CIVILIZATION OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE

The evolution of civilization medieval Europe covers a long history from Y to XY centuries. and can be conditionally divided into several periods:

Y-YII centuries - the emergence of the medieval West, the emergence of barbarian kingdoms born from the synthesis of two cultures, barbarian and Roman;

YIII - X centuries. - an attempt by the Germans to create a new organization - the Carolingian world, a hasty attempt to unify Europe;

X-XIII centuries - the formation of a single and diverse Christian Europe - a period of internal and external rise of civilization, the formation of modern states;

XIY - XY centuries. - crisis characterized by mutation and transformation of European medieval civilization (Jacques Le Goff).

Before the conquest by the Romans, Western Europe was an area of ​​vital activity of natural communities with all the necessary attributes of this type of civilization: the absence of a state, social organization in the form of a tribal community, the principle of direct democracy within the tribe, public ownership of land, foreign slaves, paganism and a significant role of the priesthood. .

Great Rome had a strong influence on the life of the peoples of Europe, which were subjected to significant "Romanization". The Roman conquests in Europe and the European invasions of the Roman Empire led to a powerful transfer of civilizational values.

The barbarians who settled in the 5th century in the Roman Empire (the era of the “Great Migration of Nations”) were by no means wild tribes that had just emerged from their forests and steppes. By the 5th century, they had come a long way of evolution, they had seen a lot and learned a lot. In their wanderings, they came into contact with different cultures and civilizations, from which they perceived customs, arts and crafts. Directly or indirectly, most European peoples were influenced by Asian cultures, the Iranian world, as well as Greco-Roman, especially its eastern, Byzantine provinces. In the IV-V centuries. Christianity spread among the Goths, Vandals, Burgundians, Lombards, Franks, and other tribes. Already at the beginning of the 5th century, the first early states were created in Europe. The island of Britain was conquered by the Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who created several states there; on the territory of Gaul, Germany and Burgundy, the Frankish kingdom was created by Clovis (486); on the Iberian Peninsula were the kingdoms of the Vesti and Suebi (418); in Italy in 493 the Ostrogothic kingdom of Theodoric arose, etc.

Initially, the European states were characterized by mixed, western and eastern, features of development. The state was built on the principles of a rigid hierarchy. The king possessed the highest military, legislative, administrative and judicial power, sought recognition of the religious, sacred nature of his power. The Catholic Church (Catholicism is the western branch of Christianity) played a huge role in all spheres of society. Meanwhile, in the economy and property issues, in the V-VII centuries. the influence of Roman traditions was evident. According to the laws of the Visigothic, Ostrogothic and Frankish kingdoms, land, other movable and immovable property was sold, bought, donated and bequeathed. Thus, private property existed and developed freely.

Medieval Europe arose on the ruins of the Roman Empire not immediately, but over the course of several centuries. It was formed as a result of the invasion of barbarian tribes, and above all German ones. These invasions completed the long process of uniting the Roman and barbarian worlds.

How were these dissimilar worlds able to connect, which led to the emergence of the European Middle Ages?

Several centuries before its death, the Roman Empire began to decline, its population was declining. Indigenous inhabitants on the Apennine Peninsula became less than strangers - Gauls, Germans and other tribes. The new settlers did not perceive the culture of the Greeks and Romans. The barbarization of society intensified, which turned out to be more dangerous for Rome than enemy attacks. People became more rude, their views on life - more primitive. If in their time the Romans lived, following the laws of their ancestors, then new generations began to sink morally, striving only for wealth and entertainment. The spread of "foreign" religions weakened the old faith. At the same time, the influence of Christianity increased. At first, the state power forbade the faith of Christ, but, in the end, it came to its senses and in 313 proclaimed freedom of religion. After another 12 years, the top of the clergy at a meeting in Nicea adopted the creed - summary Christian doctrine. Beginning with Emperor Constantine, the Roman rulers professed Christianity. Since then, peace and harmony have reigned between the state and the church. The victory of Christianity meant the replacement of the old worldview by a new, accepted and medieval Europe.

