According to modern statistics, more than 80% of diseases are related to what we breathe, what water we drink and what soil we walk on. Let's consider this in more detail.

Biological absorption is the point at which exposure occurs. Toxicants enter the body in one or more of three ways: by inhalation, ingestion, or absorption through the skin. Once in the body, toxicants are distributed to various tissues and are metabolized and excreted. Toxicants or their metabolites travel to target organs such as the thyroid, ovaries, or testicles, where they have a biological effect. 19 Some toxicants can be stored for long periods in muscle, bone, adipose tissue, or other soft tissues.

Bad influence environment on human health is due to industrial enterprises that are located near residential areas. As a rule, these are powerful sources of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

Various solid and gaseous substances enter the air every day. It's about about carbon oxides, sulfur, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, lead compounds, dust, chromium, asbestos, which can have poisonous breath, mucous membranes, vision and smell).

For example, lead can be in bone for decades. These substances are described as having long "half-lives" in the body. They can continue to leach out of these tissues and travel to target organs for extended periods of time.

Just as all smokers do not develop lung cancer, every person exposed to toxicants does not necessarily experience adverse health effects. Many factors—besides the dose of radiation and the concentration of the toxicant in the environment—whether exposure ultimately contributes to adverse health effects. 19 These factors, listed in Figure 3, can directly affect cells, tissues, and organs, and they can alter the function or expression of a gene.

The impact of environmental pollution on human health contributes to the deterioration general condition. As a result, nausea appears, headaches and a feeling of weakness torment, and working capacity decreases.

Earth also has a negative impact. Diseases that are transmitted through contaminated sources cause deterioration and often death. As a rule, the most dangerous are ponds, lakes and rivers, in which pathogens and viruses actively multiply.

Whether or not environmental exposure affects an individual's reproductive health is ultimately dependent on the interaction between these various factors. For this reason, it is often not possible to document a clear relationship between a particular toxicant and a particular reproductive health effect.

Environmental experts are now challenging traditional assumptions about the "safe" level of exposure to toxic substances at the population level. Recently, the National Academy of Sciences stated that depending on the degree of multiple chemical exposure of individuals, the incidence of disease, the age status of the population, and genetic variability, it is reasonable to assume that exposure to certain chemicals will carry a certain risk, although this risk may be small or large. 20 Risk assessment can be difficult at this time because traditional testing of chemicals at high doses in adult animals, often with little genetic or other variability, makes it difficult to accurately predict the effects of daily exposure.

Polluted drinking water, which comes from the water supply, contributes to the development of cardiovascular and renal pathologies in humans, the appearance of various diseases.


Consequently, as a result of the fact that a person constantly creates a large number of conveniences for his life, scientific progress "does not stand still." Due to the implementation of most of his achievements, a whole complex of harmful and unfavorable factors for life has appeared. This is about elevated level radiation, toxic substances, combustible flammable materials and noise.

For this reason, it is difficult to create clear clinical guidelines that address the potential health effects of lower levels of exposure that are more common in the general population. It is important that clinicians recognize that some occupational exposures to hazardous chemical substances significantly higher than in the general population.

Exposure time is another factor that greatly influences the ultimate biological effect of exposure to environmental toxins. Although exposure to these substances can affect people at all stages of life, exposure during critical windows of susceptibility may be more important. These windows vary somewhat with the particular toxicant and include periods during pregnancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Since these receptivity windows include very early pregnancy, clinicians should advise women about exposures during their reproductive lives.

In addition, one can note the psychological impact on a person. For example, because large settlements saturated with cars, not only the negative impact of transport on the environment is carried out, but also tension and overwork appear.

Some chemicals have direct toxic effects on the reproductive system. Endocrine disrupting chemicals can affect hormonal glands such as the thyroid or pituitary gland, which in turn affects reproductive health.

