Andrey Okunkov. Photo: Radio Liberty

Perelman and Smirnov are representatives of the Leningrad School of Mathematics, graduates of the notorious School No. 239 and the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University. But there were also Muscovites among the nominees for the mathematical Nobel Prize, for example, a professor at Columbia University who worked in the United States for many years, a graduate of Moscow State University Andrey Okounkov . He received the Fields Medal in 2006, at the same time as Perelman, for achievements connecting probability theory, representation theory, and algebraic geometry. In practice, Okounkov's work different years found application in statistical physics to describe the surfaces of crystals, and in string theory, a field of physics that attempts to unify the principles quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.

Story

Petr Turchin. A photo: University of Technology Stevens

A new theory at the intersection of mathematics and humanities proposed Petr Turchin . Surprisingly, Turchin himself is neither a mathematician nor a historian: he is a biologist who studied at Moscow State University and now works at the University of Connecticut and studies populations. The processes of population biology develop over a long period of time, and for their description and analysis it is often necessary to build mathematical models. But modeling can also be used to better understand social and historical phenomena in human society. This is exactly what Turchin did in 2003, naming new approach cliodynamics (on behalf of the muse of history Clio). Using this method, Turchin himself established "secular" demographic cycles.

Linguistics

Andrey Zaliznyak. Photo: Mitrius/wikimedia

Every year in Novgorod, as well as in some other ancient Russian cities, such as Moscow, Pskov, Ryazan and even Vologda, more and more new birch bark letters are found, the age of which dates back to the 11th-15th centuries. In them you can find personal and official correspondence, children's exercises, drawings, jokes, and even love messages at all - "Attic" about the funniest ancient Russian inscriptions. The living language of letters helps researchers understand the Novgorod dialect, as well as the life of the common people and the history of Russia. The most famous birch bark researcher is, of course, an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Andrey Zaliznyak : it is not for nothing that his annual lectures on newly found letters and deciphering the old ones are filled with a full hall of people.

Climatology

Vasily Titov. Photo from noaa.gov

On the morning of December 26, 2004, on the day of the tragic tsunami in Indonesia, which, according to various estimates, claimed the lives of 200-300 thousand people, an NSU graduate working at the Tsunami Research Center at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Seattle (USA) Vasily Titov woke up famous. And this is not just a figure of speech: having learned about the strongest earthquake that occurred in the Indian Ocean, the scientist, before going to bed, decided to run a tsunami wave forecasting program on the computer and posted its results on the network. His prediction turned out to be very accurate, but, unfortunately, it was made too late and therefore could not prevent human casualties. Now the MOST tsunami forecasting program developed by Titov is used in many countries of the world.

Astronomy

Konstantin Batygin. Photo from caltech.edu

In January 2016, another piece of news shocked the world: in our own solar system. One of the authors of the discovery was born in Russia Konstantin Batygin from the University of California. Having studied the movement of six cosmic bodies located beyond the orbit of Neptune - the last of those recognized on this moment planets, scientists using calculations showed that at a distance seven times greater than the distance from Neptune to the Sun, there must be another planet orbiting the Sun. Its size, according to scientists, is 10 times the diameter of the Earth. However, in order to finally be convinced of the existence of a distant giant, it is still necessary to see it with a telescope.

Anna Shustikova

Powerful lasers

In 2006, a laser facility was built at the Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, capable of delivering a pulse with a power of 0.56 petawatts (0.56 x 1,000,000,000,000,000 watts). In the near future, Russian scientists plan to increase the power of the installation by 20 times, and the project is to create a laser with a power of up to one exawatt (add three more zeros to the above figure). To date, the most powerful laser facility - two petawatts - is located in Japan.

Such powerful lasers are not created as expensive toys at all, and not in order to shoot down enemy satellites (although the military on both sides of the ocean only dream of this). Such a laser will serve as the basis for a controlled thermonuclear reactor. And thermonuclear reactors are the future of mankind, since the fuel reserves for them are practically inexhaustible and, unlike nuclear reactors, they are environmentally friendly.

superheavy elements

From 2000 to 2010, in the Flerov laboratory at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, near Moscow, scientists for the first time synthesized the six heaviest elements with atomic numbers from 113 to 118. Two of them have already been officially recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and have been named flerovium (114) and livermorium (116). The application for the opening of the remaining elements is still being considered.