The economic crisis was growing in the empire. Production was reduced, money depreciated, trade froze. The lack of slaves was the reason for the decline of large slaveholding farms - latifundia. Slaves worked reluctantly, somehow, therefore, in agriculture the work of columns and peasants attached to the land was increasingly used. The process of replacing slave labor with peasant labor was completed later, already in the Middle Ages.

The political structure of the Roman Empire also changed. State power became despotic. Former citizens turned into weak-willed subjects of the cruel emperor. Power killed in the Romans a sense of responsibility for the fate of the state. It got to the point that they no longer wanted to serve in the army. The emperors were forced to recruit barbarian mercenaries into the army, who were even more indifferent to the fate of Rome. The barbarization of the army was one of the main reasons for the decline and death of the Roman Empire.

Rome, thus, was not able to withstand the onslaught of hostile barbarian tribes against it, with which it fought for centuries. The raids of numerous tribes of the Celts, Germans, Slavs, Thracians and Sarmatians hastened the death of this gigantic state. material from the site

The Germans played a special role in the destruction of the Western Roman Empire. The Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus described them as tall, blue-eyed, fair-haired, determined, hardy and patient.

The German tribes of the Franks, Angles, Lombards, Vandals, West Goths (Western Goths), Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths), Burgundians and others were more engaged in cattle breeding than agriculture: there was not enough arable land. They settled mainly in small farms located at a short distance from each other. The Germans lived in communities, nevertheless they were already divided into rich and poor, noble and simple. They used the work of forced laborers, who were sometimes set free or adopted. Although men dominated German families, women were treated with great respect.

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• the birth of medieval Europe

The barbarians who settled in the 5th century in the Roman Empire (the era of the “Great Migration of Nations”) were by no means wild tribes that had just emerged from their forests and steppes. By the 5th century, they had come a long way of evolution, they had seen a lot and learned a lot. In their wanderings, they came into contact with different cultures and civilizations, from which they perceived customs, arts and crafts. Directly or indirectly, most European peoples were influenced by Asian cultures, the Iranian world, as well as Greco-Roman, especially its eastern, Byzantine provinces. In the IV-V centuries. Christianity spread among the Goths, Vandals, Burgundians, Lombards, Franks, and other tribes. Already at the beginning of the 5th century, the first early states were created in Europe. The island of Britain was conquered by the Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who created several states there; on the territory of Gaul, Germany and Burgundy, the Frankish kingdom was created by Clovis (486); on the Iberian Peninsula were the kingdoms of the Vesti and Suebi (418); in Italy in 493 the Ostrogothic kingdom of Theodoric arose, etc. Initially, the European states were characterized by mixed, western and eastern, features of development. The state was built on the principles of a rigid hierarchy. The king possessed the highest military, legislative, administrative and judicial power, sought recognition of the religious, sacred nature of his power. The Catholic Church (Catholicism is the western branch of Christianity) played a huge role in all spheres of society. Meanwhile, in the economy and property issues, in the V-VII centuries. the influence of Roman traditions was evident. According to the laws of the Visigothic, Ostrogothic and Frankish kingdoms, land, other movable and immovable property was sold, bought, donated and bequeathed. Thus, private property existed and developed freely.

The formation of medieval European civilization

In the VIII - X centuries. medieval European civilization enters the next period of development. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, with the imperial crown. The emperor became a symbol of the unity of German traditions, the Roman imperial past and Christian principles. The ideas of the unification of the Christian world became decisive for several generations of Europeans. Charlemagne created a huge power, which, in addition to Gaul, included the Spanish brand, Northern and Central Italy, the territories of Bavaria and Saxony, Pannonia (Hungary). The existence of the Carolingian state (mid-VIII - early X centuries) was the time of the formation of a number of social institutions and the main features of the cultural-historical type inherent in medieval European civilization.

The land allotments of free community members and monasteries gradually, as a result of direct seizures, violence, purchases, etc. passed into the hands of the nobility. Gradually, a feudal form of land use was formed. Feud or flax is a special hereditary form of land ownership associated with the obligatory performance of military or civil service. A feature of feudal landed property is its conditional character.