Toxicants can have negative reproductive effects through several mechanisms, as shown in Figure 21. Some chemicals kill or damage cells. If these cells are oocytes or sperm cells, exposure to the chemicals can lead to infertility. If these are other types of cells, developmental problems may occur. Some industrial chemicals, such as benzene, are also mutagenic. Finally, some chemicals, such as diethylstilbestrol, cause an epigenetic effect: they change the way genes are expressed, which can affect reproductive outcomes.

The influence of the environment on human health occurs through the soil, the sources of pollution of which are enterprises and residential buildings. Thanks to human activity, it receives not only chemical (mercury, lead, arsenic, and so on), but also organic compounds. From the soil, they penetrate into groundwater, which are absorbed by plants, and then through plants, meat and milk enter the body.

Researchers later learned that the drug actually increased the risk of miscarriage and other pregnancy complications. In addition, the drug causes reproductive disorders and malignancy disorders in children of women exposed during pregnancy. Animal studies suggest that grandchildren may also be affected. 17.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Guidance for assessing the assessment of health status. Chapter 8: Health impact assessment: an in-depth analysis. Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls.

  • Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Ensemble of definitions of ecological health.
  • The precautionary principle in the 20th century: late lessons early warnings.
  • Birth defects and the environment.
The air we breathe contains emissions from many sources: industry, vehicles, heating and commercial sources, household fuels, and tobacco smoke.

So it turns out that the impact of the environment on human health, as a habitat, is negative.

BJD basics

Life safety in a broad sense is defined as “the science of the optimal interaction of a person with the environment”, and the environment is defined as a part of space and a set of real objects surrounding a person in his places of residence. Modern man in his Everyday life is inseparable from the world of machines, which is reflected in the term "technosphere", understood as the world of technology, an artificial, man-made environment that enters the biosphere and interacts with it. And this interaction becomes more and more dramatic over time. The last decades have been marked by a sharp increase in the number of accidents, human casualties, economic damage, degradation natural environment. In this regard, the immediate and strategic tasks of life safety as a scientific direction are singled out. The immediate task is to ensure healthy living and working conditions and high life expectancy. The strategic task implies ensuring the survival and preservation of civilization in the face of rapidly developing environmental and social crises.

The health effects of air pollution have been intensively studied in last years. The results of these studies have shown that air pollution harms people's health and is especially harmful to those who are already vulnerable due to their age as children and the elderly, and existing health problems. Epidemiological evidence suggests that adverse health effects depend on both exposure concentration and duration of exposure, and long-term exposures have more persistent cumulative effects than short-term exposures.

Based on the logic of life, the typology of sources and threats, the list of security items, there are dozens, hundreds of types of security. Let's name the most important of them: political, social, ecological, military, technogenic, spiritual, religious, socio-cultural, state, genetic, food, medical, demographic, nuclear, informational and new, more subtle, at the level of mental phenomena, energy-informational psychological security demanded by time .

Pollution atmospheric air is associated with multiple health outcomes, including mortality, respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations, changes in lung function, and asthma attacks. Current scientific evidence suggests that air pollution from burning fossil fuels causes a range of health effects from allergies to death. Recent estimates indicate that the public health impact could be significant. Air pollution is associated with a wide range of acute and chronic health effects, the nature of which may vary depending on the constituents of the pollutants, as well as on the population group.

Such a classification is, to a certain extent, conditional, since in its pure form, without connection with other phenomena and facts, nothing happens in nature. Most often, a person deals with combined sources of danger and with multidimensional manifestations of their impact. It is possible to single out a natural-socio-technogenic source of danger in such a chain: a natural disaster that caused a catastrophe at a chemical or other hazardous enterprise, followed by human casualties, material damage and the destruction of nature. In this case, we are talking about environmental, technogenic, social, medical, genetic and many other types of danger.