Why are superheavy elements needed? Their study allows us to understand the laws of stability of nuclear matter, to find out how the Big Bang happened, to explain when and where all the elements of the periodic table came from, that is, to comprehend the fundamental principle human life and the life of the universe. The periodic system gives us the existence of 170 superheavy elements. So far, only 118 have been synthesized, but this is not the limit.

Oil and gas will not run out

There is a lot of talk about the fact that the amount of oil and gas is limited, and already now humanity will have to either save on energy or switch to renewable sources (which, without a corresponding impulse in science, will still lead to total savings).

Researchers from Russian university Oil and Gas named after Gubkin were able to prove that oil and gas are renewable, and for their synthesis it is not at all necessary to wait millions of years.

It was previously believed that oil and gas are formed exclusively by the decomposition of organic substances, which requires, in fact, biological substances (plants, animal remains) and a lot of time. Russian scientists managed to prove that in the upper mantle of the Earth, at depths of 100-150 kilometers, there are conditions for the synthesis, if not of oil, then, for sure, of gas, without the participation of biological elements and in a much shorter time.

Denisov man

In 2010, a study was made of the DNA of human bones found in Denisova Cave in Altai by a group of Siberian archaeologists led by Academician Anatoly Derevyanko.

Previously, it was believed that there were only two types of ancient people: Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. The discovery of Russian archaeologists opened the world to the third human species that existed 40 thousand years ago - the Denisovan.

Lake in Antarctica

Russian scientists still own the last largest geographical discovery on Earth - the subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica.

In the first two decades of the 21st century, science has been enriched by a number of discoveries that, in the long term, can significantly affect the quality of life of every person. What is worth only obtaining stem cells from the skin of an adult, which makes it possible to grow the necessary organs without the use of embryonic cells!

The fundamental discovery of gravitational waves gives humanity hope for travel between the stars, and super-capacious batteries will soon be produced from the new material graphene. However, first things first: in the rating below, we tried to systematize the most important scientific discoveries of the 21st century in terms of their significance for humanity.

TOP 10 most significant scientific discoveries of the XXI century

10. BIONICS. Designed bioprostheses controlled by the power of thought

More recently, lost limbs were replaced by plastic dummies or even hooks. In the past two decades, science has made huge strides in creating bioprostheses that can be controlled by the power of thought and even transfer the sensations from artificial fingers to the brain. In 2010, the English company RSLSteeper introduced a bioprosthetic hand, with which a person can open doors with a key, break eggs into a frying pan, withdraw money from an ATM, and even hold a plastic cup.

It is easy to crush a disposable glass with excessive force, but scientists have achieved that the force of squeezing fingers can be varied. Control signals for this are taken from pectoral muscles body.

Another company, Bebionic, in 2016 made a bionic prosthetic hand for the disabled Nigel Ackland, which can not only be controlled by the power of thought. In addition to this, the product is equipped with sensitivity sensors connected to the nerve endings of the stump. In this way, feedback is achieved so that the patient can feel touch and warmth. So far, bioprostheses are quite expensive, but thanks to the development of 3D printing, their wider availability is predicted in the near future.

9. BIOTECHNOLOGIES. World's first synthetic bacterial cell created

In 2010, a team of scientists led by Craig Venter achieved a breakthrough in an ambitious project to create nothing less than new life. Biologists took the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium and systematically, one by one, removed genes from it to determine the minimum set necessary for life. It turned out that it should include 382 genes that make up, as it were, the basis of life. After that, scientists already "from scratch" made up an artificial genome, which was transplanted into a cell of the bacterium Mycoplasma capricolum, from which its own DNA complexes were previously removed.

The artificial cell, which even got its own name - Cynthia, turned out to be viable and began to actively divide.

This success opens up vast opportunities for biotechnologists to create much more complex organisms with given parameters. Already, artificial cells are being constructed that can produce vaccines and even fuel for cars, and in the future, biologists hope to create a bacterium that would absorb carbon dioxide. Such a microorganism could help eliminate the greenhouse effect on Earth, as well as terraform Mars and Venus.