The property of the feudal lord was not private and depended on a system of personal allegiance, which had a hierarchical character. The right of ownership of the feudal lord to the land and the dependence of the peasants on it was expressed in feudal rent (corvée, tribute, food or cash dues). Private property was represented by a narrow circle of large landowners (princes, dukes, counts, barons), with whom the state (the king) waged a constant struggle, trying to put them under control and limit their independence.

The social system of medieval civilization was based on the principles of vassalage. A free lord had the right to respond to an insult from the king by declaring war. Vassal relations provided for the existence of mutual rights and obligations. The vassalage assumed some decentralization of power through the transfer, delegation of a number of powers of the signor to the vassals. The totality of certain rights of vassals and the territories in which these rights were valid was called "immunity". Vassal relations and their inherent immunity are a feature of medieval European civilization.

The center of economic and social life was the village. The land was revered as the main value, and the peasants were the bearers of the main spiritual and cultural traditions. Medieval Europe was distinguished by a communal-corporate structure: workshops, guilds, knightly orders, church and rural communities. Corporations of the same level united into an estate.

The population of Europe consisted of many tribes who spoke different languages They had their own customs and traditions. The unity of European civilization was ensured by the Catholic Church. The whole way of life, customs, and thinking of medieval man were determined by the Christian religion. In art and literature, the image of God prevailed, which almost completely obscured the image of man. The individual, as it were, did not exist as a value in itself. The concept of freedom has changed. "A free man is one who has a powerful patron"

8th-10th centuries became a period of reflection by Europeans of the onslaught of the Vikings, Scandinavian warriors, sailors, and nomads (Avars, Turkic Bulgarians, Hungarians, Pechenegs, Polovtsians). In the north of France, the Vikings created a de facto independent duchy of Normandy. Natives of this duchy in 1066 conquer Anglo-Saxon England. Nomads seize the southwestern territories of Europe, establish the Bulgarian and Hungarian states. A feature of such conquests was the assimilation of the invaders with the indigenous peoples and, in fact, their "dissolution" in the common European cauldron of peoples.

In the middle of the tenth century, Otto I the Great attempted to recreate a single powerful state in Europe. In 962, he captured Italy and declared himself emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire". For some time peace was established in Europe.

The political organization of feudal society did not remain unchanged. The first states of the Western European Middle Ages were the barbarian states that formed in the 5th-6th centuries. on the territory of the Western Roman Empire: Visigothic, Frankish, Ostrogothic, Burgundian, Lombard and others. The barbarian kingdoms very quickly ceased to exist, leaving a memory of themselves in the medieval epic. The Frankish kingdom turned out to be the most vital, which grew into a strong independent state.

Merovingians- the first royal dynasty that ruled in the Frankish state. The name was given by the name of the semi-legendary founder of the family - Merovei. The Frankish state of the Merovingian period arose at the end of the 5th century on part of the territory of the Western Roman Empire. This happened as a result of extensive conquests successfully carried out by the first Frankish king Chlodvik I. At that time, among the Franks, only kings had the right to wear long hair, which became their hallmark. There was a belief among the Franks that a magical power lurked in the hair of kings, which brings the kings good luck in public affairs, endows them with valor and courage, and provides them with military victories. When they wanted to deprive the king of the Merovingian dynasty of power and the crown, his hair was cut off. And more than once, members of the royal family preferred to part with their lives than with their long hair.

Carolingians- royal, then imperial dynasty in the Frankish state. The dynasty got its name from Charlemagne, who created a huge power.