Due to the sheer number of people affected, the impact of air pollution on cardiovascular disease is a significant public health issue. Research findings have shown a strong relationship between airborne particle levels, sulfur dioxide and other fossil fuel emissions and the risk of early death from heart disease. People with pre-existing conditions such as high blood pressure, previous heart disease, diabetes, respiratory disease, and high level cholesterol.

Political Security occupies a key position in common system security. The loss of political controllability by a society or its inconsistency with the possibilities and interests of society inevitably leads to its degradation and dependence. Political security requires a policy that is constitutionally protected and clearly defined by the constitutional framework.

The study focused on the impact of gaseous pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, which are produced mainly in coal-fired power plants, and air pollution with fine particles with a diameter of less than 5 µm, which come from power plant emissions and vehicle exhaust, The relationship between air pollution and mortality were much stronger for the fine particulate component than for the gaseous pollutants. The fine particles then enter the lungs and pass into the bloodstream and are transported to other organs of the body.

social security- this is a set of types of security, due to the structure of human life, its areas.

military security forms one of the foundations of national, regional and international security systems.

Environmental Safety- this is the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from potential and real threats created by the consequences of anthropogenic impact on the environment, as well as from natural Disasters and disasters.

Human exposure to air pollution: the route of air pollutants into the human body

Knowledge of the links between health and air quality has advanced significantly in recent years. Air pollution is a mixture of particulate matter, gases and vapor-phase molecules. A direct debacle to the impact of air pollution is the respiratory tract. In the case of dust pollutants, particulate matter size plays an important role in environmental health risk. Particles larger than 10 µm probably land in the proximal airways, but small particles enter the lungs and are deposited in the alveoli.

Technogenic safety- a set of actions to ensure the design, construction and operation of complex technical devices in compliance with the necessary requirements for their trouble-free operation and environmental conditions.

Information Security- this is the state of security of information resources, the technology of their formation and use, as well as the subjects of information activity.

Ambient fine particle contamination has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The study shows that ultrafine particles, in contrast to particles more large size, enter the bloodstream via different pathways and transport mechanisms, and are then distributed to other organs of the body, including the brain, with potential neurotoxic effects. Solid particles are hazardous to human health due to the absorption of many harmful impurities on their surface, such as: heavy metals, organic compounds.

Gaseous contaminants, depending on their water solubility, are absorbed in the proximal or distal airways. This is important from a health impact point of view. Sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde are highly soluble gases, so they do not reach the lungs, and they irritate the airway epithelium of the upper respiratory tract. For example, up to 98% of sulfur dioxide can be absorbed by the nasopharynx during nasal breathing. Ozone, unlike nitrogen dioxide, does not dissolve in water and in gaseous form reaches the lungs, where its malicious activity begins.

Collective Security- the quality of relations between the state and society, in which their joint protection from internal and external threats is ensured. Collective security includes a system of measures aimed at maintaining peace throughout the world, preventing war, providing a collective rebuff to aggression and collective assistance.

Gaseous contaminants can also be absorbed into the body through cutaneous exposure rupture. However, for the general population, the role of this route of exposure is insignificant. An indirect clue to exposure to air pollutants is the digestive tract; This follows from the circulation of pollutants into the environment.

Relationship between air pollution and life expectancy

The World Health Organization has identified outdoor air pollution as a high public health priority, linking air pollution to increased mortality and reduced life expectancy. In Europe, there is a large amount of life expectancy. In developed countries, located mainly in the western part of Europe and in northern countries, people live several years longer than in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and these differences are even a dozen years.

Regional Security- the state of the relationship of socio-territorial communities of the population that are formed in relation to the administrative-territorial division of a country or a group of countries, within them or between them at the micro- (settlement, district, region of the country) and macro- (country, group of countries) levels, with which ensures their sufficiently reliable existence and sustainable development; component security of the common system (national and international).