This is what the world's first proliferating artificial Cynthia cell looks like under an electron microscope

8. ASTROPHYSICS. Discovered the planet Eris and water on Mars

Two “space” finds can be attributed to the largest discoveries of the 21st century. In 2005, a group of American astronomers from the Gemini Observatory, Yale and California Universities discovered heavenly body moving beyond the orbit of Pluto. Further studies have shown that the small planet, called Eris, is only slightly inferior in size to Pluto. In 2006, this celestial body was photographed by the Hubble orbiting telescope, discovering a fairly large satellite revolving around it, called Dysnomia. It is assumed that Eris is similar in physical characteristics to Pluto, and its surface is most likely covered with bright white ice, since the albedo (reflectivity) of the planetoid is second only to Saturn's moon Enceladus.

The second largest discovery of the 21st century in research solar system is the discovery of water on Mars. Back in 2002, the Odyssey orbiter detected signs of water ice beneath the planet's surface. In 2005, the European apparatus "Mars-Express" photographed craters with clear traces of water flows, and the American probe "Phoenix" finally dispelled doubts. In 2008, he landed in the vicinity of the North Pole and, in one of his experiments, he successfully isolated water from the Martian soil. The guaranteed presence of moisture on the Red Planet removes the main limitation for its colonization. America plans to launch a manned mission to Mars as early as the 2030s, and Russia is also developing a nuclear engine for this purpose.

7. NEUROLOGY. For the first time recorded and rewritten memories in the brain

In 2014, researchers at the University of Massachusetts succeeded in implanting false memories into the memory of experimental mice. They had fiber optic wires implanted in their heads, connected to areas of the brain responsible for memory formation. According to them, scientists gave laser signals that acted on certain parts of neurons. As a result, it was possible to achieve both the erasure of some of the memories of mice and the formation of false ones. For example, rodents forgot that in a certain area of ​​the cage they once had pleasant encounters with females and no longer sought to go there. At the same time, scientists were able to create new memories that the “dangerous” compartment of the cage was actually attractive and the mice tried to be there.

At first glance, these results look like child's play, and even with dubious ethical overtones. Meanwhile, neurophysiologists have succeeded in the main thing - to find the parts of the brain responsible for memory (the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) and create, albeit still primitive, methods of influencing them. This gives broad prospects for improving the ways of influencing the brain, and in the future will allow the treatment of phobias and mental disorders. It is possible that in the foreseeable future it will be possible to create devices for batch downloading data into the human brain for fast learning sciences that require memorization of a large amount of data, for example, it will be possible to master a foreign language in the shortest possible time.

6. PHYSICS. Higgs boson or 'God particle' discovered

In July 2012, a discovery took place, for which 6 billion dollars were spent, invested in the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (CERN) near Geneva. Scientists have discovered the so-called. "particle of God", the existence of which was predicted back in the 60s by the British physicist Peter Higgs. She was named after him. Thanks to the experimental proof of the existence of the Higgs boson, fundamental physics has received the last missing link for constructing a prenormalizable quantum theory fields. This theory is a continuation of classical quantum mechanics, but it qualitatively changes the view of the picture of the microcosm and the Universe as a whole.

The practical significance of the discovery of the Higgs boson is that scientists open up the prospect of developing antigravity and developing engines that do not require energy to operate.

To do this, you need "nothing at all" - to learn how to clean the so-called. Higgs field, which binds elementary particles, preventing them from flying apart. In this case, the mass of an object with a neutralized field will be equal to zero, which means that it will no longer take part in the gravitational interaction. Of course, such discoveries are a matter of a very distant future.

5. MATERIAL SCIENCE. Created ultra-strong material graphene

Graphene is a material unique in strength and many other properties, which was first obtained by Russian physicists (working in Britain) Konstantin Novoselov and Andrey Geim in 2004. Six years later, scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize for this, and today graphene is actively researched and already used in some products. The unusualness of the material lies in several of its features. Firstly, it is the second most durable (after carbine) of the currently known materials. Secondly, graphene is an excellent conductor, which can be used to achieve unique electronic effects. Thirdly, the material has the highest thermal conductivity, which, again, allows it to be used in semiconductor electronics without fear of overheating.

Special hopes are placed on graphene in terms of its use in high-capacity batteries, which are so lacking in electric vehicles.