Formation of the Frankish state. The tribal union of the Franks took shape in the 3rd century. in the lower reaches of the Rhine. It included hamavs, brukters, sugambra and some other tribes. In the IV century. the Franks settled in northeastern Gaul as allies of the Roman Empire. They lived apart from the Gallo-Roman population and were not subjected to Romanization at that time. The Franks were divided into two groups - salic who lived along the coast, and ripuarian, settled east of the Meuse. Separate regions were headed by independent princes. Of the princely dynasties, the most powerful were the Merovingians, who ruled under the Salian Franks. Their legendary ancestor was considered Merovei("born of the sea"). Third member of the Merovingian dynasty Clovis (481-511) extended his power to all the Franks. With the help of bribery, betrayal, violence, he destroyed all the other princes, among them many of his relatives, and began to rule as a single king. Having gathered a large army, Clovis defeated the Roman sovereign prince Syagrius, and already at the beginning of the 6th century. most of Gaul (except burgundy n and the southeast Septimania in the south and Brittany in the west) was conquered by the Franks. In order to strengthen his power and gain the support of the Christian clergy and the Gallo-Roman aristocracy, Clovis, together with his retinue and close associates, adopted the Roman Christian faith in 496. Since that time, friendly relations have been established between the Frankish kings and popes. Clovis divided the kingdom between his sons. In the house of the Merovingians, it became a tradition to divide the state into destinies, but in principle it was considered one and at times united under the rule of one king.

expansion of the Frankish kingdom. Under the sons and grandsons of Clovis, the expansion of the Frankish kingdom occurred due to the subordination of Burgundy, the German duchies of Thuringia, Bavaria, and the region east of the Rhine - Franconia. The Franks also captured Provence, which belonged to the Ostrogothic state. The Frankish state occupied almost all of Gaul and a significant part of Germany, being the largest barbarian kingdom in the West. It included various ethnic territories who were at different levels of their socio-economic development

Frankish Society for Salic Truth. On the economic life and social structure of the Franks during the time of the first Merovingians, rich material is contained in the "Salic Truth", written down, apparently, under Clovis. Unlike other barbarian truths, the Salic Truth reflected a relatively archaic order that was not influenced by Roman law. This makes it possible to trace the early stage of the decomposition of primitive communal relations and the formation of the early feudal system among the Franks. Later additions to Pravda allow us to judge the further development of these processes in the 6th-7th centuries. The level of economic life of the Franks was higher than that of the Germanic tribes.

Frankish state under the Carolingian dynasty.
During the Carolingian period (the end of the 7th century to the middle of the 9th century), the Frankish state significantly strengthened and expanded, turning into an empire. This was due to the fact that the rulers of the new dynasty enjoyed the support of a large layer of medium and small landowners interested in external conquests and strengthening state power to subjugate and enslave the free peasants.

Charlemagne pursued an aggressive policy in order to create a world empire. The conquest of vast territories greatly expanded the boundaries of the Frankish state. Now it stretched from the Ebro River and Barcelona to the Elbe and the Baltic coast, from the Channel to the Middle Danube and. Adriatic, including almost all of Italy. The empire created by Charlemagne thus occupied a significant part of the territory of the former Western Roman Empire, including its capital, Rome. This revived the Roman sovereign tradition. Charlemagne did not want to be content with the title of king of the Franks, but claimed the title of world monarch, "emperor of the Romans." In 800, while he was in Rome, Pope Leo III crowned him in the Lateran Church with the crown of "Roman emperors". At the cost of significant territorial concessions, it was possible to achieve recognition of the imperial title of the Frankish king by the Eastern Roman emperor.

The empire recreated by the Frankish king was only in name like the ancient Roman Empire. It was not only territorially smaller, but also much weaker in military-administrative terms. Charlemagne tried to use the newly acquired imperial title to strengthen his power within the state and increase international prestige. The entire population, from the nobility to the slaves, had to take an oath of allegiance to him.

Attempts were made to create a centralized administrative apparatus on the Roman model. Great importance had the subordination of the emperor to the Roman church and its head - the pope. Dominance over the Western Church became an instrument of the international policy of the empire.

Civil strife and the Verdun partition. The struggle of the feudal nobility against the royal power was aggravated by dynastic unrest. The sons of Louis the Pious, who inherited imperial power from Charlemagne, demanded the division of the empire and the allocation of an independent kingdom to each. In 817 the first section was made.

In 843, an agreement was concluded in Verdun on the division of the empire of Charlemagne between his grandsons - Lothair, Louis the German and Charles the Bald. The first, retaining the title of emperor, received Italy (except for the south, which belonged to Byzantium) and intermediate territories between the West Frankish and East Frankish states, the first of which went to Charles the Bald, and the second to Louis the German. Thus, the division was made mainly along ethnic lines. On the territory of the newly formed states, three Western Jewish nationalities subsequently formed - French, German and Italian. By the beginning of the tenth century the imperial title lost its meaning and disappeared.