Progress Security- these are such relations of a person with artificial formations created by him, which allow him to fully and comprehensively reveal his capabilities, at the same time excluding technological and moral and ideological dependence on the means and processes created by him. The current situation can serve as an example of the reverse phenomenon. Mankind created nuclear weapon, considering it a great achievement, now it has turned into a threat to the existence of mankind on planet Earth. Technological progress, with a thoughtless attitude towards it and the priorities existing in the country, can favor the creation of factors of instability in society, instability in the development of the spiritual principles of a person, a country.

Energy-informational psychological security- this is a fundamentally new direction of security, capable of giving a person the missing and important part of the ability to control everything that happens at a higher level in all types of security and act proactively in extreme situations.

The new direction of energy-information security is currently particularly relevant for the newly formed police, because it has developed special methods to counter organized crime, terrorism and extremism in the information and psychological sphere.

The impact of the environment on human health

Health is associated with social relations and "parameters" of the external environment. Man, as a living organism, exchanges substances, energy and information with the environment.

But man, as a social being, began not only to adapt to the environment, but also to adapt it to himself, began to produce the necessary means of life.

Mankind as an element of the ecosystem is connected with all terrestrial forms of life: with air, water, soil.

The vital activity of the human body proceeds within certain boundaries established by nature. Normal body temperature and environmental temperature favorable for a person; normal pressure in the blood vessels and atmospheric pressure around; normal amount of fluid in the body and normal air humidity, etc.

Physiological effects of meteorological conditions on a person:

Meteorological conditions include physical factors that are interconnected with each other: temperature, humidity and air speed, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, indications of the Earth's geomagnetic field.

Air temperature affects heat transfer. During physical exertion, a prolonged stay in very hot air is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, an acceleration of the pulse, a weakening of the cardiovascular system, a decrease in attention, a slowdown in the speed of reactions, a violation of the accuracy and coordination of movements, loss of appetite, fatigue, a decrease in mental and physical performance. Low air temperature, increasing heat transfer, creates the danger of hypothermia, the possibility of colds. Rapid and sudden changes in temperature are especially harmful to health.

Thin people are most sensitive to cold, their efficiency decreases, a bad mood appears, and there may be a state of depression. Obese people are more difficult to tolerate heat - they experience suffocation, palpitations, and irritability increases. Blood pressure tends to go down on hot days and up on cold days, although about one in three people have it high on hot days and low on cold days. At low temperatures, there is a slowdown in the response of diabetics to insulin.

For normal warmth great importance has the mobility and direction of the air flow. The most favorable air velocity in winter is 0.15 m/s, and in summer it is 0.2–0.3 m/s melancholy, nervousness, migraine, insomnia, malaise, angina attacks become more frequent.

A change in the electromagnetic field causes an exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases, nervous disorders increase, irritability, fatigue, a heavy head, and poor sleep appear. Men, children and old people react more strongly to the impact of electromagnetic changes.

A decrease in oxygen in the external environment occurs when a warm air mass invades, with high humidity and temperature, which causes a feeling of lack of air, shortness of breath, dizziness. An increase in atmospheric pressure, an intensifying wind, a cold snap worsen the general state of health, exacerbates cardiovascular diseases.

Prevention of adverse effects of the microclimate

The microclimate of enclosed spaces is determined by climatic conditions (Far North, Siberia, etc.) and the season of the year and depends on the climatic factors of the external atmosphere: temperature, humidity, air velocity, thermal radiation and temperature of fences, which should be taken into account when designing, choosing construction materials, types of fuel, heating, ventilation systems and their mode of operation.

The main role in the thermal state of the body is played by air temperature, for which the value of thermal comfort is determined by sanitary requirements.

The regulation of heat production occurs mainly at low temperatures. Of more universal importance for the body's heat exchange with the environment is heat transfer. As the air temperature rises, evaporation becomes the main route of heat transfer.

Increased sweating leads to loss of fluid, salts and water-soluble vitamins.