In 2017, Samsung introduced one of the first graphene-based batteries with a capacity 45% higher than that of its comparable lithium-ion counterpart. But most importantly, the new battery is charged and gives a charge 5 times faster than usual. It is noteworthy that we are talking not about a fully graphene, but about a hybrid battery, where an innovative material is used as an auxiliary. If, more precisely, when the developers create a completely graphene battery, this will become a real revolution in the energy sector. The main problem In the wide use of graphene is the high cost of obtaining it and the shortcomings in technologies that do not yet allow obtaining an absolutely homogeneous material. However, already now the number of applications for patents using graphene has exceeded 50 thousand, so there is no doubt that in the foreseeable future, an unusual material will significantly affect the quality of people's lives.

4. BIOLOGY. Stem cells obtained not from embryos, but from mature tissues

In 2012, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the English biologist John Gurdon and his Japanese colleague Shin Yamanaka. They made a real sensation among biotechnologists, creating stem cells from ordinary cells, i.e. able to form any organs. To do this, scientists introduced only 4 genes into mouse connective tissue cells, and as a result, fibroblasts turned into immature stem cells with all the properties of embryonic ones. Any organ can be grown from such material - from the liver to the heart.

Thus, the researchers not only theoretically, but also practically proved the reversibility of cell specialization, which cannot be overestimated.

Until recently, it was believed that stem cells could only be obtained from embryos or cord blood. The first is ethically questionable, and the second forced people (mostly wealthy) to bank stem cells immediately after the birth of a child so that in the future he could use it for treatment. The discovery of physiologists removed these restrictions and now every person (at least theoretically) has access to stem cell treatment and cloning of organs containing the body's "native" DNA.

3. ASTROPHYSICS. The existence of gravitational waves has been proven

The discovery of gravitational waves is considered the greatest scientific achievement 2016, and possibly the entire second decade of the 21st century. In 2017, their discoverers - Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish and Kip Thorne were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. With the help of two interferometric observatories LIGO and VIRGO located in the USA and Italy, scientists managed to fix gravitational waves formed as a result of the merger of two black holes at a distance of 1.3 billion light years from the Sun.

Thus, the researchers experimentally confirmed the reliability of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, which predicted the presence of gravitational waves at the beginning of the 20th century (at the level of theory).

Subsequently, LIGO and VIRGO recorded two more gravitational bursts from the collision. neutron stars. The outstanding value of the discovery lies in the confirmation of the curvature of space-time under the influence of massive objects. This means that the spaceship travels through "null-space" and "hyper-transitions" described thousands of times by science fiction writers are quite possible, although they are the prospect of a distant future. It is probably no coincidence that one of the discoverers of gravitational waves, Kip Thorne, published a book based on his research, Interstellar. Science Behind the Scenes”, the title of which echoes the famous film.

Something like this, according to Einstein, looks like space-time in the vicinity of the Sun, curved under the influence of a massive star. This pattern has now been experimentally proven.

2. PHYSICS. Conducted successful experiments on long-range quantum teleportation

Quantum teleportation is not understood as the movement of physical objects, but the transfer of information about the state elementary particle or an atom. The most important point here is the distance – until the beginning of the 21st century, such a connection could only be provided at the level of the microworld. The breakthrough year was 2009, when scientists from the University of Maryland managed to transfer quantum state ytterbium ion per 1 meter. Then the initiative in this direction of research was firmly intercepted by Chinese scientists.

First, they managed to provide quantum communication at a distance of 120 km, and in 2017, they carried out the first space quantum teleportation from the Mo-Tzu satellite to three ground-based laboratories, which were 1203 km away.

Such a scientific and technological leap will allow in the near future to create absolutely secure communication lines that even theoretically cannot be hacked by hackers. In an environment where financial, business and private life is increasingly moving to the Internet, lines based on quantum teleportation promise to be a real panacea in the field of information security. In addition, ultra-fast computers are being developed based on this communication method, which in the future will replace existing ones.