Thus, X-XII centuries. - the time of polycentrism in Western Europe. Large feudal estates turned into independent public entities only nominally dependent on the central government. The kings fought against the feudal freemen, but this did not lead to anything. As a result, states arose in which the power of the king was limited by the bodies of estate representation - the Cortes in Castile in 1137, the parliament in England in 1265, the states general in France in 1302.

By the end of the Middle Ages, centralized states were formed with the strengthening of the power of the monarch, which grew into an absolute monarchy in the early modern era.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Formulate and reveal character traits Western European feudalism.

2.What underlies the periodization of the Middle Ages?

3.What was the basis for the division of medieval society into estates?

4. Why were there few cities in Europe in the early Middle Ages? When and in connection with what cities began to revive?

5. What were the causes of the crisis of the XIV-XV centuries. medieval Europe?

THEME 8

CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES

Lesson number 4. The birth of feudal Europe

The objectives of the lesson along the lines of personality development.

1–2 LR. Picture of the world in facts and concepts.

Based on the facts of medieval history, to form an idea of ​​the changes in the economy, politics, social relations of the early Middle Ages. Learn to use the concepts: feud, lord, vassal, corvée, dues, subsistence farming in solving cognitive problems.

3 LR. historical thinking.

To trace the relationship between the development of society and changes in politics and the economy.

4–5 LR. Moral and civil-patriotic self-determination.

Create conditions for the awareness of positive and negative phenomena in the interaction of various parts of feudal society.

Mandatory minimum content:

Feudalism. Estate system in Western Europe.

Lesson stages

Teacher actions

Student actions

Formation of UUD, assessment technology

I. Creation of a problem situation. Formulation of the problem.

Used document, § 2 on p. 41.

– Read the questions before the help information.

– Imagine the situation: you see that a rich man's car is driving along the road, or a motorcade of cars with "flashing lights" accompanying a high-ranking official. When you see them, do you take off your hat, fall on your knees? 2

– Compare your statement with what could be seen in medieval Europe. Let's read the reference material.

– What is the contradiction?

– What question do we need to solve?

– We will talk about the birth of a new society. It's called feudal.

– Now we cannot explain, because we do not have enough knowledge.

– What are the characteristics of a feudal society?

Students read the questions.

Offer their own answers to the question. 2

The student reads the reference materials, p. 41.1 2

– Medieval people are unequal. 5

Why were people unequal in medieval society?

Regulatory UUD

1. Determine the goal, problem in educational activities.

2. Push versions.

3. Plan activities in a learning situation.

4. Assess the degree and ways of achieving the goal in the learning situation.

Cognitive UUD

1. Find reliable information in different sources (textbook texts, diagrams).

2. Analyze (highlight the main thing).

3. Define concepts.

4. Summarize, draw conclusions.

5. Highlight causes and effects.

6. Submit information to different forms(diagram, table).

Communicative UUD

1. Ability to work in pairs.

2. State your opinion and justify it.

3. Create oral and written texts.

4. Use speech means in accordance with the situation of communication.

Personal UUD

1. Evaluate your own and others' actions.

II. Versions.

– What are your suggestions for solving the problem? What are the differences between the new society? 2

Offer their versions. 2

III. Knowledge update.

– To solve the problem of the lesson, what do we need to remember? 3

– Anyone's life human society can be represented as four bound friend with other parts. We talked about this division in the first lessons. Open with. 9. In the diagram, find what main parts the life of a primitive society and civilization is divided into (you can refer to the dictionary at the end of the textbook). 6

Remember what you know.

Draw a diagram on the board.

medieval society

–

– We can fill out one part of the scheme right now. Remember what role religion began to play in people's lives after the invasion of the barbarians? Did you manage to preserve literacy and the art of antiquity? Pupils complete task 1, 2 in a notebook, p. 13, one student at the blackboard performs 6.

Based on the results of the tasks, carry out the algorithm self-assessment 4. TOUU

– Power, culture, economy, division of society into parts. 3

– What changes will take place in all four parts of society?