The action of thermal radiation and high air temperature can cause the occurrence of a number of pathological conditions: overheating, heat stroke, sunstroke, convulsive illness, eye disease - professional thermal cataract ("glassblower's cataract").

Prolonged exposure to heating and especially radiation microclimate causes premature biological aging of the body.

As a result of production practice, humanity has become a powerful transforming force, which manifests itself much faster than the course of the natural evolution of the biosphere, and is capable of creating a "second nature" - the technosphere.

The economic intrusion of man into the biosphere in a number of parameters has sharply violated the optimum of the established natural harmony.

Violation of the ecological balance - "environmental scissors" - is dangerous.

It is difficult to maintain health when a person, along with the benefits of civilization, is burdened by its costs - speed, overload, various types of environmental pollution, an abundance of information, an ever greater separation from nature.

The concept of "environmental pollution" includes three components:

1) what is polluted: atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil;

2) what pollutes: industry, transport, noise, etc.;

3) what is polluted with: heavy metals, dust, pesticides, etc.

They allow you to determine the quality of the environment in which a person lives. External environment considered unhealthy if it causes health problems, if it is difficult to adapt to it.

The city as a zone of increased danger

In the conditions of a city, especially a large one, the cause of discomfort and disease is gas pollution and dustiness of the atmospheric air, a high level of noise or vibration, household and industrial waste, pollution of the earth's surface and water bodies. The urban environment is dangerous.

The complex of negative factors of the production environment is characterized by diversity and high levels of impact on a working person. The most common factors include:

1) gas contamination and dustiness of the air of the working area;

2) unfavorable temperature regimes;

3) increased noise;

4) insufficient lighting;

5) hard physical work;

6) increased vibrations.

Health

Types of danger: never play by someone else's rules and on someone else's territory, but play on your own territory and by your own rules, because you will lose.

The psychology of extreme situations is one of the areas of applied psychology. It explores the problems associated with the assessment, prediction and optimization of mental states and human behavior in stressful situations.

The issues of human psychology in emergency situations must be considered in order to prepare the population, rescuers, leaders for action in extreme situations.

When considering the issues of human behavior in emergency situations, much attention is paid to the psychology of fear. In everyday life, in extreme conditions, a person constantly has to overcome dangers that threaten his existence, which causes (generates) fear, that is, a short-term or long-term emotional process generated by real or imaginary danger. Fear is an alarm signal, but not just an alarm, but a signal that causes a person’s likely protective actions.

Fear causes a person discomfort- this is a negative effect of fear, but fear is also a signal, a command for individual or collective protection, since the main goal facing a person is to stay alive, to prolong his existence.

Stress is a concept used to refer to a wide range of human conditions and actions that occur as a response to a variety of extreme influences (stressors).

Stressors are usually divided into physiological (pain, hunger, thirst, excessive physical exertion, high or low temperature, etc.) and psychological (factors that act by their signal value, such as danger, threat, deceit, resentment, information overload and etc.).

Depending on the type of stressor and the nature of its impact, various types of stress are distinguished, in the most general classification - physiological and psychological. The latter, in turn, are divided into informational and emotional.

Information stress occurs in situations of information overload, when a person who bears great responsibility for the consequences of his decisions cannot cope with the search for the right algorithm, does not have time to make the right decisions at the required pace. Vivid examples of information stress are provided by the work of operators of technical control systems.

Emotional stress occurs in situations that threaten a person's physical security (wars, crimes, accidents, disasters, serious illnesses, etc.), his economic well-being, social status, interpersonal relationships (loss of work, livelihood, family problems, etc.). P.).

Regardless of the type of stressors, psychologists study the consequences that they cause at the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels. With rare exceptions, these consequences are negative. Emotional shifts occur, the motivational sphere is deformed, the course of the processes of perception and thinking changes, motor and speech behavior is disturbed. A particularly strong disorganizing effect on human activity is produced by emotional stresses that have reached the degree of affect in one form or another (impulsive, inhibitory or generalizing.