1. CYBERNETICS. Created a robot with a biological brain

In 2008, scientists from England created, perhaps, the world's first cyborg - a half-dead robot with a brain based on 300,000 rat neurons. They were isolated from a rodent embryo, separated using a special enzyme, and placed in a nutrient solution on an 8 cm plate. Scientists attached 60 electrodes to the resulting quasi-brain, which read signals from neurons and transmit them to electronic circuit. They also serve to deliver signals to the brain. The first robot with a biological brain got its own name - Gordon, was equipped with a platform for movement and an ultrasonic sensor that scanned the area while driving. Signals from it go to the brain, and the impulses and feedback that arise there control the movement.

The researchers were able to achieve Gordon's learning ability, since neurons have memory. Having rested against an obstacle only once, the robot in 80% of cases no longer travels along an unsuccessful route. At the same time, as scientists say, Gordon is not controlled from the outside, but is controlled exclusively by the gray matter inherited from the rat. Thus, the British have taken the first step towards creating full-fledged cyborgs based on not tens of thousands, but billions of neurons, which, most likely, will happen before the end of this century.

Watch a video about the most important scientific discoveries 21st century

Each era brings with it a host of new discoveries and inventions. And the 21st century is no exception.

Achievements in medicine

Face and head transplant

In 2005, French surgeons successfully completed the world's first face transplant. The operation was required by Isabelle Dinoire, who suffered from multiple dog bites. Her mouth, nose and chin were mutilated, plastic surgery was not possible. Doctors, having decided on the risk, transplanted the face of a deceased woman into her.

Isabelle Dinoir before and after face transplant

The operation ended successfully, and later the skin even gained sensitivity.

In 2013, neurosurgeon Sergio Canavera made an incredible announcement: he decided to perform a head transplant. The operation should take place in 2017.

A miniature miracle device, entering the body, allows you to assess the condition of some internal organs, including the small intestine and esophagus.

It does not replace a full examination, but allows you to make an initial diagnosis. The scanner is able to take high-quality color images and even detect cancer of the esophagus.

Most pain medications contain opium, which is addictive. The discovery of neurologists from Washington will help to avoid the problem of abuse of this remedy.

By combining a light-sensitive protein and opioid receptors in a test tube, they noted the activity of the latter. That is, pain can be blocked with light. According to scientists, in the future, light will help replace painkillers.

A group of enthusiasts has developed a device that is glasses with embedded software. By tracking the movements of the eyes, they convert them into lines and display the image on the screen.

The eye scribe will help paralyzed people return to full communication. In the meantime, work is underway to improve the model.

scientific inventions

In 2007, scientists Grunberg and Ferom discovered the effect of phenomenal magnetoresistance.

Their discovery will help create a memory with a huge capacity, high speed and low power consumption. She is not afraid of power outages and ionizing radiation.

In 2010, physicists Novoselov and Geim received Nobel Prize for the invention of a translucent ultra-strong and ultra-thin two-dimensional material.

It is ideal for creating flexible touch screens and computers, soft wristwatches, light panels and other know-how. Now scientists are working on the application of the invention in the electrodes of supercapacitors, solar panels and space materials.

In 2008, the Large Hadron Collider was launched. This mega-powerful electron particle accelerator will make it possible to study in detail the structure of the Universe and the surrounding matter.

According to the public, the collider is capable of provoking the emergence of a new black hole. Scientists argue that these fears are unfounded.

In 2000, Thomas Boland tried to set up conventional desktop printers to print DNA fragments. Using human cells instead of ink, he found that 90% of them remain viable.

Using the printer, you can print organs with individual parameters: heart valves, auricles, skin, and others that can easily take root in the body.

Discoveries in science

Dinosaur soft tissues found

Mary Schweitzer discovered soft tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex fossils. This is surprising, because the age of the find is 68 million years. Mary saw flexible threads that looked like blood vessels and other cells.

Scientists believe that this is a new kind of fossil - molecular. Now they are trying to partially restore the genetic code and compare the prehistoric animal with modern individuals.

Oil and gas will not run out

Scientists have refuted mass fears about the depletion of combustible resources. They found that oil and gas are renewed as they are spent. Accordingly, gas and oil fields will never run out.

Through experiments, it was found that upper mantle planet has the conditions necessary for the synthesis of hydrocarbon systems. They take minutes to produce.

The secret of immortality

British and American scientists, having deciphered the genome of the bowhead whale, have identified the genes responsible for life expectancy. A whale lives up to 200 years.