– Religion has become the basis of people's lives. The art of antiquity was forgotten. There are few literate people (a part of the “culture” circle is filled).

Students complete the chart.

IV. Activity planning.

– To explain the reasons for the emergence of feudal relations, what do we need to do? 2 3

– If we are talking about the birth of a new society in the Middle Ages, then what do we need to know in order to find a solution to the problem?

We will continue to fill in the chart. There we will enter the changes that have occurred in society.

Suggest versions. 2 3

V. Search for a solution to the problem (discovery of new knowledge).

– Let's read an excerpt from a conversation in a medieval manor. Determine how free people became dependent peasants in the Middle Ages.

Text on p. 41–42 (first paragraph) are read under the guidance of a teacher, using the method of productive reading, dividing the material among several students. The text is read on behalf of contemporaries of medieval events.4 1 2 4 5

– What division occurred in medieval society?

How did they become dependent peasants?

– There was also a division within the group of large landowners. Historians call it the feudal staircase.

According to paragraph 2 “I swear to serve you!” fill in the task diagram 4 R.T., p. fourteen.

The students complete the task.

– Having drawn up the feudal staircase, enter in the diagram on p. 13 missing concepts. What parts of it can we complete?

– How are relations in society changing?

We fix on the board on the diagram.

In the section "The division of society" - the feudal ladder and dependent peasants.

– Can we say that power was completely concentrated in the hands of the king?

– So who held the power?

We continue to fill in the diagram on the board and in

workbook.

We fix on the board on the diagram.

In the section "Politics, power" - the power of large landowners.

– Consider the illustration on p. 46 "The fief of the knight of the XI century." What changes have taken place since ancient rome?

– Tell me, what did the knight live on?

– Yes, the drawing shows that everything that was necessary for life was produced in every household - feudal or peasant. This type of farming is called natural.

– What part of the diagram can we fill in now?

We fix on the board on the diagram.

In the section "Economy" - subsistence farming, corvée and dues.

– All parts of the scheme feudal society"we were filled. 4 6

– There was a division of the population of Western Europe into large landowners and dependent peasants.

– Wealthy Roman inhabitants are ruined due to the invasion of the barbarians, they are hired by new owners for the land they have received. The slaves received the land, but for it they must work for the master for 5 days. Poverty, need drive people to get into debt dependence.

feudal stairs

king

dukes and counts

barons and knights

Vassal must:

– appear with weapons at the call of the master;

– give money to ransom the master (in case of captivity).

The senior must:

– protect the vassal from enemies;

– take care of the widow and children.

Feud -

Senior -

Vassal -

Division into groups.

– The feudal ladder and dependent peasants appear in society ( enter in the section "Division of society").

– It is impossible to say so, because large feudal lords tried to act independently of the king in their possessions.

– landowning nobility ( fits into the "Policy" section).

New duties appeared: dues and corvee, there is no trade, everything is produced on the spot.

– The knight lived at the expense of dues and corvee. Quit - part of the harvest and other income of the peasant economy, which the peasant had to constantly pay the owner of the land for the right to live on it.

– Corvee – free forced labor of dependent peasants on the landowner's farm.

– In the "Economy" section on the diagram on p. 13 of the workbook fits - subsistence farming, corvée, dues.

VI. Problem solving expression.

– Do you have versions, assumptions for answering our main educational question? 2

Offer different versions.

VII. Application of new knowledge.

– On page 15 in the workbook lesson number 4: connect the concepts and their definitions with arrows. 1 3

– Discuss in pairs. What, in your opinion, is bad and what is good about feudal relations between lords and vassals? Give arguments "for" and "against", supporting each of them with arguments. 1 3 1 2

Carry out the task. 1 3

Discussion in pairs and summarizing information to present a ready answer.

VIII. Homework.

– The landowning nobility will more and more go out of the control of the king. A new stage in the development of civilization will begin. About what will happen and why, you will read at home in § 3, answer the questions before §. Learn definitions: feud, lord, vassal, corvée, dues, subsistence economy, feudal relations.

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