This discovery will allow the identification of genes responsible for resistance to a number of diseases, DNA repair and lifespan and "correct" their work.

experimental muscles

American researchers managed to grow human skeletal muscles that can contract. Like natural ones, they respond to drugs, biochemical signals and electrical impulses.

Stem cells served as the material for cultivation. Some of them died, while others formed bundles of muscle fibers.

Scientists hope that this discovery will help study diseases and the effects of drugs on the human body outside the body. In addition, the "muscle constructor" will help patients with muscular dystrophy.

Discoveries in astronomy

The New Horizons probe, which reached Pluto as a result of a 9-year flight, brought a lot of new information. Pluto is larger than expected.

Thousands of years ago it had a thicker atmosphere and stronger winds. It has a varied relief surface and a blue sky similar to Earth.

Scientists have recorded powerful electromagnetic flows, coupled with charged particles, emanating from our galaxy.

The length of the "geysers" reaches 50,000 light years (which is half the diameter of the Galaxy), and the speed of particles moving in them is 1000 km/s. The discovery will help in the study of the issue of education and conservation magnetic field Galaxies.

NASA scientists are confident that the "death stars" are to blame for the mass extinctions of all life on the planets (including on Earth).

One of them is a satellite of the Sun and appears next to the Earth every 26 million years. A distant brown dwarf creates an oscillation of the Oort cloud in its orbit, which adversely affects the life of living organisms on "neighboring" planets.

Age of the Universe

The European Space Agency has determined that the universe is older than thought. Its age is 13.8 billion years.

It also turned out that it expands a little more slowly, but contains more dark and ordinary matter than expected.

New facts about Mars

Biochemist Stephen Benner claims that the first life originated on Mars and only then, thanks to a meteorite, hit Earth. In his opinion, 3.5 billion years ago (at the time of the origin of life), the Earth was covered with boiling water, the formation of life in which was impossible. But Mars at that time was perfect. It was drier and had the molybdenum and boron needed for development.

In 2005, information about Mars was replenished with new information. The Curiosity rover, having drilled the soil of the planet, took a deep sample of rock. Groundwater traces found at a depth of half a meter showed that there was water on Mars about 3 billion years ago.

Amazing discoveries always keep pace with the times. What will the next, XXII century bring us?

Today, an order was signed on government awards in the scientific and technical field for 2017. They were awarded to academicians, corresponding members, doctors of sciences and candidates of sciences in such fields as medicine, metallurgy, energy, space and aviation, chemistry and many others. All of them are residents of our vast country, its cities and regions. Russia today is developing the scientific and technical sphere, and the people, with whose hands and minds all this is done, create and discover what seemed incredible in the past. Just look at the discoveries of Russian scientists in the 21st century.

1. Confirmed the existence of graphene

Graphene is the second most durable material after carbine. It is going to be used in electronics (for example, in ultrafast transistors).

2. Synthesis of 6 heavy elements

A couple of them are already recognized. They received names and numbers: livermorium (116) and flerovium (114). The rest are under consideration.

3. Exawatt lasers

Thanks to this technology, the most powerful light emission can now be obtained. These lasers will allow you to explore more different physical processes, mostly extreme.

5. Fact about the formation of oil and gas

Contrary to some yellow media, writing that oil and gas reserves will soon come to an end, this is not so. Russian scientists from Gubkin University proved that these hydrocarbons can also be created in a non-biological way. The path of organic decomposition in their formation is not the only one.

6. Lake Vostok

Scientists from Russia have so far made a discovery in the field of geography. This is a subglacial lake in Antarctica. Thanks to its study, unique microorganisms can be identified, as well as information about life on other planets.

7. The existence of methane and water on Mars

In the late 90s, Vladimir Krasnopolsky recorded the presence of methane on the red planet, which became a sensation, since we, the people, are the main source of methane on planet Earth.

Later, Igor Mitrofanov and his team created the Mars-Odyssey, and the device called HAND, which was on board, showed that there is a subsurface layer of water ice on Mars.

You can list further, and even better - think about what will happen. But all this is possible thanks to talented Russian scientists and government support. Russia has always been at the forefront of science and is not going to leave this place.